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Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Scobey series near Glasgow MT; the State Soil of Montana.
In 1928, the Scobey series was established in the Milk River Area, located in the northern plains of Montana. The series was named for the northeastern Montana town of Scobey and used to represent dark grayish-brown farming soils. The Scobey soil was designated
the official Montana state soil in 2015.
The Scobey series consists of very deep, well drained soils that formed in till. These soils are on till plains, hills, and moraines. Slopes are 0 to 15 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 12 inches, and the mean annual air temperature is about 43 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, smectitic, frigid Aridic Argiustolls
Soil temperature - 42 to 47 degrees F.
Moisture control section - between 4 and 12 inches; dry in all parts between four-tenths and five-tenths of the cumulative days per year when the soil temperature at a depth of 20 inches is 41 degrees F or higher.
Mollic epipedon thickness - 7 to 16 inches.
Depth to Bk horizon - 10 to 18 inches.
Depth to Bky or By horizon - 30 to 55 inches.
Btk, By, or BC horizons are allowed.
Phases- stony, shaley substratum.
USE AND VEGETATION: Scobey soils are used mainly for dryland crops. Some areas are used as rangeland. Potential native vegetation is mainly bluebunch wheatgrass, western wheatgrass, green needlegrass, and needleandthread.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Scobey soils are extensive in the till plains of northern Montana.
For additional information about this state soil, visit:
www.soils4teachers.org/files/s4t/k12outreach/mt-state-soi...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/S/SCOBEY.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of Shue loamy fine sand. There is about 90 centimeters of loamy fine sand and finesand material over glacial till. (Soil Survey of Spink County, South Dakota; by James B. Millar, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Shue series consists of very deep, poorly drained soils formed in sandy eolian materials overlying till. Permeability is rapid in the sandy mantle and moderately slow in the underlying till. Slopes are 1 percent or less. Mean annual air temperature is about 48 degrees F, and mean annual precipitation is about 18 inches.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Sandy over loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Typic Endoaquolls
Depth to till ranges from 20 to 40 inches. Thickness of the mollic epipedon ranges from 10 to 16 inches and corresponds to the thickness of the A horizon. Depth to carbonate typically corresponds to the depth to the till. The C horizon above the till, where it occurs, is calcareous in some pedons.
USE AND VEGETATION: Corn is the principal crops in cultivated areas. Native vegetation includes prairie cordgrass and sloughsedge.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: East central South Dakota. The series is moderately extensive.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/south_dakota/S...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/S/SHUE.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
The Herndon series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils that formed in material mostly weathered from fine-grained metavolcanic rock of the Carolina Slate Belt. Slopes are 2 to 25 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludults
Thickness of the clayey part of the Bt horizon ranges from 24 to 48 inches. Depth to the bottom of the clayey Bt horizon exceeds 30 inches. Depth to bedrock (R horizon) is more than 60 inches. The soil is very strongly acid to slightly acid in the A and E horizons and extremely acid to strongly acid in the B and C horizons. Content of rock fragments range from 0 to 35 percent in the A and E horizons, and 0 to 10 percent in the Bt and lower horizons.
USE AND VEGETATION: Cleared areas are used primarily for cotton, small grains, corn, tobacco, hay, and pasture. Forested areas are dominantly in loblolly or shortleaf pine with some mixed hardwood.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia. The series is extensive.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/H/HERNDON.html
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A representative soil profile of the Santa soil series in Idaho.
The Santa series consists of moderately well drained soils that are moderately deep to a fragipan. Santa soils formed in deep loess with a small amount of volcanic ash in the upper part. Santa soils are on undulating to rolling loess hills and plains and have slopes of 2 to 35 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-silty, mixed, superactive, frigid Vitrandic Fragixeralfs
USE AND VEGETATION: These soils are used for timber production, hay and pasture with small areas of wheat, barley, and grass seed. The potential natural vegetation is an overstory of grand fir, Douglas-fir, ponderosa pine, western larch, lodgepole pine and western white pine. Understory vegetation includes myrtle pachstima, bromegrass, bedstraw, lily-of-the-valley and meadowrue.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northern Idaho and northeastern Washington. MLRAs 9 and 43A. The series is of moderate extent.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/S/SANTA.html
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Soil profile: A soil profile of Choza very gravelly loam, in an area of Pinery, Choza, and Altuda soils, 5 to 60 percent slopes. This soil has a thin very gravelly mollic epipedon over a petrocalcic horizon. The parent material is fan alluvium from the mountains. (Soil Survey of Guadalupe Mountains National Park, Texas; by Alan L. Stahnke, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: A typical area of Pinery, Choza, and Altuda soils, 5 to 60 percent slopes, very rocky, on the alluvial fan remnants of the front range in Guadalupe Mountains National Park, Texas. (El Capitan Peak is in the background.)
The Choza series consists of very shallow and shallow, well drained soils that formed in gravelly fan alluvium. Choza soils are on moderately sloping to moderately steep dissected alluvial fan remnants. Slopes are 5 to 35 percent. Mean annual temperature is about 16 degrees C (61 degrees F) and mean annual precipitation is about 411 mm (16 in).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, thermic, shallow Petrocalcic Calciustolls
Thickness of mollic epipedon: 13 to 38 cm (5 to 15 in)
Depth to petrocalcic horizon: 13 to 38 cm (5 to 15 in)
Particle-size control section (weighted average):
Clay Content: 12 to 32 percent
Rock fragment content: 35 to 70 percent total; 10 to 40 percent gravel; 5 to 40 percent cobbles
USE AND VEGETATION: This soil is used for livestock grazing, wildlife habitat and recreation. Vegetation is curlyleaf muhly, hairy grama, black grama, skunkbush sumac, sotol, pricklypear, redberry juniper, oaks, and pinyon pine.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: LRR G; Western Great Plains Range and Irrigated Region; MLRA 70D-Southern Desert Foothills in West Texas. The soil is not extensive. The series name is taken from a spring occurring in Guadalupe Mountains National Park.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/texas/guadalup...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/C/CHOZA.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A soil profile of a Haplotorrert in Botswana. This soil has an ochric epipedon about 10 cm thick. Below this epipedon is a cambic horizon. This particular profile has a significant content of sodium in the upper part of the cambic horizon which has helped to produce columnar structure to a depth of about 65 cm. (Soil Survey Staff. 2015. Illustrated guide to Soil Taxonomy. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, National Soil Survey Center, Lincoln, Nebraska)
Haplotorrerts have little or no salt accumulation in the profile. This is the most extensive great group of Torrerts. In the United States, these soils occur in many of the western States and in Texas and Hawaii. They are used as urban land, cropland, or rangeland.
For additional information about soil classification, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/cla...
Dr Fernando Bertolani and UNESP soils team sampling soil. A soil scientist is a person who is qualified to evaluate and interpret soils and soil-related data for the purpose of understanding soil resources as they contribute to not only agricultural production, but as they affect environmental quality and as they are managed for protection of human health and the environment. The university degree should be in Soil Science, or closely related field (i.e., natural resources, environmental science, earth science, etc.) and include sufficient soils-related course work so the Soil Scientist has a measurable level of understanding of the soil environment, including soil morphology and soil forming factors, soil chemistry, soil physics, and soil biology, and the dynamic interaction of these areas.
Soil scientists explore and seek to understand the earth’s land and water resources. Practitioners of soil science identify, interpret, and manage soils for agriculture, forestry, rangeland, ecosystems, urban uses, and mining and reclamation in an environmentally responsible way.
Soil scientists record the characteristics of the pedons, associated plant communities, geology, landforms, and other features that they study. They describe the kind and arrangement of soil horizons and their color, texture, size and shape of soil aggregates, kind and amount of rock fragments, distribution of plant roots, reaction, and other features that enable them to classify and identify soils. They describe plant species present (their combinations, productivity, and condition) to classify plant communities, correlate them to the soils with which they are typically associated, and predict their response to management and change
For more information about soil surveys in Brazil, visit:
acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2136/sh2013-54...
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Gypsum has many interesting properties, including its very unique crystal habits. Many Gypsum crystals are found perfectly intact without distortions or parts broken off. Gypsum crystals are known for their flexibility, and slim crystals can be slightly bent.
