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Soil profile: The Badin series consists of moderately deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils that formed in residuum weathered from fine-grained metasedimentary and metavolcanic rocks of the Carolina Slate Belt. (Soil Survey of Randolph County, North Carolina; by Perry W. Wyatt, North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources)
Landscape: A dairy farm in an area of Badin-Tarrus complex, 2 to 8 percent slopes. The Uwharrie National Forest is in the background. Badin soils are on gently sloping to steep uplands in the Piedmont. Slopes range from 2 to 55 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, semiactive, thermic Typic Hapludults
Solum thickness is 20 to 40 inches. Depth to weathered bedrock is 20 to 40 inches. Depth to hard bedrock is 40 inches or more. Reaction ranges from strongly acid to extremely acid in all horizons except where the surface has been limed. Limed soils are typically moderately acid or slightly acid in the A horizon. Rock fragment content is commonly 5 to 35 percent by volume in the A, E, BE, BA, and Bt horizons, and 20 to 60 percent in the BC and C horizons. Some pedons have individual horizons that have 0 to 5 percent rock fragments by volume. Fragments are dominantly channers.
USE AND VEGETATION: Used mainly for growing corn, small grain, soybeans, grain sorghum, mixed hay, and pasture. The remainder is in woodlands of oaks, hickory, loblolly pine, shortleaf pine, Virginia pine, and yellow-poplar. Common understory species are American holly, flowering dogwood, sourwood, and American hornbeam.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Piedmont Plateau of North Carolina and Virginia. The series is of moderate extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/north_carolina...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/B/BADIN.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of an Aridic Haplustert. (Photo and comments courtesy of Stan Buol, NCSU.)
This profile was photographed in Yavapai County, Arizona. The soil is formed in basalt on a 2 percent slope. It is vegetated by grassland and sparse juniper and pinon pine. The soil is silty clay texture with slightly alkaline pH values in all horizons. Hard basalt rock is present at some depth below the bottom of the pit.
The surface A1 horizon of 4 inches is strong granular structure. Below the A1 horizon the structure is extremely hard, when dry angular and subangular blocky with slickenside features indicative of the churning action in Vertisols as the soil shrinks when dry and expands when wetted. Although not visible in the photo the soil has 5mm or wider cracks that are open more than 210 days each year within 50 cm of the surface, i.e. the Aridic subgroup. The site is used for cattle grazing and wildlife.
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Aridic Haplusterts are the Haplusterts that have a soil moisture regime that borders on aridic. They do not have a lithic contact within 50 cm of the soil surface, a petrocalcic horizon, or significant amounts of salts or sodium. These soils occur in South Dakota, Montana, Colorado, Nebraska, Texas, and Wyoming. They commonly are used as rangeland.
Haplusterts are the most common of the Usterts. They are derived from a variety of parent materials, including sedimentary rocks, alluvium, marl, and basic igneous rocks. Slopes range from nearly level to strongly sloping. Haplusterts occur in many Western and Southwestern States, on the northern Great Plains, and in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. They are used as rangeland, cropland, or pasture.
Usterts are the Vertisols in temperate areas that do not receive high amounts of rainfall during the summer, in areas of monsoonal climate, and in tropical and subtropical areas that have two rainy and two dry seasons. Cracks open and close once or twice during the year. Usterts are extensive in Texas, on the Great Plains, in Australia, in Africa south of the Sahara, and in India. Many of these soils formed in gently sloping areas of fine textured marine deposits or alluvium. Some are derived from basic igneous rocks. If irrigated, Usterts are used intensively, but large areas are used for grazing because of a lack of machinery to till the soils.
The central concept of Vertisols is that of clayey soils that have deep, wide cracks for some time during the year and have slickensides within 100 cm of the mineral soil surface. They shrink when dry and swell when moistened. Vertisols make up a relatively homogeneous order because of the amounts and kinds of clay common to them; however, their microvariability within a pedon is great. Before the advent of modern classification systems, these soils were already well known for their characteristic color, the cracks they produce during the dry season, and the difficulty of their engineering properties.
For more information about describing soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_052523...
For additional information about soil classification using Soil Taxonomy, visit:
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Knuckle soil series. (Soil Survey of Pinnacles National Monument, California; by Ken Oster, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: A typical area of a Knuckle soil on south aspects. Chalone soil is on north aspects.
The Knuckle series consists of shallow to bedrock, somewhat excessively drained soils that formed in rhyolite. The Knuckle soils are on hills. Slopes range from 35 to 70 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 17 inches (432 millimeters) and the mean annual air temperature is about 61 degrees F (16 degrees C).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Sandy-skeletal, mixed, thermic Lithic Xerorthents
Depth to bedrock: 6 to 20 inches (16 to 50 centimeters).
Mean annual soil temperature: 60 to 63 degrees F (16 to 17 degrees C).
Soil moisture control section: dry in all parts from about May 15 to November 15 (180 days), and moist in all parts from about January 15 to April 15 (90 days).
Particle size control section: 2 to 15 percent clay, 35 to 60 percent rock fragments from rhyolite.
USE AND VEGETATION: This soil is used for watershed, wildlife habitat and recreation. Vegetation is sparse chamise chaparral.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: San Benito County, California in MLRA 15 -- Central California Coast Range. These soils are of small extent. San Benito County, California. Source of name from Knuckle Ridge. This series was established based on limited acreage observed within the National Park Service Pinnacles National Monument boundary.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/california/CA7...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/K/KNUCKLE.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Kellistown series in an area of unimproved grassland from Ireland. These soils formed in coarse loamy drift with limestones.
For detailed information about this soil, visit;
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/soilguide.php
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/rep_profile_sheet.php?series_code=10...
For information about the soil series of Ireland, visit;
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/soilguide.php
In the Irish soil classification system these soils are Typical Luvisols (soils with clay enriched subsoil).
For more information about describing and classifying soils using the Irish Soils Classification System, visit:
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/downloads/SIS_Final_Technical_Report...
Leptic Haplogypsids, sandy, gypsic, hyperthermic, lithic phase (Soil AD111) are moderately deep to deep sandy soils with gypsum occurring at or near the soil surface and high concentrations of gypsum in the subsoil. Root depth is limited by the occurrence of a lithic contact below 50cm.
These soils occur on older sediments in deflation plains and at the higher margins of inland and coastal sabkhas throughout Abu Dhabi. They are well drained or somewhat excessively drained and permeability is rapid or moderately rapid above the lithic contact. Subsoil drainage could be affected by the presence of underlying bedrock. These soils are formed in old sand and gravel deposits.
Commonly these soils remain as a barren land but are sometimes used for low intensity grazing by camel, sheep or goats. They typically have less than 5% vegetation cover of Cyperus conglomeratus, Haloxylon salicornicum and Zygophyllum spp.
Scattered occurrences of this minor soil type have been observed in north-eastern and western areas of the Emirate. The soil is recorded as a component of one map unit type near Sila in the west of the Emirate.
Plate 9: Typical soil profile and associated landscape for Leptic Haplogypsids, sandy, gypsic, hyperthermic, lithic phase (Soil AD111).
Ironstone fragments from a petroferric layer. A petroferric (Gr. petra, rock, and L. ferrum, iron; implying ironstone) contact is a boundary between soil and a continuous layer of indurated material in which iron is an important cement and organic matter is either absent or present only in traces. The indurated layer must be continuous within the limits of each pedon, but it may be fractured if the average lateral distance between fractures is 10 cm or more. The fact that this ironstone layer contains little or no organic matter distinguishes it from a placic horizon and an indurated spodic horizon (ortstein), both of which contain organic matter.
Using GPR to Characterize Plinthite and Ironstone Layers in Ultisols. Available from: www.researchgate.net/publication/282805887_Using_GPR_to_C... [accessed Dec 09 2020].
Several features can aid in making the distinction between a lithic contact and a petroferric contact.
First, a petroferric contact is roughly horizontal.
Second, the material directly below a petroferric contact contains a high amount of iron (normally 30 percent or more Fe2O3. The underlying material is commonly interbedded or stratified fine-earth.
Third, the ironstone sheets below a petroferric contact are thin; their thickness ranges from a few centimeters to very few meters. Sandstone, on the other hand, may be thin or very thick, may be level-bedded or tilted, and may contain only a small percentage of Fe2O3.
For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
or Chapter 3 of the Soil Survey manual:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/The-Soil-Su...
For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=e_hQaXV7MpM
For additional information about soil classification using USDA-NRCS Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/keys-...
or;
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/soil-...
Photo from the 4th International Meeting on Red Mediterranean Soils, Plovdiv, Bulgaria (1997).
