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A soil profile of a poorly drained Sulfaquept in Korea. This soil is used to grow rice. The left side of the profile exhibits natural soil structure; the right side of the profile has been smoothed. Draining the soil has caused sulfur within the soil to oxidize, thereby forming sulfuric acid. The yellow streaks below a depth of about 30 cm are concentrations of the mineral jarosite, which is produced as the sulfur is oxidized. (Soil Survey Staff. 2015. Illustrated guide to Soil Taxonomy. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, National Soil Survey Center, Lincoln, Nebraska)
Sulfaquepts are acid sulfate soils that have been drained and oxidized at some time. They are extremely acid and toxic to most plants. They are mostly dark gray and have straw-colored mottles of iron sulfate (jarosite) within a depth of 50 cm. They are mainly in drained coastal marshes near the mouths of rivers that carry sediments that are free of carbonates or have a low content of carbonates. They can have any texture, but most are loamy or clayey. These soils contain an appreciable amount of organic carbon (of Holocene age). They are rare in the United States but occur elsewhere in a few areas that have been used mainly for the production of rice.
For additional information about soil classification, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/cla...
Soil profile of Lily loam. Because this soil formed under forest, it exhibits dark surface horizons 5 centimeters Lily soils have bedrock at a depth of 50 to 100 centimeters (20 to 40 inches). In this photo, sandstone bedrock is at a depth of approximately 60 centimeters. (Soil Survey of New River Gorge National River, West Virginia; by Wendy Noll and James Bell, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Lily series consists of moderately deep, well drained soils formed in residuum weathered primarily from sandstone. Permeability is moderately rapid. These nearly level to very steep soils are on ridge tops and hill sides. Slopes range from 0 to 65 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, mesic Typic Hapludults
Solum thickness and depth to sandstone range from 20 to 40 inches. Coarse fragments, mostly sandstone channers, range from 0 to 30 percent to a depth of about 24 inches and from 0 to 35 percent below 24 inches. Reaction ranges from extremely acid to strongly acid, unless limed.
USE AND VEGETATION: Used for growing corn, tobacco, small grains and hay and as pasture. Native forest is oak, hickory, dogwood, elm, beech, and Virginia, shortleaf or white pine.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Kentucky, Arkansas, Georgia, Missouri, Ohio, Tennessee and West Virginia. Extent is large.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/west_virginia/...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/L/LILY.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
This Arenic Plinthic Kandiudult is in South Carolina.
Arenic Plinthic Kandiudults have a layer, starting at the mineral soil surface, that has a sandy or sandy-skeletal particle-size class and is between 50 and 100 cm thick. They also have 5 to 50 percent (by volume) plinthite in one or more horizons within 150 cm of the mineral soil surface. These soils are of large extent in the southeastern United States. The Fuquay soil series is the most common.
In this pedon, the soil has a very abrupt irregular boundary between the E and Bt horizons.
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: Cropland, commonly tobacco, cotton, corn, soybeans, and small grains. Where wooded--loblolly pine, longleaf pine, and slash pine, with some hardwoods, understory plants including American holly, flowering dogwood, persimmon, and greenbrier.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Upper Coastal Plain of North Carolina, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina
Extent: Large
For additional information about soil classification, visit:
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For additional information about describing and sampling soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/home/?cid=...
The Pomona series consists of very deep, poorly and very poorly drained soils that formed in sandy and loamy marine sediments. Pomona soils are on flats and flatwoods on marine terraces. Slopes range from 0 to 2 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Sandy, siliceous, hyperthermic Ultic Alaquods
USE AND VEGETATION:
Under natural conditions Pomona soils are used for water quality and wildlife habitat. Cultivated areas are used for truck crops and tame pasture. Potential native vegetation consists of slash pine, longleaf pine, and south Florida slash pine with an understory of sawpalmetto, waxmyrtle, gallberry, creeping bluestem, chalky bluestem, indiangrass, and pineland threeawn.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Major Land Resource Area (MLRA): Southern Florida Flatwoods (MLRA 155), South Central Florida Ridge (MLRA 154), and Southern Florida Lowlands (MLRA 156B)
Extent: Moderate
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/P/POMONA.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Ar Riwedah soil series.
www.flickr.com/photos/jakelley/50698546203/in/album-72157...
Most of the UAE's cultivated land is taken up by date palms, which in the early 1990s numbered about 4 million. They are cultivated in the arc of small oases that constitute the Al Liwa Oasis. Both federal and amirate governments provide incentives to farmers. For example, the government offers a 50 percent subsidy on fertilizers, seeds, and pesticides. It also provides loans for machinery and technical assistance. The amirates have forty-one agricultural extension units as well as several experimental farms and agricultural research stations. The number of farmers rose from about 4,000 in the early 1970s to 18,265 in 1988.
Lack of arable land, intense heat, periodic locust swarms, and limited water supplies are the main obstacles to agriculture. The drive to increase the area under cultivation has resulted in the rapid depletion of underground aquifers, resulting in precipitous drops in water tables and serious increases in soil and water salinity in some areas.
A representative soil profile of a Typic Haplocryalf in Idaho.
The Haplocryalfs of the United States are in the mountains of the Western States and have a cryic temperature regime. Most support coniferous forest vegetation. Virtually none of them are cultivated because their slopes are steep and the growing season is short and cool. In other countries, Haplocryalfs occur on mountains and also on plains nearly as far north as the line of continuous permafrost. Some of the associated soils on these landscapes are Gelisols on northfacing slopes and Histosols.
The central concept or Typic subgroup of Haplocryalfs is fixed on freely drained soils that are deep or moderately deep to hard rock. These soils have a high color value in an Ap horizon or in a layer of comparable depth after mixing and have a loamy or finer textured argillic horizon. Most of them are under a coniferous forest. Slopes generally are moderately steep to very steep.
For additional information about Idaho soils, please visit:
storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/97d01af9d4554b9097cb0a477e04...