Gypsum has the same chemical composition as the mineral Anhydrite, but contains water in its structure, which Anhydrite lacks. Many Anhydrite specimens absorb water, transforming into the more common Gypsum. Some Gypsum specimens show evidence of this, containing growths of crumpling layers that testify to their expansion from the addition of water.
For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
or Chapter 3 of the Soil Survey manual:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/The-Soil-Su...
For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=e_hQaXV7MpM
For additional information about soil classification using USDA-NRCS Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/keys-...
or;
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/soil-...
A representative soil profile of the Scand series. The volcanic ash mantle extends from the surface of the mineral soil
material to a depth of about 40 centimeters (A and Bw horizons). (Soil Survey of Clearwater Area, Idaho; By Glenn Hoffman, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Scand series consists of very deep, well drained soils that formed in loess over material from high mica schist and gneiss with a thick mantle of volcanic ash. They are on structural benches, mountain slopes and ridges. Permeability is moderate and slopes range from 15 to 65 percent. The average annual precipitation is about 40 inches and the average annual temperature is about 42 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Ashy over loamy, amorphic over mixed, superactive, frigid Alfic Udivitrands
Average annual soil temperature - 39 to 45 degrees F (Frigid temperature regime)
Soil moisture control section - not dry for 45 consecutive days from June to October (Udic moisture regime)
Mica content of 3Bt, 3BC and 3C horizons - 30 to 85 percent by volume
Thickness of volcanic ash cap - 14 to 19 inches
Volcanic glass - 15 to 50 percent
Acid-oxalate extractable Al+1/2 Fe - 1.5 to 2.7 percent
Phosphorous retention - 55 to 90 percent
15 bar water retention - 8 to 17 percent on air dried samples; weighted average less than 15 percent
USE AND VEGETATION: These soils are used for timber production, wildlife habitat, watershed and recreation. Potential natural vegetation is western redcedar, Douglas fir, grand fir and western white pine with an understory of queencup beadlilly, goldthread, starry false Solomons seal, columbia brome and baldhip rose.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: North-Central Idaho; Scand soils are not extensive.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/idaho/clearwat...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/S/SCAND.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Translocated clay along ped faces is called clay films or argillans. They appear as a waxy coating. If stained with iron, they are identified as ferriargillians or with organic matter, organoargillans.
Soil horizons with sufficient clay illuviation are identified as argillic horizons. This is an example of a Btvx horizon from the lower subsoil of a coastal plain soil.
The quantity and extend of the clay films (brown colored area) indicate Illuvial accumulation of silicate clay. ("t" suffix).
The red zones are dense and brittle, are weakly cemented, and are evident of plinthite ("v" suffix).
The horizon exhibits fragic soil properties--root limiting, dense and brittle ("x" suffix). Note: Roots are along the structure faces not ped interiors. It is important to note not only the presence/absence of roots, but the spacing in which roots can enter. (A fragipan has separations between structural units that allow roots to enter have an average spacing of 10 cm or more on the horizontal dimensions.)
This pedon is classified as a Plinthic Kandiudult--the Dothan series. soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/D/DOTHAN.html
Fragic soil properties at the subgroup level are not currently acknowledged in Kandiudults.
For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
or Chapter 3 of the Soil Survey manual:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/The-Soil-Su...
For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=e_hQaXV7MpM
For additional information about soil classification using USDA-NRCS Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/keys-...
or;
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/soil-...
A representative soil profile of the Peanutrock series. (Soil Survey of Pike County, Arkansas; by Jeffrey W. Olson, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Peanutrock series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils that formed in loamy and gravelly marine sediments of Cretaceous age. These soils are on nearly level to steep marine terraces and uplands in the Cretaceous Western Gulf Coastal Plain Major Land Resource Area, MLRA 135B. Slopes are 1 to 35 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Typic Hapludults
Solum thickness is more than 80 inches. Reaction ranges from slightly acid to strongly acid in the A horizon; slightly acid to very strongly acid in the E and BE horizons; medium acid to very strongly acid in the Bt horizons; and strongly acid to extremely acid in the BC or C horizons.
Coarse fragments range from 15 to 60 percent by volume in the A, E, and BE horizons; 35 to 60 percent in the upper Bt horizon(s); and 35 to 80 percent in the lower Bt horizons; and 60 to 80 percent in the BC or C horizons. In some pedons, the lower Bt, BC and C horizons consist of gravels and cobbles of sandstone and/or chert and novaculite that are weakly to strongly cemented by iron, gypsum, calcite, dried clay binder, or a tuffaceous material.
Typically, the cementation is a yellowish color in the tuffaceous material and red or brown in the other materials. This cementation can occur in layers of varying thicknesses and, in some pedons, there is horizon stratification with strongly contrasting particle and fragment sizes.
USE AND VEGETATION: Used mainly for native pasture and woodland. The vegetation is primarily southern red oak, sweetgum, American sycamore, white oak, and loblolly pine.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Cretaceous Western Gulf Coastal Plain of southwest Arkansas and possibly southeast Oklahoma. The series is expected to be extensive. These soils were formerly included in the Saffell series. Saffell soils formed over Tertiary-aged sediments and are less stratified.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/arkansas/pikeA...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/P/PEANUTROCK.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Myton series. (Soil Survey of Glen Canyon Recreation Area, Arizona and Utah; by Michael W. Burney, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
An area of Myton very gravelly sandy loam, 5 to 18 percent slopes, very bouldery. Myton soils are on plateaus and hillsides. Slopes are 5 to 70 percent. Elevation is 3,150 to 6,400 feet. Rock outcrop-Torriorthents complex, 20 to 65 percent slopes, extremely bouldery is in the background.
The Myton series consists of deep and very deep, well drained, moderately rapidly permeable soils that formed in colluvium derived from sandstone and shale. Slopes range from 30 to 70 percent. The average annual precipitation is about 8 inches. Mean annual air temperature is about 54 degrees
F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, calcareous, mesic Typic Torriorthents
Soil moisture: the soils are dry in all parts of the moisture control section more than 75 percent of the time (cumulative) that the soil temperature at a depth of 20 inches is greater than 41 degrees F. Intermittently moist in some part of the soil moisture control section during July through September and December through February. Typic aridic moisture regime.
Mean annual soil temperature: 54 to 59 degrees F.
Depth to sandstone bedrock: 40 to more than 60 inches
Rock fragments: averages 35 to 60 percent
Clay content: 10 to 18 percent
USE AND VEGETATION: Used mainly for livestock grazing Vegetation is blackbrush, shadscale, saline wildrye, and galleta.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southeastern Utah. The series is of moderate
extent. MLRA 35.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/arizona/glenca...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/M/MYTON.html
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Ortstein is defined by Soil Survey Staff (1992) as all or part of the spodic horizon, when moist, it is at least weakly cemented into a massive horizon that is present in more than half of each pedon. Ortstein consists of spodic material, which contains both organic matter and aluminum, and can exist with or without iron.
For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
or Chapter 3 of the Soil Survey manual:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/The-Soil-Su...
For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=e_hQaXV7MpM
For additional information about soil classification using USDA-NRCS Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/keys-...
or;
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/soil-...
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Olmedo very gravelly loam, 1 to 8 percent slopes. A petrocalcic horizon starts at about 45 centimeters from the surface. (Soil Survey of Goliad County, Texas; byJonathan K. Wiedenfeld, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: Fragments of petrocalcic material on the surface of Olmedo very gravelly loam, 1 to 8 percent slopes. The Olmedo soils are in the Shallow Ridge ecological site. This site includes soil mapping unit: OmD—Olmedo very gravelly loam, 1 to 8 percent slopes. The climax plant community is a grassland with scattered, low growing brush, such as guajillo, ceniza, kidneywood, ephedra and mescal bean. Composition by weight for this site is 85 percent grasses, 5 percent forbs, and 10 percent woody plants. Annual production ranges from 1,400 pounds per acre in below average production years to 3,200 pounds in above average production years. The site is dominated by mid grasses, such as Arizona cottontop, sideoats grama, little bluestem, and green sprangletop. Other mid grasses include trichloris, sand dropseed, and Texas bristlegrass. As retrogression occurs, slim triden, fall witchgrass, and Nash windmillgrass increase. With further overgrazing and onsite deterioration, invaders such as threeawn, red grama, Texas grama, and tumble windmillgrass increase. Woody invaders include guajillo, ceniza, blackbrush, brazil, lotebush, and acacia species.