The central concept of Vertisols is that of clayey soils that have deep, wide cracks for some time during the year and have slickensides within 100 cm of the mineral soil surface. They shrink when dry and swell when moistened. Vertisols make up a relatively homogeneous order because of the amounts and kinds of clay common to them; however, their microvariability within a pedon is great. Before the advent of modern classification systems, these soils were already well known for their characteristic color, the cracks they produce during the dry season, and the difficulty of their engineering properties.
Xererts are the Vertisols of Mediterranean climates, which are typified by cool, wet winters and warm, dry summers. These soils have cracks that regularly close and open each year. Because the soils dry every summer and remoisten in the winter, damage to structures and roads is very significant. If not irrigated, these soils are used for small grain or grazing. In the United States, most of the soils supported grasses before they were cultivated.
Haploxererts are the Xererts that do not have a calcic or petrocalcic horizon or a duripan. These are the most common of the Xererts. They formed in a variety of parent materials, including volcanic and sedimentary rocks, lacustrine deposits, and alluvium. In many areas these soils are used for grazing by livestock. In some areas they are used for citrus, small grain, truck crops, or rice.
Typic Haploxererts are centered on deep or very deep, clayey soils with dark colored surface layers. These soils do not have significant amounts of sodium or salts, a soil moisture regime that borders on aridic or udic, or aquic conditions within 100 cm of the soil surface for extended periods. They occur in Oregon, Idaho, and California and are used for rangeland, pasture, or dryland or irrigated crops.
For additional information about soil classification, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/soils/survey/class...
The McAfee series consists of moderately deep, well drained soils that formed in residuum weathered from phosphatic limestone. These soils are on gently sloping to steep uplands. Slopes range from 2 to 50 percent. (Kentucky Soil Atlas; by Anastasios D. Karathanasis, University of Kentucky)
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, active, mesic Mollic Hapludalfs
Solum thickness and depth to limestone bedrock ranges from 20 to 40 inches. Fragments of chert from 2 mm to 3 inches across, or fragments of limestone, from 1 to 6 inches across, range from 0 to 15 percent in the solum, and from 0 to 25 percent in the substratum. Reaction ranges from moderately acid to neutral in the solum and from slightly acid to mildly alkaline in the C horizon.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are used for growing corn, small grains, burley tobacco and hay or as pasture. Original vegetation was hardwoods interspersed with grassy glades. Forests were elm, maple, oak species, ash, hickory, hackberry, redbud, black and honey locust, Kentucky coffee tree, black walnut, Yaupon (Ilex vomitoria) and eastern red cedar.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The Inner Bluegrass Region of Kentucky.
For additional information about Kentucky soils, visit:
uknowledge.uky.edu/pss_book/4/
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/M/MCAFEE.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Mitchellbay soil series. (Soil Survey of San Juan County, Washington; by Michael Regan, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: Typical area of Mitchellbay gravelly sandy loam, 5 to 15 percent slopes, under pasture in foreground, on Orcas Island.
The Mitchellbay series consists of moderately deep, somewhat poorly drained soils formed in glacial drift over dense glaciomarine deposits. Mitchellbay soils are in valleys and on glacial drift plains and have slopes of 0 to 25 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 31 inches and the mean annual temperature is about 48 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Aquultic Haploxeralfs
Mean annual soil temperature - 48 to 50 degrees F.
Moisture control section - dry 60 to 75 days following the summer solstice
Depth to redoximorphic features - 9 to 18 inches
Depth to densic contact - 20 to 40 inches
Particle-size control section:
Clay content - 18 to 35 percent
USE AND VEGETATION: These soils are used for pasture, forage crop production, and forestry. Potential natural vegetation consists of western redcedar, bigleaf maple, Douglas-fir, grand fir, red alder, swordfern, deer fern, salal, stinging nettle, gooseberry, and snowberry.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northwest Washington; MLRA A2, Northern Part. Series is of moderate extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/washington/WA0...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/M/MITCHELLBAY.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of Owens clay. Alternating layers of clay and shale are at a depth of about 60 centimeters.( Soil Survey of Jack County, Texas; by Wilfred E. Crenwelge, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Owens series consists of shallow to moderately deep over claystone bedrock or dense clay well drained, very slowly Permeable soils that formed in residuum from claystone bedrock. These soils are on gently sloping to steep escarpments and plains. Slopes range from 1 to 45 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 813 mm (32 in) and the mean annual air temperature is about 18.3 degrees C (65 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, active, thermic Typic Haplustepts
Soil Moisture: Typic-ustic soil moisture regime
Depth to densic material: 36 to 76 cm (14 to 30 in)
Reaction: slightly or moderately alkaline throughout, but some pedons are noncalcareous in the upper part.
Surface fragments: limestone, ironstone, or sandstone cover 0 to 45 percent of the soil surface; fragments less than 25 cm (10 in) across cover 0 to 25 percent; fragments 25 to 61 cm (10 to 24 in) cover 0 to 20 percent with a few fragments that are more than 122 cm (48 in) across.
Coarse fragments: 0 to 10 percent in the solum, mainly less than 25 cm (10 in) across .
USE AND VEGETATION: The principal use is for rangeland. Small acreage has been cultivated in the past but most cultivated areas are now abandoned and returned to rangeland. Native vegetation is mainly sideoats grama, silver bluestem, buffalograss, vine-mesquite, curlymesquite, Texas needlegrass, Arizona cottontop, hairy triden, bundleflower, engelmanndaisy, western ragweed, algerita, and lotebush. Tasajillo and mesquite have invaded in most areas.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Texas North-Central Prairies (MLRA 80B), and Rolling Limestone Prairie (MLRA 78A) of Texas. The Owens Series is extensive.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/texas/TX237/0/...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/O/OWENS.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Profile of Tyden silt loam in an area of Tyden-Babco complex, 0 to 1 percent slopes. (Soil Survey of Tyler County, Texas by Levi Steptoe, Jr., Natural Resources Conservation Services)
The Tyden series consists of very deep, very poorly drained soils. These nearly level soils formed in loamy alluvium of Quartenary age. Slope ranges from 0 to 1 percent. Mean annual temperature is about 20 degrees C (68 degrees F), and mean annual precipitation is about 1321 mm (52 in).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, siliceous, active, thermic Umbric Paleaquults
Soil Moisture: An aquic moisture regime)
Mean annual soil temperature: 20.6 to 21.7 degrees C (69 to 71 degrees F)
Solum thickness is more than 200 cm (80 in).
Particle-size control section (weighted average)
Clay content: 5 to 14 percent
CEC/clay ratio: 0.40 to 0.45
Reaction: extremely acid or very strongly acid throughout
USE AND VEGETATION: Primarily used for woodland and wildlife habitat. Native vegetation includes water oak, large gallberry, titi, buttonbush, and sweetbay.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southeast Texas; LRR-T; MLRA-152B (Western Gulf Coast Flatwoods; small extent.
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/B/BABCO.html
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/T/TYDEN.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Clarkrange silt loam in an area of Clarkrange silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes (Soil Survey of Mammoth Cave National Park, Kentucky by William H. Craddock and Susan B. Southard, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
archive.org/details/usda-soil-survey-of-mammoth-cave-nati...
Soil classification: Fine-silty, siliceous, semiactive, mesic Typic Fragiudults
Major land resource area: 120A - Kentucky and Indiana Sandstone and Shale Hills and Valleys, Southern Part
Elevation: 160 to 280 meters
Mean annual precipitation: 1,031 to 1,495 centimeters
Mean annual air temperature: 7 to 20 degrees C
Frost-free period: 154 to 190 days
Map Unit Composition
Clarkrange and similar soils: 85 percent
Dissimilar minor components: 15 percent
Characteristics of Clarkrange Soils
Setting
Landform: Ridges
Landform position (two-dimensional): Summit
Landform position (three-dimensional): Interfluve
Down-slope shape: Convex
Across-slope shape: Linear
Slope range: 2 to 6 percent
Parent material: Thin fine-silty noncalcareous loess over clayey residuum weathered from sandstone and shale
Properties and Qualities
Depth to restrictive feature: 51 to 81 centimeters to fragipan; 102 to 229 centimeters to paralithic bedrock
Shrink-swell potential: Low (about 1.5 LEP)
Salinity maximum: Not saline
Sodicity maximum: Not sodic
Calcium carbonate equivalent percent: No carbonates
Hydrologic Properties
Slowest capacity to transmit water (Ksat ): Low
Natural drainage class: Moderately well drained
Flooding frequency: None
Ponding frequency: None
Seasonal water table (depth, kind): About 46 to 76 centimeters; perched
Available water capacity (entire profile): Low (about 15.1 centimeters)
Interpretive Groups
Land capability subclass (nonirrigated): 2e
Hydric soil status: No
Hydrologic soil group: C
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/C/CLARKRANGE.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Cecil Series--North Carolina State Soil:
www.soils4teachers.org/files/s4t/k12outreach/nc-state-soi...
