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A representative soil profile of the Hawthorne soil series. (Soil Survey of Macon County, Tennessee; by Charlie McCowan, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Hawthorne series consists of moderately deep, somewhat excessively drained soils on uplands. The soil formed in residuum of interbedded siltstone and cherty limestone. Slopes range from 5 to 70 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Typic Dystrudepts
Solum thickness ranges from 15 to 40 inches. Depth to soft bedrock ranges from 20 to 40 inches. Depth to hard bedrock is below 40 inches. Reaction ranges from strongly acid to extremely acid. Coarse fragments range from l0 to 35 percent in the A horizon, and 35 to 60 percent in the B and C horizons. Transitional horizons have colors and textures similar to adjacent horizon
USE AND VEGETATION: Most of the acreage is woodland consisting of chestnut and white oaks, hickory, hackberry, and eastern red cedar. A few areas on ridgetops are cleared and used for pasture or hay.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The Highland Rim and Nashville Basin of Tennessee. The series is of moderate extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/tennessee/maco...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/H/HAWTHORNE.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
In prismatic structure, the individual units are bounded by flat to rounded vertical faces. Units are distinctly longer vertically, and the faces are typically casts or molds of adjoining units. Vertices are angular or subrounded; the tops of the prisms are somewhat indistinct or flat. Prismatic structures are characteristic of the B horizons or subsoils. The vertical cracks result from freezing and thawing and wetting and drying as well as the downward movement of water and roots.
There are five major classes of macrostructure seen in soils: platy, prismatic, columnar, granular, and blocky. There are also structureless conditions. Some soils have simple structure, each unit being an entity without component smaller units. Others have compound structure, in which large units are composed of smaller units separated by persistent planes of weakness. (Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils; pp. 2-53.)
For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
or Chapter 3 of the Soil Survey manual:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/The-Soil-Su...
For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:
A representative soil profile of the Barger soil series. The Barger series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils on upland ridgetops. They formed in a loamy mantle and the underlying loamy paleosol which has a high lag chert content. These soils have a compact, slowly permeable fragipan that formed in the cherty residuum. Slopes range from 2 to 12 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Typic Fragiudults
Thickness of the solum and depth to bedrock is greater than 60 inches. Depth to the fragipan ranges between 18 to 30 inches. Reaction is strongly acid or very strongly acid. Subrounded fragments of chert and small pebbles 1/8 to 1 inch across range from 5 to 15 percent in the horizons above the fragipan. Angular fragment of chert up to 5 inches across range from 30 to 70 percent in the fragipan. The amount generally increases with depth.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas of the Barger soils are used for forest. A few areas are used for pasture and cultivated crops. Several of the areas currently in forest were cleared but have been allowed to return to forest. The principal vegetation of the forest is mixed hardwoods of the oak-hickory type and pines.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The Southern Appalachian Ridges and Valleys in Tennessee and possibly Georgia. The series is of moderate extent. Barger soils were formerly included in the Bodine and Shack series.
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/B/BARGER.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of an Oxisol from the Cerado physiographic region--a vast tropical savanna ecoregion of Brazil, particularly in the states of Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso, Tocantins, Minas Gerais and the Federal District of Brazil. (Horizonation is by Brazil soil classification system.)
Oxisols are a soil order in USDA soil taxonomy. Oxisols are weathered soils that are low in fertility. They are most common on the gentle slopes of geologically old surfaces in tropical and subtropical regions. Their profiles are distinctive because of a lack of obvious horizons. Their surface horizons are normally somewhat darker than the subsoil, but the transition of subsoil features is gradual. Some oxisols have been previously classified as laterite soils.
In the Brazil soil classification system, these Latossolos are highly weathered soils composed mostly of clay and weathering resistant sand particles. Clay silicates of low activity (kaolinite clays) or iron and aluminum oxide rich (haematite, goethite, gibbsite) are common. There are little noticeable horizonation differences. These are naturally very infertile soils, but, because of the ideal topography and physical conditions, some are being used for agricultural production. These soils do require fertilizers because of the ease of leaching of nutrients through the highly weathered soils.
For additional information about these soils, visit:
sites.google.com/site/soil350brazilsoilsla/soil-formation...
and...
For additional information about U.S. soil classification, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/soils/survey/class...
Sugar cane as cut and harvested. Sugarcane is commonly grown on Oxisols in Brazil. Oxisols are an order in USDA soil taxonomy, best known for their occurrence in tropical rain forest, 15-25 degrees north and south of the Equator. They are classified as ferralsols in the World Reference Base for Soil Resources; some oxisols have been previously classified as laterite soils.The main processes of soil formation of oxisols are weathering, humification and pedoturbation due to animals. These processes produce the characteristic soil profile. They are defined as soils containing at all depths no more than 10 percent weatherable minerals, and low cation exchange capacity. Oxisols are always a red or yellowish color, due to the high concentration of iron(III) and aluminium oxides and hydroxides. In addition they also contain quartz and kaolin, plus small amounts of other clay minerals and organic matter.
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In soil science, the "C" horizon is the soil layer consisting more or less of weathered parent rock or deposited material that is little affected by pedogenesis (soil formation). If an overlying horizon contains a significant amount of clay, over time, the clay may be transported into and along vertical cracks or along channels within macropores creating clay coats or clay flows.
This is an example of the aquitard layer below a well developed plinthic B horizon of a coastal plain soil. The horizon exhibits very weak very coarse blocky structure with very thick clay coating on internal seams or cracks. Clay coating is common in the very deep layers (3-4 meters or more below the soil surface) where pedogenesis is thought to be minimal or not present. The red area has a sandy loam to sandy clay loam texture, whereas the gray area has texture of clay loam or clay.
These tubes or channels are thought to be formed by biological activity at a time when the sediments were being deposited. In the current environment, they commonly contain coarse roots within elongated macropores. The macropores may be completed filled with soil material or they be open (areas that once contained live roots, but are currently void of roots due to decomposition), allowing for the transmission of air and water within the channel.
Because of the dark red color and dense characteristics, these layers are referred to by the local soil scientists as the "brick" layer.
For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
or Chapter 3 of the Soil Survey manual:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/The-Soil-Su...
For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=e_hQaXV7MpM
For additional information about soil classification using USDA-NRCS Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/keys-...
or;
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/soil-...
A petroferric (Gr. petra, rock, and L. ferrum, iron; implying ironstone) contact is a boundary between soil and a continuous layer of indurated material in which iron is an important cement and organic matter is either absent or present only in traces. The indurated layer must be continuous within the limits of each pedon, but it may be fractured if the average lateral distance between fractures is 10 cm or more. The fact that this ironstone layer contains little or no organic matter distinguishes it from a placic horizon and an indurated spodic horizon (ortstein), both of which contain organic matter.
Using GPR to Characterize Plinthite and Ironstone Layers in Ultisols. Available from: www.researchgate.net/publication/282805887_Using_GPR_to_C... [accessed Dec 09 2020].
Several features can aid in making the distinction between a lithic contact and a petroferric contact.
First, a petroferric contact is roughly horizontal.
Second, the material directly below a petroferric contact contains a high amount of iron (normally 30 percent or more Fe2O3
Third, the ironstone sheets below a petroferric contact are thin; their thickness ranges from a few centimeters to very few meters. Sandstone, on the other hand, may be thin or very thick, may be level-bedded or tilted, and may contain only a small percentage of Fe2O3.
Soil scientists record the characteristics of the pedons, associated plant communities, geology, landforms, and other features that they study. They describe the kind and arrangement of soil horizons and their color, texture, size and shape of soil aggregates, kind and amount of rock fragments, distribution of plant roots, reaction, and other features that enable them to classify and identify soils. They describe plant species present (their combinations, productivity, and condition) to classify plant communities, correlate them to the soils with which they are typically associated, and predict their response to management and change.
For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
or Chapter 3 of the Soil Survey manual:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/The-Soil-Su...
For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=e_hQaXV7MpM
For additional information about soil classification using USDA-NRCS Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/keys-...
or;
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/soil-...
A representative soil profile of the Rains soil series in North Carolina. The left side of the profile exhibits natural soil structure; the right side has been smoothed to better show changes in soil color.