The Olmedo series consists of soils that are very shallow and shallow over a petrocalcic horizon. These well drained, moderately permeable soils formed in calcareous, loamy residuum of the Goliad Formation of Miocene-Pliocene age. These nearly level to undulating soils are on summits on interfluves or ridges. Slope ranges from 1 to 8 percent. Mean annual air temperature is about 22 degrees C (72 degrees F) and mean annual precipitation is about 711 mm (28 in).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, carbonatic, hyperthermic, shallow Petrocalcic Calciustolls
Soil moisture: An ustic moisture regime bordering on aridic. The soil moisture control section remains moist in some or all parts for less than 90 consecutive days in normal years. The soil is driest during the months June through August and December through February. These soils are intermittently moist in September through November and March through May.
Mean annual soil temperature: 21 to 23 degrees C (70 to 73 degrees F)
Depth to petrocalcic horizon: 30 to 46 cm (12 to 18 in)
Particle size control section (weighted average)
Clay content: 12 to 24 percent
Rock Fragments: 35 to 85 percent
USE AND VEGETATION: The major uses are livestock grazing and wildlife habitat. Native vegetation consists of Arizona cottontop, pinhole bluestem, plains bristlegrass, sideoats grama, cenizo, guajillo, elbowbush, mescalbean, vine ephedra, and Texas Kidneywood. The ecological site is Shallow Ridge, PE 19-31 (RO83CY485TX)
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northern Rio Grande Plain (MLRA 83A in LRR I) and Central Rio Grande Plain (MLRA 83C in LRR I) of southern Texas. The series is of moderate extent.
For a detailed soil description, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/texas/goliadTX...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/O/OLMEDO.html
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The Montonia series consists of moderately deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils on ridges and side slopes in uplands of the Southern Piedmont. These soils formed in residuum weathered from fine-grained, high-grade metamorphic rock such as sericite schist and phyllite. Slopes range from 2 to 60 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, semiactive, thermic Typic Hapludults
USE AND VEGETATION: Most of the acreage is in woodland. Common trees are chestnut oak, white oak, hickory, loblolly pine, shortleaf pine, and Virginia pine. Common understory species are American holly, flowering dogwood, mountain laurel, sourwood, and American hornbeam. The rest is mainly in pasture and hayland.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Thermic Piedmont Plateau of North Carolina, and possibly South Carolina and Virginia. The series is of small extent.
This soil was formerly included in the Badin series. However, Badin soils are fine. This soil is in a fine-loamy particle size class because it contains, by weight, more than 15 percent particles that are fine sand or coarser, including fragments up to 7.5 cm in diameter.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/M/MONTONIA.html
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Depth Class: Very deep
Drainage Class (Agricultural): Very poorly drained
Flooding Frequency and Duration: Frequent or occasional for very brief to long periods
Ponding Frequency and Duration: None
Internal Free Water Occurrence: Shallow, common
Permeability: Moderately rapid
Landscape: Lower to upper coastal plain
Landform: Flood plain, swamp
Geomorphic Component: Tread
Parent Material: Alluvium
Slope: 0 to 2 percent
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, siliceous, active, acid, thermic Cumulic Humaquepts
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: Woodland
Dominant Vegetation: Where wooded--water tupelo, swamp tupelo, sweetgum, yellow poplar, green ash, water oak, and baldcypress. Also, loblolly pine grows in areas that have been drained. Understory plants include inkberry (bitter gallberry), American holly, greenbrier, switchcane, blueberry, honeysuckle, and poison ivy. Where cultivated--corn, soybeans, and pasture.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: South Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia
Extent: Moderate
For a detailed description, visit:
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The vegetation cover in the Abu Dhabi Emirate is naturally sparse due to its harsh climate and limiting soils. Subtle differences in climatic or soil conditions across the Emirate have a marked distribution on plant species; generally, the western part of the Emirate and the coastal and sabkha areas support little vegetation cover, while the north-east has greater foliage cover.
The soil salinity of coastal and inland interdunal areas of the Emirate exerts a highly selective effect on plant growth. Though additional research is needed on the flora of the Emirate, it is estimated that the Abu Dhabi Emirate is home to 400 plant species. During the soil survey conducted by the Environment Agency – Abu Dhabi, data was collected on vegetation communities.
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A representative soil profile of Esseville clay, 1 to 3 percent slopes. Cracks are noticeable in the surface layer. Slickensides are shown at depths of 40 to 90 centimeters. (Soil Survey of Live Oak County, Texas; by Paul D. Holland, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Esseville series consist of soils that are moderately deep to claystone, well drained soils that formed in very slowly permeable, moderately saline clayey fluviomarine sediments overlying clayey residuum derived from mudstone of tertiary age. These soils are on sideslopes of interfluves. Slopes range from 0 to 5 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 544 mm (22 in) and the mean annual air temperature is about 21 degrees C (72 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, smectitic, hyperthermic Sodic Gypsiusterts
Soil moisture: A typic-ustic moisture regime. The soil moisture control section is dry in some or all parts for more than 90 but less than 180 cumulative days in normal years. June through August and December through February are the driest months. These soils are intermittently moist in September through November and March through May.
Mean annual soil temperature: 23 degrees C (74 degrees F)
Solum thickness: 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 in) over noncemented claystone bedrock with texture of clay.
Depth to densic material/contact: 50 to 100 cm (20 to 40 in)
Depth to gypsic horizon: 30 to 89 cm (12 to 35 in)
Particle-size control section (weighted average)
Clay content: 45 to 60 percent
Calcium carbonate equivalent: 2 to 15 percent throughout the solum
Vertic features: Maximum thickness is in the microlows. The soil cracks 1.2 to 5 cm (0.4 to 2 in) wide at the surface when dry. Undisturbed areas have gilgai mircorelief with microhighs 10 to 25 cm (4 to 10 in) higher than microlows. Distance from the center of the microhigh to the center of the microlow is 1 to 3 m (3 to 8 ft). Gilgai are linear in pattern in some pedons on slopes of 2 to 5 percent.
USE AND VEGETATION: Used mainly for pasture and rangeland. Scattered areas are cultivated mainly to grain sorghum, small grain and introduced grasses. Native vegetation includes grasses such as alkali sacaton, sideoats grama, plains bristlegrass, twoflower trichloris, tobosagrass, vine-mesquite, pinhole bluestem, and buffalograss. Woody vegetation includes mesquite, agarita, and pricklypear cactus.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northern Rio Grande Plain, Texas; LRR I, MLRA 83A; moderate extent. Esseville soils were formerly included with the Monteola series.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/texas/TX297/0/...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/E/ESSEVILLE.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Smithcanyon soil series. (Soil Survey of Joshua Tree National Park, California; by Carrie-Ann Houdeshell, Peter Fahnestock, Stephen Roecker, and Emily Meirik, Natural Resources Conservation Service, and Marchel Munnecke and Alice Miller, Pyramid Botanical Consultants)
Landscape: A rock outcropping of monzogranite in an area of Smithcanyon-Stubbespring-Rock outcrop complex, 15 to 50 percent slopes, in the northwest corner of Joshua Tree National Park.
The Smithcanyon series consists of very shallow and shallow, somewhat excessively drained soils that formed in colluvium over residuum derived from granitoid and/or gneissic rocks. Smithcanyon soils are on hills and mountains. Slopes range from 8 to 75 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 200 millimeters (8 inches) and the mean annual temperature is about 15 degrees C (59 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Mixed, thermic, shallow Xeric Torripsamments
Soil moisture control section: usually dry from May 1 through November 30, and is moist in some or all parts the rest of the time. Aridic bordering on xeric soil moisture regime.
Soil temperature: 15 to 19 degrees C (59 to 66 degrees C).
Surface rock fragments: 35 to 80 percent, dominated by fine gravel.
Control section-
Clay content: 2 to 6 percent.
Organic matter: 0.25 to 1 percent.
Rock fragments: 5 to 30 percent gravel, with 0 to 5 percent cobbles in the lower part.