Landscape: Cecil soils are on ridges and side slopes of the Piedmont uplands. Slopes range from 0 to 25 percent.
Cecil soils, the state soil of North Carolina, are the most extensive of the soils that have their type location in North Carolina. They occur on 1,601,740 acres in the State. They are estimated to be on nearly one-third of the Piedmont Plateau in the Eastern United States. About half of the acreage of these soils is cultivated, and the rest is used for pasture or forest. The most common crops are small grain, corn, cotton, and tobacco. The Cecil series consists of very deep, well-drained, moderately permeable soils on upland ridges and side slopes. These soils formed in material weathered from felsic, igneous, and high-grade metamorphic rocks. Slopes range from 0 to 25 percent. The Cecil series is on the National List of Benchmark Soils, and is a Hall of Fame Soil. A monolith of the series profile is on display at the International Soil Reference and Information Centre in Wageningen, The Netherlands.
The Cecil series consists of very deep, well drained moderately permeable soils on ridges and side slopes of the Piedmont uplands. They are deep to saprolite and very deep to bedrock. They formed in residuum weathered from felsic, igneous and high-grade metamorphic rocks of the Piedmont uplands. Slopes range from 0 to 25 percent. Mean annual precipitation is 48 inches and mean annual temperature is 59 degrees F. near the type location.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludults
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/north_carolina...
For a detailed description of the soil, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/C/CECIL.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Southwest series. Lighter-colored overwash overlies the original dark-colored surface layer. (Soil Survey of Delaware County, Indiana; by Gary R. Struben, Natural Resources Conservation Service).
The Southwest series consists of very deep, poorly drained soils formed in recent alluvium over glaciofluvial deposits or glaciolacustrine deposits in depressions on till plains, moraines, and outwash plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 1 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 914 mm (36 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 10.0 degrees C (50 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, nonacid, mesic Typic Fluvaquents
Depth to carbonates: 102 to more than 203 cm (40 to more than 80 inches)
Thickness of the overwash and depth to a buried soil: 25 to 102 cm (10 to 40 inches)
Rock fragment content: 0 to 5 percent gravel below the overwash
USE AND VEGETATION: Soils are mostly used to grow corn, soybeans, oats, and wheat. A small part is in permanent pasture or woodlots. Native vegetation is deciduous forest and some swamp grasses and sedges.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 111A, 111B, 111C, and 111D in northern and central Indiana. The series is of small extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/indiana/IN035/...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/S/SOUTHWEST.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Altamont series. Cracking is clearly visible. The soil structure is large blocks between the cracks, which reduce soil strength. The paralithic contact of sandstone is visible at a depth of about 110 centimeters. (Supplement to the Soil Survey of Santa Clara Area, California, Western Part; narratives written by William Reed, natural resources specialist, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: Typical landscape of Altamont and Alo soils with characteristic rounded hills. Altamont soils are on the lower and less sloping areas and Alo soils are on the higher, steeper slope segments.
The Altamont series consists of deep, well drained soils that formed in material weathered from fine-grained sandstone and shale. These soils are on gently sloping to very steep uplands. The average annual precipitation is about 17 inches and the mean annual temperature is about 59 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, smectitic, thermic Aridic Haploxererts
Clay content is 35 to 60 percent. They have intersecting slickensides and have cracks more than 1 cm wide to a depth of 20 inches or more that open and close once each year. The cracks close in November or December and remain closed until April or May and remain open the rest of the year. Mean annual soil temperature is 59 degrees to 65 degrees F. Depth to a paralithic contact of shale, sandstone or mudstone is 40 to 60 inches. Roots do not penetrate the paralithic materials except along fractures. Angular prisms 6 to 12 inches in diameter that extend from near the surface to depths of 15 to 30 inches are characteristic of these soils when dry.
USE AND VEGETATION: Used for livestock grazing and dry farmed grains, mainly barley. The principal vegetation is annual grasses, forbs, and scattered oak trees.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: In the Diablo Ranges in the California Coast Ranges in central and southern California and the Sutter Buttes. The soils are extensive. MLRA 15, 18, 20.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/california/san...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/A/ALTAMONT.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Kucera series. (Soil Survey of Teton Area, Idaho and Wyoming; by Carla B. Rebernak, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Kucera series consists of very deep, well drained soils formed in loess and silty alluvium from mixed sources. They are on terraces, hills, ridges, basalt plains, and hills. Slopes are 0 to 50 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 380 mm and the mean annual air temperature is about 6.0 degrees C.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-silty, mixed, superactive, frigid Calcic Pachic Haploxerolls
Mollic epipedon thickness: 50 to 109 cm
Depth to calcic horizon: 50 to 109 cm
Calcium carbonate equivalent in calcic horizon: 15 to 35 percent
Mean summer soil temperature: 15 to 18.9 degrees C.
Mean annual soil temperature: 5.0 to 8.0 degrees C. (frigid soil temperature regime)
Particle size control section total clay: 8 to 18 percent with less than 15 percent fine sand and coarser sand plus gravel
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major uses: cropland and rangeland; principle crops are irrigated and nonirrigated wheat, barley, alfalfa hay, pasture and irrigated potatoes
Dominant native vegetation: The potential native vegetation is bluebunch wheatgrass, Idaho fescue, mountain big and basin big sagebrush and needlegrass
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Southeastern Idaho and Western Wyoming, MLRA 13
Extent: These soils are moderately extensive
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/wyoming/TetonI...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/K/KUCERA.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Rumley clay loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes. (Soil Survey of Hamilton County, Texas; by John E. Allison, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Rumley series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils that formed in loamy and calcareous alluvial sediments. These nearly level and gently sloping soils are on stream terraces. Slopes range from 0 to 3 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, carbonatic, thermic Udic Calciustolls
USE AND VEGETATION: Used mainly for cropland. Oats and wheat are the principal crops.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Mainly in Texas, along streams in the Grand Prairie. The series is of moderate extent. This soil was formerly included with the Lewisville series.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/texas/TX193/0/...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/R/RUMLEY.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of Skidmore channery fine sandy loam. (Soil Survey of the Big South Fork National River and Recreation Area, KY and TN; by Harry S. Evans and Jennifer Y. Mason, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Skidmore series consists of deep and very deep, well drained to somewhat excessively drained soils formed in gravelly, cobbly, or channery alluvium on narrow flood plains. Slopes range from 0 to 4 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, semiactive, mesic Dystric Fluventic Eutrudepts
Solum thickness ranges from 20 to 40 inches and depth to bedrock from 40 to more than 100 inches. The content of siltstone and sandstone fragments, commonly a mixture of gravels and cobbles or channers and flagstones, ranges from 0 to 50 percent in the upper solum and from 35 to 90 percent in the lower solum and substratum. Reaction ranges from moderately acid to slightly alkaline throughout.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/tennessee/big_...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/S/SKIDMORE.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Profile of Kirbyville sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes. The vertical white areas are albic material (Eg horizon) that has been moved down into the profile. (Soil Survey of Tyler County, Texas by Levi Steptoe, Jr., Natural Resources Conservation Services)
The Kirbyville series consists of very deep, moderately well to somewhat poorly drained soils. These nearly level to very gently sloping soils formed in loamy fluviomarine deposits of the Lissie Formation of early to mid-Pleistocene age. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. Mean annual temperature is about 19.4 degrees C (67 degrees F), and mean annual precipitation is about 1295 mm (51 in).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Oxyaquic Paleudults
Note: Kirbyville soils have 5 percent or more plinthite in one subhorizon within 150 cm of the mineral soil surface. They would classifiy as "Oxyaquic Plinthic" if this subgroup combination was listed in the current version of Soil Taxonomy.
Soil Moisture: An udic soil moisture regime. The soil moisture control section is 10 to 30 cm (4 to 12 in) below the soil surface and remains dry less than 90 cumulative days in most years.
Mean annual soil temperature: 20.6 to 21.7 degrees C (69 to 71 degrees F)
Depth to glossic horizon: 28 to 56 cm (11 to 22 in)
Depth to episaturation: 41 to 99 cm (16 to 39 in)
Base saturation at taxonomic depth for the Ultisols order: 14 to 30 percent
Saturated from 46 to 89 cm (16 to 39 in) for 30 or more cumulative days in normal years. (Bt/E horizon)
Plinthite--5 percent or more of some part of the argillic horizon.
