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South Carolina State Soil
Soil profile: These very deep, somewhat poorly drained, moderately permeable soils formed in thick deposits of fluvial or marine sediments.
(Soil Survey of Sumter County, South Carolina; by Charles M. Ogg, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Depth Class: Very deep
Drainage Class (Agricultural): Somewhat poorly drained
Internal Free Water Occurrence: Shallow, common
Flooding Frequency and Duration: None
Ponding Frequency and Duration: None
Index Surface Runoff: Negligible
Permeability: Moderate
Landscape: Lower to upper coastal plain
Landform: Marine terraces, flats
Geomorphic Component: Talfs, dips
Parent Material: Marine deposits, fluviomarine deposits
Slope: 0 to 5 percent
Elevation (type location): Unknown
Mean Annual Air Temperature (type location): 62 degrees F.
Mean Annual Precipitation (type location): 48 inches
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Aeric Paleaquults
Thickness of the surface and subsurface layers: 3 to 19 inches
Depth to top of the Argillic horizon: 3 to 19 inches
Depth to the base of the Argillic horizon: 60 to more than 80 inches
Soil reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid throughout, except where limed
Depth to Bedrock: Greater than 80 inches
Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: 6 to 18 inches, November to April
Rock Fragment content: 0 to 10 percent, by volume
Other features: The particle-size control section contains less than 30 percent silt.
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: About one-half of the soil is in cropland or pasture and the remainder is in forest
Dominant Vegetation: Where cultivated--corn, soybeans, cotton, tobacco, truck crops, small grains, or improved pasture. Where wooded--oak, sweetgum, blackgum, longleaf pine, slash pine, loblolly pine, and an understory of gallberry and pineland threeawn.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Georgia, Alabama, Florida, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia
Extent: Large
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/south_carolina...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/L/LYNCHBURG.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil plasticity is one of several categories or types of soil consistence. Soil consistence is the degree and kind of cohesion and adhesion that soil exhibits and/or the resistance of soil to deformation or rupture under an applied stress. Soil-water state strongly influences consistence.
Soil plasticity is the degree to which “puddled” or reworked soil can be permanently deformed without rupturing. The evaluation is made by forming a roll (wire) of soil 4 cm long at a water content where the maximum plasticity is expressed.
Nonplastic soils will not form a roll 6 mm in diameter, or if a roll is formed, it can’t support itself if held on end.
Slightly Plastic soils form a 6 mm diameter roll that supports itself; 4 mm diameter roll does not.
Moderately Plastic soils form a 4 mm diameter roll supports itself; 2 mm diameter roll does not.
Very Plastic soils form a 2 mm diameter roll that supports its weight.
(Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils; pp. 2-66.)
For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
or Chapter 3 of the Soil Survey manual:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/The-Soil-Su...
For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=e_hQaXV7MpM
For additional information about soil classification using USDA-NRCS Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/keys-...
or;
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/soil-...
The Exline series consists of very deep, somewhat poorly drained or moderately well drained soils formed in lacustrine and alluvial deposits on lake plains and terraces. These soils have very slow permeability. Slopes are 0 to 3 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 21 inches and mean annual air temperature is about 42 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, smectitic, frigid Leptic Natrudolls
Salts are above horizons with accumulations of carbonate and are within a depth of 16 inches. Exchangeable sodium percentage exceeds 15 percent above a depth of 16 inches. Depth to carbonates ranges from 8 to 28 inches.
USE AND VEGETATION: Used mainly for native hay and pasture. Some areas are cultivated when in complex with other soils. Native vegetation includes western wheatgrass, blue grama, buffalograss, inland salt grass, sedges, and forbs.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northeastern South Dakota and southeastern North Dakota. The series is of moderate extent.
Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: mollic epipedon - the zone from the surface of the soil to a depth of about 19 inches (A, E, Btn, Btnz, and Btknz horizons); Natric horizon - the zone from a depth of about 3 to 19 inches (Btn Btnz, and Btknz horizons).
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/E/EXLINE.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Dothan series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately slowly to slowly permeable soils on broad uplands of the Southern Coastal Plain (MLRA 133A) and to a much lesser extent in the Eastern Gulf Coast Flatwoods (MLRA 152A) Major Land Resource Areas. They formed in thick beds of unconsolidated, medium to fine-textured marine sediments. Slopes range from 0 to 15 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, kaolinitic, thermic Plinthic Kandiudults
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas of Dothan soils have been cleared and are used for the production of corn, cotton, peanuts, vegetable crops, hay, and pasture. Forested areas are in longleaf pine, loblolly pine, sweetgum, southern red oak, and hickory.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Coastal Plain of Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia. The series is of large extent.
For a detailed description of the soil, visit:
A soil profile of a Haplotorrox in Hawaii. This soil formed in residuum from a basaltic lava flow. (Soil Survey Staff. 2015. Illustrated guide to Soil Taxonomy. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, National Soil Survey Center, Lincoln, Nebraska)
Haplotorrox have a low base saturation in one or more subhorizons within a depth of 125 cm. Torrox are the Oxisols of arid regions. They have an aridic moisture regime, and, due to limited leaching, many of them have a higher base saturation than other Oxisols. Unless they are irrigated, Torrox are unsuitable for growing common agronomic crops. However, they are well suited to a variety of crops if irrigation water and fertilizer are applied. Torrox are known to occur only in Hawaii in the United States and perhaps in some areas of Australia.
For additional information about soil classification, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/cla...
A soil profile of Mountview soil. (Soil Survey of Overton County, Tennessee; by Carlie McCowan, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Mountview series consists of very deep, well drained and moderately well drained, soils that formed in 2 to 3 feet of a silty mantle, presumably loess, and underlying residuum of limestone or old alluvium. Slopes range from 0 to 20 percent. Near the type location, average annual air temperature is about 59 degrees F., and mean annual precipitation is about 54 inches.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Oxyaquic Paleudults
Solum thickness and depth to rock exceeds 60 inches. The upper solum formed in a silty mantle, presumably loess, and commonly is about 30 inches thick but ranges from about 22 to 36 inches. This overlies a lower solum developed in residuum of limestone or old alluvium. Coarse fragments, commonly fragments of chert, range from 0 to about 5 percent in the upper 30 inches and from about 5 to 35 percent below that depth. Transition horizons have characteristics similar to adjacent horizons. Reaction of each horizon is very strongly acid or strongly acid, except the surface layer is less acid where limed.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are used for growing hay, pasture, small grains, cotton, corn, and tobacco. Some areas are in woodland consisting chiefly of oak, hickory, gum, and maple.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The Highland Rim of Tennessee, northern Alabama, Pennyroyal of Kentucky, and possibly southern Missouri. The series is of large extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/tennessee/TN08...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/M/MOUNTVIEW.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Rice production in South Korea is important for the food supply in the country, with rice being a common part of the Korean diet. In 2009, South Korea produced 3,899,036 metric tonnes (4,297,951 tons) of rice. Camp Casey sits in between the South Korean capital of Seoul and the Demilitarized Zone.
Less than one-fourth of the republic’s area is cultivated. Along with the decrease in farm population, the proportion of national income derived from agriculture has decreased to a fraction of what it was in the early 1950s. Improvements in farm productivity were long hampered because fields typically are divided into tiny plots that are cultivated largely by manual labor and animal power. In addition, the decrease and aging of the rural population has caused a serious farm-labor shortage. However, more recently productivity has been improving as greater emphasis has been given to mechanization, specialization, and commercialization.
A representative soil profile of Annarose fine sandy loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes. Noticeable increases of calcium carbonate occur at about 60 centimeters. (Soil Survey of Live Oak County, Texas; by Paul D. Holland, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Annarose series consists of soils that are deep to weakly consolidated sandstone. These well drained soils formed in calcareous sandy and loamy residuum derived from the Oakville Sandstone and Fleming Formation of the Tertiary Period. These gently and moderately sloping soils are on summits and shoulders of broad interfluves. Slopes range from 2 to 8 percent. Mean annual temperature is 22 degrees C (72 degrees F) and mean annual precipitation is about 610 mm (24 in).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, superactive, hyperthermic Aridic Calciustepts
Soil Moisture: An aridic-ustic moisture regime. The soil moisture control section is dry in some or all parts for more than 90 days but less than 180 cumulative days in normal years.
Mean annual soil temperature: 22 to 23 degrees C (72 to 74 degrees F)
Particle-size control section (weighet average)
Clay content: 12 to 18
USE AND VEGETATION: Used mainly for rangeland and wildlife habitat. Some areas are used for cropland. Native grasses are twoflower and fourflower trichloris, pink pappusgrass, plains bristlegrass, hooded windmillgrass and lovegrass tridens. Woody plants include guajillo, mountain laurel, paloverde, mesquite, and agarita.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: In the northeastern part of the Central Rio Grande
Plain; LRR I; MLRA 83C; moderate extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/texas/TX297/0/...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/A/ANNAROSE.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Barton series (Eutric Endoleptic Cambisols) in England. (Cranfield University 2021. The Soils Guide. Available: www.landis.org.uk. Cranfield University, UK.)