A representative soil profile of the Otwood series. Permeability is moderate above the fragipan and slow to very slow permeability in the fragipan. (Kentucky Soil Atlas; by Anastasios D. Karathanasis, University of Kentucky)
The Otwood series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils with a fragipan. The soil is on nearly level to moderately steep stream and river terraces. The soil formed in a mixture of loess and silty alluvium and the underlying residuum of shale, siltstone, sandstone, or limestone. Slopes range from 0 to 25 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, active, mesic Oxyaquic Fragiudalfs
Thickness of the solum ranges from 40 to 90 inches. Depth to bedrock is greater than 60 inches. Depth to the fragipan ranges from 20 to 36 inches. Fragments, commonly rounded pebbles or gravel, range from 0 to 5 percent above the fragipan and from 0 to 15 percent in the fragipan and below. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to moderately alkaline.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most of the soil has been cleared and is used for growning corn, soybeans, small grains, tobacco, and hay. Some areas are used as pasture and woodland.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The outer Bluegrass, Western Coal Fields, the Pennyroyal areas in Kentucky. The series is of small extent but occurs in numerous soil survey areas.
For additional information about Kentucky soils, visit:
uknowledge.uky.edu/pss_book/4/
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/O/OTWOOD.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
The Houk series consists of very deep, somewhat poorly drained soils on low terraces and bottomlands. They formed in mixed alluvium weathered from andesite, granite, rhyolite, and basalt. Permeability is slow. Slopes are 0 to 2 percent. The average annual precipitation is about 14 inches and the average annual air temperature is about 41 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, smectitic, frigid Argiaquic Xeric Argialbolls
Average annual soil temperature - 41 to 45 degrees F
Depth to water table - 30 to 60 inches; April through September
Depth to mottles - 30 to 46 inches
Clay content in control section - 35 to 60 percent
USE AND VEGETATION: Used mainly for pasture, dry cropland, and some irrigated cropland. Crops are small grain and hay. Vegetation is silver sagebrush, foxtail barley, water tolerant grasses, common camas and willows.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southwestern and south-central Idaho. The soils are moderately extensive.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/H/HOUK.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
The Ramsdell series consists of very deep, very poorly drained soils on level or nearly level low stream terraces and depressions on floodplains and valley floors. They formed in silty alluvium. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-silty, mixed, superactive, nonacid, frigid Aquandic Endoaquepts
USE AND VEGETATION: Used mostly for non-irrigated oats, pasture, hay, and grass seed production. Natural vegetation is Pacific willow, black cottonwood, western river alder, and western redcedar, with an understory of grass, and sedge, and forbs.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northern Idaho. This soil is not extensive.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/R/RAMSDELL.html
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Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Minehart series. (Soil Survey of Clark Mountain, Jean Lake, and Crescent Park Grazing Allotments, California; by Carrie-Ann Houdeshell, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Minehart series consists of very deep, well drained soils that formed in alluvium derived from volcanic and metamorphic rocks. Minehart soils are on fan remnants. Slope ranges from 2 to 8 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 200 millimeters and the mean annual temperature is about 18 degrees C. The frost-free season is 180 to 240 days.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, thermic Ustic Paleargids
Soil moisture - Usually dry, moist in some part from December to March and intermittently moist for 10 to 20 days during July to October following summer convection storms; aridic moisture regime bordering on ustic.
Soil temperature: 15 to 18 degrees C.
Depth to argillic horizon: 5 to 10 centimeters.
Clay content: Averages 18 to 27 percent.
Control section - Rock fragments: Averages 5 to 20 percent, mainly gravel.
USE AND VEGETATION: These soils are used for rangeland and wildlife habitat. The present vegetation is mainly galleta, bush muhly, black grama, Coopers goldenbush and banana yucca.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Mojave Desert of southeastern California; MLRA 30. These soils are not extensive.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/california/cla...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/M/MINEHART.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Gradual transition from a Btv horizon (plinthic horizon) with greater than 30 to more than 50 percent plinthite with depth to the underlying non-cemented and variegated aquitard layer. Further investigation is needed to determine if the aquitard layer is best described as a Cd layer or a BCtx horizon.
The "v" symbol indicates the presence of iron-rich, humus-poor, reddish material that is firm or very firm when moist and is less than strongly cemented. The material hardens irreversibly when exposed to the atmosphere and to repeated wetting and drying.
For more information about a plinthic horizon, visit;
www.researchgate.net/publication/242649722_Rationale_for_...
or;
www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S00167061220043...
For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
or Chapter 3 of the Soil Survey manual:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/The-Soil-Su...
For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=e_hQaXV7MpM
For additional information about soil classification using USDA-NRCS Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/keys-...
or;
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/soil-...
A hydric soil is a soil that formed under conditions of saturation, flooding or ponding long enough during the growing season to develop anaerobic conditions in the upper part.
Most hydric soil occur in non-sloping wetlands (swamps, marshes, depressions, etc.). This hydric soil occurs on a moderately steep seepy hillside in Alaska developed by very high rainfall.
For more information about Hydric Soils and their Field Indicators, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
The relatively harsh production environment of Abu Dhabi Emirate allows only a limited range of rural production possibilities. Crop production is largely confined to fresh vegetables, fodder and dates.
Most of the UAE's cultivated land is taken up by date palms, which in the early 1990s numbered about 4 million. They are cultivated in the arc of small oases that constitute the Al Liwa Oasis. Both federal and emirate governments provide incentives to farmers. For example, the government offers a 50 percent subsidy on fertilizers, seeds, and pesticides. It also provides loans for machinery and technical assistance. The emirates have forty-one agricultural extension units as well as several experimental farms and agricultural research stations. The number of farmers rose from about 4,000 in the early 1970s to 18,265 in 1988.
For more information about soil classification in the UAE, visit:
vdocument.in/united-arab-emirates-keys-to-soil-taxonomy.h...
For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
or Chapter 3 of the Soil Survey manual:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/The-Soil-Su...
For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:
A representative soil profile of the Tujunga series. (Supplement to the Soil Survey of Los Angeles County, California, Southeastern Part; by Randy L. Riddle, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Tujunga series consists of very deep, somewhat excessively drained soils that formed in alluvium from granitic sources. Tujunga soils are on alluvial fans and floodplains, including urban areas. Slopes range from 0 to 12 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 450 mm and the mean annual temperature is about 18 degrees C.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Mixed, thermic Typic Xeropsamments
Soil moisture: The soil becomes moist below a depth of about 30 centimeters some time from October to December and remains moist in some part between depths of about 30 to 90 centimeters until April or May.
