View allAll Photos Tagged soilsampling
Photo Credit: Jeffrey Dubinsky
Copyright: DubinskyPhotography.com
May not be used for commercial or editorial purposes without the express consent of Dubinsky Photography.
Photo Credit: Jeffrey Dubinsky
Copyright: DubinskyPhotography.com
May not be used for commercial or editorial purposes without the express consent of Dubinsky Photography.
Photo Credit: Jeffrey Dubinsky
Copyright: DubinskyPhotography.com
May not be used for commercial or editorial purposes without the express consent of Dubinsky Photography.
Photo Credit: Jeffrey Dubinsky
Copyright: DubinskyPhotography.com
May not be used for commercial or editorial purposes without the express consent of Dubinsky Photography.
Photo Credit: Jeffrey Dubinsky
Copyright: DubinskyPhotography.com
May not be used for commercial or editorial purposes without the express consent of Dubinsky Photography.
Photo Credit: Jeffrey Dubinsky
Copyright: DubinskyPhotography.com
May not be used for commercial or editorial purposes without the express consent of Dubinsky Photography.
Photo Credit: Jeffrey Dubinsky
Copyright: DubinskyPhotography.com
May not be used for commercial or editorial purposes without the express consent of Dubinsky Photography.
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/G/GREENVILLE.html
Rhodic soils are dark red, high in iron, and are common in parts of the Piedmont of the southeastern US. These soils contain few weatherable minerals and are often rich in Fe and Al oxide minerals. Most of these soils are characterized by extremely low native fertility, resulting from very low nutrient reserves, high phosphorus retention by oxide minerals and low cation exchange capacity (CEC).
Pedons have at least one subhorizon that has hue of 2.5YR or redder with moist value of 3 or less (less than 4) in more than 50 percent of the horizon. Typically, the upper Bt has moist value of 4 or less, the middle part has moist value of less than 4, and the lower part has moist value of 4 or more. Mottles (where present)--non-redoximorphic or lithochromic mottles in shades of black, red, yellow, brown, gray, or white
Cleared areas are used for small grain, corn, cotton, soybeans, grain sorghum, hay, and pasture. The original forest consisted of white oak, red oak, post oak, hickory, yellow-poplar, and cedar; reforested areas are in shortleaf and loblolly pine.
For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
or Chapter 3 of the Soil Survey manual:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/The-Soil-Su...
For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=e_hQaXV7MpM
For additional information about soil classification using USDA-NRCS Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/keys-...
or;
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/soil-...
A representative soil profile of Rousseau fine sand, which formed in eolian deposits on dunes. D (Soil Survey of Alpena County, Michigan; by Thomas E. Williams, Michigan Department of Agriculture)
The Rousseau series consists of very deep, well drained soils formed in sandy eolian deposits on dunes, lake plains, and outwash plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 70 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 762 mm (30 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 6.7 degrees C (44 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Sandy, mixed, frigid Entic Haplorthods
Thickness of the solum: (20 to 45 inches)
Series control section: averages 50 percent or more fine sand throughout; horizons with loamy fine sand texture occur only in the upper part of the solum, and the combined thickness of horizons with loamy fine sand texture is less than 38 cm (15 inches)
Rock fragment content: 0 to 2 percent gravel throughout the profile
USE AND VEGETATION: Only a small acreage has been cleared and is used for hay or pasture. Most areas are in second growth timber or brush. Native vegetation includes sugar maple, red maple, balsam fir, white birch, quaking aspen and American beech.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 93B, 94A, 94B, 94C, 95A, and 98 in the northern portion of the Lower Peninsula, the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, and northeastern Wisconsin. The moderately well drained phase is no longer within the series concept and has been replaced by the Neconish series. The dark subsoil phase of this soil is no longer within the concept of the series and has been replaced by the Liminga series.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/michigan/MI007...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/R/ROUSSEAU.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Photo Credit: Jeffrey Dubinsky
Copyright: DubinskyPhotography.com
May not be used for commercial or editorial purposes without the express consent of Dubinsky Photography.
Photo Credit: Jeffrey Dubinsky
Copyright: DubinskyPhotography.com
May not be used for commercial or editorial purposes without the express consent of Dubinsky Photography.
NRCS soil conservationist Taylor Fridrich @tef_enuff (and former Madera County partner biologist) teaches Axel and Bjorn about soil bulk density.
Photo by Bonnie Eyestone
A soil scientist is a person who is qualified to evaluate and interpret soils and soil-related data for the purpose of understanding soil resources as they contribute to not only agricultural production, but as they affect environmental quality and as they are managed for protection of human health and the environment. The university degree should be in Soil Science, or closely related field (i.e., natural resources, environmental science, earth science, etc.) and include sufficient soils-related course work so the Soil Scientist has a measurable level of understanding of the soil environment, including soil morphology and soil forming factors, soil chemistry, soil physics, and soil biology, and the dynamic interaction of these areas.