USE AND VEGETATION: Used mainly for timber production and wildlife habitat. Some areas have been cleared and are used for improved pasture. Native vegetation is loblolly and shortleaf pine with mixed hardwoods. The understory is dogwood, waxmyrtle, pinehill bluestem, and other grasses.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southeastern Texas and southwestern Louisiana; LRR T; The Western Gulf Coast Flatwoods (MLRA 152B); The series is of moderate extent.
Kirbyville soils were formerly included with the Caddo and Thage soils. Classification and drainage class changed 12/97 based on data collected from typifying pedon in Hardin County, TX. Soil moisture monitoring indicates these soils to have saturation, for several weeks during January to March, with no reduction and qualify for a Oxyaquic subgroup. Typifying pedon redescribed 12/97. The classification was updated from Plinthic Paleudults to Oxyaquic Paleudults in May 1999 due to a change in soil taxonomy.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/texas/TX457/0/...
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Typical profile of a Kahboo gravelly fine sandy loam. (Soil Survey of San Juan County, Washington; by Michael Regan, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Kahboo series consists of shallow, well drained soils formed in colluvium from glacial drift, metasedimentary bedrock, and volcanic ash. Kahboo soils are on slopes and summits of hills and mountains. Slope ranges from 5 to 100 percent. Average annual precipitation is about 1,015 millimeters and the average annual air temperature is about 8 degrees C.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy, isotic, mesic Lithic Dystroxerepts
Average annual soil temperature - 8 to 9 degrees C.
Soil moisture control section - dry 45 to 60 days following summer solstice
Depth to lithic contact - 25 to 50 cm
Reaction - strongly acid to moderately acid
Particle-size control section:
Clay content - 5 to 15 percent
Rock fragments - 0 to 35 percent
USE AND VEGETATION: Used for recreation, wildlife habitat, homesites, and watershed. Potential natural vegetation consists of western hemlock, Douglas-fir, western redcedar, Cascade Oregongrape, prickly currant, false Solomons-seal, swordfern, and bracken fern.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northwest Washington; MLRA A2, Northern Part. Series is of small extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/washington/WA0...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
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Soil profile: A typical profile of a Nella soil. Nella soils are very deep and on mountain footslopes. They support highly productive woodlands of yellow-poplar, maple, and oak. (Soil Survey of Overton County, Tennessee; by Carlie McCowan, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: The steeper hills in the background include Nella and Talbott soils. These soils are suited to woodland.
The Nella series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils. These soils formed in alluvium or colluvium and in residuum of limestone, sandstone and shale. They are on hillsides, benches and foot slopes. Slopes range from 2 to 60 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Typic Paleudults
Solum thickness is greater than 60 inches. Depth to bedrock is 6 feet or more. Reaction is very strongly acid or strongly acid except the surface layer is less acid where limed. Rock fragments range from 15 to about 35 percent in each horizon. The fragments are mostly sandstone and range from 0.25 inch to about 20 inches in diameter.
USE AND VEGETATION: About one-third is in forest consisting chiefly of oaks, hickories, yellow poplar, beech, and shortleaf and Virginia pine. Cleared areas are used chiefly for pasture but a few areas are cropped to tobacco, corn, truck, and small grain.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The Appalachian Ridges and Valleys, Highland Rim, and Cumberland Plateau and Mountains in Tennessee and in Northwest Georgia, Northern Alabama, and Arkansas. The series is of large extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
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The Bethlehem series consists of well drained, moderately deep soils on ridgetops and side slopes in the upper part of the Piedmont. They formed in residuum weathered from the high-grade metamorphic rocks such as sillimanite schist, phyllite schist, and mica schist. Slopes range from 2 to 45 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludults
The solum ranges from 20 to 40 inches thick over a Cr horizon of weathered bedrock. Hard bedrock is deeper than 40 inches. Reaction is very strongly acid to moderately acid unless limed. Content of flakes of mica ranges from few to common in the A and upper B horizons, and from few to many in the lower B and C horizons. Rock fragment content ranges from 0 to 60 percent by volume in the A horizon, from 0 to 35 percent in the E, BA, BE, and Bt horizons, and from 15 to 60 percent in the BC and C horizons. Fragments are dominantly gravel or cobbles.
USE AND VEGETATION: Approximately half of the acreage is cleared. Chief crops are hay, corn, and pasture. The remainder is in mixed hardwoods and pines including shortleaf pine, Virginia pine, scarlet oak, chestnut oak, white oak, and black oak. Common understory plants are sourwood, flowering dogwood, greenbrier, sassafras, grape, poison ivy, American holly, and blueberry.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: North Carolina, Virginia, South Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama. This series is of moderate extent.
For a detailed description, visit:
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Figure 3-29. Jarosite concentrations (yellowish color) that formed due to oxidation in this drained marsh soil containing sulfides. (Soil Survey Manual, USDA Handbook No. 18; issued March 2017)
For more information about describing soils using the USDA-Soil Survey Manual, visit:
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Sulfides (mainly iron sulfide) occur in some tidal marsh soils and in some sedimentary rocks, such as those associated with coal or shale. In marsh soils, soil layers with significant sulfide content are commonly permanently saturated and are neutral in color (N) or have hue of 5Y, 5GY, 5BG, or 5G; value of 2, 3, or 4; and chroma of 1 or less (Fanning et. al., 2002; IUSS Working Group WRB, 2015). When these materials are exposed (e.g., when marsh soils are drained or sulfide-bearing rock is excavated), oxidation commonly produces sulfuric acid. Sulfuric acid is toxic to plants and animals in the soil and to fish and other aquatic organisms in nearby waters. The solutions produced are extremely acid and are highly corrosive to exposed metal and concrete. Soils and rock that may have potential sulfur acidity (especially material dredged from coastal water areas and applied on the land) should be tested for the presence of sulfide salts.
A few soils with appreciable amounts of sulfides contain enough carbonates to neutralize all or part of the acidity when the sulfides are oxidized. In these soils, the total amounts of both calcium carbonate and sulfides are needed to determine if effective neutralization can occur naturally.
Marsh soils may give off a sulfurous odor. This odor is not a reliable indicator of the presence of significant amounts of oxidizable sulfides; however, odor can be a reliable indicator that sulfides are present. The sulfurous odor (“rotten egg smell”), if detected, should be noted in the soil description.
Qualitative class terms for odor intensity are:
Slight.—Odor is faint, only detected close to nose.
Moderate.—Odor is readily noticeable, even at arm’s length from the nose.
Strong.—Odor is intense and readily noticed as soon as sample is exposed to the air.
Drained or excavated marsh soils that contain large amounts of sulfides commonly have yellow efflorescences of the mineral jarosite on the exteriors of clods (fig. 3-29).
For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
or Chapter 3 of the Soil Survey manual:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/The-Soil-Su...
For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=e_hQaXV7MpM
For additional information about soil classification using USDA-NRCS Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/keys-...
or;
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/soil-...
For more information about Hydric Soils and their Field Indicators, visit:
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A representative soil profile of the Puckane series in an area of improved grassland from Ireland. These soils formed in coarse loamy drift with siliceous stones.
For detailed information about this soil, visit;
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/rep_profile_sheet.php?series_code=06...
For information about the soil series of Ireland, visit;
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In the Irish soil classification system these soils are Humic Groundwater Gleys (soils influenced by water).
For more information about describing and classifying soils using the Irish Soils Classification System, visit:
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Very fine, fine, and medium subangular blocky soil peds
Soil Peds are aggregates of soil particles formed as a result of pedogenic processes; this natural organization of particles forms discrete units separated by pores or voids. The term is generally used for macroscopic (visible; i.e. greater than 1 mm in size) structural units when observing soils in the field. Soil peds should be described when the soil is dry or slightly moist, as they can be difficult to distinguish when wet.
There are five major classes of macrostructure seen in soils: platy, prismatic, columnar, granular, and blocky. There are also structureless conditions. Some soils have simple structure, each unit being an entity without component smaller units. Others have compound structure, in which large units are composed of smaller units separated by persistent planes of weakness.
For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:
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or Chapter 3 of the Soil Survey manual:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/The-Soil-Su...
For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:
This photo accompanies Figure 19.—Indicator A14, Alaska Redox) [Field Indicators of Hydric Soils in the United States].