Mean annual soil temperature: 16 to 20 degrees C. The soil temperature usually does not go below 8 degrees C.
Textures in the particle size control section: coarse sand, sand, loamy sand, fine sand, loamy fine sandy, or have a gravelly texture modifier; thin strata with silt sized particles are lacking.
Sand content: greater than 35 percent combined medium to very coarse sand in the control section.
Rock fragments: dominantly 0 to 5 percent throughout; individual horizons may have up to 35 percent fragments.
Reaction: Slightly acid to moderately alkaline.
Human-transported materials (if present): less than 50 cm thick and is non-restrictive.
USE AND VEGETATION: This soil is used for grazing, citrus, grapes, other fruits, and urban residential or commercial development. Uncultivated areas have a cover of shrubs, annual grasses and forbs. In urban areas ornamentals and turf-grass are common.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Central and southern coastal plains and valleys in MLRA 14 & 19. These soils are extensive.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/california/los...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/T/TUJUNGA.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Combs soil series. (Soil Survey of New River Gorge National River, West Virginia; by Wendy Noll and James Bell, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Combs series consists of very deep, well drained, alluvial soils on flood plains and terrace treads along rivers and major streams. Most areas are nearly level or gently sloping with slopes of 0 to 4 percent, but range to as much as 25 percent on riverbanks and risers.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Fluventic Hapludolls
USE AND VEGETATION: Nearly all areas are cleared and used for growing cultivated crops and pasture. Crops include corn, small grains, tobacco, hay, and garden or truck crops. Native vegetation was a mixed mesophytic hardwood forest interspaced with cane breaks.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The Cumberland-Allegheny Plateau in the Northern and Southern Appalachian Ridges and Valleys, and the Blue Ridge in Kentucky, Virginia, and possibly West Virginia.
Solum thickness is more than 40 inches. Thickness of the mollic epipedon ranges from 10 to 24 inches. The soil ranges from moderately acid to neutral throughout. Coarse fragments are commonly lacking but range up to 15 percent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/west_virginia/...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/C/COMBS.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
The upper meter of the subsoil horizon from a Dothan soil located in South Carolina, exhibiting an increasing amount of plinthite with depth. The reddish areas are very firm, dense and brittle, and are weakly cemented with iron. The area below the knife is root limiting in that zones that roots can enter are 10 or more centimeters apart (continuous phase plinthite).
This pedon would be classified as a "Plinthudult" if determined to have one or more horizons within 150 cm of the mineral soil surface in which plinthite either forms a continuous phase or constitutes one-half or more of the volume. Currently, there is not an established method for determining the quantity of plinthite nor an agree-to definition for "continuous phase" for plinthic materials. This layer would qualify as a "plinthic horizon" as proposed.
A water emersion disaggregation method (or slake test) has been developed to quantify plinthite, however, this method only identifies those plinthic materials that are cemented. Due to past application (primarily in Texas and California) the cementation requirement has not received unanimous acceptance in the soil science community. A proposed definition for "continuous phase" plinthite has been submitted. It is essentially the same as for other materials requiring a continuous phase in Soil Taxonomy.
For more information about Slake Tests, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2023-01/SSIR51.pdf
Soil Survey Field and Laboratory Methods Manual; Soil Survey Investigations Report No. 51, Version 2; Issued 2014 (pp. 148-157)
3.7 Soil Stability, Dispersion, and Slaking
3.7.5 Slaking (Disaggregation) for Identification and Semiquantification of Cemented Materials
John Kelley and Michael A. Wilson, United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation
Service, Soil Survey Staff
According to USDA-Soil Taxonomy, Plinthudults are the more or less freely drained Udults that have a large amount of plinthite in the argillic or kandic horizon. They are mainly in intertropical regions and in some areas are extensive. Historically, they have not been identified in the United States and the great group has been provided for use in other parts of the world. As indicated by this image, this concept should be revisited.
For more information about describing soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
For additional information about soil classification using Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/keys-...
For more information about a plinthic horizon, visit;
www.researchgate.net/publication/242649722_Rationale_for_...
or:
www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S00167061220043...
or:
A profile of a Mystery soil. These soils form in overbank flood deposits. This profile exhibits multiple cycles of buried layers from major flood events. (Soil Survey of Redwood National and State Parks, California; by Joseph P. Seney and Alaina C. Frazier, Natural Resources Conservation Service, and James H. Popenoe, Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Retired)
The Mystery series consists of very deep, moderately well-drained soils formed in multiple deposits of alluvium derived from mixed sources. Mystery soils are on gently sloping alluvial fans, fan remnants, and low terraces and have slopes 2 to 9 percent. Surface runoff is negligible to low. The mean annual precipitation is 1780 millimeters (70 inches) and the mean annual temperature is about 11 degrees C (52 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, superactive, isomesic Oxyaquic Eutrudepts
Soil moisture: The soil is usually moist in all parts in the soil moisture control section in most years, but becomes nearly dry in the upper part from about September 15 to October 15 in most years. The soils have an udic soil moisture regime and an oxyaquic regime subclass. A seasonal water table is present for 20 or more consecutive days or 30 or more cumulative days in most years within the zone from 77 to 100 centimeters (30 to 40 inches).
Soil temperature: The mean annual soil temperature is 10 to 13 degrees C (50 to 55 degrees F). The difference between mean summer and mean winter temperature is 2 to 4 degrees C. The soils have an isomesic temperature regime.
Base Saturation, by ammonium acetate, is less than 60 percent between depths of 25 to 75 centimeters.
Particle-Size Control Section (weighted average):
Rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent gravel, 0 to 5 percent cobble, 0 to 2 percent stone.
Clay content: 10 to 16 percent clay
USE AND VEGETATION: This soil has been used for commercial timber and is used for wildlife, recreation, and watershed. Natural vegetation consists of redwood, Douglas fir, western hemlock, tanoak, cascara, western thimbleberry, evergreen huckleberry, salmonberry, salal, and swordfern.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRA 4B. The series is not extensive.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/california/CA6...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/M/MYSTERY.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Loring soil series. (Kentucky Soil Atlas; by Anastasios D. Karathanasis, University of Kentucky)
The Loring series consists of moderately well drained soils with a fragipan. These soils formed in loess on level to strongly sloping uplands and stream terraces. Slopes range from 0 to 20 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, active, thermic Oxyaquic Fragiudalfs
Thickness of solum ranges from 45 to more than 80 inches. Depth to the fragipan ranges from 14 to 35 inches. Depth to a discontinuity to loamy coastal plains sediments (2Btx horizon) is more than 48 inches. The soil has a single clay maximum in the Bt horizon. Sand content throughout the solum is usually less than 10 percent but may range up to 15 percent. The A and B horizons range from moderately acid through very strongly acid. The C horizon ranges from slightly acid through very strongly acid.