Soils classified and described by the World Reference Base for England and Wales:
www.landis.org.uk/services/soilsguide/wrb_list.cfm
Barton soils are developed over hard argillaceous siltstone which occurs within 80 cm of the surface. The association is developed mainly on Silurian rocks which form dissected hills between Bishop's Castle and Presteigne. It is also found along the scarp from Church Stretton to Acton Burnell and around Hope Bowdler, on Ordovician and Cambrian strata.
In the Clun Forest, where slopes are frequently more than 16 degrees, there are inclusions of Manod soils. Siltstone usually occurs between 40 and 70 cm depth but is deeper in Atrim soils which are found on footslopes where colluvium has accumulated over the bedrock. The soft shales in which Yeld soils are developed often form the lower ground. Barton series are well drained (Wetness Class I) Surface capping caused by prolonged heavy rain on cultivated soils can significantly reduce infiltration and result in erosion.
Much of the land is under permanent grass which has been improved for intensive agricultural use. The steepest slopes are bracken infested and are in rough grazing; about one-fifth of the association is wooded. Livestock rearing, mainly sheep, is the most important enterprise.
Some of the land, particularly that with deep soils or on gentle slopes, is cultivated for cereals, mainly barley, and seed potatoes have been introduced recently to take advantage of the relatively disease-free environment. The soils are easy to cultivate where slopes are less than 8 degrees and good seedbeds can be produced even in spring, despite the short landwork period. The large content of silt and fine sand leads to capping during heavy rain and run-off then causes erosion on slopes. The risks are greatest in spring before crop cover is established and during summer storms which follow dry spells.
The soils are generally well suited to trees so plantations of Scots pine, European larch, Western hemlock and Sitka spruce flourish. Some oak, sycamore and beech are grown on the fringes of the woods or occur as remnants of larger stands of mixed deciduous trees. Surface horizons of the soils under woodland become strongly acid, particularly under coniferous trees.
For additional information about the soil association, visit:
www.landis.org.uk/services/soilsguide/mapunit.cfm?mu=54112
For more information on the World Reference Base soil classification system, visit:
A Takyri-Alkalic Halosol. These soils distribute mainly in the piedmont diluvial fans or alluvial plains in Xinjiang Autonomous Region, Gansu Province, Ningxia Autonomous Region, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and others. Parent materials are alluvial or diluvial deposits, and loess-like materials are dominant. The plant communities vary with distribution areas, and the major vegetation is composed of halophytic plants. Landscapes and morphological features of profiles also vary with distribution areas. (Photos and notes courtesy of China Soils Museum, Guangdong Institute of World Soil Resources; with revision.)
In Chinese Soil Taxonomy, Halosols are soils with accumulation of salts or alkali under influence of ground water or dry environments. In Soil Taxonomy these soils are commonly Aridisols, Alfisols, or Inceptisols.
For additional information about this soil and the Soils Museum, visit:
www.giwsr.com/en/article/index/204
For additional information about Soil Taxonomy, visit:
Inceptisols are one of the 12 soil orders in the U.S. Soil Taxonomy. Inceptisols are soils of relatively new origin and are characterized by having only the weakest appearance of horizons, or layers, produced by soil-forming factors. They are the most abundant on Earth, occupying almost 22 percent of all non-polar continental land area. Their geographic settings vary widely, from river deltas to upland forests to tundra environments. For example, they occur in the Mississippi valley, central Europe, the Amazon region, northeastern India, Indonesia, and Alaska. They are usually arable with appropriate control of erosion or drainage.
For more information on Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/soils/survey/class/
For more photos related to soils and landscapes visit:
The Flomaton series consists of very deep, excessively drained, rapidly permeable soils on uplands of the Southern Coastal Plain Major Land Resource Area (MLRA 133A). They formed in gravelly sandy marine sediments. Near the type location, the mean annual temperature is about 67 degrees F., and the mean annual precipitation is about 62 inches. Slopes range from 2 to 45 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Sandy-skeletal, siliceous, thermic Lamellic Paleudults
Solum thickness is more than 60 inches. The combined thickness of the A horizon above the zone of lamellae is 25 to 50 inches. Pebbles and cobbles range from 20 to 70 percent, by volume, in the A horizon and from 35 to 70 percent, by volume, in the E, the E&Bt and the Bt horizons. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to moderately acid throughout except where the surface has been limed.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas of Flomaton soils are in forest that consists of mixed hardwoods, loblolly pine and shortleaf pine. A few cleared areas are used for row crops, special crops and pasture.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The Southern Coastal Plain of Alabama, Arkansas, Mississippi, Tennessee, and possibly Georgia, Louisiana, North Carolina and South Carolina. Flomaton soils are of moderate known extent.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/F/FLOMATON.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
(Updated on 1 March 2025)
First of all, it must be mentioned that this park property draws its name and fame from its "fairy stones"—twinned staurolite crystals that can be found on its grounds. The only example I came across, however, was located in the park store. And of course it was my manifest professional responsibility to purchase it.
Fortunately, the site also has many other attractions for an observant naturalist. This, believe it or not, is one of them: a small patch of bare bank in the park's woodland.
What's revealed here is one of our planets great soil orders, which, if one uses the USDA classification system, is known as an Ultisol.
This strange name, a portmanteau term combining "ultimate" and "soil," refers to the old and nutrient-poor type that has evolved to its end state, more or less. Ultisols are a very common sight throughout the American Southeast. This region lies beyond the soil-rejuvenating effects of the Pleistocene epoch's continental ice sheets.
The striking ocher tint shown in this image signals the preponderance of iron-oxide minerals that have built up over the passage of geologic time. And the clayey texture revealed by my rock-hammer scrapings is due to its high kaolinite content.
A. This is the traditional shape of reticulated mottled plinthite. The term "reticulate" has been historically used to describe plinthite, but this may not be the most common form in the US.
B. For soils in the southern US, plinthite less commonly takes the reticulate shape, but a spherical (nodular plinthite), lenticular (platy plinthite), or polygonal (irregular plinthite) shape.
C. Irregularly shaped plinthite is more common to the plinthic soils of the southeastern US. In lower amounts, plinthite is most commonly nodular, but as quantities increase, the shape is irregular (coarsely vesicular) ranging to platy at its base.
D. Example of a Dothan soil (Plinthic Kandiudult) with nodular plinthite in the upper subsoil, polygonal plinthite in the mid part, and platy plinthite with soil depth. Platy plinthite most commonly occurs directly above the brick red aquitard layer common to these soils.
For more information about a plinthic horizon, visit;
www.researchgate.net/publication/242649722_Rationale_for_...
or;
www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S00167061220043...
A representative profile of Grayco sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes. (Soil Survey of Costilla County Area, Colorado; by Alan J. Stuebe, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Grayco series consists of very deep, well drained soils that formed in outwash derived from granite, gneiss, and mica schist. Grayco soils are on outwash plains and terraces. Slopes range from 0 to 6 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 10 inches and the mean annual air temperature is about 41 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy over sandy or sandy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, frigid Ustic Haplargids
Soil moisture: aridic bordering on ustic.
Mean annual soil temperature: 41 to 46 degrees F (5.0 to 7.8 degrees C)
Mean summer soil temperature: 63 to 66 degrees F (17.2 to 18.9 degrees C)
Thickness of argillic horizon: 5 to 20 inches (13 centimeters to 51 centimeters)
Depth to argillic horizon: 2 to 6 inches (5 to 15 centimeters)
Depth to secondary carbonates: 10 to 20 inches (25 to 51 centimeters)
Depth to lithologic discontinuity: 10 to 40 inches (25 to 102 centimeters)
Depth to strongly contrasting particle size class: 10 to 60 inches (25 to 152 centimeters)
Particle-size control section (weighted average):
Clay content: 18 to 27 percent
Sand content: 35 to 60 percent
Silt content: 13 to 47 percent
Rock fragment content: 15 to 60 percent gravel and cobbles
USE AND VEGETATION: These soils are used for livestock grazing and irrigated cropland. Native plants commonly are Wyoming big sage, blue grama, ring muhly, rubber rabbitbrush, and sand dropseed
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: San Luis Valley Area of south-central Colorado; LRR E; MLRA 51. This series is of moderate extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/colorado/costi...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/G/GRAYCO.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A profile of a Wahlsten soil. Redoxomorphic features occur at a depth of 28 to 78 centimeters. Bedrock is at a depth of 78 centimeters. (Soil Survey of Voyageurs National Park, Minnesota; by Peter Weikle, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Wahlsten series consists of moderately deep, moderately well drained soils on bedrock-controlled moraines. Permeability is moderate. Slopes range from 1 to 8 percent. The Wahlsten soils in Voyageurs National Park are considered taxadjuncts because they have more rock fragments than is specified in the range of characteristics for the series.