Depth Class: Very deep
Drainage Class (Agricultural): Poorly drained
Internal Free Water Occurrence: Very shallow, persistent
Flooding Frequency and Duration: None, very rare, rare, occasional, frequent for brief to
Ponding Frequency and Duration: None
Index Surface Runoff: Negligible
Permeability: Moderate (Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity: Moderately high
Shrink-Swell Potential: Low
Landscape: Lower, middle, upper coastal plain
Landform: Flats, depressions, Carolina bays
Geomorphic Component: Talfs, dips
Parent Material: Marine deposits, fluviomarine deposits
Slope: 0 to 2 percent
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Typic Paleaquults
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: Forest, cropland
Dominant Vegetation: Where cultivated--corn, soybeans, and small grains. Where wooded--pond pine, loblolly pine, and hardwoods.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia
Extent: Large.
The central concept for the Rains series does not include a flooding hazard. However, the series has been correlated in flood plain positions. Additional research is needed to determine if areas of Rains soils that are subject to flooding have haplic or pale clay distribution.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/R/RAINS.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: The Magic series consists of moderately deep, well drained soils that formed in material weathered from basalt. (Soil Survey of Camos County, Idaho; by Charles W. Case, Soil conservation Service)
Landscape: Magic soils are on lava plains and have slopes of 0 to 8 percent. Magic soils are used mainly for rangeland and limited irrigated and dry-farmed hay and small grain. Vegetation is alkali sagebrush, Idaho fescue, and Sandberg bluegrass.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, smectitic, frigid Vertic Haploxerepts
Depth to bedrock and thickness of the solum are 25 to 40 inches. The soil between depths of 4 and 12 inches is moist in some part in October or early November and remains moist until July. Mean annual temperature is 41 to 45 degrees F., and the mean summer soil temperature is 60 degrees to 65 degrees F.
USE AND VEGETATION: Mostly rangeland, some irrigated and dry-farmed hay and small grain. Vegetation is alkali sagebrush, Idaho fescue, and Sandberg bluegrass.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: South-central Idaho. The series is inextensive.
For additional information about Idaho soils, please visit:
storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/97d01af9d4554b9097cb0a477e04...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/M/MAGIC.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A sandy-skeletal Arenic Paleudult. Arenic Paleudults have a layer, starting at the mineral soil surface, that is between 50 and 100 cm thick and has a sandy or sandy-skeletal particle-size class, that is, the texture is sand or loamy sand. The soils are otherwise like Typic Paleudults in defined properties, but the argillic horizon tends to have more sand and less clay than the one in the Typic subgroup. In the United States.
Arenic Paleudults occur on the coastal plain from Maryland to Texas. The natural vegetation consisted of forest plants. The soils are of moderate extent. Slopes generally are nearly level to strongly sloping. Most of the soils are used as cropland or forest, but some are used as pasture.
For additional information about soil classification, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/soils/survey/class...
The Duckston series consists of poorly drained sands near the coast. These soils are in shallow depressions between coastal dunes and on nearly level flats between the dunes and the marshes. Slopes are 0 to 2 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Siliceous, thermic Typic Psammaquents
USE AND VEGETATION: The native plant community consists of waxmyrtle, black willow, black highbush blueberry, marshhay cordgrass, dotted smartweed, three square, virginia buttonweed, and sphagnum moss.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Along the Atlantic coast in Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia. The series is moderate in extent.
Photo courtesy of EAD-Environment Agency - Abu Dhabi. www.ead.gov.ae/
Established in 1996, the Environment Agency – Abu Dhabi (EAD) is committed to protecting and enhancing air quality, groundwater as well as the biodiversity of our desert and marine ecosystem. By partnering with other government entities, the private sector, NGOs and global environmental agencies, we embrace international best practice, innovation and hard work to institute effective policy measures. We seek to raise environmental awareness, facilitate sustainable development and ensure environmental issues remain one of the top priorities of our national agenda.
A three-day international conference on Soil Classification and Reclamation of Degraded Lands in Arid Environments (ICSC 2010) bringing together more than 130 scholars, researchers and experts was held in Abu Dhabi, UAE.
The conference, held under the patronage of H.H Sheikh Hamdan bin Zayed Al Nahyan, the Ruler’s Representative in the Western Region and Chairman of the Environment Agency – Abu Dhabi (EAD), aims to share information on land use and planning and discuss various issues in the field of soil classification and reclamation of degraded lands in arid environments.
On the first day of the conference, EAD will reveal the outcomes of the Abu Dhabi Soil Survey, which was initiated in 2006 and completed at the end of 2009.
The conference, which is organized by the Environment Agency – Abu Dhabi (EAD) and the International Center for Biosaline Agriculture (ICBA) from 17-19 May, 2010 in Abu Dhabi, UAE, was inaugurated by H.E. Majid Al Mansouri, EAD’s Secretary General.
In his opening speech, H.E Al Mansouri welcomed scientists, researchers and experts from 35 countries who have gathered to discuss various issues related to soil, land use and planning of agricultural expansion and sustainable use of natural resources.
"Our economy is rapidly growning and we have a hard desert environment, therefore we needed to identify the characteristics of soils in the various regions of the Emirate, for the development of land management and optimum economical use of those soils,” he said.
"EAD has undertaken an integrated project to survey the soils in the Emirate. This project has been brought to a successful conclusion after five years of studies, field surveys, and collection of soil samples, training and capacity-building culminating in the development of an integrated “Abu Dhabi Soil Information System” (ADSIS)”.
Dr Ahmed Al Masoum, ICBA’s Deputy Director General, said that "This conference is the beginning of a new era in soil research within the global scientific community."
"The Survey was the first of its kind in the Emirate and covered all areas of the Emirate of Abu Dhabi. Maps on current land use, vegetation and salinity were produced as well as detailed suitability maps for irrigated agriculture. The soil was mapped and classified using the latest satellite images, and norms and standards of the United States Department of Agriculture” he added.
Dr. Al Masoum added that the soil survey project was undertaken in two phases and involved the mapping and classification of the various types of soils in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi in two different scales. In the first phase the entire emirate was surveyed at a scale of 1:100,000, and in the second phase 400,000 hectares of land, evaluated as suitable for irrigated agriculture was surveyed at a scale of 1:25,000.
“We have uncovered valuable information for strategic planning for sustainable land use in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, and particularly for the development of agriculture and sustainable management of natural resources,” he said.
The conference will feature six keynote speakers from Australia and India, Austria, Spain, Thailand and the United States, in addition to 130 speakers representing 35 countries from all over the world. Speakers will highlight Soil Survey and Classification Strategies and Use in Different Ecological Zones; Advances in Soil Salinity Mapping, Monitoring and Reclamation; Land Use Planning and Policy Implications; Use of Marginal Quality Water in Agriculture and Landscaping and Research and Development/Innovations in Soil Classification & Reclamation.
A workshop on how to use soil survey data in planning and policy making will be held on the sidelines of the conference.
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Photo courtesy of EAD-Environment Agency - Abu Dhabi. www.ead.gov.ae/
The soil survey of the Northern Emirates, United Arab Emirates (UAE) was conducted during 2010 – 2012. The Environment Agency – Abu Dhabi (EAD) in partnership with the Ministry of Environment and Water (MOEW) implemented the Soil Survey through GRM International. The project was funded by the Abu Dhabi Executive Council, and its objective was to develop a digital soil information repository to aid in broad land-use planning and agricultural expansion in the Northern Emirates.
The survey used Geographic Information Systems, satellite image processing, and field mapping to produce a Soil Information System. Scientific and technical standards, including the soil classification system and nomenclature, were based on those of the USDA, Natural Resources Conservation Service. These standards have been used in other Gulf Cooperation Council countries, such as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Sultanate of Oman, State of Kuwait, State of Qatar, and more recently in the Abu Dhabi soil survey project in the UAE. The project was completed at scale of 1:50,000.
A number of thematic maps, including suitability for irrigated agriculture, salinity, and current land use, were generated as part of the project. The Abu Dhabi Soils Information System (ADSIS) was expanded and enhanced and renamed to United Arab Emirates Soils Information System (UAESIS), to assist in the storage, processing, retrieval, and management of the national soil-related information.
Information from the soil survey is expected to be used by various groups, including the agricultural farming community, decision makers, land-use planners, officials, engineers, and environmental impact assessors. Conservationists and specialists in recreation, wildlife management, waste disposal, and pollution control will also use the soil information to help understand, protect and enhance the environment.