Deep to very deep, poorly drained soils formed in colluvium and residuum. These soils occur on gently sloping to very steep backslopes of hills, mountains, and valleysides. Slopes range from 5 to 100 percent. The mean annual precipitation is in excess of 120 inches and the mean annual temperature is 40 degrees F.
They have moderate or moderately rapid permeability and slow runoff. These soils receive such a large amount of rain and seep water that they are wet most of the time even though they are sloping.
Most are used for watershed protection, wildlife habitat, and recreation. The overstory vegetation consists of Alaska yellow-cedar, western hemlock, mountain hemlock, and Sitka spruce. The understory vegetation is mainly blueberry species, deer cabbage, and false hellebore. At this site devil's walkingstick was common.
A representative soil profile of the Shottower series. (Soil Survey of Smyth County, Virginia; by Robert K. Conner, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Shottower series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils on high stream terraces. They formed in old alluvium derived from sandstone, quartzite, limestone, shale, and siltstone. Slopes range from 2 to 35 percent. Mean annual air temperature is 55 degrees F. Mean annual precipitation is 42 inches.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, kaolinitic, mesic Typic Paleudults
Solum thickness and depth to bedrock are more than 60 inches. Rounded rock fragments of sandstone and quartzite range from 0 to 35 percent in the A and Bt horizons, and from 0 to 60 percent below 40 inches. Reaction ranges from extremely acid through moderately acid.
USE AND VEGETATION: These soils are used mainly for cropland. Major crops are corn, small grain, hay, and pasture.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Limestone valleys in Virginia and possibly West Virginia, Maryland, and Tennessee. The series is of moderate extent. Soils now within the range of the Shottower series were previously correlated as Braddock, Hiwassee, Masada, and Unison series in published soil surveys.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/virginia/VA173...
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A Gypsic Aquisalid from the coastal area of the UAE.
Gypsic Aquisalids are the Aquisalids that have a gypsic or petrogypsic horizon with an upper boundary within 100 cm of the soil surface. In the Unted States, these soils occur in Texas and Colorado.
Aquisalids are the salty soils in wet areas in the deserts where capillary rise and evaporation of water concentrate the salts near the surface. Some of these soils have redoximorphic depletions and concentrations. In other soils redoximorphic features may not be evident because of a high pH and the associated low redox potential, which inhibit iron and manganese reduction. These soils occur dominantly in depressional areas where ground water saturates the soils at least part of the year. The vegetation on these soils generally is sparse, consisting of salt-tolerant shrubs, grasses, and forbs. Although these soils may hold water at a tension less than 1500 kPa, the dissolved salt content makes the soils physiologically dry.
Salids are most common in depressions (playas) in the deserts or in closed basins in the wetter areas bordering the deserts. In North Africa and in the Near East, such depressions are referred to as Sebkhas or Chotts, depending on the presence or absence of surface water for prolonged periods. Under the arid environment and hot temperatures, accumulation of salts commonly occurs when there is a supply of salts and a net upward movement of water in the soils. In some areas a salic horizon has formed in salty parent materials without the presence of ground water. The most common form of salt is sodium chloride (halite), but sulfates (thenardite, mirabilite, and hexahydrite) and other salts may also occur.
The concept of Salids is one of accumulation of an excessive amount of salts that are more soluble than gypsum. This is implicit in the definition, which requires a minimum absolute EC of 30 dS/m in 1:1 extract (about 2 percent salt) and a product of EC and thickness of at least 900. As a rule, Salids are unsuitable for agricultural use, unless the salts are leached out. Leaching the salts is an expensive undertaking, particularly if there is no natural outlet for the drainage water. Two great groups are recognized—Aquisalids, which are saturated with water for 1 month or more during the year, and Haplosalids, which are drier.
For more information about describing soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_052523...
For additional information about soil classification using Soil Taxonomy, visit:
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For more information about soil classification using the UAE Keys to Soil Taxonomy, visit:
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Landscape--plateaus, mountains
Landform--north-facing side slopes of canyons, escarpments of hills, backslopes of basalt plateaus, structural benches, lower slopes of mountains
Slope--0 to 90 percent
Parent material--loess mixed with volcanic ash over colluvium and residuum derived from basalt
Mean annual precipitation--about 660 mm
Mean annual air temperature--about 6 degrees C
Depth class--deep, very deep
Drainage class--well drained
Soil moisture regime--xeric
Soil temperature regime--frigid
Soil moisture subclass--typic
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, isotic, frigid Vitrandic Argixerolls
Thickness of mollic epipedon--25 to 50 cm
Estimated base saturation--less than 75 percent, by sum of cations, in one horizon or more between depths of 25 and 75 cm
Depth to bedrock--more than 100 cm
Soil moisture control section--dry 45 to 60 consecutive days
Mean annual soil temperature--5 to 8 degrees C
Mean summer soil temperature in areas that do not have an O horizon--15 to 17 degrees C
Thickness of layers influenced by volcanic ash--25 to 75 cm
USE AND VEGETATION:
Use--timber production
Potential natural vegetation--dominantly Douglas-fir, ponderosa pine, mallow ninebark, creambush oceanspray, and common snowberry
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: North-central Idaho, northeastern and central Oregon, eastern Washington; MLRAs 9 and 10; moderate extent
For additional information about Idaho soils, please visit:
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Soils of the Colfax series are very deep and somewhat poorly drained. They are on uplands and formed in materials weathered from granitic rocks. Permeability is moderate in the upper part of the solum and slow in the fragipan. Slopes range from 0 to 15 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, subactive, thermic Aquic Fragiudults
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Somewhat poorly drained; medium to slow runoff; permeability is moderate in the upper part of the solum and slow in the fragipan. A fragipan is a diagnostic horizon in USDA soil taxonomy. They are altered subsurface soil layers that restrict water flow and root penetration. Fragipans are similar to a duripan in how they affect land-use limitations. In soil descriptions, they are commonly denoted by a Bx or Btx symbol.
USE AND VEGETATION: Used chiefly for pasture and forest. A small acreage is used for crops. Native vegetation includes maple, oak, hickory, dogwood, sweet gum, yellow poplar, shortleaf, loblolly, and Virginia pine, and an understory of greenbriars, huckleberry, grasses, and reeds.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Piedmont Province of Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia. The series is of moderate extent.
(Classification by UAE Keys to Soil Taxonomy)
Salidic Torriorthents are the Torriorthents that have an ECe of more than 8 to less than 30 dS m −1 in a layer 10 cm or more thick within 100 cm of the soil surface. These soils are not used for any productive purpose and are considered permanently unsuitable for irrigated agriculture due to salt content.
Torriorthents are the dry Orthents of cool to hot, arid regions. They have an aridic (or torric) moisture regime and a temperature regime warmer than cryic. Generally, they are neutral or calcareous and are on moderate to very steep slopes. A few are on gentle slopes. Many of the gently sloping soils are on rock pediments, are very shallow, have a sandy-skeletal particle-size class, or are salty. Others are on fans where sediments are recent but have little organic carbon. The vegetation on Torriorthents commonly is sparse and consists mostly of xerophytic shrubs and ephemeral grasses and forbs. The vegetation on a few of the soils is saltgrass. Torriorthents are used mainly for grazing. They are extensive in the Western United States.
Orthents are Entisols primarily on recent erosional surfaces. The erosion may be geologic or may have been induced by cultivation, mining, or other factors. Any former soil that was on the landscape has been completely removed or so truncated that the diagnostic horizons for all other orders do not occur. Orthents occur in any climate and under any vegetation. They are do not occur in areas that have aquic conditions, a high water table, and the colors defined for Aquents or on shifting or stabilized sand dunes.
Entisols are the soils that have little or no evidence of the development of pedogenic horizons. Most Entisols have no diagnostic horizons other than an ochric epipedon. A few that have a sandy or sandy-skeletal particle-size class have a horizon that would be a cambic horizon were it not for the particle-size class exclusion. On many landscapes the soil material is not in place long enough for pedogenic processes to form distinctive horizons. Some of these soils are on steep, actively eroding slopes, on flood plains or glacial outwash plains that receive new deposits of alluvium at frequent intervals, or are wind-blown deposits. Most Entisols in the fine-earth fraction (<2mm) consist primarily of quartz or other minerals that are resistant to the weathering needed to form diagnostic horizons.
A lonely farm lane in rural Brazils' Oxisol Region... the cerrado (a vast tropical savanna ecoregion, particularly in the states of Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul and Minas Gerais).