Depth to paralithic contact: 7 to 35 centimeters (3 to 14 inches).
Effervescence: noneffervescent throughout.
USE AND VEGETATION: This soil is used for rangeland and wildlife habitat. Vegetation is mainly scrub oak, bigberry manzanita, Eastern Mojave buckwheat, California juniper, holly-leaf cherry, Parry's jujube, California joint-fir, narrow-leaf goldenbush, blackbrush, and Sandberg bluegrass.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Mojave Desert of Southeastern California; MLRA 30. The soils are of moderate extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/california/Jos...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
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For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
The New River Gorge National River is a unit of the United States National Park Service designed to protect and maintain the New River Gorge in southern West Virginia. Established in 1978, the NPS-protected area stretches for 53 miles (85 km) from just downstream of Hinton to Hawks Nest State Park near Ansted.
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Exposed area of the aquitard layer underlying the plinthic soils of the southeastern US coastal plain. At a macro level, these materials have observable structure; however, their structure may not be observable within a soil pit. In plinthic soils, these underlying layers act as an aquitard restricting water movement, facilitating the formation of plinthite. Because of the dark red color and dense characteristics, these layers are referred to by the local soil scientists as the "brick" layer.
These layers are normally more than 2 meters below the soil surface, but may be at shallower depths where the soils have historically been cultivated and severe erosion has occurred.
Question: Is the macro structure demonstrated in the image the result of pedogenesis (soil formation) or is it a product of mechanical compaction of marine sediments or a geologic weathering pattern?
For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:
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For additional information about soil classification using USDA-NRCS Soil Taxonomy, visit:
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or;
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/soil-...
A representative soil profile of a Humic Pachic Dystrudept in Idaho.
These soils have an umbric or mollic epipedon 50 cm or more thick. They are otherwise like the soils of the Typic subgroup. Humic Pachic Dystrudepts are of small extent in the United States. They are widely distributed but are concentrated in the mountains of the Eastern and Northwestern States. The native vegetation consists mostly of mixed forest. Most of these soils are used as forest. Many of the less sloping soils have been cleared and are used as cropland or pasture.
The umbric horizon (Latin: umbra, shade) is a thick, dark colored, surface Soil horizon rich in organic matter. It is identified by its dark color and structure. Normally it has a pH of less than 5.5 representing a base saturation of less than 50 percent. It is similar to a mollic epipedon but with a base saturation of less than 50 percent.
Dystrudepts are the acid Udepts of humid and perhumid regions. They developed mostly in late-Pleistocene or Holocene deposits. Some developed on older, steeply sloping surfaces. The parent materials generally are acid, moderately or weakly consolidated sedimentary or metamorphic rocks or acid sediments. A few of the soils formed in saprolite derived from igneous rocks. The vegetation was mostly deciduous trees.
For additional information about Idaho soils, please visit:
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A representative soil profile of the Port soil series, the Oklahoma State Soil.
The Port series consist of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable flood plain soils that formed in calcareous loamy alluvium of Recent age. These nearly level to very gently sloping soils are on narrow flood plains in the Central Rolling Red Prairies (MLRA-80A) and the Central Rolling Red Prairies (MLRA 78C). Slopes range from 0 to 3 percent. Mean annual precipitation is 32 inches. Mean annual temperature is 63 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, thermic Cumulic Haplustolls
Depth of secondary calcium carbonates ranges from 20 to 60 inches. Thickness of the mollic epipedon ranges from 20 to 40 inches. The A, Bk/Bw, and C horizons are silt loam, loam, silty clay loam, or clay loam.
USE AND VEGETATION: Mainly cultivated to alfalfa, small grains, grain sorghum, and cotton. Some areas are used for tame pasture or rangeland for grazing beef cattle. Native vegetation is tall grasses with an overstory of pecan, black walnut, bur oak, and eastern cottonwood trees.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Eastern part of the Central Rolling Red Plains (MLRA-78C) and the Central Rolling Red Prairies (MLRA-80A) of Oklahoma, Kansas, and Texas. The series is extensive.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/oklahoma/OK017...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/P/PORT.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A peanut field in an area of Dothan loamy sand, 2 to 5 percent slopes. This map unit is well suited to cultivated crops and qualifies as prime farmland. (Soil Survey of Washington County, Florida; By Milton Martinez, Natural Resources Conservation Service}
The Dothan series consists of very deep, well drained soils that formed in thick beds of unconsolidated, medium to fine-textured marine sediments. Dothan soils are on interfluves. Slopes range from 0 to 15 percent. Mean annual temperature is about 18 degrees C (65 degrees F), and the mean annual precipitation is about 1360 millimeters (53 inches).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, kaolinitic, thermic Plinthic Kandiudults
Plinthite: Depth to horizons that contain 5 percent or more plinthite ranges from 60 to 152 centimeters (24 to 60 inches).
Silt content is less than 20 percent.
Clay content is between 18 to 35 percent in the upper 51 centimeters (20 inches) of the Bt horizon.
Depth to Redox features: Predominantly greater than 102 centimeters (40 inches), but some pedons have iron depletions below a depth of 76 centimeters (30 inches).
USE AND VEGETATION:
Most areas of Dothan soils have been cleared and are used for the production of corn, cotton, peanuts, vegetable crops, hay, and pasture. Forested areas are in longleaf pine, loblolly pine, sweetgum, southern red oak, and hickory.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Major Land Resource Areas (MLRA): The series occurs primarily in the Southern Coastal Plain (MLRA 133A), but it also occurs to a lesser extent in the Atlantic Coast Flatwoods (MLRA 153A).
Extent: large extent
For a detailed description, visit:
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A representative soil profile of the Sorrento series. A thin layer of human-transported materials overlies the truncated native soil (at a depth of 42 centimeters). The original surface layer has been removed and mixed into these materials. (Supplement to the Soil Survey of Los Angeles County, California, Southeastern Part; by Randy L. Riddle and Christopher “Kit” Paris, Natural Resources Conservation Service).
The Sorrento series consists of very deep, well drained soils that formed in alluvium mostly from sedimentary rocks. Sorrento soils are on alluvial fans and stabilized floodplains and have slopes of 0 to 15 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 16 inches and the mean annual temperature is about 61 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, thermic Calcic Haploxerolls
The mean annual soil temperature is 59 to 63 degrees F. and the soil temperature is rarely if ever below 47 degrees F. The soil between depths of about 5 and 15 inches usually is dry all of the time from late April or May until November or early December and usually is moist in some or all parts all the rest of the year. The 10 to 40 inch control section is loam, fine sandy loam, clay loam, sandy clay loam or silty clay loam with 18 to 35 percent clay and more than 15 percent fine sand or coarser. Few pedons have as much as 15 percent rock fragments. The upper part of the profile is slightly acid to moderately alkaline, and is noncalcareous to a depth of 20 to 40 inches. Effervescence is weak to violent in disseminated lime and secondary powder or mycelial lime is present.
USE AND VEGETATION: Used mainly for growing irrigated fruit, nut, field, forage, and truck crops, and some dry grain. Uncultivated areas are mostly annual grasses and forbs with sycamore along drainageways.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Valleys of the south half of the Coast Range in California, MLRA 14. The soils are extensive. The Farewell series was formerly in the same family and is now inactive and combined with the Sorrento series.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/california/los...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
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Soil profile: A Rhodic soil profile (Rhodic Kandiudult) in Boluo County, Guangdong Province, China (PRC-03).
Landscape: These soils ranged from 2 to 15 percent slopes and are mostly on sideslopes and low ridges. Nearly all were cultivated in potatoes and sugarcane. Scattered banana trees were common.
Kandiudults are the Udults that are very deep and have a kandic horizon and a clay distribution in which the percentage of clay does not decrease from its maximum amount by as much as 20 percent within a depth of 150 cm from the mineral soil surface, or the layer in which the clay percentage decreases has at least 5 percent of the volume consisting of skeletans on faces of peds and there is at least a 3 percent (absolute) increase in clay content below this layer. Kandiudults are of moderate extent in the Southeastern United States.