The report and maps provide a detailed assessment and account of soil in the Northern Emirates and are a fitting accompaniment to the Soil Survey of the Abu Dhabi Emirate. Finally, the project produced a national soil map of the United Arab Emirates, by compiling results from this survey, the soil survey of Abu Dhabi completed in 2010, and the soil map of Dubai developed in 2003.
For more information about soil classification in the UAE, visit:
vdocument.in/united-arab-emirates-keys-to-soil-taxonomy.h...
For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
or Chapter 3 of the Soil Survey manual:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/The-Soil-Su...
For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:
Soil profile: A typical profile of a Nella soil. Nella soils are very deep and on mountain footslopes. They support highly productive woodlands of yellow-poplar, maple, and oak. (Soil Survey of Overton County, Tennessee; by Carlie McCowan, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Nella series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils. These soils formed in alluvium or colluvium and in residuum of limestone, sandstone and shale. They are on hillsides, benches and foot slopes. Slopes range from 2 to 60 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Typic Paleudults
Solum thickness is greater than 60 inches. Depth to bedrock is 6 feet or more. Reaction is very strongly acid or strongly acid except the surface layer is less acid where limed. Rock fragments range from 15 to about 35 percent in each horizon. The fragments are mostly sandstone and range from 0.25 inch to about 20 inches in diameter.
USE AND VEGETATION: About one-third is in forest consisting chiefly of oaks, hickories, yellow poplar, beech, and shortleaf and Virginia pine. Cleared areas are used chiefly for pasture but a few areas are cropped to tobacco, corn, truck, and small grain.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The Appalachian Ridges and Valleys, Highland Rim, and Cumberland Plateau and Mountains in Tennessee and in Northwest Georgia, Northern Alabama, and Arkansas. The series is of large extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/tennessee/TN13...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/N/NELLA.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile of Kleinpeter silt, 1 to 5 percent slopes. (Soil Survey of St. Mary Parish, Louisiana; by Donald R. McDaniel and Gerald J. Trahan)
KLEINPETER SERIES
The Kleinpeter series consists of very deep, moderately well drained, moderately permeable soils that formed in Peorian age loess deposits 4 to 10 feet thick over Pleistocene age terrace deposits. They are on salt domes. Slopes range from 0 to 30 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, active, hyperthermic Oxyaquic Glossudalfs
Solum thickness is more than 80 inches. Thickness of the loess over Pleistocene age terrace deposits (2Bt horizon) ranges from 4 to 10 feet. Reaction ranges from strongly acid through slightly acid in the A horizon, and from very strongly acid through moderately acid in the E, Bt and Bt/E horizons.
USE AND VEGETATION: Mostly used for woodland. Some small areas are in cropland or gardens.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southern Mississippi River Valley silty uplands (MLRA 134) in Louisiana. The series is of small extent. The series was proposed in 1996, East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana. The series was retypified and established in St. Mary Parish by an Amendment to the Correlation in 2002 based on data from the hyperthermic study. It was reclassified from a Glossic Hapludalf to an Oxyaquic Glossudalf based on closer observations in a pit at the current type location. Kleinpeter soils were formerly included in the Memphis and Loring series.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/louisiana/LA10...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/K/KLEINPETER.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Cedron series. (Soil Survey of Teton Area, Idaho and Wyoming; by Carla B. Rebernak, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Cedron series consists of very deep, poorly drained soils on flood plains and oxbows adjacent to rivers. These soils formed in silty alluvium. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. The mean annual precipitation is 406 millimeters and the mean annual air temperature is 5 degrees C.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, carbonatic Calcic Cryaquolls
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major uses: pasture, cultivation (minimal acres primarily in barley production), wildlife habitat
Range/ecological site: R013XY039ID
Dominant native vegetation: Baltic rush, beaked sedge, red top, and willows
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Eastern Idaho, MLRA 13
Extent: The series is not extensive.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/wyoming/TetonI...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/C/CEDRON.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Ceda soil series. (Soil Survey of Sevier County, Arkansas; by Alex L. Winfrey, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Ceda series consists of very deep, well drained, rapidly permeable soils that formed in loamy, gravelly alluvium. These nearly level to very gently sloping soils are on flood plains of the Ouachita Mountains, MLRA 119, and the Arkansas Valley and Ridges, MLRA 118. Slopes are 0 to 3 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, siliceous, semiactive, nonacid, thermic Typic Udifluvents
Solum Thickness: 13 to 38 cm (5 to 15 inches)
Depth Class: Very deep
Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: If it occurs, greater than 100 cm (40 inches)
Rock Fragment content: 15 to 60 percent, by volume, in the A horizons; 35 to 80 percent, by volume, in the C horizons.
Soil Reaction: Strongly acid to Slightly acid
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: native pasture and woodland
Dominant Vegetation: Where wooded--southern red oak, sweetgum, American sycamore, white oak, and shortleaf pine.
Pastureland--Bermuda grass, Bahaiagrass
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Ouachita Mountain of Arkansas and Oklahoma, Boston Mountain of Arkansas and Cumberland Plateau and Mountain of Alabama
Extent: Large extent, about 205,486 acres in size
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/arkansas/AR133...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/C/CEDA.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
The Eufaula series consists of very deep, somewhat excessively drained soils that formed in sandy sediments of Pleistocene age. These soils are on stabilized dunes on reworked stream terraces in the Central Rolling Red Prairies (MLRA 80A) and Northern Cross Timbers (MLRA 84A). Slope ranges from 0 to 25 percent. Mean annual air temperature is 16 degrees C (61 degrees F), and mean annual precipitation is 820 mm (32 in).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Siliceous, thermic Psammentic Paleustalfs
Solum depth: greater than 183 cm (72 in)
USE AND VEGETATION: Dominantly used for range. Considerable amounts of the loamy fine sand on lesser slopes are cropped to sorghums, small grains, and peanuts; or used for tame pastures. Native vegetation is post oak and blackjack oak with an understory of mid and tall grasses.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
General area: central Oklahoma, central Texas, and south central Kansas
Land Resource Region: H-Central Great Plains Winter Wheat and Range Region, and J-Southwestern Prairies Cotton and Forage Region
MLRA 80A-Central Rolling Red Prairies, MLRA 84A-North Cross Timbers
Extent: large
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/E/EUFAULA.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of Trevino stony loam. Trevino soils generally are near areas of Rock outcrop and on more recent pahoehoe flows, where loess and mixed alluvial deposits are less than 50 centimeters thick to bedrock. (Soil Survey of Craters of the Moon National Monument and Preserve, Idaho; by Francis R. Kukachka, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Trevino series consists of very shallow and shallow, well drained soils on plains. They formed in loess, alluvium, and material weathered from basalt. Permeability is moderate. Slopes are 0 to 30 percent. The average annual precipitation is about 9 inches and the average annual temperature is about 49 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Lithic Xeric Haplocambids
Average annual soil temperature - 47 to 56 degrees F.
Depth to bedrock - 8 to 20 inches
Depth to calcium carbonate - 8 to 18 inches
Particle-size control section
Clay content - 10 to 18 percent
Sand content - more than 15 percent coarser than VFS
Rock fragments - 0 to 35 percent including gravel, cobbles and stones
USE AND VEGETATION: Used mostly for rangeland and wildlife habitat. Some minor areas are irrigated and used for small grains, corn, beans, hay, and pasture. Potential vegetation in the natural plant community is Wyoming big sagebrush, Thurber needlegrass, and bluebunch wheatgrass.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southern Idaho; MLRA 11. The series is extensive.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/idaho/cratersN...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/T/TREVINO.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Gloucester series. (Photo provided by Jim Turenne, USDA-NRCS; New England Soil Profiles)
The Gloucester series consists of very deep, somewhat excessively drained soils formed in sandy till. They are nearly level through very steep soils on ground moraine uplands and moraines. Slope ranges from 0 through 50 percent. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is high or very high. Mean annual temperature is about 48 degrees F. (9 degrees C) and mean annual precipitation is about 43 inches (1092 centimeters).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Sandy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Typic Dystrudepts
Solum thickness ranges from 37 through 76 centimeters. Gravel content ranges from 5 through 30 percent in the surface, from 15 through 35 percent in the upper part of the Bw horizon, and from 20 through 45 percent in the lower part of the Bw and in the C horizon. Total rock fragment content ranges from 5 through 40 percent in the surface, from 15 through 50 percent in the upper part of the Bw horizon and from 35 through 70 percent in the lower part of the Bw and in the C horizon. Below the particle-size control section the total rock fragment content ranges from 10 through 70 percent in the C horizon. Reaction of the A horizon ranges from extremely acid through moderately acid, unless limed. Reaction of the Bw and C horizons ranges from very strongly acid through moderately acid.