Oxisols are an order in USDA soil taxonomy, best known for their occurrence in tropical rain forest, 15-25 degrees north and south of the Equator. They are classified as ferralsols in the World Reference Base for Soil Resources; some oxisols have been previously classified as laterite soils.The main processes of soil formation of oxisols are weathering, humification and pedoturbation due to animals. These processes produce the characteristic soil profile. They are defined as soils containing at all depths no more than 10 percent weatherable minerals, and low cation exchange capacity. Oxisols are always a red or yellowish color, due to the high concentration of iron(III) and aluminium oxides and hydroxides. In addition they also contain quartz and kaolin, plus small amounts of other clay minerals and organic matter.
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Soil profile: The McAfee series consists of moderately deep, well drained soils that formed in residuum weathered from phosphatic limestone. These soils are on gently sloping to steep uplands. Slopes range from 2 to 50 percent. (Kentucky Soil Atlas; by Anastasios D. Karathanasis, University of Kentucky)
Landscape: Typical landscape of the Inner Bluegrass region, with mostly pastureland and cropland, particularly horse farms, some suburbanization, and only small, scattered patches of woodland. This area is dominated by Maury and McAfee soils (Photo provided by formulanone, Flickr).
archive.org/details/usda-soil-survey-of-fayette-county-ke...
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, active, mesic Mollic Hapludalfs
Solum thickness and depth to limestone bedrock ranges from 20 to 40 inches. Fragments of chert from 2 mm to 3 inches across, or fragments of limestone, from 1 to 6 inches across, range from 0 to 15 percent in the solum, and from 0 to 25 percent in the substratum. Reaction ranges from moderately acid to neutral in the solum and from slightly acid to mildly alkaline in the C horizon.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are used for growing corn, small grains, burley tobacco and hay or as pasture. Original vegetation was hardwoods interspersed with grassy glades. Forests were elm, maple, oak species, ash, hickory, hackberry, redbud, black and honey locust, Kentucky coffee tree, black walnut, Yaupon (Ilex vomitoria) and eastern red cedar.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The Inner Bluegrass Region of Kentucky.
For additional information about Kentucky soils, visit:
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Soil profile: A profile of Paisano very gravelly fine sandy loam in an area of Chilicotal-Paisano association, 5 to 30 percent slopes. Paisano soils are very shallow or shallow to a petrocalcic horizon. The petrocalcic horizon is at a depth of about 30 centimeters. Paisano soils formed from gravelly alluvium derived from mixed sources. (Soil Survey of Big Bend National Park, Part of Brewster County, Texas; by James Gordon, Soil Scientist, James A. Douglass, Soil Scientist, and Dr. Lynn E. Loomis, Soil Scientist, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: A roadcut exposure of Paisano very gravelly fine sandy loam in an area of Chilicotal-Paisano association, 5 to 30 percent slopes. The Paisano soils are in the Gravelly ecological site, Desert Grassland vegetative zone of MLRA 42—Southern Desertic Basins, Plains, and Mountains. Paisano soils are shallow (less than 50 centimeters to cemented material. Subrounded igneous gravel is cemented by calcium carbonate.
The Paisano series consists of soils that are very shallow or shallow to a petrocalcic horizon. They are well drained soils that are, moderately rapidly permeable above a very slowly permeable petrocalcic horizon. They formed in gravelly alluvium derived from mixed sources. These soils are on fan piedmonts and fan remnants. Slopes range from 1 to 12 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, carbonatic, thermic, shallow Calcic Petrocalcids
Depth to the petrocalcic horizon: 6 to 20 inches
Coarse fragments: 35 to 85 percent. Fragments are mainly less than 3 inches in diameter, and are siliceous, sandstone, limestone and strongly cemented calcium carbonate pan fragments. Cobbles range from 0 to 15 percent
Calcium carbonate equivalent: 40 to 75 percent
Reaction: slight to moderately alkaline throughout
Mean annual soil temperature: 62 to 69 degrees F.
Soil moisture: Ustic aridic moisture regime
USE AND VEGETATION: These soils are used mainly for livestock grazing and wildlife habitat. Vegetation is blue grama, black grama, sideoats grama, bush muhly, threeawn, fluff grass, creosote bush, javelina bush, catclaw, and white thorn acacia.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southeastern Arizona and West Texas. MLRAs 41 and 42. The soil is of minor extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/texas/bigbendT...
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North Carolina State Soil
The Cecil series consists of very deep, well drained moderately permeable soils on ridges and side slopes of the Piedmont uplands. They are deep to saprolite and very deep to bedrock. They formed in residuum weathered from felsic, igneous and high-grade metamorphic rocks of the Piedmont uplands. Slopes range from 0 to 25 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludults
USE AND VEGETATION: About half of the total acreage is in cultivation, with the remainder in pasture and forest. Common crops are small grains, corn, cotton, and tobacco.
Originally mapped in Cecil County, Maryland in 1899, more than 10 million acres (40,000 km²) of the Cecil soil series are now mapped in the Piedmont region of the southeastern United States. It extends from Virginia through North Carolina (where it is the state soil), South Carolina, Georgia and Alabama, with the typic Cecil pedon actually located in Franklin County, NC.
The Cecil series developed over igneous rock such as granite, and metamorphic rock which is chemically similar to granite. Virgin Cecil soils support forests dominated by pine, oak and hickory, and have a topsoil of brown sandy loam. The subsoil is a red clay which is dominated by kaolinite and has considerable mica. Few Cecil soils are in their virgin state, for most have been cultivated at one time or another. Indifferent land management has allowed many areas of Cecil soils to lose their topsoils through soil erosion, exposing the red clay subsoil. This clay is amenable to cultivation, responds well to careful management, and supports healthy growth of pine where allowed to revert to forest. Like other well-drained Ultisols, it is ideal for urban development; however, in common with other kaolinite-dominated clays, it has little ability to recover from soil compaction.
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Typical profile of a Hugus soil. The volcanic ash mantle is between depths of 2 and 17 inches (A and Bw horizons). The ochric epipedon is between depths of 2 and 6 inches (A horizon). The cambic horizon is between depths of 6 and 17 inches (Bw horizon). The argillic horizon is between depths of 17 and 62 inches (2Bt horizon). The particle-size control section is between depths of 2 and 42 inches (A, Bw, and 2Bt horizons). (Soil Survey of Clearwater Area, Idaho; by Glenn Hoffman, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Hugus series consists of very deep, well drained soils on mountain slopes, ridges, foothills and dissected terraces. They formed in colluvium derived from metasedimentary rock, residuum and/or tertiary alluvium derived from quartzite or gneiss rock with a thick mantle of volcanic ash. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high. Slope ranges from 5 to 75 percent. The average annual air temperature is about 43 degrees F and the average annual precipitation is about 35 inches.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Ashy over loamy-skeletal, amorphic over isotic, frigid Alfic Udivitrands
Soil moisture - usually dry for 25 to 35 consecutive days, moist mid-September through July, dry August to September.
Udic moisture regime.
Average annual soil temperature - 39 to 46 degrees F
Average summer soil temperature - 47 to 50 degrees F with an O horizon. Frigid temperature regime.
Depth to bedrock - greater than 60 inches
Thickness of Volcanic ash mantle - 14 to 23 inches
Volcanic glass content in the 0.02 to 2.0 mm fraction - 15 to 60 percent
Acid-oxalate extractable Al plus 1/2 Fe - 1.0 to 2.7 percent
Phosphate retention - 55 to 95 percent
15-bar water retention on air dried samples - 7 to 12 percent
USE AND VEGETATION: These soils are used mainly for timber production, wildlife habitat, recreation, and watershed. A few areas are used for livestock grazing and homesites. Potential natural vegetation is mainly western hemlock, western redcedar, western white pine, grand fir, western larch, Douglas-fir, and lodgepole pine, with an understory of queencup beadlily, goldthread, bunchberry dogwood, longtube twinflower, oneleaf foam flower, big blueberry, starry false-Solomon's-seal, western rattlesnake plantain, wild ginger, and myrtle pachystima.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northern Idaho. MLRA 43A. This soil is moderately extensive.
Parent material of the Hugus series mapped in West Benewah County is metasedimentary colluvium. The tertiary alluvium and colluvium parent materials are mapped in East Benewah and Shoshone Counties.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/idaho/clearwat...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/H/HUGUS.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Southwick series in Idaho.
These soil are on loess hills in the Columbia basalt plateau. They are dominantly used as cropland of wheat, barley, peas, hay, pasture, and for timber production.