Soil survey or soil mapping, is the process of classifying soil types and other soil properties in a given area and geo-encoding such information. It applies the principles of soil science, and draws heavily from geomorphology, theories of soil formation, physical geography, and analysis of vegetation and land use patterns. Primary data for the soil survey are acquired by field sampling and by remote sensing.
In the past, a soil scientist would take hard-copies of aerial photography, topo-sheets, and mapping keys into the field with them. Today, a growing number of soil scientists bring a ruggedized tablet computer and GPS into the field with them.
The term soil survey may also be used as a noun to describe the published results. In the United States, these surveys were once published in book form for individual counties by the National Cooperative Soil Survey.
Today, soil surveys are no longer published in book form; they are published to the web and accessed on NRCS Web Soil Survey where a person can create a custom soil survey. This allows for rapid flow of the latest soil information to the user. In the past it could take years to publish a paper soil survey. The information in a soil survey can be used by farmers and ranchers to help determine whether a particular soil type is suited for crops or livestock and what type of soil management might be required.
An architect or engineer might use the engineering properties of a soil to determine whether it is suitable for a certain type of construction. A homeowner may even use the information for maintaining or constructing their garden, yard, or home.
ARCHIVED SOIL SURVEYS
To review a list of published U.S. Soil Surveys by state, visit Archived Soil Surveys. You may then select your state, and the desired soil survey area.
SOIL SURVEY MANUAL
For information about the major principles and practices needed for making soil surveys using the Soil Survey Manual, visit Soil Survey Manual. From this site the manual may be viewed, printed, or saved.
RMN soil monitoring and sampling at Estero Americano with Sonoma Land Trust. Hilary Allen (PB biologist in Red), Shanti Edwards in grey with SLT
PC: Sophie Noda
Photo Credit: Jeffrey Dubinsky
Copyright: DubinskyPhotography.com
May not be used for commercial or editorial purposes without the express consent of Dubinsky Photography.
Paul reflects on the news of the death of the gull which he examined not an hour before.
Photo Credit: Jeffrey Dubinsky
Copyright: DubinskyPhotography.com
May not be used for commercial or editorial purposes without the express consent of Dubinsky Photography.
Photo Credit: Jeffrey Dubinsky
Copyright: DubinskyPhotography.com
May not be used for commercial or editorial purposes without the express consent of Dubinsky Photography.
Soil profile: The Northcove series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately rapidly permeable soils. (Soil Survey of Cherokee County, North Carolina; by Brian Wood and Southern Blue Ridge Soil Survey Office, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: The Northcove soils are on benches, fans, and foot slopes in coves in the Blue Ridge (MLRA 130). They formed in colluvium derived from materials weathered from low-grade metasedimentary rocks such as quartzite, phyllite, metasandstone, metagraywacke, and slate. Near the type location, the mean annual temperature is about 56 degrees F., and the mean annual precipitation is about 43 inches. Slope ranges from 4 to 80 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, semiactive, mesic Typic Dystrudepts
Solum thickness is 35 to 60 inches or more. Depth to bedrock is greater than 60 inches. Reaction ranges from extremely acid to moderately acid unless limed. Rock fragment content ranges from 35 to 60 percent in the A and B horizons, and 35 to 80 percent in the C horizon. The fragments may be channers, gravel, cobbles, flag stones, stones, or boulders.
USE AND VEGETATION: More than 80 percent is in native woodland of hardwoods and pines. Cleared areas are used for pasture, Christmas trees, homesites, and as a source of gravel and stone.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The Blue Ridge (MLRA 130) of North Carolina, and possibly Georgia, Tennessee, and Virginia. The series is of moderate extent. This series was formerly included with the Spivey series. However, Spivey soils have an umbric epipedon.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/north_carolina...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/N/NORTHCOVE.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Tuborcio series. (Soil Survey of Pinnacles National Monument, California; by Ken Oster, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: Typical area of a Tuborcio soil. This soil is used for watershed, wildlife habitat and recreation. Vegetation is blue oak with an understory of grasses or chamise chaparral.
The Tuborcio series consists of deep to soft bedrock, well drained soils that formed in residuum weathered from granite. The Tuborcio soils are on backslopes of hills. Slopes range from 2 to 50 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 17 inches (432 millimeters) and the mean annual air temperature is about 61 degrees F (16 degrees C).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, superactive, thermic Ultic Palexerolls
Depth to bedrock: more than 60 inches (150 centimeters).
Mean annual soil temperature: 60 to 63 degrees F (16 to 17 degrees C).
Soil moisture control section: dry in all parts from about June 15 to November 15 (150 days), and moist in all parts from about January 15 to May 1 (105 days).
Particle size control section: 45 to 55 percent clay, 5 to 35 percent rock fragments from granite. .