USE AND VEGETATION: Mainly in forest. Cleared areas are used for hay, pasture, and silage corn, or are idle. Common tree species are oaks, gray birch, eastern white pine, maples, and eastern hemlock. Unimproved pasture and idle land contain juniper, sweet fern, hardhack, and blueberry. A few areas are in urban uses.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, eastern New York, and Rhode Island. MLRAs 144A, 145, and 149B. The series is extensive, more than 100,000 acres.
For additional information about New England soils, visit:
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/G/GLOUCESTER.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Note: The left side of the photo exhibits natural soil structure. The right side has been smoothed.
A representative soil profile of the Grenada series. (Kentucky Soil Atlas; by Anastasios D. Karathanasis, University of Kentucky)
The Grenada series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils that formed in thick loess. These soils are shallow or moderately deep to a fragipan that perches water during wet seasons in late winter and early in spring. Permeability is moderate above the fragipan and slow in the fragipan. These nearly level to strongly sloping soils are in the Southern Mississippi Valley Silty Uplands. Slopes range from 0 to 12 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, active, thermic Oxyaquic Fraglossudalfs
Note: The Grenada series classification was changed from a Glossic Fragiudalf to an Oxyaquic Fraglossudalf in 2001 because the former classification was removed from taxonomy. The depth to saturated zone that the series has been interpreted with, and the amount of albic intrusions observed in the upper part of the fragipan near the type location support this new classification.
Thickness of the solum is more than 80 inches. Depth to the fragipan generally ranges from 18 to 36 inches, however an eroded phase is recognized that has a fragipan as shallow as 12 inches. Combined thickness of horizons having less than 10 percent sand is more than 48 inches. The A, Bw, E, and upper part of the Btx/E horizons are very strongly acid to moderately acid except for the surface layer in areas that have been limed; the lower part of the Btx/E horizon and the Btx horizon range from strongly acid to neutral.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most of the acreage is used for row crops and pasture. Cotton, corn, and soybeans are principal crops. A small acreage is in mixed hardwoods including oaks, beech, hickory, elm, and tulip poplar. Shortleaf and loblolly pines are in the southern part of the range.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Arkansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, and Tennessee. This series is of large extent.
For additional information about Kentucky soils, visit:
uknowledge.uky.edu/pss_book/4/
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/G/GRENADA.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
The Hosmer series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils formed in loess on hills. They are moderately deep to a fragipan. Slopes are commonly 2 to 12 percent, but range from 0 to 30 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 1068 mm (42 inches) and mean annual temperature is about 14 degrees C (57 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, active, mesic Oxyaquic Fragiudalfs
Depth to the base of the argillic horizon: 127 to more than 203 cm (50 to more than 80 inches)
Depth to the fragipan: 51 to 91 cm (20 to 36 inches)
The particle-size control section averages: 22 to 30 percent clay and 2 to 10 percent sand
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are used for growing corn, soybeans, winter wheat, or used for hay. Some areas are used for pasture and woodland. Native vegetation is mixed, deciduous hardwood forest.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southern Indiana, southern Illinois and western Kentucky. The acreage is of large extent and is in MLRAs 113, 114B, 115A, 120A and 120B. The type location is in MLRA 115A.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/H/HOSMER.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/see/#hosmer
Original photo by : M. McCauley
A representative soil profile of the Osito series. The Osito series consists of shallow, well drained soils formed in material weathered from interbedded sandstone and shale. Osito soils are on uplands and have slopes of 15 to 70 percent. Mean annual precipitation is 432 centimeters (17 inches) and mean annual temperature is 14 degrees C (58 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy, mixed, superactive, thermic, shallow Typic Haploxerepts
Soil Moisture: usually dry below 10 cm (4 inches) for at least 45 consecutive days within the 4 months following the summer solstice.
Mean annual soil temperature: 15 to 21 degrees C (59 to 70 degrees F)
Depth to a paralithic contact: 25 to 50 cm (10 to 20 inches)
Rock fragments: less than 15 percent gravel in the solum
Reaction: neutral or mildly alkaline.
Organic carbon: averages less than 0.6 percent after mixing the upper 18 cm (7 inches)
USE AND VEGETATION: Used for watershed, wildlife habitat and recreation. The vegetation is chamise, manzanita, ceonothus, scrub oak, mountain mahogony, black sage, white sage, yerba santa, laurel sumac, buckwheat, and annual grasses.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southern California Mountain and foothills. This soil is moderately extensive.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/california/los...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/O/OSITO.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Rabun soil series on the farm of Thomas Jefferson's Monticello in Virginia.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, kaolinitic, mesic Typic Rhodudults
The Rabun series consists of deep, well drained permeable soils that formed in residuum weathered from dark colored rock high in ferromagnesium minerals. These soils are on gently sloping to steep ridges and mountain slopes. The slope is dominantly 25 to 45 percent but ranges from 2 to 50 percent.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most of the sloping and much of the
moderately steep soils have been cleared and used for corn, hay, and pasture. Concave forested areas are mostly in yellow-poplar ridges and long slopes are mostly in upland oaks, eastern white pine, pitch pine, shortleaf pine, pignut hickory, and mockernut hickory.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Appalachian Mountains of Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia. The series is of moderate extent.
For a detailed description, please visit:
Bohicket soil series:
casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/sde/?series=bohicket#osd
Marsh soils may give off a sulfurous odor. This odor is not a reliable indicator of the presence of significant amounts of oxidizable sulfides; however, odor can be a reliable indicator that sulfides are present. The sulfurous odor (“rotten egg smell”), if detected, should be noted in the soil description. Qualitative class terms for odor intensity are:
Slight.—Odor is faint, only detected close to nose.
Moderate.—Odor is readily noticeable, even at arm’s length from the nose.
Strong.—Odor is intense and readily noticed as soon as sample is exposed to the air.
A hydric soil is a soil that formed under conditions of saturation, flooding or ponding long enough during the growing season to develop anaerobic conditions in the upper part. A Gley is a wetland soil ( hydric soil ) that, unless drained, is saturated with groundwater for long enough periods to develop a characteristic gleyic color pattern. This pattern is essentially made up of reddish, brownish, or yellowish colors at surfaces of soil particles and/or in the upper soil horizons mixed with greyish/blueish colors inside the peds and/or deeper in the soil.
In the humid environments, earthy materials may extend to a depth of many meters with no obvious changes below the upper 1 or 2 m, except for an occasional stone line. In many wet soils, gleyed soil material may begin a few centimeters below the surface and, in some areas, continue down for several meters apparently unchanged with increasing depth.
For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
or Chapter 3 of the Soil Survey manual:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/The-Soil-Su...
For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=e_hQaXV7MpM
For additional information about soil classification using USDA-NRCS Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/keys-...
or;
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/soil-...
For more information about Hydric Soils and their Field Indicators, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
For more soil related images, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Mazarn soil series. (Soil Survey of Montgomery County, Arkansas; by Jeffrey W. Olson, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Mazarn series consists of moderately deep, somewhat poorly drained, moderately slowly permeable soils that formed in loamy sediments from shale, siltstone and sandstone. These soils are adjacent to small, upland drains and intermittent streams in the Ouachita Mountains; MLRA 119. Slopes range from 0 to 3 percent. Mean annual temperature is about 62 degrees F., and mean annual precipitation is about 52 inches.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Aquic Hapludults
Solum thickness and depth to weathered, shale bedrock ranges from 20 to 40 inches. Reaction is strongly acid or very strongly acid throughout.
USE AND VEGETATION: Used mainly for pasture and woodland. The native vegetation was mixed hardwoods and pine.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Ouachita Mountains of Arkansas. The series is of small extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/arkansas/AR097...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/M/MAZARN.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: Profile of Frederick silt loam. The argillic horizon begins at a depth of about 15 centimeters and extends to below a depth of more than 150 centimeters (Soil Survey of Bland County, Virginia; by Robert K. Conner, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: Hay windrows in an area of Frederick silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes.