USE AND VEGETATION: Nearly all areas are cleared. The main uses are for growing cotton, small grains, soybeans, hay, and pasture. Wooded areas are in oaks, hickory, elm, maple, tulip poplar, and locust.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Tennessee, Arkansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Missouri. The series is of large extent.
For additional information about Kentucky soils, visit:
uknowledge.uky.edu/pss_book/4/
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/L/LORING.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
The Gratiot series consists of very deep, somewhat poorly drained soils on moraines. These soils formed in cobbly and gravelly loamy material over loamy and sandy till. They are shallow or moderately deep to a fragipan. Permeability is moderate above the fragipan, very slow in the fragipan, and moderately rapid or moderate below the fragipan. Slope ranges from 0 to 4 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 34 inches and mean annual air temperature is about 41 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, frigid Typic Fragiaquods
Thickness of the solum is 25 to 52 inches. Depth to the fragipan ranges from 15 to 30 inches. The solum ranges from very strongly acid to slightly acid and the C horizon ranges from slightly acid to strongly alkaline. Gravel content ranges from 10 to 30 percent in the A horizon, 15 to 45 percent in the E, Bhs, and Bs horizons and 5 to 35 percent throughout the remainder of the pedon. Cobbles and stones range from 5 to 30 percent above the fragipan and 0 to 20 percent in the remainder of the pedon. The particle-size control section averages more than 35 percent rock fragments.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are forested with red maple, balsam fir, yellow birch, northern white cedar, and white spruce being the major species. Other areas were formerly pastured and are now idle.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northwestern part of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, primarily on the Keweenaw Peninsula. The series is of small extent.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/G/GRATIOT.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of Palobia loamy fine sand, in an area of Palobia loamy fine sand, 1 to 3 percent slopes. The natric horizon with coarse columnar and prismatic structure, are common in soils high in sodium, begins at a depth of 30 centimeters. (Soil Survey of Kenedy and Kleberg Counties, Texas; by Nathan I. Haile, and Dennis N. Brezina, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Palobia series consists of very deep, moderately well drained, moderately slow permeable soils that formed in sandy eolian deposits over loamy sediments of Pleistocene age. These nearly level to gently sloping soils are on the Sandsheet Prairie of the South Texas Coastal Plain. Slope ranges from 0 to 3 percent. Mean annual air temperature is about 22 degrees C (72 degrees F) and mean annual precipitation is about 640 mm (25 in).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, hyperthermic Typic Natrustalfs
Soil Moisture: An ustic soil moisture regime. Precipitation pattern: moist spring and fall months and dry summer and winter months. The soil moisture control section is dry in some or all parts for more than 90 but less than 180 cumulative days in normal years. June through August and December through February are the driest months. These soils are intermittently moist in September through November and March through May.
Solum thickness: more than 203 cm (80 in)
Depth to secondary carbonates: 51 to 91 cm (20 to 36 in)
Clay content of the control section: 21 to 35 percent
Electrical conductivity: ranges to as much as 16 dS/m within 203 cm (80 in)
Lithologic discontinuities: One or more occur in most pedons
USE AND VEGETATION: Used for crop production, forage production, livestock grazing and wildlife habitat. The principal crops are grain sorghum, forage sorghum, and watermelons. Coastal bermudagrass is the principal pasture grass. Native climax vegetation in excellent condition is composed of 90 percent grasses, 5 percent woody plants and 5 percent forbs. The ecological site is Tight Sandy Loam, (R083EY727TX).
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Sandsheet Prairie (MLRA 83E in LRR I) of southern Texas. The series is of moderate extent.
This is a Benchmark Series. A benchmark soil is one of large extent within one or more major land resource areas (MLRAs), one that holds a key position in the soil classification system, one for which there is a large amount of data, one that has special importance to one or more significant land uses, or one that is of significant ecological importance.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/texas/kenedykl...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/P/PALOBIA.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Lucien soil series. (Soil Survey of Noble County, Oklahoma; by Gregory F. Scott, Troy L. Collier, Jim E. Henley, R. Dwaine Gelnar, and Karen B. Stevenson, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Lucien series consists of shallow, well drained soils on the summits and shoulders of low hills that formed in material weathered from sandstone, interbedded with clay, siltstone, or sandy shale of Permian age. These soils are in the Central Rolling Red Prairies (MLRA-80A). Slopes are 1 to 30 percent. Mean annual precipitation is 840 mm (33 in), and mean annual temperature is 15.6 degrees C (60 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy, mixed, superactive, thermic, shallow Udic Haplustolls
Depth of soil: 25 to 51 cm (10 to 20 in)
Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 18 cm (7 in) or more thick
Rock fragments: sandstone fragments, 0 to 30 percent by volume. About 0 to 10 percent by volume is less than 76 mm (3 in) in diameter and 0 to 20 percent by volume is more than 76 mm (3 in) in diameter in all horizons
Effervescence: noneffervescent in all horizons
USE AND VEGETATION: Mainly in rangeland and used for grazing for livestock. Some of the less sloping areas in complexes with deeper soils are cultivated to small grains or tame pasture. Native vegetation consists of mid and tall prairie grasses.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Oklahoma, Kansas, and Texas; Land Resource Region H; Central Rolling Red Prairies, MLRA 80A; moderately extensive.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/oklahoma/OK103...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
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Profile of Nueces fine sand, 0 to 5 percent slopes. The sandy surface layer can range from about 20 to 40 inches (50 to 100 cm) in thickness. This soil is susceptible to wind erosion. (Soil Survey of Duval County, Texas; by John L. Sackett III, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Nueces series consists of very deep, moderately well drained, moderately slow permeable soils that formed in sandy eolian deposits over loamy Quaternary age alluvium. These nearly level to gently sloping soils are on the Sandsheet Prairie of the South Texas Coastal Plain. Slope ranges from 0 to 5 percent. Mean annual air temperature is about 22 degrees C (72 degrees F) and mean annual precipitation is about 635 mm (25 in).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy, mixed, active, hyperthermic Arenic Paleustalfs
Soil Moisture: An ustic soil moisture regime. Precipitation pattern: moist spring and fall months and dry summer and winter months. The soil moisture control section is dry in some or all parts for more than 90 but less than 180 cumulative days in normal years. June through August and December through February are the driest months. These soils are intermittently moist in September through November and March through May.