Taxonomic Classification: Coarse-loamy, isotic, frigid Oxyaquic Dystrudepts
The depth to bedrock ranges from 20 to 40 inches. The depth to dense till ranges from 15 to 35 inches. Rock fragment content averages 10 to 35 percent, by volume, in the control section.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are forested. Principal trees are aspen, paper birch, balsam fir, white spruce, red pine and jack pine. Native vegetation is mixed coniferous and deciduous forest.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northeast Minnesota, MLRA-93.
Minor extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/minnesota/voya...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/W/WAHLSTEN.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
The Ebeys series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils formed in eolian and glacial drift sands. Ebeys soils are on remnant dunes and on glacial drift plains at elevations of 0 to 80 meters. Slopes are 0 to 8 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 560 mm. The mean annual temperature is about 10 degrees C.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Sandy, isotic, mesic Aquultic Haploxerolls
Mean annual soil temperature 11 to 12 degrees C.
Soil moisture control section dry 75 to 90 days following the summer solstice.
Thickness of mollic epipedon 25 to 60 cm
Base saturation by ammonium acetate - greater than 50 percent within the epipedon
Base saturation by sum of cations - less than 75 percent from 25 to 75 cm
Reaction Slightly acid to moderately acid.
USE AND VEGETATION: Ebeys soils are used for crop production, forage crop production, livestock grazing, and wildlife habitat. Wheat, oats, barley, alfalfa, and vegetables for produce and for seed are common crops. Potential natural vegetation may include an overstory of scattered Oregon white oak and Douglas-fir but is primarily prairie grass vegetation including Roemer's fescue, western brackenfern, chocolate lily, camas, baldhip rose, common snowberry, and trailing blackberry.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northwest Washington. MLRA 2, North. Series is of small extent. The Ebeys series was mapped in the 1950 Island County, Washington Soil Survey but an official series description was never written. This series had an inactive status in the Soil Series Classification database before 12/2007.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/E/EBEYS.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Plate 1: Typical soil profile and associated landscape for the Sha’bbiyat series (soil AD201).
Taxonomic classification: Lithic Haplocalcids, sandy, mixed, hyperthermic
The Sha’bbiyat series is a shallow sandy soil overlying bedrock (usually calcareous sandstone but occasionally siltstone or similar). The soils are typically well to excessively drained. They occur on flats and gentle slopes within gently undulating deflation plains. They are formed from eolian sands and occur in older landscapes.
These soils are used for rangeland grazing of camels though vegetation cover is frequently less than 5%. Common vegetation species recorded include Haloxylon salicornicum and Zygophyllum spp.
This soil has predominantly been described in the south-west of the Ghayathi sub-area together with scattered sites in the Al Ain sub-area.
The main feature of this soil is the shallow depth (<50cm) to a lithic contact. The soil shows evidence of the accumulation of carbonates, is non-saline and non-gypsic. The shallow depth to the hardpan layer is the main restriction for this soil. This restricts water movement and presents a barrier to root development further restricting the availability of nutrients. Because of this shallow depth the soil is considered unsuitable for irrigated agriculture.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
The soils along the upper reaches of the Kohala coast are commonly the Palapalai series. The Palapalai series consists of deep and very deep, well drained soils that formed from basic volcanic ash over basaltic lava. Palapalai soils are on ash fields and have slopes of 6 to 50 percent. Mean annual rainfall is about 1650 millimeters (65 inches) and mean annual temperature is about 17 degrees C. (63 degrees F.)
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Hydrous, ferrihydritic, isothermic Eutric Hydrudands
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Palapalai soils are on southwest, middle elevation, leeward slopes of Kohala Mountain at elevations from 760 to 1220 meters (2,500 to 4,000 feet). These soils are on all hillslope positions of gently sloping to moderately steep ash fields on lava flows that are 750,000 to 250,000 years old and very steep cinder cones. Slope gradients range from 0 to 50 percent. The soils formed in basic volcanic ash over basaltic lava. The mean annual rainfall ranges from 1,000 to 2,300 millimeters (40 to 90 inches), with most of the rainfall occurring from October through April. The mean annual pan evaporation ranges from 1,020 to 1,780 meters (40 to 70 inches). The mean annual temperature ranges from 16 to 19 degrees C. (60 to 67 degrees F.) The mean summer soil temperature and the mean winter soil temperature differ by less than 6 degrees C. (11 degrees F.)
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Kahua, Kehena, and Waimea soils. Kahua soils have an aquic soil moisture regime. Kehena soils have a mottled horizon and are 51 to 102 centimeters (20 to 40 inches) deep over bedrock.
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Well drained; medium to high runoff; moderately rapid permeability.
USE AND VEGETATION: These soils are used principally for livestock grazing. The natural vegetation is kikuyugrass (Pennisetum clandestinum), rattailgrass (Sporobulus indicus), bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) and white clover (Trifolium repens).
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: This series occurs on the leeward slopes of Kohala mountain. It is approximately 8,900 acres in extent. MLRA 160.
The Adams series consists of very deep, excessively and somewhat excessively drained soils formed in glacial-fluvial or glacio-lacustrine sand. They are on outwash plains, deltas, lake plains, moraines, terraces, and eskers. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is high or very high. Slope ranges from 0 through 70 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Sandy, isotic, frigid Typic Haplorthods
Thickness of the solum ranges from 40 through 90 centimeters. Depth to bedrock is more than 183 centimeters. Rock fragments, mostly gravel, range from 0 through 10 percent above a depth of 51 centimeters and, from 0 through 20 percent below 51 centimeters. Some pedons have contrasting very gravelly deposits below a depth of 100 centimeters. The sand fraction is dominantly medium and fine. Adams soils are dry for less than 20 consecutive days following the summer solstice and moist within 91 centimeters of the soil surface during the month of August in normal years.
USE AND VEGETATION: Extensive areas are idle and support aspen, birch, and pine seedlings or sweet fern, spirea, and brambles. Uncleared areas support maple, beech, spruce, and pine. Farmed areas are used mainly for hay or pasture with limited acreages of corn and small grain.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northern New York and New England; MLRAs 142, 143, and 144B. The series is of large extent.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/A/ADAMS.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
The Tonka series consists of very deep, poorly drained, slowly permeable soils that formed in local alluvium over till or glaciolacustrine deposits. These soils are in closed basins and depressions on till and glacial lake plains and have slopes of 0 to 1 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, smectitic, frigid Argiaquic Argialbolls
Tonka soils are widely distributed on the glaciated plains of North Dakota, northeastern South Dakota, and western Minnesota. The series is extensive and is used mainly for small grains, hay and pasture. Native vegetation is tall grasses, sedges and rushes.
For a detailed description, please visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/T/TONKA.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Camp Casey is a U.S. military base in Dongducheon (also spelled Tongduchon), South Korea, 40 miles (64 km) north of Seoul, South Korea. Camp Casey was named in 1952 after Major Hugh Boyd Casey, who was killed in a plane crash near the camp site during the Korean War. Camp Casey is one of several U.S. Army bases in South Korea near the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ). Camp Casey, Camp Hovey, and neighboring Camp Castle and Camp Mobile hold the main armor, engineer, and mechanized infantry elements of the 2nd Infantry Division (United States) in South Korea. Camp Casey spans 3,500 acres (14 km2) and is occupied by 6,300 military personnel and 2,500 civilians.
Rice production in South Korea is important for the food supply in the country, with rice being a common part of the Korean diet. In 2009, South Korea produced 3,899,036 metric tonnes (4,297,951 tons) of rice. Camp Casey sits in between the South Korean capital of Seoul and the Demilitarized Zone.