The Frederick series consists of very deep, well drained soils formed in residuum derived mainly from dolomitic limestone with interbeds of sandstone, siltstone, and shale. They are on are nearly level to very steep uplands. Permeability is moderate. Slopes range from 0 to 60 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 42 inches, and mean annual temperature is about 55 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, semiactive, mesic Typic Paleudults
Solum thickness is more than 60 inches. Depth to bedrock is more than 72 inches. Depth to the top of the argillic horizon ranges from 0 to 20 inches. Variegated colors in the solum range from 40 to more than 60 inches below the soil surface. Rock fragments are mostly chert and range from 0 to 60 percent in the A, E, BA, and BE horizons, and 0 to 35 percent in the Bt, BC, and C horizons. In some areas the upper part of the solum is capped with as much as 20 inches of silty material. The soil ranges from very strongly acid through moderately acid, unless limed.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most of these soils are cleared and cultivated. Crops are corn, small grain, hay, tobacco, and apple orchards. Most of the steeper areas are in pasture or forest. Vegetation is largely hardwoods such as oak, hickory, maple, and yellow poplar.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Virginia, West Virginia, Kentucky, Maryland, and Tennessee. The series is of large extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/virginia/VA021...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/F/FREDERICK.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
The Gooding series consists of deep to a duripan, well drained soils that formed in mixed alluvium and loess. Gooding soils are on alluvial fan terraces on basalt plains and buttes. Permeability is very slow. Slopes range from 0 to 20 percent. The average annual precipitation is about 12 inches and the average annual air temperature is about 47 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, smectitic, mesic Vertic Paleargids
Depth to calcium carbonates - 17 to 34 inches
Depth to bedrock - 41 inches or more
Depth to duripan - 40 to 60 inches
Average annual soil temperature - 47 to 53 degrees F.
Average summer soil temperature - 60 to 70 degrees F.
Other features - AE horizon occurs in some pedons
USE AND VEGETATION: Gooding soils are used mainly for rangeland, wildlife habitat, and irrigated pasture and cropland. Common crops are small grains, beans, and alfalfa. The dominant natural vegetation is Wyoming big sagebrush, alkali sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass, needlegrass, and sandberg bluegrass.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: South central and southwest Idaho. The series is of moderate extent.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/G/GOODING.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A soil profile of a well drained Eutrustox in a semiarid, tropical area of Jamaica. This soil has an ochric epipedon about 15 centimeters thick underlain by a reddish oxic horizon that extends to a depth of about 120 centimeters. Limestone bedrock is below thus depth. This soil has a relatively high level of natural fertility compared to most other highly weathered tropical soils. (Soil Survey Staff. 2015. Illustrated guide to Soil Taxonomy. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, National Soil Survey Center, Lincoln, Nebraska)
Eutrustox have high base saturation throughout the profile. They are well known by local farmers because of their relatively high natural fertility. Although a significant proportion of the exchange sites are occupied by base cations (positively charged plant nutrients), the total CEC of these soils is still low. As a result, the initial supply of naturally occurring plant nutrients is rapidly depleted by cropping. Supplemental irrigation is needed for continuous cropping. Commonly, these soils supported natural forests while the surrounding areas that had similar rainfall but low base saturation in the soil supported savannas. Currently, forest vegetation is rare because the forests have been completely cut by native farmers. The reason Ustox have high base saturation throughout their profile is not known, but these soils tend to occur over or near mafic (basic) rocks, such as limestone and basalt.
For additional information about soil classification, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/cla...
A representative soil profile of an Inceptisol from the Cerado physiographic region--a vast tropical savanna ecoregion of Brazil, particularly in the states of Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso, Tocantins, Minas Gerais and the Federal District of Brazil. (Horizonation is by Brazil soil classification system.)
Landscape: Typical landscape and vegetation (eucalyptus plantation) associated with Inceptisols occurring on an interfluve in Brazil.
Inceptisols are a soil order in USDA soil taxonomy. They form quickly through alteration of parent material. They are more developed than Entisols. They have no accumulation of clays, iron oxide, aluminium oxide or organic matter. They have an ochric or umbric horizon and a cambic subsurface horizon. The central concept of Inceptisols is that of soils that are of cool to very warm, humid and subhumid regions and that have a cambic horizon and an ochric epipedon. The order of Inceptisols includes a wide variety of soils. In some areas Inceptisols are soils with minimal development, while in other areas they are soils with diagnostic horizons that merely fail the criteria of the other soil orders. Inceptisols have many kinds of diagnostic horizons and epipedons.
In the Brazil soil classification system, these Latossolos are highly weathered soils composed mostly of clay and weathering resistant sand particles. Clay silicates of low activity (kaolinite clays) or iron and aluminum oxide rich (haematite, goethite, gibbsite) are common. There are little noticeable horizonation differences. These are naturally very infertile soils, but, because of the ideal topography and physical conditions, some are being used for agricultural production. These soils do require fertilizers because of the ease of leaching of nutrients through the highly weathered soils.
For additional information about these soils, visit:
sites.google.com/site/soil350brazilsoilsla/soil-formation...
and...
For additional information about U.S. soil classification, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/soils/survey/class...
A representative soil profile of Lithic Ustipsamments, which have a thin cemented surface crust. (Soil Survey of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, Hawaii; by Chris Jasper, United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Lithic Ustipsamments in this survey area consist of very shallow and shallow soils in areas of pahoehoe lava. These soils formed in volcanic base surge and volcanic ash reworked by wind and water. Slopes range from 2 to 10 percent. The mean annual rainfall is about 1,015 millimeters (40 inches), and the mean annual air temperature is about 18 degrees C (65 degrees F).
These sandy soils are shallow to pahoehoe. Climatic conditions result in seasonal dryness. The pattern of seasonal rainfall, sandy texture, and shallow soil depth limit the success of seedling germination to winter and spring. The nutrient-holding capacity is low. If soil amendments are applied, quantities should be reduced and timing spaced so that loss through leaching is minimized. The capacity to supply natural potassium is low. The shallow soil depth affects the susceptibility to erosion
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/hawaii/HI701/0...
A representative soil profile of an Inceptisol from the Cerado physiographic region--a vast tropical savanna ecoregion of Brazil, particularly in the states of Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso, Tocantins, Minas Gerais and the Federal District of Brazil. (Horizonation is by Brazil soil classification system.)
Landscape: Typical landscape and vegetation associated with Inceptisols occurring on an interfluve in Brazil.
Inceptisols are a soil order in USDA soil taxonomy. They form quickly through alteration of parent material. They are more developed than Entisols. They have little or no accumulation of clays, iron oxide, aluminium oxide or organic matter. They have an ochric or umbric horizon and a cambic subsurface horizon. The central concept of Inceptisols is that of soils that are of cool to very warm, humid and subhumid regions and that have a cambic horizon and an ochric epipedon. The order of Inceptisols includes a wide variety of soils. In some areas Inceptisols are soils with minimal development, while in other areas they are soils with diagnostic horizons that merely fail the criteria of the other soil orders. Inceptisols have many kinds of diagnostic horizons and epipedons.
In the Brazil soil classification system these are Latossolos. They are highly weathered soils composed mostly of clay and weathering resistant sand particles. Clay silicates of low activity (kaolinite clays) or iron and aluminum oxide rich (haematite, goethite, gibbsite) are common. There are little noticeable horizonation differences. These are naturally very infertile soils, but, because of the ideal topography and physical conditions, some are being used for agricultural production. These soils do require fertilizers because of the ease of leaching of nutrients through the highly weathered soils.
For additional information about these soils, visit:
sites.google.com/site/soil350brazilsoilsla/soil-formation...
and...
For additional information about U.S. soil classification, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/soils/survey/class...
The Dothan series consists of very deep, well drained soils that formed in thick beds of unconsolidated, medium to fine-textured marine sediments. Dothan soils are on interfluves. Slopes range from 0 to 15 percent. Mean annual temperature is about 18 degrees C (65 degrees F), and the mean annual precipitation is about 1360 millimeters (53 inches).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, kaolinitic, thermic Plinthic Kandiudults
Plinthite: Depth to horizons that contain 5 percent or more plinthite ranges from 60 to 152 centimeters (24 to 60 inches). Silt content is less than 20 percent. Clay content is between 18 to 35 percent in the upper 51 centimeters (20 inches) of the Bt horizon. Depth to Redox features: Predominantly greater than 102 centimeters (40 inches), but some pedons have iron depletions below a depth of 76 centimeters (30 inches).