Rhodic Kandiudults soils are like Typic Kandiudults, but the upper part of their kandic horizon has hue of 2.5YR or redder, a color value, moist, of 3 or less, and a dry value no more than 1 unit higher than the moist value. Rhodic Kandiudults are of small extent in the United States. The natural vegetation consisted of forest plants. Slopes range from nearly level to moderately steep. Many of these soils are used as cropland. Some, particularly the most sloping ones, are used as forest. Some are used as pasture or homesites.
For additional information about soil classification, visit:
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A soil profile of a well drained, loamy Kandiustalf in Zambia. The intensely weathered kandic horizon (beginning at a depth of about 15 cm and extending below the base of the photo) has low natural fertility and a limited ability to supply plant nutrients. (Soil Survey Staff. 2015. Illustrated guide to Soil Taxonomy. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, National Soil Survey Center, Lincoln, Nebraska)
Kandiustalfs have thick kandic subsoil horizons that have relatively high base saturation but a low cation-exchange capacity. Many of
these soils occur on the older surfaces in warm, humid or semihumid areas. Kandiustalfs occur mostly in Africa and South America. They are commonly used as rangeland or cropland.
For additional information about soil classification, visit:
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A profile of Brushy extremely gravelly loam. Chert fragments in the lower part of the profile, beginning at a depth of about 40 centimeters,
are commonly stone size (10 to 25 inches in diameter). (Soil survey of Bland County, Virginia; by Robert K. Conner, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Brushy series consists of moderately deep, well drained soils formed in residuum from cherty limestone on mountain summits, shoulders, and side slopes. Permeability is moderate. Slope ranges from 2 to 70 percent. Average annual precipitation is about 38 inches, and average annual air temperature is about 52 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, siliceous, semiactive, mesic Typic Hapludults
The solum thickness and depth to hard bedrock ranges from 20 to 40 inches. Chert gravel ranges from 25 to 80 percent with more than 35 percent by volume in the particle size control section. Reaction is extremely acid to moderately acid throughout.
USE AND VEGETATION: Soils are used to grow trees consisting of oaks, hickories, and yellow-poplar. Dogwood, hemlock, and mountain laurel are in the understory.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRA 128, Virginia and possibly West Virginia and Tennessee. The soils are of moderate extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/virginia/VA021...
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Soil profile: Layland soils are young and do not exhibit strong colors or well developed structure in the subsoil. (Soil Survey of Gauley River National Recreation Area, West Virginia; By Aron Sattler and James Bell, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: Typical landscape of Layland-Rock outcrop complex, 35 to 70 percent slopes, very rubbly. The Lower Nuttall sandstone forms the prominent cliffs (Rock outcrop) on both sides of the Gauley River.
Depth Class: Very deep
Drainage Class (Agricultural): Well drained
Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity Class: Moderately high
Landscape: The Allegheny Plateau
Parent Material: Colluvium derived from sandstones and shales
Slope: 15 to 80 percent
Mean Annual Air Temperature (type location): 11 degrees C. (52 degrees F.)
Mean Annual Precipitation (type location): 1168 mm (46 inches)
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, siliceous, semiactive, mesic Typic Dystrudepts
Depth to the top of the Cambic: 8 to 51 cm (3 to 20 inches)
Depth to the base of the Cambic: 76 to 152 cm (30 to 60 inches)
Depth to Bedrock: greater than 152 cm (60 inches)
Rock Fragment content (by volume): 5 to 60 percent in individual horizons of the upper solum, 30 to 90 percent in the BC and C horizons. The weighted average of rock fragments in the particle size class control section (25 to 102 cm) is 35 percent or more. Rock fragments are dominantly sandstone in the upper part. Fragments of siltstone and shale often increase in volume in the lower part of the profile.
Soil Reaction: Very strongly acid or extremely acid throughout the mineral soil, except where limed or affected by burning. Organic surface horizons are very strongly acid to moderately acid n reaction.
Other soil features: The particle size control section averages 18 to 27 percent clay. Some pedons have a lithologic discontinuity to colluvium dominated by materials weathered from shale and siltstone below a depth of 92 cm (36 inches).
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: Woodland and pasture
Dominant Vegetation: Oak-hickory or mixed mesophytic forests, largely depending on aspect; predominantly scarlet, black, white, red, or chestnut oak, red maple, pignut or mockernut hickory, yellow poplar, American Holly, and beech.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: West Virginia, Possibly Maryland and Pennsylvania.
Extent: Moderate
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/west_virginia/...
For a detailed description, visit:
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A representative soil profile of the Campbell series. The surface layer is very loose because of cultivation. The subsoil is silty clay loam that contains more clay as depth increases. Smooth excavation surfaces are visible below a depth of 80 centimeters. A buried clay soil occurs below 1 meter. (Supplement to the Soil Survey of Santa Clara Area, California, Western Part; Narratives written by William Reed, natural resources specialist, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Campbell series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils on floodplains and alluvial fans. These soils formed in alluvium derived from mixed rock sources. Slopes range from 0 to 2 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 14 inches and the mean annual temperature is about 60 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, thermic Cumulic Haploxerolls
Note: Despite some wetness, mottles are too deep, below 20 inches, for an aquic suborder and chromas are too bright for an aquic extragrade. Major revision of description resulting from moving the type location during mapping of the Santa Clara Valley in 2006-2008 because the old type location was lost to urbanization.
The soils are developed in material of mixed mineralogy. Mean soil temperature is between 59 and 62 degrees F. The soils are moist from mid October until about June 15. The textural control section of 25 to 100 centimeters has clay content of 27 to 35 percent clay. Depth to the buried A horizon ranges from 30 to 100 centimeters. Fragments are gravel in size and range from 0 to 2 percent.
USE AND VEGETATION: Large areas have been urbanized and othere areas are used for row crops, truck crops, fruit orchards, pasture and hay. Native vegetation was grass-oak.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Correlated only in Santa Clara County, California where the soil is moderately extensive. 14,000 acres.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/california/san...
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The Gooding series consists of deep to a duripan, well drained soils that formed in mixed alluvium and loess. Gooding soils are on alluvial fan terraces on basalt plains and buttes. Permeability is very slow. Slopes range from 0 to 20 percent. The average annual precipitation is about 12 inches and the average annual air temperature is about 47 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, smectitic, mesic Vertic Paleargids
Depth to calcium carbonates - 17 to 34 inches
Depth to bedrock - 41 inches or more
Depth to duripan - 40 to 60 inches
Average annual soil temperature - 47 to 53 degrees F.
Average summer soil temperature - 60 to 70 degrees F.
Other features - AE horizon occurs in some pedons
USE AND VEGETATION: Gooding soils are used mainly for rangeland, wildlife habitat, and irrigated pasture and cropland. Common crops are small grains, beans, and alfalfa. The dominant natural vegetation is Wyoming big sagebrush, alkali sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass, needlegrass, and sandberg bluegrass.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: South central and southwest Idaho. The series is of moderate extent.
For additional information about Idaho soils, please visit:
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A representative soil profile of an Histosol from the Cerado physiographic region--a vast tropical savanna ecoregion of Brazil, particularly in the states of Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso, Tocantins, Minas Gerais and the Federal District of Brazil. (Horizonation is by Brazil soil classification system.)
In both the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB) and the USDA soil taxonomy, a Histosol is a soil consisting primarily of organic materials. They are defined as having 40 centimetres (16 in) or more of organic soil material in the upper 80 centimetres (31 in). Organic soil material has an organic carbon content (by weight) of 12 to 18 percent, or more, depending on the clay content of the soil. These materials include muck (sapric soil material), mucky peat (hemic soil material), or peat (fibric soil material). Aquic conditions or artificial drainage are required. Typically, Histosols have very low bulk density and are poorly drained because the organic matter holds water very well. Most are acidic and many are very deficient in major plant nutrients which are washed away in the consistently moist soil.
In the Brazil soil classification system, these soils are classified as Organossolos. Organossolos are soils that are very rich in organic matter and are characterized by an organic carbon level that is greater than 80 g/kg. These soils are usually completely saturated for at least a month out of the year and/or have a large amount of organic matter accumulation.
For additional information about these soils, visit:
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and...
For additional information about U.S. soil classification, visit:
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A representative soil profile of the Retsabal series. (Soil Survey of Arches National Park, Utah; by Catherine E. Scott, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: A typical landscape of Retsabal very fine sandy loam, 2 to 15 percent slopes.