Soil Profile: Salco sandy clay loam, 1 to 5 percent slopes. This soil often occurs in water receiving positions. (Soil Survey of Duval County, Texas; by John L. Sackett III, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: Pastureland on an area of Salco fine sandy loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes, in the foreground. This area was cleared of brush and is being managed for wildlife enhancement. The background is an area or Verick fine sandy loam, 1 to 5 percent slopes. Rock outcrop is a minor component in the map unit. (Soil Survey of McMullen County, Texas; by Clark K. Harshbarger, Jon Wiedenfeld, and Gary Harris, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Setting
Major land resource area: MLRA 83C—Central Rio Grande Plain
Elevation: 160 to 620 feet
Mean annual precipitation: 22 to 26 inches
Mean annual air temperature: 70 to 73 degrees F
Frost-free period: 265 to 301 days
Composition
Major components:
Salco and similar soils: 85 percent
Minor components: 15 percent
Soil Description
Landscape: Inland, dissected coastal plains
Landforms: Interfluves
Geomorphic positions, two-dimensional: Backslope, footslope
Geomorphic positions, three-dimensional: Head slope, base slope, side slope
Down-slope shape: Linear
Across-slope shape: Convex
Parent material: Loamy, calcareous, alluvium and/or tuffaceous residuum of Miocene age
Typical Profile
A—slightly alkaline fine sandy loam
Bt—moderately alkaline clay loam
Btk—moderately alkaline sandy clay loam
Bk—moderately alkaline fine sandy loam
Properties and Qualities
Slope: 1 to 3 percent
Depth to first restrictive layer: No restrictive layer
Slowest soil permeability to 60 inches, above first cemented restrictive layer: 0.6 to 2.0
in/hr (moderate)
Salinity, representative within 40 inches: Non-saline
Salinity, maximum within 40 inches: Non-saline
Sodicity, representative within 40 inches: Not sodic
Sodicity, maximum within 40 inches: Not sodic
Representative total available water capacity to 60 inches: About 9.5 inches (high)
Natural drainage class: Well drained
Runoff: Very low
Flooding frequency: Not flooded
Interpretive Groups
Land capability nonirrigated: 2s
Land capability irrigated: None specified
Ecological site name: Gray Loamy Upland 20-25" PZ
Ecological site number: R083CY455TX
Typical vegetation: Multiflower false Rhodes grass, Arizona cottontop, pink pappusgrass, plains bristlegrass, other perennial grasses, other perennial forbs, sideoats grama, sand dropseed, hooded windmill grass, fall witchgrass, lovegrass tridens, other shrubs, other annual forbs, green sprangletop, other trees
Use and Management
Major land uses: The major land uses for this soil are livestock grazing and wildlife habitat.
Wildlife habitat: This soil is well suited to wildlife habitat. Deer, dove, javelina, and quail are common in areas of this soil.
For additional information about the survey areas, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/texas/mcmullen...
and:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/texas/TX131/Du...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/S/SALCO.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Sandberg soil series. (Soil Survey of Polk County, Minnesota; by Charles T. Saari and Rodney B. Heschke, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Sandberg Series consists of very deep, excessively drained soils that formed in coarse or moderately coarse glacial outwash sediments or glacial beach deposits with or without a thin loamy mantle. These soils are on outwash plains, glacial lake beaches, stream terraces valley trains, and glacial moraines. Permeability is moderately rapid or rapid in the upper part and very rapid in the lower part. Slopes range from 0 to 45 percent. Mean annual air temperature is about 42 degrees F. Mean annual precipitation is about 23 inches.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Sandy, mixed, frigid Calcic Hapludolls
Note: The Sandberg soils in Polk County are a taxadjunct to the series because they lack the thin calcic horizon (Bk) associated with the official soil series. At the time of publication Sandberg soils were classified as Sandy, mixed Udorthentic Haploborolls in the survey area.
Depth to free carbonates is typically 10 to 40 inches but ranges to the surface in some pedons. The mollic epipedon ranges from 7 to 16 inches thick. Those less than 10 inches thick are sandy loam or coarse sandy loam. The series control section average has 2 to 35 percent rock fragments (by volume). The rock fragments are of mixed lithology and typically 2 to 60 mm in size. However, they may range up to 250 mm in size. The series control section has more than 30 percent medium sand or coarser.
USE AND VEGETATION: Areas of these soils are used for cultivated crops, hay or pasture. A few areas are in woodland. Native vegetation is mixed prairie grasses with scattered oak hardwoods.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Western, Central and Northwestern Minnesota. It is of moderate extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/minnesota/MN11...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/S/SANDBERG.html
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The Coarsewood series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately rapidly permeable soils that formed in calcareous, loamy alluvium. These soils are on nearly level flood plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 3 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-silty, mixed, superactive, calcareous, thermic Udic Ustifluvents
The solum thickness ranges from 40 to about 60 inches. The clay content of the control section ranges from 8 to 18 percent, with less than 15 percent sand coarser than very fine sand. It is slightly or moderately alkaline and effervescence ranges from slight to violent throughout. Fragments of snail shells less than 1/2 inch across range from 0 to 2 percent by volume. These soils are dry in the moisture control section for more than 90 but less than 120 days during the growing season in most years.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are used for cropland, pasture or pecan orchards. Crops grown are corn, cotton, sorghum, small grains, and peanuts. Pasture areas are mainly improved bermudagrasses. Native vegetation consists of mid and tall prairie grasses. Trees include pecan, elm, hackberry, cottonwood and live oak.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Mainly along the Brazos and Colorado Rivers in South Central and Southeast Texas. The series is of moderate extent.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/C/COARSEWOOD.html
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Depth Class: Very deep
Drainage Class (Agricultural): Well drained
Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity: Moderately high or high
Landscape: Coastal plain uplands
Parent Material: Sandy eolian deposits and/or fluviomarine deposits
Slope: 0 to 30 percent
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy, siliceous, semiactive, mesic Arenic Hapludults
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major uses--Most areas are used for growing field crops, vegetables, flowers, and some tree fruits.
Dominant Vegetation--Native vegetation includes white oak, red oak, scarlet oak, black oak, Virginia pine, loblolly pine, yellow poplar, pitch pine, hickory, sassafras, dogwood, and greenbriar. The understory is dominantly low bush blueberry and mountain laurel.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: RALEIGH, NORTH CAROLINA
Distribution--The Coastal Plain of New Jersey, Delaware, and Maryland.
Extent--Moderate
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Salem County, New Jersey; 1967
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/F/FORT_MOTT.html
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A representative soil profile of the Abbie series. (Soil Survey of Harper County, Oklahoma by Troy Collier and Steve Alspach, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Abbie series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils that formed in calcareous loamy alluvium of Pleistocene age. These nearly level to moderately steep soils occur on stream terraces and stream terrace remnants emplaced over calcareous Ogallala sediments in the Southern High Plains, Breaks (MLRA 77E). Slope ranges from 0 to 8 percent. Mean annual temperature is 15 degrees C (59 degrees F), and mean annual precipitation is 530 mm (21 in).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, thermic Aridic Argiustolls
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Solum thickness: more than 203 cm (80 in)
Thickness of mollic epipedon: 18 to 48 cm (7 to 19 in)
Thickness of argillic horizon: 20 to 178 cm (8 to 70 in
Depth to secondary carbonates: 18 to 76 cm (7 to 30 in)
Depth to calcic horizon: 105 to greater than 203 cm (49 to 80 in)
Depth to lithologic discontinuity (where present): below 100 cm (40 in)
Particle-size control section (weighted average--
Silicate clay: 18 to 35 percent
Coarse fragments: 0 to 5 percent
USE AND VEGETATION: Used mainly for rangeland, with some areas cultivated to wheat, grain sorghum, and feedstock. Some areas are irrigated. Climax native vegetation is dominantly short grasses with a few mid grasses and includes blue grama and buffalograss, with lesser amounts of vine-mesquite, western wheatgrass, sideoats grama, galleta, tobosa, silver bluestem, wild alfalfa, and prairie clover.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: LRR-H; Southern High Plains, Breaks (MLRA 77E) of the northwestern counties of Oklahoma, southwest Kansas, and the Oklahoma and Texas panhandles. This soil is moderately extensive.
Soil profile: Windy Creek soils are coarse-silty, mixed, active, subgelic Typic Histoturbels. Windy Creek soils have moderately deep mixed loess and alluvium over permafrost. (Soil Survey of Greater Nenana Area, Alaska; by Dennis Mulligan, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Depth class: moderately deep
Drainage class: poorly drained
Parent material: loess and alluvium
Landform: alluvial fans
Slopes: 0 to 2 percent
Mean annual precipitation: about 11 inches, 280 mm
Mean annual temperature: about 25 degrees F., -4 degrees C.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-silty, mixed, active, acid, subgelic Typic Histoturbels
Particle-size control (section weighted average):
Percent clay in the control section: 5 to 13 percent
Soil moisture regime: aquic
Mean annual soil temperature: 26 degrees F., 50 cm
Thickness of organic materials: 8 to 11 inches, 20 to 28 cm
Texture of the loess and alluvium mantle: silt loam or silt
Texture of the permafrost substratum: permanently frozen material
Percent clay in the loess and alluvium mantle: 5 to 13 percent
Thickness of histic epipedon 8 to 11 inches, 20 to 28 cm
Thickness of redoximorphic concentrations: from 11 to 72 inches, 27 to 183 cm.