USE AND VEGETATION:
Most areas of Dothan soils have been cleared and are used for the production of corn, cotton, peanuts, vegetable crops, hay, and pasture. Forested areas are in longleaf pine, loblolly pine, sweetgum, southern red oak, and hickory.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Major Land Resource Areas (MLRA): The series occurs primarily in the Southern Coastal Plain (MLRA 133A), but it also occurs to a lesser extent in the Atlantic Coast Flatwoods (MLRA 153A).
Extent: large extent
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/D/DOTHAN.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
DESCRIPTION (Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils; Version 3.0, p.2-10):
"Few to common, coarse, prominent, black iron-manganese nodules, moist, dendritic, in the matrix, weakly cemented, sharp"
This concentration formed in a very poorly drained sandy substratum below organic layers. It was weakly cemented by aluminum-humus complexes and other amorphous materials, including iron and manganese. They formed along old abandoned root channels where water ladened with these materials accumulated.
For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:
Soil profile: The Sadler series consists of deep or very deep, moderately well drained soils with a fragipan in the subsoil. The soil formed in a mantle of loess underlain by residuum of acid sandstone, siltstone, and shale on level to rolling upland ridgetops. Slopes range from 0 to 12 percent. (Kentucky Soil Atlas; by Anastasios D. Karathanasis, University of Kentucky)
Landscape: Sadler soils are on level to rolling upland ridgetops. Slopes range from 0 to 12 percent. The soil formed in 12 to 48 inches of loess underlain by residuum of acid sandstone, siltstone, and shale. Most areas are used for corn, small grains, soybeans, tobacco, specialized truck crops, hay, and pasture. The remainder are in forest. Native vegetation is chiefly oak, hickory, maple, gum poplar, dogwood, beech, ironwood, persimmon, and sassafras.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, semiactive, mesic Oxyaquic Fraglossudalfs
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The Western Coalfields part of Kentucky (MLRA 120), southern and southeastern Ohio, Missouri and possibly Arkansas. The series is of moderate extent. The Sadler soils previously were included in the Tilsit series.
For additional information about Kentucky soils, visit:
uknowledge.uky.edu/pss_book/4/
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/S/SADLER.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Ruston soil series: the State Soil of Louisiana. The left side of the profile exhibits natural soil structure; the right side has been smoothed to show change in color or features.
Established in 1909, the Ruston series was named for the town of Ruston which is the parish seat of Lincoln Parish, Louisiana. It is located in the north-central part of the state. In 1884, the town of Ruston was named for Robert E. Russ who offered 640 acres to the Vicksburg, Shreveport, and Pacific Railroad, stipulating that the tracks run across the property and that the land be used as a town site. At the time Ruston was selected as the state soil, it had the most extensive acreage and widespread distribution in the upland areas of Louisiana.
The Ruston series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils that formed in loamy marine or stream deposits. These soils are on uplands of the Western and Southern Coastal Plains. Slopes range from 0 to 8 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Typic Paleudults
Solum thickness exceeds 60 inches. The Bt/E and B't horizons are definitive for the series. Calcium-magnesium ratios are variable in the Bt horizons, but typically are less than 1 in the B't horizons. The concept of the series limits the series to a bisequal profile. Soils formerly included in Ruston but having low silt content are excluded.
USE AND VEGETATION: Principal use is woodland consisting of southern pine and some hardwoods with understories of shrubs or grasses. A small acreage is used for cotton, corn, soybeans, small grain, truck crops, and pasture.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Coastal Plains of Alabama, Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Oklahoma, Tennessee, and Texas. The series is of large extent, with an area of more than 2 million acres.
For more information about this soil, visit:
www.soils4teachers.org/files/s4t/k12outreach/la-state-soi....
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/R/RUSTON.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
The Fenwick series consists of moderately deep, moderately well drained soils with moderately slow permeability. These soils formed in material weathered from acid sandstone or interbedded sandstone, siltstone, and shale. Fenwick soils are on broad mountain ridgetops and benches. Slopes range from 0 to 15 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 47 inches, and mean annual temperature is about 50 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, semiactive, mesic Aquic Hapludults
Solum thickness and depth to bedrock are 20 to 40 inches. Sandstone fragments range from 0 to 15 percent by volume in the A, AB, BA, and Bt horizons and from 5 to 35 percent in the BC and C horizons. Fragments are commonly of channer and flagstone size. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid through neutral in the A horizons and is very strongly acid or strongly acid in the Bt, BC, and C horizons.
USE AND VEGETATION: Fenwick soils are mostly in mixed hardwood forest. Many areas have been cleared for corn or hay crops or pasture.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: West Virginia and possibly Kentucky, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, and western Virginia. The acreage is small.
These soils were previously mapped as Variants of the Cookport series. In West Virginia, they are associated with the Kanawha and New River Formations of the Pottsville group. It is not clear whether these soils formed in sandstone residuum or from extremely old sediments deposited on the sandstone.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/F/FENWICK.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of Sinbul soil in Korea.
Landscape: These soil are on footslopes and toeslopes in landscape positions where organic material accumulate in the upper layers.
The Sinbul series are members of the loamy skeletal, mixed, mesic family of Typic Humudepts [Cambic Umbrisols (Alumic Hyperdystric Skeletic Chromic) classified by WRB].
These soils have umbric epipedons and cambic horizons. Solum thickness is 50 to 100 cm and depth to bedrock is commonly more than 3 meters. Base saturation is less than 60 percent. Reaction is very strongly to strongly acid. 35 to 90 percent gravel, stones, and cobbles occur in the control section. Boulders and few bedrock outcrops may occur. Ap horizons are dark brown, very dark brown, or very dark grayish brown gravelly or cobbly silt loam, silty clay loam, or loam. Cambic B horizons are brown, yellowish brown, strong brown, or dark yellowish brown very stone clay loam, silty clay loam, loam, or silt loam. C horizons are yellowish brown, strong brown, or dark yellowish brown vey stony loam, silt loam, sandy loam, silty clay loam, or clay loam.
Use and Vegetation: Most areas grow forest in northern parts of the country and wild grass or wild grass mixed with scrub bush and scattered trees in southern areas.
For more information about soils in Korea, visit:
A representative soil profile of Maverick soil, 1 to 8 percent slopes. At a depth of about 80 centimeters, a densic layer occurs. Densic layers restrict the movement of water and roots. (Soil survey of Zapata County, Texas; by Ramiro Molina and Roel D. Guerra, Jr., Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Maverick series consists of soils that are moderately deep to densic material, well drained soils. These gently sloping to strongly sloping soils formed in calcareous, saline clayey residuum weathered from Cretaceous and Tertiary mudstone. Slope ranges from 1 to 10 percent. Mean annual air temperature is about 22 degrees C (72 degrees F) and mean annual precipitation is about 610 mm (24 in).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, smectitic, hyperthermic Aridic Haplustepts
Note: Classification change from Ustollic Camborthids to Aridic Haplustepts based on geographic distribution of the series, rainfall patterns, and vegetative production and composition.
Soil Moisture: An aridic ustic moisture regime. The soil moisture control section is moist in some or all parts for less than 90 consecutive days in normal years. June to August and December to February are the driest months, while September to November and March to May are the wettest months.
Solum thickness: 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 in) to densic material (weathered mudstone bedrock)
Mean annual soil temperature: 22 to 24 degrees C (72 to 76 degrees F)
Particle-size control section (weighted average)
Clay content: 35 to 55 percent
Coarse Fragments: 0 to 5 percent
CEC/clay ratio: 0.6 to 1.00
USE AND VEGETATION: Used for livestock grazing and wildlife habitat. The grasses consist of a sparse cover of curlymesquite, hairy tridens, tobosa, red grama, and threeawn. Woody vegetation is mostly scrubby mesquite, blackbrush, guayacan, and twisted acacia. The ecological site is Rolling Hardland, PE 19-31 (R083BY431TX).
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Western Rio Grande Plain, Texas; LRR I; MLRA 83B. The series is of large extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/texas/zapataTX...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
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Soil profile: A representative soil profile of Fuquay soil. (Soil Survey of Screven County, Georgia; by Gary C. Hankins, Jr., Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: Fuquay soils formed on marine terraces and are dominantly used for cropland, commonly they are planted to corn. With proper use and management these soils are very productive.