The Retsabal series consists of very shallow and shallow, well drained, moderately permeable soils that formed in residuum derived from Carmel formation gypsum. Retsabal soils are on stable structural benches and knolls on structural benches with slopes of 2 to 50 percent. Average annual precipitation is about 11 inches and the mean annual air temperature is about 49 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-gypseous, hypergypsic, mesic, shallow Leptic Haplogypsids
Mean annual soil temperature: 47 to 57 degrees F.
Soil moisture: Ustic aridic moisture regime
Depth to paralithic bedrock: 4 to 20 inches
Particle size control section averages:
Clay content: 8 to 20 percent clay
USE AND VEGETATION: The soils are used mainly for livestock grazing, wildlife habitat, and recreation. Potential native vegetation is Torrey Mormontea, Green Mormontea, Indian ricegrass, broom snakeweed and scattered Utah Juniper and two-needle pinyon. These soils have been correlated to the Semidesert Shallow Gypsum (Mormontea) 035XY237UT ecological site at the type location in Utah.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: South-central Utah areas of highly gypsiferous materials. This series is of small extent (less than 10,000 acres). MLRA is 35.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/utah/archesUT2...
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soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/R/RETSABAL.html
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Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Tonka series.
Landscape: Tonka soils are in plane or slightly concave, closed basins and depressions on till and glacial lake plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 1 percent. The soils formed in local alluvium over till or glaciolacustrine deposits.
The Tonka series consists of very deep, poorly drained, slowly permeable soils that formed in local alluvium over till or glaciolacustrine deposits. These soils are in closed basins and depressions on till and glacial lake plains and have slopes of 0 to 1 percent. Mean annual air temperature is 42 degrees F, and mean annual precipitation is 20 inches.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, smectitic, frigid Argiaquic Argialbolls
Depth to carbonates commonly is 28 to 40 inches but ranges from 20 to more than 60 inches. The depth to the Bt horizon ranges from 12 to 28 inches. The soil commonly is free of rock fragments, but in some pedons the lower part of the solum and the substratum contain pebbles. Some pedons have surface stones.
USE AND VEGETATION: Used for small grains, hay and pasture. Native vegetation is tall grasses, sedges and rushes.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Widely distributed on the glaciated plains of North Dakota, northeastern South Dakota, and western Minnesota. The series is extensive.
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Typical profile of a Larkin soil. The mollic epipedon is between depths of 1.5 and 17.0 inches (A and AB horizons). The argillic horizon is between depths of 17 and 62 inches (Bt and Btc horizons). The particle-size control section is between depths of 17 and 37 inches (Bt horizon). (Soil Survey of Clearwater Area, Idaho; by Glenn Hoffman, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape--Columbia Hills
Landform--loess hills, structural benches, plateaus
Slope--0 to 60 percent
Parent material--typically loess, but in some areas loess over residuum derived from basalt or loess mixed with a small amount of volcanic ash in upper part
Mean annual air temperature--about 8 degrees C
Mean annual precipitation--about 585 mm
Depth class--very deep
Drainage class--well drained
Soil moisture regime--xeric
Soil temperature regime--mesic
Soil moisture subclass--typic
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Ultic Argixerolls
Thickness of mollic epipedon--25 to 50 cm
Base saturation--50 to 75 percent in some part between depths of 25 and 75 cm
Soil moisture control section--dry 45 to 75 days
Mean annual soil temperature--8 to 12 degrees C
Content of clay in particle-size control section (weighted average)--20 to 35 percent
USE AND VEGETATION:
Use--dominantly crop production; some timber production
Potential natural vegetation--dominantly ponderosa pine, mallow ninebark, common snowberry, elk sedge, and bluebunch wheatgrass
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northern Idaho and eastern Washington; MLRA 9; moderate extent
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/idaho/clearwat...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/L/LARKIN.html
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www.flickr.com/photos/jakelley/50993778376/in/album-72157...
Photo Credit: Jeffrey Dubinsky
Copyright: DubinskyPhotography.com
May not be used for commercial or editorial purposes without the express consent of Dubinsky Photography.
Soil profile: The Conic series consists of moderately deep, well drained soils. (Soil Survey of Voyageurs National Park,
Minnesota; by Peter Weikle, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: Conic soils formed in a mantle of friable loamy material and underlying firm till over bedrock. They have moderate saturated hydraulic conductivity in the friable material and slow saturated hydraulic conductivity in the firm till. Slopes range from 2 to 35 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 28 inches and mean annual air temperature is about 38 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, isotic, frigid Typic Dystrudepts
Depth to firm till is 12 to 30 inches. Depth to bedrock is 20 to 40 inches. Content of coarse fragments by volume in the upper friable layer is 5 to 20 percent for gravel and 2 to 20 percent for stones and boulders. Some cobbles are included. Coarse fragments in the firm till ranges from 15 to 35 percent of mostly gravel but includes some cobbles and stones. Fragments primarily are of igneous origin, but some are of metamorphic origin. Textures of the A, E and Bw horizons are loam, silt loam, gravelly fine sandy loam, gravelly sandy loam and gravelly coarse sandy loam. Some pedons have stony modifiers. The solum ranges from extremely acid to medium acid.
USE AND VEGETATION: These soils are mostly in mixed deciduous and coniferous forest. Major species are quaking aspen, paper birch, white spruce, balsam fir, and jack, red, and white pines. Major resource uses are related to timber, recreation, water and wildlife habitat.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The Laurentian Shield of northeastern Minnesota and parts of New York. Moderate extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/minnesota/voya...
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Photo courtesy of EAD-Environment Agency - Abu Dhabi. www.ead.gov.ae/
Dr. Faisal Taha, ICBA explaining soil survey products during a three-day international conference on Soil Classification and Reclamation of Degraded Lands in Arid Environments (ICSC 2010) bringing together more than 130 scholars, researchers and experts was held in Abu Dhabi, UAE.
The conference, held under the patronage of H.H Sheikh Hamdan bin Zayed Al Nahyan, the Ruler’s Representative in the Western Region and Chairman of the Environment Agency – Abu Dhabi (EAD), aims to share information on land use and planning and discuss various issues in the field of soil classification and reclamation of degraded lands in arid environments.
On the first day of the conference, EAD will reveal the outcomes of the Abu Dhabi Soil Survey, which was initiated in 2006 and completed at the end of 2009.
The conference, which is organized by the Environment Agency – Abu Dhabi (EAD) and the International Center for Biosaline Agriculture (ICBA) from 17-19 May, 2010 in Abu Dhabi, UAE, was inaugurated by H.E. Majid Al Mansouri, EAD’s Secretary General.
In his opening speech, H.E Al Mansouri welcomed scientists, researchers and experts from 35 countries who have gathered to discuss various issues related to soil, land use and planning of agricultural expansion and sustainable use of natural resources.
"Our economy is rapidly growning and we have a hard desert environment, therefore we needed to identify the characteristics of soils in the various regions of the Emirate, for the development of land management and optimum economical use of those soils,” he said.
"EAD has undertaken an integrated project to survey the soils in the Emirate. This project has been brought to a successful conclusion after five years of studies, field surveys, and collection of soil samples, training and capacity-building culminating in the development of an integrated “Abu Dhabi Soil Information System” (ADSIS)”.
Dr Ahmed Al Masoum, ICBA’s Deputy Director General, said that "This conference is the beginning of a new era in soil research within the global scientific community."
"The Survey was the first of its kind in the Emirate and covered all areas of the Emirate of Abu Dhabi. Maps on current land use, vegetation and salinity were produced as well as detailed suitability maps for irrigated agriculture. The soil was mapped and classified using the latest satellite images, and norms and standards of the United States Department of Agriculture” he added.
Dr. Al Masoum added that the soil survey project was undertaken in two phases and involved the mapping and classification of the various types of soils in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi in two different scales. In the first phase the entire emirate was surveyed at a scale of 1:100,000, and in the second phase 400,000 hectares of land, evaluated as suitable for irrigated agriculture was surveyed at a scale of 1:25,000.
“We have uncovered valuable information for strategic planning for sustainable land use in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, and particularly for the development of agriculture and sustainable management of natural resources,” he said.