Thickness of redoximorphic depletions: from 11 to 72 inches, 27 to 183 cm.
Thickness of cryoturbation and gelic materials: from 11 to 72 inches, 27 to 183 cm.
Depth to Permafrost: from 11 to 38 inches, 28 to 99 cm.
USE AND VEGETATION: Used for recreation and wildlife habitat. The native vegetation includes stunted black spruce forest.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRA 229, Interior Alaska lowlands the series is of limited extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/alaska/AK655/0...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/W/WINDY_CREEK.html
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The Chokecherry series consists of shallow, well drained soils that formed in alluvium and residuum derived from red sandstone, red siltstone, yellow sandstone or siltstone, gray siltstone or loess influenced quartzite or rhyolite. Chokecherry soils are on mountain slopes, hillslopes, and ridges. Slopes range from 2 to 60 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, superactive Lithic Haplocryolls
USE AND VEGETATION: Chokecherry soils are used for livestock grazing and wildlife habitat. The present vegetation is mainly mountain big sage, low sage, bluebunch wheatgrass, antelope bitterbrush, serviceberry, snowberry, rabbitbrush, lupine, and few mountain mahogany.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Chokecherry soils are of small extent in southeastern and south-central Idaho; MLRA 43B and 13.
For additional information about Idaho soils, please visit:
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For a detailed description, visit:
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A Typic Torripsamments in the UAE.
(Classification by UAE Keys to Soil Taxonomy)
Typic Torripsamments consists of the Torripsamments that are dry for more than three-fourths of the time when the soil temperature is 5 degrees C or higher. These soils do not have evident cementation by silica and are moderately deep or deep to a lithic contact. The limitation on moisture restricts the subgroup to the drier part of the range of the great group. The restriction against a lithic contact is the same one that is applied in Typic subgroups throughout most of this taxonomy. Many of these soils support more vegetation than other soils with an aridic moisture regime, perhaps because of rapid infiltration and a low available water capacity, which cause the precipitation to moisten the soils to a greater depth than in most other soils with an aridic moisture regime. Some water is stored below the soil moisture control section. Typic Torripsamments are moderately extensive in the Western United States. They are used mainly for grazing.
Torripsamments are the cool to hot Psamments of arid climates. They have an aridic (or torric) moisture regime and a temperature regime warmer than cryic. Many of these soils are on stable surfaces, some are on dunes, some are stabilized, and some are moving. Torripsamments consist of quartz, mixed sands, volcanic glass, or even gypsum and may have any color. Generally, they are neutral or calcareous and are nearly level to steep. The vegetation consists mostly of xerophytic shrubs, grasses, and forbs. Many of these soils support more vegetation than other soils with an aridic moisture regime, presumably because they lose less water as runoff. Some of the soils on dunes support a few ephemeral plants or have a partial cover of xerophytic and ephemeral plants. The shifting dunes may be devoid of plants in normal years. Most of the deposits are of late-Pleistocene or younger age. These soils are used mainly for grazing. They are extensive in the Western United States.
Psamments are the Entisols that have less than 35 percent (by volume) rock fragments and a texture of loamy fine sand or coarser in all layers (sandy loam lamellae are permitted) within the particle-size control section.
Entisols are the soils that have little or no evidence of the development of pedogenic horizons. Most Entisols have no diagnostic horizons other than an ochric epipedon. A few that have a sandy or sandy-skeletal particle-size class have a horizon that would be a cambic horizon were it not for the particle-size class exclusion. On many landscapes the soil material is not in place long enough for pedogenic processes to form distinctive horizons. Some of these soils are on steep, actively eroding slopes, on flood plains or glacial outwash plains that receive new deposits of alluvium at frequent intervals, or are wind-blown deposits. Most Entisols in the fine-earth fraction (<2mm) consist primarily of quartz or other minerals that are resistant to the weathering needed to form diagnostic horizons.
For more information about soil classification in the UAE, visit:
vdocument.in/united-arab-emirates-keys-to-soil-taxonomy.h...
Soil Survey of Greater Fairbanks Area, Alaska:
archive.org/details/usda-soil-survey-of-greater-fairbanks...
Gleyed soils are wetland soils (hydric soil) that, unless drained, are saturated with groundwater for long enough periods to develop a characteristic gleyic colour pattern. This pattern is essentially made up of reddish, brownish or yellowish colours at surfaces of soil particles (peds) and/or in the upper soil horizons mixed with greyish/blueish colours inside the peds and/or deeper in the soil. Gleysols are also known as groundwater soils and hydro-morphic soils.
Inset: An example of Hydric Soil Field Indicator A15 (Alaska Gleyed Pores). Gleyed colors are along root channels. Reduction occurs first along root channels, where organic carbon is concentrated.
For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
or Chapter 3 of the Soil Survey manual:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/The-Soil-Su...
For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=e_hQaXV7MpM
For additional information about soil classification using USDA-NRCS Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/keys-...
or;
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/soil-...
For more information about Hydric Soils and their Field Indicators, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
Soil profile: A representative soil profile (Typic Dystrudept) in Xinxing County, Guangdong Province, China (PRC-11).
Landscape: These soil are on strongly sloping to steep sideslopes. They are used mostly for woodland; however, small areas are cleared and used for pasture and rarely as terraced cropland.
The central concept or Typic subgroup of Dystrudepts is fixed on soils that are moderately deep or deep to hard rock, are freely drained and acid, have an ochric epipedon. In addition, the percentage of organic carbon of Holocene age decreases regularly with increasing depth and is very low at a depth of 125 cm. They are widely distributed. The largest concentration is in the Northeast in the United States. The native vegetation consists mostly of mixed forest. Most of these soils are used as forest. Many of the less sloping soils have been cleared and are used as cropland or pasture.
For additional information about soil classification, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/soils/survey/class...
The production of fruits and vegetables in Brazil is over 50 million metric tons. Some of the major fruits and vegetables produced are oranges, bananas, tomatoes, watermelons, and onions, among others. Moreover, to meet the export and consumer demand for fruits and vegetables, the Brazilian government is planning to invest more in the agricultural sector by implementing emerging technologies.
Agriculture has always played a critical role in Brazil’s economy, serving as a primary source of revenue and central generator of employment. As modernization and urbanization developed in Brazil, a need for agricultural research arose, and the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA) was created. EMBRAPA’s mission is to increase Brazil’s agricultural yield and food production to support population growth and to develop solutions for food supply crises that arose in many cities.
A representative soil profile of the Raisin soil series. (Soil Survey of Goliad County, Texas; by Jonathan K. Wiedenfeld, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
archive.org/details/usda-soil-survey-of-goliad-county-tex...
The Raisin series consists of very deep, well drained soils that formed in loamy alluvium of Quaternary age. These nearly level to gently sloping soils are on high stream terraces. Slope ranges from 1 to 5 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 965 mm (38 in) and the mean annual air temperature is about 21 degrees C (70 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, hyperthermic Typic Haplustalfs
Solum thickness is more than 80 inches.
Soil Moisture: An ustic soil moisture regime. The soil moisture control section, 4 to 12 inches, is dry in some or all parts for more than 90 but less than 180 cumulative days in normal years. July through September, December, and March are the driest months.
Mean annual soil temperature: 22 to 23.5 degrees C (72 to 74 degrees F)
Depth to argillic horizon: 10 to 19 cm (4 to 19 in).
Particle-size control section (weighted average)
Clay content: 27 to 35 percent
CEC to clay: 0.6 to 1.5
USE AND VEGETATION: Used mainly as rangeland and wildlife habitat. The vegetation is live oak, post oak, bluestems, gramas, and threeawns. Mesquite and huisache have encroached in some areas. The ecological site for phases with a sandy surface layer is loamy sand 25 to 35 inch PZ (R083AY396TX ) and Sandy Loam 25 to 35 inch PZ (R083AY407TX) for loamy surface phases.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: South Central Texas; MLRA 83A; LRR I; moderate extent
These soils were formerly included in the Delfina series. The Delfina series has aquic conditions and the series province is confined to MLRA 83D in the lower Rio Grande valley. The redoximorphic features in the argillic horizon are not contemporary. These soils are in association with other soils that have borderline siliceous/mixed mineralogy.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/texas/goliadTX...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/R/RAISIN.html
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The Riviera series consists of very deep, poorly drained, very slowly permeable soils on broad, low flats, flatwoods and in depressions in the Southern Flatwoods (MLRA 155) and the Southern Florida Lowlands (MLRA 156B). They formed in stratified sandy and loamy marine sediments. Near the type location, the mean annual temperature is about 75 degrees F., and the mean annual precipitation is about 62 inches. Slopes range from 0 to 2 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy, siliceous, active, hyperthermic Arenic Glossaqualfs
Solum thickness ranges from 35 to 65 inches. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to neutral in the A and E horizon, from very strongly acid to moderately alkaline in the B/E, Btg, and BC horizons, and from slightly acid to moderately alkaline in the 2C horizon.