Solum thickness is more than 203 cm (80 in)
Depth to argillic horizon: 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 in)
Particle-size control section (weighted average)
Clay content: 18 to 35 percent
Coarse Fragments: 0 to 5 percent
CEC/clay ratio: 0.40 to 0.60
USE AND VEGETATION: Used mostly for livestock grazing and wildlife habitat. Vegetation is grasses such as seacoast bluestem, fringeleaf paspalum, switchgrass, threeawn, grassbur,and fall witchgrass. Invading vegetation such as scattered mesquite, pricklypear, and catclaw are common. A few areas of this soil are used for crop and forage production. Cotton, vegetables, and watermelons are the principal crops. The ecological site is Sandy 25-35 PZ (R083EY706TX).
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Sandsheet Prairie, Texas; LRR I, MLRA 83E. The series is of large extent. This is a Benchmark Series.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/texas/TX131/Du...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
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The presence of mica in soils in significant amounts has traditionally been thought to affect soil performance. In mountainous areas such as western North Carolina, eastern Tennessee, Virginia, and other parts of the U.S. where high-mica soils exist, slope stability is a concern. Soils high in mica and other platy minerals have low soil strength and are susceptible to accelerated erosion, soil piping, and landslides.
A description of the soils is essential in any soil survey. Standard technical terms and their definitions for soil properties and features are necessary for accurate soil descriptions. For some soils, standard terms are not adequate and must be supplemented by a narrative. Some soil properties change through time. Many properties must be observed over time and summarized if one is to fully understand the soil being described and its response to short-term environmental changes. Examples are the length of time that cracks remain open, the patterns of soil temperature and moisture, and the variations in size, shape, and hardness of clods in the surface layer of tilled soils.
For more information about these soils, visit;
www.researchgate.net/publication/363254375_Report_of_the_...
For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
or Chapter 3 of the Soil Survey manual:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/The-Soil-Su...
For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=e_hQaXV7MpM
For additional information about soil classification using USDA-NRCS Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/keys-...
or;
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/soil-...
Depth Class: Moderately deep to soft bedrock
Drainage Class (Agricultural): Well drained
Internal Free Water Occurrence: Very deep
Flooding Frequency and Duration: None
Ponding Frequency and Duration: None
Slowest Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity: Moderately high (4.23 to 14.11 micrometers per second)
Landscape: Piedmont uplands
Landform: Hills, ridges, interfluves
Geomorphic Component: Crests, side slopes, head slopes, nose slopes
Hillslope Profile Position: Summits, shoulders, backslopes
Parent Material: Residuum from felsic or immediate crystalline rock
Slope: 2 to 80 percent
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, kaolinitic, mesic Typic Kanhapludults
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: Cultivated crops, pasture, and woodland.
Dominant Vegetation: Where cultivated--corn, tobacco, small grain, hay, and apples. Where forested--Eastern white pine, Virginia pine, red oak, white oak, post oak, hickory, blackgum, red maple, yellow poplar, and dogwood.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: North Carolina and Virginia
Extent: Moderate
The Woolwine series is a mesic counterpart of the Bethlehem series. The 04/1997 relocation of the mesic/thermic line in North Carolina and Virginia placed the original Bethlehem type location within the mesic area. Type location moved 11/1998 to Alexander County, NC.
For a detailed description, visit:
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A representative soil profile of Sengtown gravelly silt loam. Gravelly clay textures are below a depth of about 45 centimeters. (Soil Survey of Hickman County, Tennessee; by Douglas F. Clendenon, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Sengtown series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils on uplands. They formed in residuum weathered from cherty limestone. Slopes are 2 to 60 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, semiactive, thermic Typic Paleudalfs
Solum thickness and depth to limestone bedrock are greater than 60 inches. Reaction is very strongly acid to moderately acid except where limed. Average content of coarse fragments ranges between l5 and 35 percent in the solum. Transition horizons have colors and texture similar to adjacent horizons.
USE AND VEGETATION: Cleared areas are used for pasture, hay, small grain, tobacco, and corn. The remaining areas are in oak-hickory forest.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The Highland Rim of Tennessee. The area is of large extent. Sengtown soils were formerly mapped in the Fullerton and Baxter series.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/tennessee/TN08...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
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Soil profile: A soil profile of Choza very gravelly loam, in an area of Pinery, Choza, and Altuda soils, 5 to 60 percent slopes. This soil has a thin very gravelly mollic epipedon over a petrocalcic horizon. The parent material is fan alluvium from the mountains. (Soil Survey of Guadalupe Mountains National Park, Texas; by Alan L. Stahnke, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Choza series consists of very shallow and shallow, well drained soils that formed in gravelly fan alluvium. Choza soils are on moderately sloping to moderately steep dissected alluvial fan remnants. Slopes are 5 to 35 percent. Mean annual temperature is about 16 degrees C (61 degrees F) and mean annual precipitation is about 411 mm (16 in).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, thermic, shallow Petrocalcic Calciustolls
Thickness of mollic epipedon: 13 to 38 cm (5 to 15 in)
Depth to petrocalcic horizon: 13 to 38 cm (5 to 15 in)
Particle-size control section (weighted average):
Clay Content: 12 to 32 percent
Rock fragment content: 35 to 70 percent total; 10 to 40 percent gravel; 5 to 40 percent cobbles
USE AND VEGETATION: This soil is used for livestock grazing, wildlife habitat and recreation. Vegetation is curlyleaf muhly, hairy grama, black grama, skunkbush sumac, sotol, pricklypear, redberry juniper, oaks, and pinyon pine.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: LRR G; Western Great Plains Range and Irrigated Region; MLRA 70D-Southern Desert Foothills in West Texas. The soil is not extensive. The series name is taken from a spring occurring in Guadalupe Mountains National Park.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/texas/guadalup...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/C/CHOZA.html
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District of Columbia Representative Soil
The Sunnyside series consists of red, very deep, well drained and moderately permeable soils formed in unconsolidated deposits of very old, dominantly sandy sediments. These soils are common to the area in and around the National Arboretum (upper left corner of landscape image). (Soil Survey of the District of Columbia: by Horace Smith, Soil Conservation Service).