The conference will feature six keynote speakers from Australia and India, Austria, Spain, Thailand and the United States, in addition to 130 speakers representing 35 countries from all over the world. Speakers will highlight Soil Survey and Classification Strategies and Use in Different Ecological Zones; Advances in Soil Salinity Mapping, Monitoring and Reclamation; Land Use Planning and Policy Implications; Use of Marginal Quality Water in Agriculture and Landscaping and Research and Development/Innovations in Soil Classification & Reclamation.
A workshop on how to use soil survey data in planning and policy making will be held on the sidelines of the conference.
www.researchgate.net/publication/259265194_Book_of_Abstra...
A representative soil profile of the Macool series. (Soil Survey of Channel Islands National Park, California; by Alan Wasner, United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Macool series consists of deep, moderately well drained soils that formed in materials weathered from diorite and gabbro. Macool soils are on hills of islands. Slopes range from 30 to 70 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 18 inches (457 millimeters) and the mean annual temperature is about 57 degrees F (14 degrees C.)
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, smectitic, mesic Typic Argixerolls
The mean annual soil temperature is 54 to 59 degrees F. (12 to 15 degrees C.) The soil moisture control section is dry in all parts from about mid-September to mid-November (about 60 days) and is usually moist the rest of the time.
Depth to bedrock is 40 to 50 inches (101 to 127 centimeters).
The particle size control section averages 40 to 60 percent clay and 0 to 15 percent rock fragments.
Organic matter ranges from 1 to 4 percent to a depth of at least 20 inches (50 centimeters).
USE AND VEGETATION: Wildlife habitat, recreation and building site development. Vegetation is scrub oak and ceonothus chaparral.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Santa Barbara County, California on Santa Cruz Island. The soil is not extensive. MLRA 20.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/california/CA6...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/M/MACOOL.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
The Icknuun series consists of very deep, very poorly drained soils that formed in organic material interlayered with thin strata of mineral material. Icknuun soils are in depressions on till plains. Slopes range from 0 to 3 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Euic Fluvaquentic Cryohemists
USE AND VEGETATION: Wildlife habitat and recreation. The natural vegetation is mainly sedges, sphagnum moss, bog birch, Labrador tea, and other low-growing shrubs and forbs.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Cook Inlet-Susitna Lowlands. The series is of small extent.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/I/ICKNUUN.html
For geographic distribution, visit:
casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/see/#icknuun
For additional information about soil classification using Soil Taxonomy, visit:
sites.google.com/site/dinpuithai/Home … or:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/cla...
For more information about describing soils using the USDA-Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_052523...
For more information about describing soils using the USDA-Soil Survey Manual, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/ref/?cid=n...
A representative profile of Grandmore loamy sand, 0 to 3 percent. A lithologic discontinuity occurs at a depth of below 125 centimeters. (Soil Survey of Greer County, Oklahoma; by Richard F. Gelnar, Clay D. Salisbury, and Randall Miller; Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Grandmore series consists of very deep, moderately well drained, moderately slowly permeable soils. These soils formed in loamy alluvium of Pleistocene age. These nearly level to very gently sloping soils are on stream terraces in the Central Rolling Red Plains (MLRA 78). Slope ranges from 0 to 3 percent. Mean annual temperature is about 62 degrees F., and mean annual precipitation is about 25 inches.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, thermic Typic Haplustalfs
Particle-size control section (weighted average)
Clay content: 18 to 35 percent
CEC/clay ratio: 0.4 to 0.6
Thickness of the solum: 60 to more than 80 inches
Depth to a discontinuity (with an increase in clay content): 30 to 60 inches
Depth to episaturation: 40 to 60 inches
USE AND VEGETATION: Used mainly as cropland. Wheat, grain sorghum, cotton, alfalfa, improved bermudagrass, and weeping lovegrass are the principal crops. Native vegetation is mid and tall grasses.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Central Rolling Red Plains of western Oklahoma and Texas; LRR H; MLRA 78; Moderate extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/oklahoma/OK055...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/G/GRANDMORE.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Noboco series.
Landscape: An area of Noboco-Norfolk complex, 0 to 2 percent slopes. These Nobocco and Norfolk soils are well suited to the production of flue-cured tobacco. (Soil Survey of Sumter County, South Carolina; by Charles M. Ogg, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Depth Class: Very deep
Drainage Class (Agricultural): Moderately well drained, well drained
Internal Free Water Occurrence: Moderately deep, common
Flooding Frequency and Duration: None
Ponding Frequency and Duration: None
Index Surface Runoff: Low
Permeability: Moderate (Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity: Moderately high)
Shrink-Swell Potential: Low
Landscape: Lower, middle, upper coastal plain
Landform: Marine terraces, uplands
Geomorphic Component: Interfluve, side slopes
Hillslope Profile Position: Summits, shoulders
Parent Material: Loamy marine deposits, fluviomarine deposits
Slope: 0 to 6 percent
Elevation (type location): 170 feet
Frost Free Period (type location): 230 days
Mean Annual Air Temperature (type location): 64 degrees F.
Mean Annual Precipitation (type location): 45 inches
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, siliceous, subactive, thermic Oxyaquic Paleudults
Thickness of the sandy surface and subsurface layers: 5 to 19 inches
Depth to top of the Argillic horizon: 5 to 19 inches
Depth to the base of the Argillic horizon: 60 to more than 80 inches
Depth to Bedrock: Greater than 80 inches
Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: 30 to 40 inches, December to March
Rock Fragment Content: 0 to 5 percent, by volume throughout; mostly fine ironstone nodules
Soil Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid, except where limed
Plinthite Content: 0 to 4 percent in the Bt horizon above 60 inches and 0 to 10 percent or more below 60 inches
Noboco soils were previously mapped with the Norfolk series. In 11/2002, the series was reclassified from Typic to Oxyaquic Paleudults and the type location relocated from Orangeburg County, SC to Lee County, SC. In 10/2004, the drainage class was expanded to allow moderately well drained or well drained soils. Although Noboco soils are classified as Paleudults, soils mapped as Noboco commonly have a kandic horizon. Since use and management of the kandic and non-kandic soils is very similar, it is not considered useful to establish a Kandiudult counterpart. The Kandiudult components are to be identified in the NASIS database and correlation and classification documents as taxadjuncts and once sufficient acreage has been reached, a new series may be considered.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/south_carolina...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/N/NOBOCO.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: The very deep, moderately well drained Dellwood soils are sandy in the upper part of the profile and sandy-skeletal in the lower part. (Soil Survey of Yancey County, North Carolina; by Bruce P. Smith, Jr., Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: Dellwood soils are on nearly level and gently sloping flood plains of fast flowing streams in the upper reaches of watersheds in the Southern Appalachian Mountains. Elevation generally ranges from about 1,200 to 3,200 feet, but many range as high as 4,500 feet. The soils formed in loamy and sandy alluvium that contains a large amount of rounded gravel and cobbles.