Base saturation by ammonium acetate: 90 to 100%
USE AND VEGETATION: This soil is used for watershed, wildlife habitat and recreation. Vegetation is blue oak with an understory of grasses or chamise chaparral.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: San Benito and Monterey Counties, California in MLRA 15 -- Central California Coast Range. These soils are of small extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/california/CA7...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/T/TUBORCIO.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Photo Credit: Jeffrey Dubinsky
Copyright: DubinskyPhotography.com
May not be used for commercial or editorial purposes without the express consent of Dubinsky Photography.
Tapping rubber trees, latex collection and processing of raw rubber. Many plants produce latex, which oozes from cuts and injuries as a milky sap. Special cells called laticifers produce latex. The Amazon Rubber Boom (1879 to 1912) was an important part of the economic and social history of Brazil and Amazonian regions of neighboring countries, being related to the extraction and commercialization of rubber.
For more information about soil surveys in Brazil, visit:
acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2136/sh2013-54...
Photo Credit: Jeffrey Dubinsky
Copyright: DubinskyPhotography.com
May not be used for commercial or editorial purposes without the express consent of Dubinsky Photography.
Photo Credit: Jeffrey Dubinsky
Copyright: DubinskyPhotography.com
May not be used for commercial or editorial purposes without the express consent of Dubinsky Photography.
Photo Credit: Jeffrey Dubinsky
Copyright: DubinskyPhotography.com
May not be used for commercial or editorial purposes without the express consent of Dubinsky Photography.Photo Credit: Jeffrey Dubinsky
Copyright: DubinskyPhotography.com
May not be used for commercial or editorial purposes without the express consent of Dubinsky Photography.
Taylor and RMN field tech Sophie Noda using mallets to pound in bulk density rings and soil carbon probe.
Photo: Bonnie Eyestone
Photo Credit: Jeffrey Dubinsky
Copyright: DubinskyPhotography.com
May not be used for commercial or editorial purposes without the express consent of Dubinsky Photography.
Photo Credit: Jeffrey Dubinsky
Copyright: DubinskyPhotography.com
May not be used for commercial or editorial purposes without the express consent of Dubinsky Photography.
Soil profile: A Typic Petrogypsid from north-central UAE.
Petrogypsids are the Gypsids that have a petrogypsic or petrocalcic horizon that has its upper boundary within 100 cm of the soil surface. These soils occur in very arid areas of the world where the parent material is high in content of gypsum. When the petrogypsic horizon is close to the surface, crusting forms pseudohexagonal patterns on the soil surface. Petrogypsids occupy old surfaces. In Syria and Iraq, they are on the highest terraces along the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. These soils are not extensive in the United States but are extensive in other countries.
Gypsids are the Aridisols that have a gypsic or petrogypsic horizon within 100 cm of the soil surface. Accumulation of gypsum takes place initially as crystal aggregates in the voids of the soils. These aggregates grow by accretion, displacing the enclosing soil material. When the gypsic horizon occurs as a cemented impermeable layer, it is recognized as the petrogypsic horizon. Each of these forms of gypsum accumulation implies processes in the soils, and each presents a constraint to soil use. One of the largest constraints is dissolution of the gypsum, which plays havoc with structures, roads, and irrigation delivery systems. The presence of one or more of these horizons, with or without other diagnostic horizons, defines the great groups of the Gypsids. Gypsids occur in Iraq, Syria, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Somalia, West Asia, and some of the most arid areas of the western part of the United States. Gypsids are on many segments of the landscape. Some of them have calcic or related horizons that overlie the gypsic horizon.
Aridisols, as their name implies, are soils in which water is not available to mesophytic plants for long periods. During most of the time when the soils are warm enough for plants to grow, soil water is held at potentials less than the permanent wilting point or has a content of soluble salts great enough to limit the growth of plants other than halophytes, or both. The concept of Aridisols is based on limited soil moisture available for the growth of most plants. In areas bordering deserts, the absolute precipitation may be sufficient for the growth of some plants. Because of runoff or a very low storage capacity of the soils, or both, however, the actual soil moisture regime is aridic.
[www.nrcs.usda.gov/conservation-basics/natural-resource-co...]
For more information about soil classification in the UAE, visit:
vdocument.in/united-arab-emirates-keys-to-soil-taxonomy.h...
Photo Credit: Jeffrey Dubinsky
Copyright: DubinskyPhotography.com
May not be used for commercial or editorial purposes without the express consent of Dubinsky Photography.
Environmental Consultant California is typically a complex process, decision-makers need to take into account how the impact will affect multiple stakeholders and regions. This means involving the public in the planning process.
Photo Credit: Jeffrey Dubinsky
Copyright: DubinskyPhotography.com
May not be used for commercial or editorial purposes without the express consent of Dubinsky Photography.