USE AND VEGETATION: When drained, Riviera soils are used for citrus, winter truck crops, and improved pasture. Native vegetation consists of slash pine, cabbage, and sawpalmetto, scattered cypress, maidencane, and pineland threeawn.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Peninsular Florida. The series is of moderate extent.
The water table is within 10 inches of the surface for 2 to 4 months in most years and 10 to 30 inches deep most of the rest of the year. It is below 40 inches for short periods in driest seasons. Some areas are flooded for periods ranging from a few days to about 3 months. Depressions are ponded for periods ranging from 6 to 12 months.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/R/RIVIERA.html
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Soil profile: A representative soil profile of Iphil silt loam in an area of Iphil-Ririe complex, 4 to 20 percent slopes. (Soil Survey of Teton Area, Idaho and Wyoming; by Carla B. Rebernak, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: Cattle grazing in an area of Rexburg-Iphill complex, 4 to 8 percent slopes. (Soil Survey of Bear Lake County Area, Idaho; by Francis R. Kukachka, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Iphil series consists of deep and very deep, well drained soils formed in loess and silty alluvium derived from loess. Iphil soils formed on hills on terraces and fan remnants and have slopes of 1 to 30 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 360 mm and the mean annual air temperature is 6.6 degrees C.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-silty, mixed, superactive, frigid Typic Calcixerolls
Mollic epipedon thickness: 18 to 40 cm Particle size control section total clay: 10 to 24 percent (weighted average of non-carbonate clay is less than 18 percent)
Control section carbonate clay: 2 to 14 percent
Control section non-carbonate clay: 10 to 18 percent
Control section sands coarser than very fine: 2 to 10 percent
Control section rock fragments: 0 to 3 percent Depth to calcic horizon: 18 to 40 cm
Depth to bedrock: 100 cm to greater than 152 cm
Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 35 percent average in the calcic horizon
Mean annual soil temperature: 5.0 to 8.0 degrees C.
Mean summer soil temperature: 15.0 to 18.9 degrees C. (frigid soil temperature regime)
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major uses: irrigated areas are used primarily for small grains, potatoes, hay and pasture; non-irrigated areas are used for pasture and range.
Dominant native vegetation: mountain big sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass, antelope bitterbrush, western wheatgrass, and eriogonum
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Southeastern Idaho and Western Wyoming, MLRA 13
Extent: the series is not extensive
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Portland, Oregon
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Oneida County, Idaho, 1994; Oneida County Area Soil Survey.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/wyoming/TetonI...
and...
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/idaho/bearlake...
For additional information about Idaho soils, please visit:
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For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/I/IPHIL.html
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The four major processes that change parent material into soil are additions, losses, translocations, and transformations.
Additions
The most obvious addition is the accumulation of organic matter. As soon as plants begin to grow in fresh parent material, organic matter begins to accumulate. Organic matter gives a black or dark brown color to the surface layer. Even young soils may have a dark surface layer. Most additions of organic matter to the surface increase the cation-exchange capacity and the supply and availability of plant nutrients.
Losses
Most losses occur through leaching. Water moving through the soil dissolves certain minerals and transports them into deeper layers. Some materials, especially sodium salts, gypsum, and calcium carbonate, are relatively soluble.
Translocations
Salmo soil which has strata of alluvial material with textures of fine sandy loam and silt loam (0 to 18 inches) and has an accumulation of soluble salts at a depth of 4 inches. These soils exhibit translocation--the movement of soil material from one place to another. In areas of low rainfall, leaching often is incomplete. Water starts moving down through the soil, dissolving soluble minerals as it goes. There is not enough water, however, to move the minerals all the way through the soil. When the water stops moving and then evaporates, salts are left behind. Soil layers with accumulations of calcium carbonate or other salts form in this way. If this cycle occurs enough times, a calcareous hardpan can form.
Upward translocation and lateral movement occur in some soils. Low-lying soils can have a high water table, even if they are in dry areas. Evaporation at the surface causes water to move upward and salts (where present) are dissolved on the way and may be deposited on the surface as the water evaporates.
Transformations
Transformations are changes that take place in the soil. Micro-organisms that live in the soil feed on fresh organic matter and change it into humus. Chemical weathering changes the parent material. Some minerals are destroyed completely. Others are changed into new minerals. Many of the clay-sized particles in soil are actually new minerals that form during soil development.
USDA-NRCS publication "From the Surface Down", An Introduction to Soil Surveys for Agronomic Use, Second Edition, 2010.
In platy structure, the units are flat and platelike. They are generally oriented horizontally. A special form, lenticular platy structure, is recognized for plates that are thickest in the middle and thin toward the edges. Platy structure is usually found in subsurface soils that have been subject to leaching or compaction by animals or machinery. The plates can be separated with little effort by prying the horizontal layers with a pen knife. Platy structure tends to impede the downward movement of water and plant roots through the soil.
Plinthite (Gr. plinthos, brick) is an iron-rich, humus-poor mixture of clay with quartz and other highly weathered minerals. It commonly occurs as reddish redox concentrations in a layer that has a polygonal (irregular), platy (lenticular), or reticulate (blocky) pattern. It irreversibly hardens upon exposure to repeated wetting and drying, especially if exposed to heat from the sun. Other morphologically similar iron-rich materials that do not progressively harden upon repeated wetting and drying are not considered plinthite.
The dominantly red horizon (below the tip of the trowel) acts as an aquitard, perching water and facilitating the formation of plinthite. The horizon exhibits very weak very coarse blocky structure with very thick clay coating on internal seams or cracks. Clay coating is common in the very deep layers (3-4 meters or more below the soil surface) where pedogenesis is thought to be minimal or not present. The red area has a sandy loam to sandy clay loam texture (exhibits clay bridging), whereas the gray area has texture of clay loam or clay.
www.flickr.com/photos/jakelley/53414919014/in/dateposted-...
Because of the dark red color and dense characteristics, these layers are referred to by local soil scientists as the "brick" layer.
For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
or Chapter 3 of the Soil Survey manual:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/The-Soil-Su...
For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:
A soil in which a reticulately mottled zone with plinthite (darkest red colors) is below a depth of about 2 feet (60 centimeters). Figure 3-24 (p. 170). Soil Survey Manual (issued March 2017), USDA Handbook No. 18.
For more information about the major principles and practices needed for making and using soil surveys and for assembling and using related soils data and a copy of the Soil Survey Manual, visit:
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Plinthite consists of reddish, iron-enriched bodies that have a low content of organic matter. In contrast to most other masses, plinthite bodies are coherent enough to be separated readily from the surrounding soil.
Plinthite commonly occurs within and above reticulately mottled horizons (fig. 3-24). It has higher penetration resistance than adjacent brown or gray bodies or than red bodies that do not harden. Soil layers that contain plinthite rarely become dry in their natural setting. Plinthite bodies are commonly about 5 to 20 mm across their smallest dimension. They are firm or very firm when moist, hard or very hard when air dry, and moderately cemented on repetitive wetting and drying, especially when exposed to sunlight (e.g., in road banks and gully walls).
Upon repeated wet-dry cycles, plinthite may irreversibly harden and convert to indurated ironstone. Plinthite bodies commonly occur as discrete nodules or plates. The plates are oriented horizontally. The nodules occur above, and the plates within, the upper part of the reticulately mottled horizon. The plates generally have a uniformly reddish color and have sharp boundaries with the surrounding brown or gray material. The part of the iron-rich body that is not plinthite normally stains the fingers if rubbed while wet, but the plinthite center does not. Plinthite has a harsh, dry feel when rubbed, even if wet. Horizons containing plinthite are more difficult to penetrate with an auger than adjacent horizons at the same water state and with the same clay content. Plinthite generally becomes less cemented after prolonged submergence in water. An air-dried sample can be dispersed by normal procedures for particle-size distribution.
Ironstone is an iron-oxide concentration that is at least weakly cemented. Ironstone nodules commonly occur in layers above plinthite. They are thought to be plinthite that has cemented irreversibly because of repeated wet-dry cycles. Commonly, the center of iron-rich bodies cement upon repeated wetting and drying while the periphery does not.
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A soil profile of the Ailey soil series from the Sand Hills of Union County, North Carolina.