Slope--3 to 40 percent; dominantly north-facing slopes
Parent material--recent loess over older loess
Mean annual precipitation--about 585 mm
Mean annual air temperature--about 8 degrees C
Depth class--very deep
Drainage class--moderately well drained
Soil moisture regime--xeric
Soil temperature regime--mesic
Soil moisture subclass--oxyaquic
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Oxyaquic Argixerolls
Note: The classification of this series was changed from fine-silty, mixed, mesic Boralfic Argixerolls to fine-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Oxyaquic Argixerolls based on the latest revision to Soil Taxonomy. This pedon does not meet the criteria for the aquic subgroup based on the absence of redoximorphic depletions (zones with chroma less than that of matrix) within a depth of 75 cm of the mineral soil surface. The Btxb horizon is not currently considered to meet the criteria for a fragipan, but further study is needed.
Depth to diagnostic horizons and other features are measured from the top of the first mineral layer.
Thickness of mollic epipedon--40 to 75 cm
Depth to argillic horizon--70 to 100 cm
Moisture control section--dry 45 to 60 consecutive days late in summer and early in fall
Mean annual soil temperature--8 to 12 degrees C
Content of clay in particle-size control section (weighted average)--24 to 35 percent
An Oi horizon is in some pedons.
USE AND VEGETATION:
Use--dominantly wheat, barley, peas, hay, pasture, and timber production
Natural vegetation--ponderosa pine, common snowberry, white spirea, rose
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northern Idaho; MLRA 9; moderate extent
For additional information about Idaho soils, please visit:
storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/97d01af9d4554b9097cb0a477e04...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/S/SOUTHWICK.html
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The Muskingum series consists of moderately deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils formed in residuum weathered from interbedded siltstone, sandstone and shale. Slopes range from 2 to 75 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, semiactive, mesic Typic Dystrudepts
Solum thickness and depth to bedrock ranges from 20 to 40 inches. Fragments of shale, siltstone or sandstone, mostly channers, range from 5 to 30 percent in the solum and 35 to 80 percent in the C horizon. Reaction is very strongly acid or strongly acid throughout the profile, except the upper layers where limed.
USE AND VEGETATION: Gentle slopes are used for growing corn, wheat and hay. Most areas are in mixed forest of oaks, yellow poplar, hickory and maple.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: West Virginia, Virginia, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana, Illinois and Tennessee. The series is of large extent, but is being reduced in size as new series are adopted. Characterization sample S83KY-195-016; National Soil Survey Laboratory, Lincoln, Nebraska.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/M/MUSKINGUM.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A Salidic Haplogypsid from the interior of the UAE.
Salidic Haplogypsids are the Haplogypsids that have an ECe of more than 8 to less than 30 dS m −1 in a layer 10 cm or more thick, within 100 cm of the soil surface (UAE Keys to Soil Taxonomy). The "salidic" subgroup in Haplogypsids is not currently recognized in Soil Taxonomy.
Haplogypsids are the Gypsids that have a gypsic horizon within 100 cm of the soil surface and no petrogypsic, natric, argillic, or calcic horizon that has an upper boundary within 100 cm of the soil surface. Some Haplogypsids have a cambic horizon overlying the gypsic horizon. These soils are commonly very pale in color. They are not extensive in the United States. The largest concentrations in the United States are in New Mexico and Texas. The soils are more common in other parts of the world.
The gypsic horizon is a horizon in which gypsum has accumulated or been transformed to a significant extent (secondary gypsum (CaSO 4) has accumulated through more than 150 mm of soil, so that this horizon contains at least 5% more gypsum than the underlying horizon). It typically occurs as a subsurface horizon, but it may occur at the surface in some soils.
Gypsids are the Aridisols that have a gypsic or petrogypsic horizon within 100 cm of the soil surface. Accumulation of gypsum takes place initially as crystal aggregates in the voids of the soils. These aggregates grow by accretion, displacing the enclosing soil material. When the gypsic horizon occurs as a cemented impermeable layer, it is recognized as the petrogypsic horizon. Each of these forms of gypsum accumulation implies processes in the soils, and each presents a constraint to soil use. One of the largest constraints is dissolution of the gypsum, which plays havoc with structures, roads, and irrigation delivery systems. The presence of one or more of these horizons, with or without other diagnostic horizons, defines the great groups of the Gypsids. Gypsids occur in Iraq, Syria, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Somalia, West Asia, and some of the most arid areas of the western part of the United States. Gypsids are on many segments of the landscape. Some of them have calcic or related horizons that overlie the gypsic horizon.
For more information about describing soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_052523...
For additional information about soil classification using Soil Taxonomy, visit:
sites.google.com/site/dinpuithai/Home
For more information about soil classification using the UAE Keys to Soil Taxonomy, visit:
agrifs.ir/sites/default/files/United%20Arab%20Emirates%20...
A representative soil profile of the Knighton series in England. (Cranfield University 2022. The Soils Guide. Available: www.landis.org.uk. Cranfield University, UK.)
These soils are seasonally waterlogged and are slowly permeable soils, formed above 3m and are prominently mottled above 40 cm depth. They have no relatively permeable material starting within and extending below 1 m of the surface.
They have a humose or peaty topsoil. They are mainly upland soils, intermediate between stagnogley soils and peat soils.
For more information on the World Reference Base soil classification system, visit:
www.fao.org/3/i3794en/I3794en.pdf
For more information about this soil, visit:
Soil profile of Corazones very gravelly sandy loam in an area of Corazones very gravelly sandy loam, 1 to 8 percent slopes. Corazones soils formed in gravelly alluvium, and are on pediments. The gravels are readily observable at a depth of about 65 centimeters (Big Bend National Park Part of Brewster County, Texas; by James Gordon, Soil Scientist, James A. Douglass, Soil Scientist, and Dr. Lynn E. Loomis, Soil Scientist, Natural Resources Conservation Service).
Landscape: North-facing slope in an area of Corazones very gravelly sandy loam, 1 to 30 percent slopes with cover of Chino grama, lechuguilla, and other shrubs. Often, sloping areas of Corazones will support more plant cover than areas with less slope. Desert pavement on less sloping areas can form a “shingle roof” that hinders intake of rainfall.
Map Unit Setting
Major land resource area (MLRA): MLRA 42—Southern Desertic Basins, Plains, and
Mountains
Elevation: 1,860 to 4,295 feet
Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 13 inches
Mean annual air temperature: 68 to 72 degrees F
Frost-free period: 240 to 280 days
Map Unit Composition
Corazones and similar soils: 85 percent
Dissimilar minor components: 15 percent
Minor components:
Tornillo soils—9 percent; not hydric
Ojinaga soils—6 percent; not hydric
Description of Corazones soils
Classification
Soil taxonomic classification: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, hyperthermic Ustic
Haplocalcids
Setting
Landscape: Piedmont slopes
Landform: Pediments
Slope: 1 to 8 percent
Down-slope shape: Convex
Across-slope shape: Convex
Representative aspect: Southeast
Aspect range: All aspects
Soil temperature class: Hyperthermic
Soil temperature regime: Hyperthermic
Soil moisture class: Aridic (torric)
Properties and Qualities
Runoff class: Low
Parent material: Gravelly alluvium derived from igneous and sedimentary rock
Depth to restrictive feature: None within 60 inches
Frequency of flooding: None
Frequency of ponding: None
Depth to water table: More than 72 inches
Drainage class: Well drained
Shrink-swell potential: Low (about 1.5 LEP)
Salinity maximum: Very slightly saline (about 2.6 dS/m)
Sodicity maximum: Sodium adsorption ratio is about 7.0
Calcium carbonate maximum: 30
Available water capacity: Low (about 5.7 inches)
Gypsum maximum: About 2 percent
Interpretive Groups
Land capability subclass (nonirrigated): 7s
Hydric soil rating: No
Hydrologic soil group: A
Vegetation
Existing plants: Chino grama, black grama, bush muhly, false grama, fluffgrass, dog cactus, threeawn, creosotebush, ocotillo, leatherstem, range ratany, Gregg's coldenia, other shrubs, perennial forbs, other perennial grasses, feather pappusgrass,
slim tridens
Ecological site name and identification: Gravelly, Hot Desert Shrub (R042XG735TX)
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/texas/bigbendT...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/C/CORAZONES.html
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Depth Class: Very deep
Drainage Class (Agricultural): Poorly drained
Internal Free Water Occurrence: Very shallow to shallow, common to persistent
Flooding Frequency and Duration: None
Ponding Frequency and Duration: None
Index Surface Runoff: Negligible
Permeability: Moderately slow
Landscape: Lower to upper coastal plain
Landform: Flats, Carolina bays, and depressions
Geomorphic Component: Talfs, dips
Parent Material: Marine deposits or fluviomarine sediments
Slope: 0 to 2 percent
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Paleaquults
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: Forest, some pasture and cropland
Dominant Vegetation: Where cultivated--corn, soybeans, and truck crops. Where wooded--loblolly and longleaf pine, sweetgum, blackgum, water oak, willow oak, water tupelo, elm, and hickory.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Coastal Plain of North Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, and possibly Virginia and Louisiana
Extent: Large
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/C/COXVILLE.html
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The Tifton series was one of the first series to be recognized in Georgia. It was established in Grady County, Georgia, in a 1908 soil survey conducted by Hugh Hammond Bennett.