Landscape: The Sunnyside series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils formed in unconsolidated deposits of very old, dominantly sandy sediments. They are on uplands of the Coastal Plain, with slopes that range from 0 to 40 percent. Sunnyside is categorized as a Prime Farmland Soil, which means it is one of the most productive soils for agriculture and forestry, in addition to being one of the best suited soils to construction and recreational development.
These soils are mapped on nearly 700 acres in the District of Columbia, and other areas in the adjacent state of Maryland.
Average annual precipitation is 44 inches. Average annual air temperature is 55 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, mesic Typic Hapludults
The thickness of the solum ranges from 24 to 48 inches, but the maximum depth to the lower limit of the argillic horizon is less than 40 inches. Some pedons have up to 10 percent rounded pebbles or fine black concretions in the C horizon. Soil reaction is strongly acid to extremely acid in unlimed areas.
USE AND VEGETATION: Some areas are in corn, soybeans, small grains or tobacco, but most acreage is used for urban or other suburban uses. Wooded areas consist of oak and Virginia pine with an understory of huckleberry, azalea and dogwood.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Maryland, District of Columbia, and Virginia; the series is moderately extensive.
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Prince Georges County, Maryland, 1939.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/district_of_co...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
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Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Pywell series.
Landscape: Pywell soils are in depressional areas of bottomlands, drainageways and flood plains. Most Pywell soils have been cleared, diked, and drained for farming. They are used primarily for production of spring wheat, oats, barley, grass seed, hay, and pasture. Some areas are used for wetland wildlife habitat.
The Pywell series consists of very deep, very poorly drained organic soils in depressional areas of bottomlands, drainageways and flood plains. They formed in material derived dominantly from herbaceous plants, but including some woody materials. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high. Slopes are 0 to 3 percent. Average annual precipitation is about 625 mm, and the average annual air temperature is about 7.2 degrees C.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Euic, frigid Typic Haplosaprists
Average annual soil temperature -- 6.1 to 7.8 degrees C.
Depth to high water table -- 28 to 90 cm (January to December) drained, 0 to 28 cm (December to July) undrained.
Organic layers -- more than 75 cm thick mostly sapric, but some pedons have variable amounts of fibric or hemic material
Volcanic ash -- thin, discontinuous layers present in some pedons (0.5 to 8 cm thick)
Woody material -- 0 to 35 percent, present in the lower part of some pedons
Reaction -- neutral to very strongly acid throughout
USE AND VEGETATION: Most Pywell soils have been cleared, diked, and drained for farming. They are used primarily for production of spring wheat, oats, barley, grass seed, hay, and pasture. Some areas are used for wetland wildlife habitat. Natural vegetation is willow, black cottonwood, thinleaf alder, pyramid spirea, narrowleaf cattail, reed canary grass, sedge, and rush with scattered western redcedar and Englemann spruce along edges of meadows.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northern Idaho, northeastern Washington, and possibly northwestern Montana. The series is moderately extensive. MLRAs 9 and 44A.
For additional information about Idaho soils, please visit:
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For a detailed soil description, visit:
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The Ramsdell series consists of very deep, very poorly drained soils on level or nearly level low stream terraces and depressions on floodplains and valley floors. They formed in silty alluvium. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-silty, mixed, superactive, nonacid, frigid Aquandic Endoaquepts
USE AND VEGETATION: Used mostly for non-irrigated oats, pasture, hay, and grass seed production. Natural vegetation is Pacific willow, black cottonwood, western river alder, and western redcedar, with an understory of grass, and sedge, and forbs.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northern Idaho. This soil is not extensive.
For a detailed description, visit:
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A representative soil profile of the Sebree series in Idaho.
The Sebree series consists of moderately deep over a duripan, well drained soils on terraces or alluvial plains. They formed in loess over unconsolidated alluvial sediments. Permeability is slow. Slopes are 0 to 12 percent. The average annual precipitation is about 10 inches and the average annual air temperature is about 49 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Xeric Natridurids
Average annual soil temperature - 47 to 54 degrees F.
Depth to duripan - 20 to 40 inches
Depth to calcium carbonate - 7 to 20 inches
USE AND VEGETATION: Used for rangeland and irrigated cropland. Crops are small grains, corn, alfalfa and pasture. Under natural conditions the soil is barren or nearly so; some cheatgrass, pepperweed, and stunted big sagebrush are around the edges of individual areas.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southwestern Idaho and southeastern Oregon. The series is moderately extensive.
For additional information about Idaho soils, please visit:
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For a detailed soil description, visit:
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The Cedarhill series consists of very deep, well drained soils on mountain slopes and ridges, foothills, and terraces. They formed in alluvium and colluvium derived from limestone and related sedimentary and metasedimentary rocks. Permeability is moderate. Slopes range from 4 to 60 percent. The mean annual precipitation is 15 inches and the mean annual temperature is 44 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, frigid Typic Calcixerolls
USE AND VEGETATION: These soils are used mainly for rangeland, wildlife habitat, watershed, and cropland. Important native plants are Utah juniper, mountain big sagebrush, arrowleaf balsamroot, bluebunch wheatgrass, and Indian ricegrass. The dominant crops are dryland wheat and alfalfa.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Mountainous areas of southeastern Idaho. This series is of moderate extent.
For a detailed description, visit:
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Redoximorphic features (RMFs) consist of color patterns in a soil that are caused by loss (depletion) or gain (concentration) of pigment compared to the matrix color, formed by oxidation/reduction of iron and/or manganese coupled with their removal, translocation, or accrual; or a soil matrix color controlled by the presence of iron.
The composition and responsible formation processes for a soil color or color pattern must be known or inferred before it can be described as an RMF.
This is an example of a depleted matrix with Fe concentrations along old root channels. A depleted matrix refers to the volume of a soil horizon or subhorizon in which the processes of reduction and translocation have removed or transformed iron, creating colors of low chroma and high value.