Depth Class: Moderately deep or deep to fragic soil properties and (where present) deep or very deep to densic materials
Drainage Class (Agricultural): Well drained or somewhat excessively drained
Internal Free Water Occurrence: Very deep or deep, common, thin
Flooding Frequency and Duration: None
Ponding Frequency and Duration: None
Index Surface Runoff: Negligible to very high
Slowest Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity: Moderately low
Shrink-swell Potential: Low
Landscape: Middle and upper coastal plain, sandhills
Landform: Marine terraces, low hills
Geomorphic Component: Interfluves, side slopes
Hillslope Profile Position: Summits, shoulders, backslopes
Parent Material: Fluviomarine deposits, marine deposits
Slope: 0 to 25 percent
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy, kaolinitic, thermic Arenic Kanhapludults
Ailey series were formerly classified as Fragiudults. The pedogenic firmness and brittleness of the Btx horizon is not as extensive as in a fragipan. Depth to fragic soil properties is 26 to 60 inches. The dense and compact properties of the Cd horizon are root-restrictive but are not thought to be pedogenic. Reclassification to Hapludults was recommended by the Coastal Plains-Dense Soils Properties Study, February 23, 1982. Classification was changed to Kanhapludults as agreed to October 29, 1987 at the SNTC State Soil Scientist meeting. The volume of brittleness was revised (2005) from 10 to 40 percent to 30 to 60 percent to reflect the range common to the fragic subgroup.
The central concept of Ailey soils, are to have significant fragic soil properties as to affect water movement and root penetration but not as significant to classify as a fragipan. It is anticipated with the next revision to Soil Taxonomy the series Great group will be changed to Arenic "Fragic" Kanhapludults if or when this subgroup is recognized. The present range in soil properties allows for Ailey soils to have a perched seasonal water table from four to six feet or below six feet. Additional study is needed to determine if these soils are interpretatively similar and have the same basic soil properties.
Ultimately, it is anticipated Ailey soils will be split into two series; one with densic materials for the Sand Hills area and one without the Cd layer for the Coastal Plain area. The series is extensive, over 700,000 acres.
A representative soil profile of the Bodden series in England. (Cranfield University 2021. The Soils Guide. Available: www.landis.org.uk. Cranfield University, UK.)
Bodden soils have a dark brown surface layer and a subsoil that is dominantly brownish or reddish without prominent mottling or greyish colours (gleying) above 40 cm depth. They are developed mainly on permeable materials at elevations below about 300 m.0.D. Most are in agricultural use.
These paleo-argillic brown earth are loamy or clayey, with an ancient reddish or reddish mottled, clay-enriched subsoil formed, at least in part, before the last (Devensian) glacial period. They formed from lithoskeletal limestone.
The B horizon is typically mottled clay with redox depletions on ped faces. Faces of peds are are greyer than the ped interiors indicating occurrence of a seasonal water table. See Comments.
These soil are similar to Aquollic Hapludalfs in the Soil Taxonomy soil classification system.
Aquollic Hapludalfs have, in one or more subhorizons within the upper 25 cm of the argillic horizon, redox depletions with chroma of 2 or less and also aquic conditions for some time in normal years (or artificial drainage). In addition, the Ap horizon or the surface soil to a depth of 18 cm after mixing has a color value of 3 or less, moist, and 5 or less, dry. These soils are intergrades between Argiaquolls and Hapludalfs. They are moderately extensive in the United States, particularly in the glaciated parts of the north-central region. Slopes are very gentle. Nearly all of the soils have been cleared and are used as cropland, but some of them are used as pasture or forest.
Hapludalfs are the Udalfs that formed principally in late-Pleistocene deposits or on a surface of comparable age. They are extensive soils in the Northeastern States, excluding New England, and in Europe, excluding most of Scandinavia. The vegetation on Hapludalfs in the United States was a deciduous broadleaf forest, but the soils are now mostly farmed. Temperature regimes are mesic or thermic.
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Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Miami series; the State Soil of Indiana.
Landscape: . No-till corn planted into a cover crop mix on Miami soils on a rolling till plain. Steeper side slopes remain forested.
In 1900, when the Miami series was established, soil units were differentiated by surface texture alone. In 1904, the Miami Series was called one of the “four or five great series of uniform characteristics” in the Ohio and Mississippi River basins. The Miami soils have been studied in detail. In 1986, the Indiana Association of Professional Soil Scientists (IAPSC) voted to designate Miami as their state soil.
The Miami series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils that are moderately deep to dense till. Miami soils formed in as much as 46 cm (18 inches) of loess or silty material and in the underlying loamy till. They are on till plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 60 percent. Mean annual precipitation is 1016 mm (40 inches), and mean annual temperature is 11.1 degrees C (52 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Oxyaquic Hapludalfs
Thickness of the loess or silty material: 0 to 46 cm (0 to 18 inches)
Depth to the base of the argillic horizon: 61 to 102 cm (24 to 40 inches)
Depth to densic contact: 61 to 102 cm (24 to 40 inches)
Depth to carbonates: 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches)
Depth to bedrock: greater than 203 cm (80 inches)
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are used to grow corn, soybeans, small grain, and hay. Much of the more sloping part is in permanent pasture or forest. Native vegetation is deciduous forest.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Indiana, southern Michigan, central and northern Illinois, southeastern Wisconsin, and western Ohio; mainly in MLRAs 111A and 111D, and lesser extents in MLRAs 95B, 97, 98, 108A, 110, 114A, and 115C. The type location is in MLRA 111A. The series is of large extent, about 1 million acres.
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The Appling series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils on ridges and side slopes of the Piedmont uplands. They are deep to saprolite and very deep to bedrock. They formed in residuum weathered from felsic igneous and metamorphic rocks of the Piedmont uplands. Slopes range from 0 to 25 percent.
Appling soils are very similar to Cecil soils, except Cecil soils have a subsoil with dominant hue of 5YR or redder. Where hue is 5YR in Cecil soils, evident patterns of mottling are absent in the Bt and BC horizon, whereas patterns of lithochromic mottling are common in Appling soils.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludults
The Bt horizon is at least 24 to 50 inches thick and extends to 40 inches or more. Depth to bedrock ranges from 6 to 10 feet or more. The soil is very strongly acid or strongly acid throughout, unless limed. Limed soils typically are moderately acid or slightly acid in the upper part. Content of coarse fragments ranges from 0 to 35 percent by volume in the A and E horizons and 0 to 10 percent by volume in the Bt horizon. Fragments are dominantly gravel in size. Most pedons have few to common flakes of mica in the A and Bt horizons and few to many flakes of mica in the BC and C horizons.
Most of the acreage is in cultivation or pasture and the remainder is in forests of mixed hardwoods and pine. Common crops are corn, tobacco, soybeans, cotton, and small grains.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The Piedmont of Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia. The series is of large extent.
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Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Antigo soil series; the State Soil of Wisconsin.
Landscape: Antigo soils are on outwash plains, stream terraces, eskers, kames, glacial lake plains, and moraines. Slope ranges from 0 to 30 percent. They are very productive soils for corn, small grain, and hay. In some areas potatoes or snap beans are important crops. The steeper areas are used for pasture or for timber production.
The Antigo series consists of very deep, well drained soils formed in 50 to 100 centimeters of loess or silty alluvium and in loamy alluvium and in the underlying stratified sandy outwash. (Soil Survey of Langlade County, Wisconsin; Michael J. Mitchell, Soil Conservation Service)
A state soil is a soil that has special significance to a particular state. Each state in the United States has selected a state soil, twenty of which have been legislatively established. These “Official State Soils” share the same level of distinction as official state flowers and birds. Also, representative soils have been selected for the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands.
Antigo soils are among the most extensive soils in Wisconsin. They occur on about 300,000 acres in the northern part of the State. They are very productive soils for corn, small grain, and hay. In some areas potatoes or snap beans are important crops. In 1983, the Wisconsin Legislature designated the Antigo series as the official State soil. The series was named after the city of Antigo, Wisconsin. Antigo soils are well-drained and formed in loess and loamy sediments over stratified sandy outwash. The average annual precipitation ranges from 28 to 33 inches, and the average annual air temperature ranges from 39 to 45 degrees F.
Most areas are cultivated. The principal crops are corn, small grains, and hay. In some places, potatoes and snap beans are important crops and some areas are pastured. Some areas are forested. The native vegetation is American basswood, sugar maple, yellow birch, white ash, big tooth aspen, quaking aspen, and black cherry.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Physiographic divisions--Interior Plains and Laurentian Upland
Physiographic Provinces--Central Lowland and Superior Upland
Physiographic section--Western Lake section
MLRAs--Wisconsin and Minnesota Thin Loess and Till, Northern Part (90A), Wisconsin and Minnesota Thin Loess and Till, Southern Part (90B), Central Minnesota Sandy Outwash (91A), Wisconsin and Minnesota Sandy Outwash (91B), and Superior Stony and Rocky Loamy Plains and Hills, Eastern Part (93B)
LRR K; northern Wisconsin and east-central Minnesota
Extent--large (over 250,000 acres)
Antigo soils have a glossic horizon (E/B or B/E horizons, or both). Horizonation has a wide range depending on the thickness of the silty mantle and the degree to which eluviation has occurred. Therefore, there can be E/B, B/E, 2E/B, or 2B/E horizons, singly or in combination, with or without Bt or 2Bt horizons.