MLRA(s): 133A-Southern Coastal Plain, 153A-Atlantic Coast Flatwoods (upper part)
Depth Class: Very deep
Drainage Class (Agricultural): Well drained
Internal Free Water Occurrence: Deep or very deep, common
Flooding Frequency and Duration: None
Ponding Frequency and Duration: None
Slowest Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity: Moderately low
Landscape: Upper and middle coastal plains
Landform: Marine terraces, uplands, flats
Geomorphic Component: Interfluves, side slopes
Hillslope Profile Position: Summits, shoulders, backslopes
Parent Material: Sandy over loamy marine deposits or fluviomarine deposits
Slope: 0 to 10 percent
Elevation (type location): Unknown
Mean Annual Air Temperature (type location): 16.7 degrees C. (about 62 degrees F.)
Mean Annual Precipitation (type location): 1240 millimeters (about 49 inches)
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy, kaolinitic, thermic Arenic Plinthic Kandiudults
Depth to top of Argillic horizon: 50 to 100 centimeters (about 20 to 40 inches)
Depth to base of Argillic horizon: 150 to more than 200 centimeters (about 60 to more than 78 inches)
Depth to Bedrock: Greater than 200 centimeters (about 78 inches)
Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: 100 to 150 centimeters or more (about 40 to 60 inches or more), January to March
Thickness of the sandy surface and subsurface layers: 50 to 100 centimeters (about 20 to 40 inches)
Content and Size of Rock Fragments: 0 to 35 percent, by volume, in the A, E, and BE horizons and 0 to 15 percent throughout the lower profile; mostly rounded nodules of ironstone
Organic matter content: 0.5 to 2.0 percent in the A horizon and less than 0.5 in E, B, and C horizons
(Effective) Cation Exchange Capacity: 2 to 10 milliequivalents per 100 grams of soil in the A horizon; 1 to 4 in E and B horizons; and 2 to 5 in the C horizon
Soil Reaction: Extremely acid to moderately acid, except where limed
Plinthite Content: Greater than 5 percent within a depth of 150 centimeters (about 60 inches) starting at a depth greater than 50 centimeters (about 20 inches)
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: Cropland
Dominant Vegetation: Where cultivated--tobacco, cotton, corn, soybeans, and small grains. Where wooded--loblolly pine, longleaf pine, and slash pine, with some hardwoods, understory plants including American holly, flowering dogwood, persimmon, and greenbrier.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Upper Coastal Plain of North Carolina, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina
Extent: Large
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/georgia/screve...
For a detailed description of the soil, visit:
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A representative soil profile of the Smithcanyon soil series. (Soil Survey of Joshua Tree National Park, California; by Carrie-Ann Houdeshell, Peter Fahnestock, Stephen Roecker, and Emily Meirik, Natural Resources Conservation Service, and Marchel Munnecke and Alice Miller, Pyramid Botanical Consultants).
The Smithcanyon series consists of very shallow and shallow, somewhat excessively drained soils that formed in colluvium over residuum derived from granitoid and/or gneissic rocks. Smithcanyon soils are on hills and mountains. Slopes range from 8 to 75 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 200 millimeters (8 inches) and the mean annual temperature is about 15 degrees C (59 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Mixed, thermic, shallow Xeric Torripsamments
Soil moisture control section: usually dry from May 1 through November 30, and is moist in some or all parts the rest of the time. Aridic bordering on xeric soil moisture regime.
Soil temperature: 15 to 19 degrees C (59 to 66 degrees C).
Surface rock fragments: 35 to 80 percent, dominated by fine gravel.
Control section-
Clay content: 2 to 6 percent.
Organic matter: 0.25 to 1 percent.
Rock fragments: 5 to 30 percent gravel, with 0 to 5 percent cobbles in the lower part.
Depth to paralithic contact: 7 to 35 centimeters (3 to 14 inches).
Effervescence: noneffervescent throughout.
USE AND VEGETATION: This soil is used for rangeland and wildlife habitat. Vegetation is mainly scrub oak, bigberry manzanita, Eastern Mojave buckwheat, California juniper, holly-leaf cherry, Parry's jujube, California joint-fir, narrow-leaf goldenbush, blackbrush, and Sandberg bluegrass.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Mojave Desert of Southeastern California; MLRA 30. The soils are of moderate extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/california/Jos...
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Left image—Core barrels used for vibracoring are typically 10 cm in diameter. The view of the sand catcher is from the perspective of the inside of the barrel. Right image—For sandy or loose materials, a core catcher may be attached to the bottom of the core barrel.
To retrieve the soil, the core is first slowly filled with water. A cap (test plug) is placed on the top that, when tightened, seals the top of the core. This creates a suction and, for most materials, keeps all of the soil material in the core barrel when it is removed. In some soil materials, particularly those that are coarse textured with many rock fragments, some of the soil material may fall out of the bottom of the core barrel when it is retrieved. In these cases, a core catcher can be added to the base of the core before it is vibracored into the soil.
Once the core is sealed, it is attached with a heavy strap to a winch or chain fall and pulled out of the soil. Using a chain fall attached to a tripod mounted over the moon-pool is the safest way to remove the core. For sampling off a barge or through the ice, an aluminum ladder is commonly used instead of the tripod because of its lighter weight. Once the core is pulled from the soil and sealed at the bottom (to prevent loss of the sample), a small hole is created in the irrigation pipe just above the top of the soil in the core barrel to allow the water on top of the core to drain slowly (see above information on measuring the depth from the top of the core barrel to the top of the soil). After the water is drained, the tube is cut just above the soil surface with a tube cutter and the cap is screwed back in place to preserve the core. The bottom is sealed with a cap first to prevent loss of suction. The core barrel is dried and clearly labeled with a pedon number and the correct orientation. The core can be opened on the boat, or it can be stored in a rack and later described and sampled on land or in a lab. Vibracores in the lab should be maintained at 4 0C to minimize drying and oxidation of sulfides prior to sampling and analysis.
A profile of Wheatwood loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes. Wheatwood soils developed on flood plains, are well drained, and moderately permeable. (Soil Survey of Young County, Texas; by Thomas E. Cyprian, Natural Resources Conservation Services)
Note: With the lower A horizon being identified as buried (Ab), the subsequent underlying Bk horizons would commonly be described as buried (Bkb).
The Wheatwood series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils that formed in calcareous loamy alluvium. The soils are on nearly level to gently sloping flood plains of rivers and wide creeks. Slopes range from 0 to 1 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, active, thermic Fluventic Haplustepts
Solum thickness ranges from 60 to more than 80 inches. The 10- to 40- inch particle-size control section is silt loam, clay loam, or silty clay loam with 20 to 35 percent clay. Thin stratification of very fine sandy loam and clay are common below a depth of 20 inches. The soil is dry in some part of the moisture control section for four-tenths to six-tenths of the cumulative days during the growing season in most years. The organic carbon content is greater than 0.2 percent at a depth of 50 inches.
USE AND VEGETATION: Mostly used for cropland or pecan orchards. Crops are grain sorghum, cotton, and small grains. Some small areas are in improved bermudagrass pastures. Woody vegetation includes oak, pecan, elm, hackberry, and willow.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Mainly along the Brazos and Red River watersheds in the Central Rolling Red Plains (MLRA 78B, 78C), Rolling Limestone Prairie (MLRA 78D), Central Rolling Red Prairie (MLRA 80A) and North Central Prairie (MLRA 80B) in Texas and possibly Oklahoma. The series is of moderate extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/texas/TX503/0/...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
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A representative soil profile of Weswood loam. The subsoil is stratified with sandy, loamy, and clayey calcareous materials. (Soil Survey of Fayette County, Texas; by Dennis D. Ressel and Samuel E. Brown, Jr., Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Weswood series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils that formed in calcareous loamy alluvium. These soils are on nearly level to moderately sloping flood plains. Slopes are mainly less than 1 percent, but range up to 8 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, thermic Udifluventic Haplustepts
Solum thickness ranges from 60 to more than 80 inches. The particle-size control section has a weighted average clay content of 18 to 35 percent. Texture is mainly silt loam or silty clay loam. However, strata about 1/8 to 2 inches thick of loamy very fine sand, very fine sandy loam, loam, silty clay loam, or clay loam range from few to many in most pedons below a depth of 20 inches. The organic carbon content is irregular in the control section and/or it ranges from 0.2 to 0.5 percent at a depth of 50 inches below the soil surface. Effervescence ranges from very slight to violent and the reaction is slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline throughout.