Once the soil is saturated, Fe in solution moves downward and laterally. As the soil dries, the Fe accumulates along the pore wall forming pore linings. The linings are zones of accumulation that may be either coatings on a ped or pore surface or impregnations of the matrix adjacent to the pore or ped.
In addition, finer-textured material (gray clay and silt) have also been translocated and accumulated along the pore walls.
For more information about Hydric Soils and their Field Indicators, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
or Chapter 3 of the Soil Survey manual:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/The-Soil-Su...
For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=e_hQaXV7MpM
For additional information about soil classification using USDA-NRCS Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/keys-...
or;
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/soil-...
For more information about Hydric Soils and their Field Indicators, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
A representative soil profile of the Downer soil series from Cape May County, New Jersey. New Jersey State Soil.
Depth Class: Very deep
Drainage Class: (Agricultural) Well drained
Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity Class: Moderately High to high
Permeability (Obsolete): Moderate or moderately rapid
Landscape: Northern Atlantic Coastal Plain
Parent Material: Loamy fluviomarine deposits
Slope: 0 to 30 percent
Mean Annual Air Temperature (type location): 13 degrees C. (56 degrees F.)
Mean Annual Precipitation (type location): 1143 mm (45 inches)
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, mesic Typic Hapludults
Depth to top of Argillic horizon: 13 to 48 centimeters (5 to 19 inches)
Depth to base of Argillic horizon: 38 to 114 centimeters (15 to 45 inches)
Depth to Bedrock: Greater than 183 centimeters (72 inches)
Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: Greater than 183 centimeters (72 inches)
Rock Fragments: 0 to 25 percent, by volume throughout; mostly fine and medium quartzite pebbles, ironstone, or less commonly chert pebbles. The similar Swainton series has layers with more than 25 percent rock fragments.
Soil Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid throughout the profile, unless limed
Other Features: Undisturbed pedons typically have a microsequence of an A, E, and Bh horizon (micro-podzol). Total thickness of the A, E, and Bh horizons is less than 15 centimeters (6 inches) and individual horizons are less than 5 centimeters (2 inches thick).
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major uses: Most areas are used for growing field crops, vegetables, flowers, and some tree fruits.
Dominant Vegetation: Native vegetation includes white oak, red oak, scarlet oak, black oak, Virginia pine, pitch pine, hickory, sassafras, dogwood, greenbriar, and American Holly. Loblolly Pine occurs in the southern part of Downer soils distribution. The understory is dominantly low bush blueberry and mountain laurel.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: The Northern Coastal Plain of New Jersey, Delaware, and Maryland
Extent: Moderate
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/new_jersey/cap...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/D/DOWNER.html
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A representative soil profile of the Inman soil series. (Soil Survey of Cannon County, Tennessee; by By Jerry L. Prater, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Inman series consists of moderately deep, well drained, flaggy soils. These soils formed in clayey residuum that weathered from interbedded phosphatic limestone and shale. They are on rolling to steep uplands in the outer part of the Central Basin. Slopes range from 5 to 40 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, active, thermic Ruptic-Alfic Eutrudepts
Thickness of solum and depth to bedrock ranges from 20 to 40 inches. Thin fragments of rock 1 inch to 15 inches long ranges from 10 to 35 percent by volume in each horizon. The reaction ranges from medium acid to neutral, except thin layers near bedrock range to mildly alkaline.
USE AND VEGETATION: About three-fourths of the soil is cleared and used mainly for growing pasture. The native vegetation is forest of oaks, walnut, locust, ash, hickory, beech, elm, maple, and cedar.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The Central Basin and extreme western edge of the Highland Rim in Tennessee. The series is of moderate extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/tennessee/cann...
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Depth Class: Shallow
Agricultural Drainage Class: Excessively drained
Permeability: Rapid
Surface Runoff: Moderate to rapid
Parent Material: Residuum weathered from a felsic igneous or high-grade metamorphic rocks
Shrink-Swell Potential: Low
Slope: 0 to 45 percent
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Mixed, thermic Lithic Udipsamments
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major uses: Mixed hardwood forest of post oak, blackjack oak, northern red oak, and hickory along with shortleaf pine, Virginia pine and loblolly pine. Small areas are used for corn, small grain, orchards, and pasture.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Thermic region of Piedmont in North Carolina, Georgia, South Carolina, and possibly Virginia
Extent: Small
The April 1994 revision changed the classification from thermic, coated Lithic Quartzipsamments to mixed, thermic Lithic Udipsamments. Laboratory data documents more than 10 percent weatherable minerals in the control section of these soils in North Carolina. North Carolina is the only state that the Wake series has been correlated in. The November 2002 revision moved the type location to another site in Wake County. It also removed the coarse fragment requirement of 15 to 35 percent throughout.
For a detailed description, visit:
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A representative profile of Nelse soil, a major soil on first bottom floodplains in the Bluestone National Scenic River area. (Image is from Lincoln County, West Virginia.)
The Nelse series consists of very deep, well drained soils formed in recent alluvium on the gently sloping to moderately steep banks of major streams and rivers. Slope ranges from 0 to 25 percent, but is dominantly 12 to 25 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, active, nonacid, mesic Mollic Udifluvents
Total thickness ranges from 60 to more than 80 inches. Rounded or subrounded rock fragments, from 2mm to 10 inches across range from 0 to as much as 15 percent in individual horizons. Coal fragments from 1mm to 3 inches also range from 0 to 15 percent. The particle-size control section is silt loam, loam, sandy loam, or loamy sand, and contains strata (5mm to 4 inches thick) of very fine to medium sand. Reaction ranges from strongly acid to moderately alkaline.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most of these soils are in woodland of mixed stands of sycamore, river birch, box elder, and maple. Some of the cleared areas are used as sites for gardens and pasture.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Eastern Kentucky, West Virginia, eastern Tennessee, and Pennsylvania. The extent of the area is estimated to be moderately extensive. The Nelse soils were mostly mapped as steep alluvial land in the past, or included with adjoining floodplain soils.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/west_virginia/...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
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Photo Credit: Jeffrey Dubinsky
Copyright: DubinskyPhotography.com
May not be used for commercial or editorial purposes without the express consent of Dubinsky Photography.