Hugh Hammond Bennett (April 15, 1881 – July 7, 1960) was a pioneer in the field of soil conservation in the United States of America. He was the head of the Soil Conservation Service, a federal agency now referred to as the Natural Resources Conservation Service. Bennett was born near Wadesboro in Anson County, North Carolina and graduated from the University of North Carolina in 1903. Immediately upon graduation, he became a soil surveyor, and conducted soil studies, both in the United States and in other countries, that eventually convinced him that soil erosion was a serious problem facing the planet.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Hammond_Bennett
Tifton soils occur throughout the Southern Coastal Plain in the Southeastern U.S. They are the most extensive soils in Georgia. They occur on more than 2 million acres in the State. They have been correlated in more Georgia counties (56) than any other soil. Tifton soils formed in loamy sediments of marine origin. They are among the most important agricultural soils in the State. About 27 percent of Georgia’s prime farmland is in areas of Tifton soils. Cotton, peanuts, soybeans, and corn are the principal crops grown on these soils. Tifton soils are a "Benchmark Soil".
directives.sc.egov.usda.gov/41994.wba
A benchmark soil is one of large extent within one or more major land resource areas (MLRAs), one that holds a key position in the soil classification system, one for which there is a large amount of data, one that has special importance to one or more significant land uses, or one that is of significant ecological importance.
Tifton soils are also the "State Soil". A state soil is a soil that has special significance to a particular state. Each state in the United States has selected a state soil, twenty of which have been legislatively established.
www.soils4teachers.org/files/s4t/k12outreach/ga-state-soi...
The Tifton series (fine-loamy, kaolinitic, thermic Plinthic Kandiudults) consists of very deep, well drained soils that formed in loamy marine sediments. The surface layers have nodules of ironstone that range from 5 to 25 percent, by volume.
Tifton soils are on interfluves. Slopes range from 0 to 8 percent. Mean annual temperature is about 18 degrees C (64 degrees F), and the mean annual precipitation is about 1360 millimeters (53 inches). The series occurs primarily in the Southern Coastal Plain (MLRA 133A), but it also occurs to a lesser extent in the Atlantic Coast Flatwoods (MLRA 153A). Extent: large extent.
Photo Inset:
Plinthite: Depth to horizons with 5 percent or more plinthite is dominantly 76 to 127 centimeters (30 to 50 inches), but in some pedons it is as shallow as 63 centimeters (25 inches).
Subsoil:
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR; Value: 5 or 6; Chroma: 4 to 8
Texture: Texture is dominantly sandy clay loam but can range up to sandy clay or their gravelly analogues.
Fragments: nodules of ironstone range from 0 to 15 percent, by volume. Nodular plinthite ranges from 5 to 30 percent.
Redox features: Masses of oxidized iron in shades of red and brown range from few to many. Some pedons have iron depletions below a depth of 76 centimeters (30 inches).
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/T/TIFTON.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/see/#tifton
For more information about a plinthic horizon, visit;
www.researchgate.net/publication/242649722_Rationale_for_...
or;
www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S00167061220043...
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Wake soil series in Franklin County, North Carolina.
Landscape: An area of Wake soil in an area of Wake-Saw-Wedowee complex, 2 to 8 percent slopes, rocky.
Setting
Landscape: Piedmont
Landform: Wake—narrow ridges, knolls, and hill
slopes; Saw—broad ridges and hill slopes;
Wedowee—narrow ridges and hill slopes
Landform position: Convex side slopes
Shape of areas: Irregular
Size of areas: 5 to 400 acres
Composition
Wake soil and similar soils: 35 percent
Saw soil and similar soils: 30 percent
Wedowee soil and similar soils: 20 percent
Dissimilar soils: 15 percent
Typical Profile
Wake
Surface layer:
0 to 7 inches—yellowish brown gravelly loamy coarse
sand
Underlying material:
7 to 11 inches—reddish yellow gravelly loamy sand
Bedrock:
11 to 16 inches—weathered, moderately fractured
porphyritic granite
16 inches—unweathered, slightly fractured porphyritic
granite
Agricultural Development
Cropland
Suitability: Wake—poorly suited; Saw and Wedowee—
well suited
Management concerns: Wake—equipment use, droughtiness, nutrient leaching, and rooting depth; Saw—equipment use, rooting depth, and soil fertility; Wedowee—equipment use and soil fertility
Management measures and considerations:
• Because of the areas of rock outcrops, this map unit is difficult to manage for cropland.
• Because of the shallow rooting depth, the Wake soil is difficult to manage for the economical production of crops.
Pasture and hayland
Suitability: Wake—suited; Saw and Wedowee—well suited
Management concerns: Wake—equipment use, rooting depth, droughtiness, and nutrient leaching; Saw—equipment use, rooting depth, and soil fertility; Wedowee—equipment use and soil fertility
Management measures and considerations:
• Because of the areas of rock outcrops, this map unit is difficult to manage for pasture and hayland.
• Because of the shallow rooting depth, the Wake soil is difficult to manage for the economical production of pasture and hay crops.
For detailed information, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/north_carolina...
For a detailed description, please visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/W/WAKE.html
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A representative soil profile of Thiefriver fine sandy loam. This soil has about 65 centimeters of sandy material over clayey material. An accumulation of calcium carbonate is between the depths of about 30 and 60 centimeters. (Soil Survey of Polk County, Minnesota; by Charles T. Saari and Rodney B. Heschke, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Thiefriver series consists of very deep, poorly drained or very poorly drained soils that formed dominantly in a mantle of sandy lacustrine sediments over clayey till or lacustrine sediments primarily on lake plains. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately rapid or rapid in the upper mantle, and slow in the clayey underlying sediments. These soils have slopes of 0 to 2 percent. Mean annual air temperature is 41 degrees F. Mean annual precipitation is 21 inches.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Sandy over clayey, mixed over smectitic, frigid Typic Calciaquolls
Thickness of the mollic epipedon ranges from 7 to 16 inches. Depth to the 2C horizon ranges from 20 to 40 inches. The upper mantle averages 0 to 15 percent rock fragments and the 2C horizon contains 0 to 5 percent rock fragments. A gravelly layer up to 10 inches thick is at the boundary between the Cg and 2Cg horizons in some pedons. Reaction is slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline throughout. Saline phases are recognized.
USE AND VEGETATION: Commonly cropped to small grains, sunflowers, corn, and hay. Native vegetation was tall grass prairie with scattered areas of aspen.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northwestern Minnesota. This series is not extensive. These soils have been carried as an unnamed series in some places and have been included with Rockwell soils in others.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/minnesota/MN11...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/T/THIEFRIVER.html
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A profile of a Mckeonhills soil. The Black Hill area of northern Stanislaus County is named for the dark gray color the Mckeonhills soil. Depth to soft sandstone ranges from 20 to 40 inches. When the soils are dry, vertical cracks that range from 0.5 to 4 inches in width extend from the surface to a depth of 67 inches. The cracks normally close for 120 to 150 consecutive days sometime in December through April. Intersecting slickensides occur in some horizon or horizons below the A horizon. The content of clay ranges from 35 to 60 percent. The content of rock fragments ranges from 0 to 3 percent. The fragments are pebbles and cobbles. Some pedons have a C horizon with texture of clay loam or silty clay loam. The calcium carbonate equivalent in the fine-earth fraction ranges from 4 to 9 percent, by weight. (Soil Survey of Stanislaus County, California, Northern Part; by John C. Rule, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Mckeonhills series consists of moderately deep, well drained soils that formed in colluvium and/or residuum derived from calcareous sandstone. Mckeonhills soils are on hills. Slopes are 5 to 15 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 445 millimeters and the mean annual air temperature is about 17 degrees C.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, smectitic, thermic Aridic Haploxererts
USE AND VEGETATION: Used primarily for rangeland; some areas are used for dry farming. Natural vegetation is annual grasses and forbs consisting mainly of bromes, wild oat, bedstraw, and vetch.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Sierra Nevada Foothills of California; MLRA 18. The soils are not extensive.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/california/CA6...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/M/MCKEONHILLS.html
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