USE AND VEGETATION: Mostly used for cropland with the main crops being cotton, corn, grain sorghum, and small grains. Some areas are in pecan orchards while others are producing improved or common bermudagrass pastures. Woody vegetation includes cottonwood, pecan, oak, elm, hackberry, and willow. Native grasses include indiangrass, big bluestem, little bluestem, switchgrass, virginia wildrye, and beaked panicum.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Mainly along the Brazos and Colorado Rivers in central Texas. The series is of moderate extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/texas/TX149/0/...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
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Soil profile: A representative pedon of Portneuf silt loam. Portneuf soils generally are in the southern part of the survey area, where loess deposits are thicker. (Soil Survey of Craters of the Moon National Monument and Preserve, Idaho; by Francis R. Kukachka, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: Portneuf soils are on fan terraces, terrace side slopes, basalt plains and hillsides, and have slopes of 0 to 20 percent. They are mostly used for irrigated crops and rangeland. The main crops grown are potatoes, sugar beets, beans, small grains and hay.
The Portneuf series consists of deep and very deep, well-drained, moderately to moderately slowly permeable soils that formed in loess and silty alluvium. They are on fan terraces, terrace side slopes, basalt plains and hillsides, and have slopes of 0 to 20 percent. The average annual precipitation is about 9 inches, and the average annual temperature is about 48 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Durinodic Xeric Haplocalcids
Soil temperature - 49 to 53 degrees F.
Depth to calcic horizon - 6 to 15 inches
Thickness of calcic - 15 to 30 inches
Calcium carbonate equivalent - 15 to 30 percent
Particle size control section - 6 to 15 percent clay
Depth to bedrock - 40 to greater than 60 inches
USE AND VEGETATION: Portneuf soils are used for irrigated crops and rangeland. The main crops grown are potatoes, sugar beets, beans, small grains and hay. The natural vegetation is Wyoming big sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass and Thurber needlegrass.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: This series is extensive in southern Idaho.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/idaho/cratersN...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
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A soil profile of Peaks gravelly sandy loam, formed from the weathering of granitic rock. (Soil Survey of Rockbridge County,
Virginia; by Mary Ellen Cook, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Peaks series consists of moderately deep, somewhat excessively drained, rapidly permeable soils on ridge tops and convex side slopes in the Blue Ridge province. Slopes range from 0 to 90 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 42 inches, and mean annual temperature is about 55 degrees F near the type location.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, active, mesic Typic Dystrudepts
Thickness: Solum ranges from 14 to 38 inches
Depth to rock: 20 to 40 inches
Rock fragments: 15 to 55 percent in the A and E, 35 to 60 percent in the Bw, 35 to 75 percent in the C horizons. Granite, gneiss, and schist gravel and channers.
Reaction: Very strongly acid through moderately acid, unless limed.
USE AND VEGETATION: Native vegetation is mixed hardwoods and pines.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Blue Ridge province in Virginia and North Carolina, and possibly Georgia and Tennessee. The series is of moderate extent. Peaks soils have been included in the Ashe series in the past.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/virginia/rockb...
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The Oboship series consists of deep, well drained soils that formed in materials weathered from dioritic rock. Oboship soils are on side slopes of interfluves of dissected hills and mountains on offshore islands. The mean annual precipitation is about 305 millimeters (12 inches) and the mean annual temperature is about 18 degrees C (64 degrees F). Slopes range from 15 to 75 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, superactive, isothermic Pachic Haplustolls
The mean annual soil temperature is 15 to 17 degrees Celsius (59 to 63 degrees F.) The difference between mean summer and mean winter temperatures ranged from 4 to 5 degrees Celsius. The soil moisture control section is dry in all parts from about mid-June to mid-November (about 150 days) and is usually moist the rest of the time.
USE AND VEGETATION: Wildlife habitat, recreation and building site development. Vegetation communities are predominately Island Chaparral, Coastal Sage Scrub and Island Woodland, Southern Riparian Woodland, also Non-native Scrub.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Santa Catalina Island, Los Angeles County, California. The soil is not extensive. MLRA 20.
For a detailed soil description, visit:
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A soil profile of Mansic loam. The zone of secondary carbonate accumulation can be seen between a depth of 40 and 100 centimeters. (Soil Survey of Woods County, Oklahoma; by Richard Gelnar, Jimmy Ford, Clay Salisbury, Clay Wilson, and Glen Williams, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Mansic series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils that formed in calcareous alluvium of Tertiary age. These soils are on nearly level to moderately steep ridge crests and side slopes of uplands in the Southern High Plains Breaks (MLRA 77E). Slopes range from 0 to 30 percent. Mean annual precipitation is 22 inches. Mean annual temperature is 59 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, thermic Aridic Calciustolls
Solum thickness is 20 to 40 inches. Reaction is slightly or moderately alkaline throughout. Rounded gravel less than 3 inches in diameter range from 0 to 5 percent throughout the profile. Depth to a calcic horizon ranges from 7 to 30 inches.
USE AND VEGETATION: Used mainly for small grains and grain sorghums. Some areas are used for tame pasture or rangeland. Native vegetation is mid and tall grasses.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southern High Plains-Breaks (MLRA-77E) of Oklahoma, Kansas, and Texas. The series is extensive.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/oklahoma/OK151...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
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A profile of Yanush very cobbly silt loam in an area of Yanush-Avant-Bengal complex, 35 to 60 percent slopes. (Soil Survey of Montgomery County, Arkansas; by Jeffrey W. Olson, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Yanush series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils that formed in loamy colluvium from chert and novaculite of Ordovician age. These soils are on very gently sloping to very steep sideslopes and footslopes of the Ouachita Mountains. Slopes are 1 to 60 percent. Mean annual temperature is 62 degrees F., and mean annual precipitation is 48 inches.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, siliceous, active, thermic Typic Paleudalfs
Solum thickness is greater than 60 inches.
USE AND VEGETATION: Used mainly for tame pasture or forest. Some less sloping areas are cultivated to wheat or oats. Native vegetation consists of southern red oak, shortleaf pine, and black walnut.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Ouachita Mountains land resource area of Oklahoma and Arkansas. The series is of moderate extent. These soils were formerly included in the Baxter and Bodine series.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/arkansas/AR097...
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A soil profile of Gertrudis fine sandy loam, in area of Gertrudis fine sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes. Calcium carbonate masses and concretions begin at a depth of about 130 cm. (Survey of Kenedy and Kleberg Counties, Texas)
The Gertrudis series consists of very deep, moderately permeable, well drained soils that have formed in loamy eolian deposits over calcareous loamy alluvium of Quaternary age. These nearly level to gently sloping soils are on erosional terrace remnants. Slope ranges from 0 to 3 percent. Mean annual temperature is about 22.2 degrees C (72 degrees F), and the mean annual precipitation is about 660 millimeters (26 in).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, hyperthermic Typic Calciustolls
Soil Moisture: An ustic moisture regime. The soil moisture control section is dry in some or all parts for more than 90 but less than 180 cumulative days in normal years. June through August and December through February are the driest months. These soils are intermittently moist in September through November and March through May.
Mean annual soil temperature: 22.2 to 23.4 degrees C (72 to 74 degrees F).
Depth to secondary calcium carbonates: 15 to 43 cm (6 to 17 in).
Particle-size control section (weighted average) clay content: 19 to 27 percent.
USE AND VEGETATION: The major uses are crop production, livestock grazing, and wildlife habitat. Grasses present include false rhodesgrass, Kleberg bluestem, plains bristlegrass, shortspike windmillgrass, and guineagrass. Woody vegetation consists of mesquite, catclaw, elbowbush, limepricklyash, pricklypear, granjeno, and tassajillo. Crops grown include grain sorghum, watermelons and cotton. The ecological site is Gray Sandy Loam, P-E 19-31 (RO83AY388TX).
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northern Rio Grande Plain (MLRA 83A in LRR I) and Central Rio Grande Plain (MLRA 83C in LRR I) along the margins of the Sandsheet Prairie of South Texas. The series is of moderate extent. These soils were previously included in the Hildalgo series.
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