Dellwood-Reddies complex, 0 to 3 percent slopes, occasionally flooded
Setting
Landscape: Mountain valleys
Elevation range: 2,000 to 3,000 feet
Landform: Flood plains dominantly at the upper end of mountain valleys
Landform position: Planar to slightly convex
bottomland slopes
Shape of areas: Long and narrow
Size of areas: As much as 329 acres
Composition
Dellwood soil and similar inclusions: 45 percent
Reddies soil and similar inclusions: 35 percent
Dissimilar inclusions: 20 percent
Typical Profile--Dellwood
Surface layer:
0 to 4 inches—very dark grayish brown loamy fine sand
4 to 15 inches—dark brown loamy fine sand
Underlying material:
15 to 67 inches—multicolored very gravelly coarse sand
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Sandy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Oxyaquic Humudepts
Depth class: Very deep
Drainage class: Moderately well drained
General texture class: Dellwood—sandy in the upper part of the profile and sandy-skeletal in the lower part; Reddies—sandy in the upper part of the profile and sandy or sandy-skeletal in the lower part
Permeability: Dellwood—moderately rapid in the surface layer and rapid or very rapid in the underlying material; Reddies—moderately rapid in the surface layer and subsoil and rapid in the underlying material
Available water capacity: Very low
Depth to seasonal high water table: Dellwood—2.0 to 4.0 feet from December through May; Reddies—
2.0 to 3.5 feet from December through May
Hazard of flooding: Occasional, throughout the year with standing water for less than 2 days
Shrink-swell potential: Low
Slope class: Nearly level or gently sloping
Extent of erosion: Slight, less than 25 percent of the original surface layer has been removed
Hazard of water erosion: None or slight
Organic matter content (surface layer): Moderate or high
Potential frost action: Low
Special climatic conditions: Soils subject to slow air drainage, which allows late spring and early fall frosts
Soil reaction: Very strongly acid to neutral throughout the profile
Parent material: Alluvium derived from felsic or mafic, high-grade metamorphic or igneous rock
Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches
Depth to contrasting material: Dellwood—8 to 20 inches to deposits of cobbles and gravel that are
stratified with sandy or loamy material; Reddies—20 to 40 inches to deposits of cobbles and gravel
that are stratified with sandy or loamy material
Other distinctive properties: Soils subject to scouring and deposition during flooding
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/north_carolina...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/D/DELLWOOD.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Mussentuchit soil series. (Soil Survey of Capitol Reef National Park, Utah; by Catherine E. Scott, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Mussentuchit series consists of moderately deep, well drained, moderately rapidly permeable soils formed in eolian deposits and/or slope alluvium over residuum derived mainly from gypsiferous sandstone and shale. Mussentuchit soils are on cuestas, hills and structural benches and have slopes of 3 to 35 percent. The average annual precipitation is about 7 inches and the mean annual temperature is about 49 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-gypseous, hypergypsic, mesic Leptic Haplogypsids
Soil moisture: The moisture control section is usually dry, but intermittently moist during late summer and early fall. Aridic moisture regime.
Mean annual soil temperature: 47 to 56 degrees F.
Depth to paralithic contact: 20 to 40 inches, bedrock is soft gypsiferous shale or sandstone.
Depth to gypsic horizon: 2 to 7 inches.
Particle-size control section (weighted average:
Clay content: 6 to 18 percent.
Sand content: fine sand and coarser: 50 to 60 percent.
Rock fragment content: 0 to 35 percent, mainly gravel with up to 15 percent cobbles of gypsiferous sandstone.
Gypsum content: less than 20 mm fraction: 40 to 80 percent.
USE AND VEGETATION: Used for rangeland and wildlife habitat. The potential vegetation is galleta, Indian ricegrass, Mormon-tea, and shadscale.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southeastern Utah. This series is not extensive. LRR D, MLRA 34B, 35.
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Capital Reef National Park, 2008. The name is from Mussentuchit Flat in an area where this soil is mapped.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/utah/CapitolRe...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/M/MUSSENTUCHIT.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of Studybutte very gravelly loam, in an area of Studybutte-Rock outcrop complex, 20 to 60 percent slopes. In this photograph, cobbles are observed, however, gravel-sized coarse fragments dominate in the soil profile. Studybutte soils are very shallow and shallow to igneous bedrock. Soil Survey of Big Bend National Park, Texas; by James Gordon, Soil Scientist, James A. Douglass, Soil Scientist, and Dr. Lynn E. Loomis, Soil Scientist, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Studybutte series consists of very shallow and shallow, well drained soils that are moderately rapidly permeable over very slowly permeable bedrock. The soils developed in residuum and colluvium weathered from siliceous igneous bedrock. These soils are on hills and mountains. Slopes range from 2 to 60 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 11 inches and the mean annual air temperature is about 70 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, nonacid, hyperthermic Lithic Ustic Torriorthents
Soil moisture: Ustic aridic soil moisture regime. Receives precipitation in all months. Driest period is November through April with peak rainfall occurring during May through October.
Mean annual soil temperature: 72 to 78 degrees F.
Depth to igneous bedrock: 4 to 20 inches
Clay content: 5 to 25 percent
Rock fragment content: 35 to 80 percent igneous fragments; 25 to 60 percent gravel; 0 to 20 percent cobbles; 0 to 20 percent stones
USE AND VEGETATION: Used for livestock grazing, wildlife habitat and for recreation. Vegetation physiognomy is desert shrubland. Dominant woody plants include lechuguilla, leatherstem, cenizo, catclaw acacia, ocotillo, tasajillo, creosotebush, pricklypear, and dalea species. Grasses are chino grama, sideoats grama, and tanglehead.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: West Texas. MLRA 42. The series is moderately extensive.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/texas/bigbendT...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/S/STUDYBUTTE.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Saline soils contain enough soluble salts to injure plants. They are characterized by white or light brown crusts on the surface. Saline soils usually have an EC of more than 4 mmho cm-1. Salts generally found in saline soils include NaCl (table salt), CaCl2, gypsum (CaSO4), magnesium sulfate, potassium chloride and sodium sulfate.
For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
or Chapter 3 of the Soil Survey manual:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/The-Soil-Su...
For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=e_hQaXV7MpM
For additional information about soil classification using USDA-NRCS Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/keys-...
or;
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/soil-...
The Orangeburg series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils. These soils are on uplands of the Southern Coastal Plain (MLRA 133A). They formed in loamy and clayey marine sediments. Near the type location, the average annual temperature is about 65 degrees F., and the average annual precipitation is about 52 inches. Slopes range from 0 to 25 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kandiudults
Solum thickness typically is 72 to 96 inches and ranges from 60 to 120 inches. Ironstone nodules range from 0 to 10 percent, by volume, throughout the solum. Reaction of the A and Bt1 horizons is very strongly acid to moderately acid, and the Bt2 and underlying horizons are very strongly acid or strongly acid.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas of Orangeburg soils are used for growing cotton, corn, tobacco and peanuts. Some areas are in pasture and woodland. Forest species include longleaf pine, shortleaf pine, loblolly pine, various oaks, hickory and dogwood.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The Southern Coastal Plain of Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, North Carolina, South Carolina and Virginia. The series is of large extent, about 2 million acres.
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/O/ORANGEBURG.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Juanalo series. (Soil Survey of Glen Canyon National Recreation Area, Arizona and Utah; by Michael W. Burney, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Juanalo series consists of shallow, well drained soils that formed in residuum derived from limestone. Juanalo soils are on mesas and structural benches. Slopes range from 1 to 6 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 9 inches and the mean annual temperature is about 56 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy, mixed, superactive, calcareous, mesic Lithic Torriorthents
Soil moisture: Typic aridic moisture regime.
Mean annual soil temperature: 54 to 58 degrees F
Depth to lithic contact: 10 to 20 inches to Juana Lopez limestone
Depth to cambic horizon: 1 to 4 inches
Particle-size control section (weighted average):
Clay content: 18 to 35 percent
Rock fragments: 0 to 35 percent
USE AND VEGETATION: Rangeland. Native vegetation is galleta, alkali sacaton saltbush, fringed sage and cactus.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southwest Colorado; MLRA 35; minor extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/arizona/glenca...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/J/JUANALO.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
The Wehadkee series consists of very deep, poorly drained and very poorly drained soils on flood plains along streams that drain from the mountains and piedmont. They are formed in loamy sediments. Slopes range from 0 to 2 percent. Near the type location, mean annual precipitation is about 48 inches, and mean annual temperature is about 60 degrees F.
A hydric soil is a soil that formed under conditions of saturation, flooding or ponding long enough during the growing season to develop anaerobic conditions in the upper part.
Wetlands are areas where water covers the soil, or is present either at or near the surface of the soil all year or for varying periods of time during the year, including during the growing season. Water saturation (hydrology) largely determines how the soil develops and the types of plant and animal communities living in and on the soil. Wetlands may support both aquatic and terrestrial species. The prolonged presence of water creates conditions that favor the growth of specially adapted plants (hydrophytes) and promote the development of characteristic wetland (hydric) soils.
The concept of hydric soils includes soils developed under sufficiently wet conditions to support the growth and regeneration of hydrophytic vegetation. Soils that are sufficiently wet because of artificial measures are included in the concept of hydric soils. Also, soils in which the hydrology has been artificially modified are hydric if the soil, in an unaltered state, was hydric. Some soil series, designated as hydric, have phases that are not hydric depending on water table, flooding, and ponding characteristics.