Photo Credit: Jeffrey Dubinsky
Copyright: DubinskyPhotography.com
May not be used for commercial or editorial purposes without the express consent of Dubinsky Photography.
A spodic horizon has illuvial accumulation of organic matter. Iron oxide can be present or absent, and the soil is generally derived from a sandy parent material. If cemented, the spodic materials are orstein.
For more information about Describing and Sampling soils, visit;
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_052523...
For more information about Soil Taxonomy, visit;
Photo Credit: Jeffrey Dubinsky
Copyright: DubinskyPhotography.com
May not be used for commercial or editorial purposes without the express consent of Dubinsky Photography.
Photo Credit: Jeffrey Dubinsky
Copyright: DubinskyPhotography.com
May not be used for commercial or editorial purposes without the express consent of Dubinsky Photography.
Photo Credit: Jeffrey Dubinsky
Copyright: DubinskyPhotography.com
May not be used for commercial or editorial purposes without the express consent of Dubinsky Photography.
Photo Credit: Jeffrey Dubinsky
Copyright: DubinskyPhotography.com
May not be used for commercial or editorial purposes without the express consent of Dubinsky Photography.
Photo Credit: Jeffrey Dubinsky
Copyright: DubinskyPhotography.com
May not be used for commercial or editorial purposes without the express consent of Dubinsky Photography.
A representative soil profile of a very-fine, sesquic, isohyperthermic Humic Rhodic Eutrustox from Brazil. (Photo and comments courtesy of Stan Buol, NCSU.)
This dusky red profile containing more than 1 percent organic carbon to a depth of 64 cm was photographed in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. All horizons from the surface to over 4 meters contain between 63 and 71 percent clay, pH values in water of 6.7 to 7.4, and base saturation percentage of 84 to 100. Formed in sediments from basic rocks this iron and aluminum rich soil (sesquic family) has low subsoil CEC (6.5 to 2.1 cmol/kg soil) that is fully saturated with basic cations and no extractable Al3+.ions. Such soils were highly prized by farmers prior to availability of fertilizers and today are highly productive where fertility is maintained by fertilization.
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Humic Rhodic Eutrustox soils have, in all horizons at a depth between 25 and 125 cm from the mineral soil surface, more than 50 percent colors that have hue of 2.5YR or redder and a value, moist, of 3 or less. They also have 16 kg or more organic carbon per m2 within 100 cm of the mineral soil surface. These soils are not known to occur in the United States.
Eutrustox are the Ustox with high base saturation throughout the profile. They do not have a sombric horizon within 150 cm of the mineral soil surface. They have, in all subhorizons of an oxic or kandic horizon within 150 cm of the mineral soil surface, an apparent ECEC of 1.50 cmol(+) per kg clay or more or a pH value (1N KCl) of less than 5.0. These soils are well known by local farmers because of their relatively high natural fertility. Commonly, they supported natural forests while the surrounding areas of like rainfall but low base status supported savannas. Currently, forest vegetation is rare because the forests have been completely cut by native farmers. Why these Ustox have high saturation throughout their profile is not known, but they tend to occur over or near basic rocks, such as limestone and basalt.
Ustox are the Oxisols that have an ustic moisture regime. Because of natural rainfall, they are moist in normal years for at least 90 days (a period that usually is long enough for one rain-fed crop) but not for more than 270 days. Crops are not grown continuously because there is inadequate moisture for at least 90 days in normal years. Ustox may be the most extensive suborder, occurring over a large portion of the interior of South America and in extensive areas of Africa. A few Ustox are in areas of the xeric soil moisture regime, for example, in Australia. The range of natural rainfall within the Ustox provides that two crops can be grown on some Ustox but only one crop can be grown on others unless supplemental irrigation is available.
Oxisols are weathered soils that are low in fertility. They are most common on the gentle slopes of geologically old surfaces in tropical and subtropical regions. Their profiles are distinctive because of a lack of obvious horizons. Their surface horizons are normally somewhat darker than the subsoil, but the transition of subsoil features is gradual.
Oxisols consist mainly of quartz, kaolinite, oxides, and organic matter. Both the structure and “feel” of Oxisols are deceptive. Upon first examination, they appear structureless and have the feel of a loamy texture. While some are loamy or even coarser textured, many have a fine or very-fine particlesize class, but the clay is aggregated in a strong grade of fine and very fine granular structure. To obtain a true “feel” of the texture, a wet sample must be worked for several minutes in the hands to break down the aggregates. The strong granular structure apparently causes most Oxisols to have a much more rapid permeability than would be predicted, given the particlesize class. Although compaction and reduction in permeability can be caused by cultivation, the soils are extremely resistant to compaction and are so free draining that cultivation can take place soon after rain without puddling.
For more information about describing soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/field-book.pdf
For additional information about soil classification using Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/Keys-to-Soi...