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A representative soil profile of the Farmington series. These shallow, well drained soils are found on dolomite and limestone bedrock areas of Kittatinny Valley. Dolomite bedrock is present in this profile at a depth of 38 centimeters. (Soil Survey of Sussex County, New Jersey; by Richard K. Shaw, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Farmington series consists of shallow, well drained and somewhat excessively drained soils formed in till. They are nearly level to very steep soils on glaciated uplands. Bedrock is at a depth of 10 to 20 inches. Slope ranges from 0 to 70 percent. The mean annual temperature is 49 degrees F. and the mean annual precipitation is 37 inches.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy, mixed, active, mesic Lithic Eutrudepts
Solum thickness and depth to bedrock range from 10 to 20 inches. Rock fragments range from 5 to 35 percent by volume in the solum. Clay content ranges from 10 to 27 percent. The soil reaction ranges from strongly acid through neutral in the A horizon and from moderately acid through slightly alkaline in the B horizon. Free carbonates are in the fine-earth fraction above bedrock in some pedons.
USE AND VEGETATION: About two thirds of the soil has been cleared. In cleared areas, where the soil is deepest, corn, small grains and hay or pasture are grown, or the areas are idle. The shallowest soils are in unimproved pasture, are idle, or are in northern hardwood trees with sugar maple as the dominant species.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: New York, western Connecticut, Massachusetts, northern New Jersey, and Vermont. MLRA's 101, 140, 142, 143, 144A, 144B. Farmington soils are moderately extensive.
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The rise and fall of civilizations have been linked with the use and abuse of soil and water resources. There is little reason to believe that these linkages will disappear in the future. People need soils and soils need people.
This edition of the Chinese taxonomic classification provides a glimpse into the current thinking about how soils form and where they occur in the landscape of China. The recognition and definition of additional features, horizons, and soils unique to China are a major contribution to the world of pedology. (Richard D. Arnold, Senior Soil Scientist, USDA-NRCS)
COVER: The color of the soil records the history of the rise and fall of human civilization. Therefore, the spatial variation of soil color has always attracted much attention. China is the first country to recognize soil by color. ”Shangshu•Yugong” divides the Kyushu soil of the Central Plains into yellow soil, white soil, black tomb, white tomb, Chizhi tomb and Qingli area.
In ancient China, there has always been a system of ”Saji Sacrifice”. The Saji altar built with five-color soil contains the ancient people’s worship of the land. The five-color soil is paid from all over the country to pay tribute to show the meaning of ”all the world, is it not the king’s soil”. The best-preserved shrine altar is the Ming and Qing shrine altar in the Forbidden City in Beijing. Five-color soil (Eastern Green, West White, South Red, North Black, and Middle Yellow) is also the simple understanding of soil distribution by ancients.
The formation of soil originates from the weathering of rocks on the surface of the earth’s crust. The surface layer of the weathered crust is the material basis for the formation of soil-the soil parent material. In the long river of time, the soil-forming parent material exposed to the surface not only continues to be affected by weathering, but also interacts with the surrounding environment (including the atmosphere, water, animals and plants), and a series of material and energy exchanges occur, and finally form Soil with a certain structure and layers. This vertical section of the soil from the ground surface down to the parent material is called the soil profile, and a well-developed soil profile can be divided into three most basic layers, namely the top soil layer, the core soil layer and the subsoil layer. It can be seen that the soil in nature is a three-dimensional continuum with its own law of occurrence and development. (By YQQLM YQQLM)
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Depth Class: Very deep
Drainage Class: Somewhat poorly drained
Permeability: Moderate
Surface Runoff: Slow
Parent Material: Loamy alluvial sediments
Slope: 0 to 2 percent
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, semiactive, thermic Aeric Endoaquults
Where cultivated--corn, oats, soybeans, small grain, and pasture are dominant. Where wooded--white oak, red oak, post oak, loblolly pine, shortleaf pine, hickory, red maple, sweetgum, and elm; understory plants include American holly, flowering dogwood, sassafras, greenbrier, giant cane and inkberry (bitter gallberry) are common.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Georgia, Alabama, North Carolina, Virginia and possibly South Carolina. Extent is moderate.
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This photo accompanies Figure 28.—Indicator S9, Thin Dark Surface. [Field Indicators of Hydric Soils in the United States].
A typical landscape of the Pomona soil series (Ultic Alaquods). The Ponoma series consists of very deep, poorly and very poorly drained soils that formed in sandy and loamy marine sediments. Pomona soils are on flats and flatwoods on marine terraces. Slopes range from 0 to 2 percent.
Surface runoff is negligible to very low. Depth to seasonal high water table is 0 to 30 centimeters (0 to 12 inches) of the surface for about 3 months during most years, and 25 to 102 centimeters (10 to 40 inches) most of the rest of the year. Ponding: 0 to 61 centimeters (0 to 24 inches) in depressional areas for 4 to 6 months.
Under natural conditions Pomona soils are used for water quality and wildlife habitat. Cultivated areas are used for truck crops and tame pasture.Potential native vegetation consists of slash pine, longleaf pine, and south Florida slash pine with an understory of sawpalmetto, waxmyrtle, gallberry, creeping bluestem, chalky bluestem, indiangrass, and pineland threeawn.
These soils are of moderate extent, primarily in Florida.
A representative soil profile of the Atsion soil. These poorly drained soils formed in sandy fluviomarine sediments. They are on flats and in drainageways. (Soil Survey of Cumberland County, New Jersey; by Lenore Matula Vasilas, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
DEPTH CLASS: Very deep
DRAINAGE CLASS: Poorly drained
PERMEABILITY: Moderately rapid or rapid above 40 inches and moderately slow to rapid below 40 inches
SURFACE RUNOFF: Slow or very slow
PARENT MATERIAL: Sandy marine sediments
SLOPE: 0 to 2 percent
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Sandy, siliceous, mesic Aeric Alaquods
Solum Thickness: 20 to 40 inches
Depth to Bedrock: Greater than 60 inches
Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: 6 to 12 inches, January to December
Depth to the Spodic Horizon: 16 to 40 inches
Rock Fragments: 0 to 10 percent, by volume in the A, E, and B horizons and 0 to 20 percent in the C horizon
Soil Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid, throughout the profile
Other Features: Some pedons have a sequence of Bh horizons, varying in thickness, alternating with uneven, paler C horizons at depths of 60 inches or more
USE: Mostly in woods, but some areas are used for blueberries and cranberries.
VEGETATION: Wooded area are mostly pitch pine mixed with black gum and red maple. Undergrowth consists of highbush blueberries, sweet pepperbush, sheep laurel, and greenbriar.
DISTRIBUTION: Northern Atlantic Coastal Plain of New Jersey, Maryland, Delaware, and New York.
EXTENT: Large, more than 100,000 acres
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Soil profile: Llanos Costa loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes. Llanos Costa soils are characterized by a surface layer of loam and a subsurface layer of clay loam or clay. They are in the aridic soil moisture regime. (Soil Survey of San Germán Area, Puerto Rico; by Jorge L. Lugo-Camacho, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: Naturalized pastureland in an area of Llanos Costa loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes. Overgrazed areas should be reestablished and then protected from further overgrazing. Mechanical and chemical means can be used to help control competition from weeds.
The Llanos Costa series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils on mountain foot slopes and alluvial fans of the Semiarid Mountains and Valleys MLRA. They formed in gravelly sediments that weathered from basalt, chert and rhyolite. Near the type location, the mean annual temperature is about 80 degrees F., and the mean annual precipitation is about 29 inches. Slopes range from 2 to 12 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, semiactive, isohyperthermic Typic Haplargids
Solum thickness is more than 60 inches. Reaction ranges from strongly acid to neutral in the A or Ap horizon and from moderately acid to neutral in the Bt horizons.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas of Llanos Costa soils are on pastureland. A few small areas are in cropland, primarily corn and sorghum. Vegetation consists of Guinea grass, Kleberg bluestem grass and other native and introduced grasses and shrubs.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Mountain foot slopes and alluvial fans of the Semiarid Mountains and Valleys MLRA. The series is of small extent.
These soils were formerly included in the Amelia series. A soil moisture study performed in the San German Area Soil Survey Update recognizes the Aridic Soil Moisture Regime in southern Puerto Rico. Llanos Costa soils formed in the Alluvium Formation (Qal) (Holocene and Pleistocene).
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