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Pavohroo series.
Landscape: Pavohroo soil is used mainly for grazing and timber production.
The Pavohroo series consists of deep and very deep well drained soils that formed in silty alluvium and colluvium derived from loess and a variety of sedimentary and metasedimentary rocks. They are on mountains. Slopes are 0 to 70 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 26 inches and the mean annual temperature is about 39 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive Pachic Haplocryolls
Mean annual soil temperature - 38 to 44 degrees F.
Thickness of mollic epipedon - 16 to 45 inches
Thickness of the solum - 30 to more than 60 inches
Depth to bedrock - 40 to more than 60 inches
Depth to carbonates - 40 to more than 60 inches
Soil moisture regime - udic
Particle size control section
Clay content - 18 to 30 percent
Rock fragments - commonly increase with depth but average less than 35 percent
USE AND VEGETATION: Pavohroo soil is used mainly for grazing and timber production. The potential natural vegetation is mainly Douglas-fir, pine reedgrass, and mountain snowberry.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southeastern, Idaho. The series is moderately extensive.
For additional information about Idaho soils, please visit:
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For a detailed soil description, visit:
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A soil profile of a Fulvudand in Washington State. This soil formed in material weathered from basalt bedrock with an admixture of volcanic ash in roughly the upper 50 cm. This profile has an umbric epipedon extending from the surface to a depth of about 25 cm. Below this epipedon is a cambic horizon that extends to about 120 cm. The left side of the profile exhibits natural soil structure; the right side of the profile has been smoothed. (Soil Survey Staff. 2015. Illustrated guide to Soil Taxonomy. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, National Soil Survey Center, Lincoln, Nebraska)
Fulvudands have a surface layer that meets the depth, thickness, and organic-carbon requirements for a melanic epipedon but is lighter in color. Characteristically, Fulvudands have a thin O horizon, an umbric (humus-rich with low base saturation) epipedon, and a cambic (minimal soil development) subsoil horizon. The Fulvudands in the United States generally developed in late-Pleistocene deposits. Most formed under coniferous forest vegetation.
For additional information about soil classification, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/cla...
A representative soil profile of the Diamondpeak series. (Soil Survey of Lassen Volcanic National Park, California; by Andrew E. Conlin, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Diamondpeak series consists of very deep, well drained soils that formed in tephra and colluvium over residuum from hydrothermally altered rocks. soils are on mountain side slopes in hydrothermally altered areas in the Southern Cascade mountains. Slopes are 10 to 80 percent. Elevation is 5674 to 7900 feet (1730 to 2407 m). The mean annual precipitation is about 117 inches (2972 mm) and the mean annual temperature is about 39 degrees F (4 degrees C).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, isotic, frigid Typic Dystroxerepts
Depth to restrictive feature: Paralithic contact greater than 60 inches (152 cm)
Mean annual soil temperature: 42 to 47 degrees F (6 to 8 degrees C).
Soil moisture control section is dry: July to October (about 90 days).
Particle-size control section (thickest part): 25 to 35 percent clay.
Surface fragments: 10 to 20 percent gravel, 0 to 5 percent cobbles, and 0 to 2 percent stones.
Some pedons have a Bw horizon above the 2Bwb horizon.
USE AND VEGETATION: This soil is used for wildlife habitat, recreation, ecosystem management and watershed. Vegetation is California red fir, mountain hemlock, western white pine, lupine, western needlegrass, mountain monardella and squirreltail.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The soils are inextensive and are mapped in MLRA: 22B, Southern Cascade Mountains
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/california/las...
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Soil profile: Dekalb very channery loam. This Dekalb soil, which formed under forests, has dark organic horizons at a depth of 0 to 10 centimeters. Dekalb soils have bedrock at a depth of 50 to 100 centimeters. In this photo, bedrock occurs at a depth of approximately 70 centimeters. (Soil Survey of New River Gorge National River, West Virginia; by Wendy Noll and James Bell, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: A view of the New River Gorge, looking upstream from Stretcher Neck. The moderately deep Dekalb soils occur on the convex portions of the landscape (nose slopes), and the very deep Layland soils occur in the concave positions (coves).
Layland-Dekalb-Rock outcrop complex, 55 to 80 percent slopes, extremely stony
Map Unit Setting
Major land resource area (MLRA): 127—Eastern Allegheny Plateau and Mountains
Landscape: Mountains
Elevation: 250 to 874 meters
Mean annual precipitation: 1,034 to 1,289 millimeters
Mean annual air temperature: 5 to 17 degrees C
Frost-free period: 141 to 190 days
Map Unit Composition
Layland and similar soils: 45 percent
Dekalb and similar soils: 30 percent
Rock outcrop: 10 percent
Dissimilar minor components: 15 percent
Description of the Layland Soil
Setting
Landform: Mountain slopes
Landform position (two-dimensional): Backslope
Landform position (three-dimensional): Mountain flank
Down-slope shape: Linear and concave
Across-slope shape: Linear and concave
Aspect (representative): Southwest
Aspect range: All aspects
Slope range: 55 to 80 percent
Parent material: Extremely stony, acid colluvium derived from interbedded sedimentary rock
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/west_virginia/...
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/D/DEKALB.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A portable XRF spectrometer, which can be attached to a monitoring bench in an office to scan collected samples (left) or can be used in the field to scan exposed faces of soil pits or surfaces (right).
Portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometers use high-energy incident X-ray photons to forcibly eject electrons from the inner shell of atoms. The resulting electron holes cause instability, which causes electrons from the outer shell to drop into the inner shell and fill the voids. This process results in the emission of X-ray energy, which is referred to as X-ray fluorescence. Because the energy emitted as fluorescence is element specific, different elements can be identified and quantified (Weindorf et al., 2012a). A comprehensive discussion of P-XRF is provided by Kalnicky and Singhvi (2001). Soil samples and exposed surfaces can be readily scanned with P-XRF spectrometers.
X-ray fluorescence has been principally used to assess metals in contaminated soils (Dao et al., 2012; Schwarz et al., 2012; Weindorf et al., 2012b; Kalnicky and Singhvi, 2001). Weindorf et al. (2012a) used P-XRF to improve descriptions of soil morphology and differentiate soil horizons based on the concentration of different metals. In gypsiferous soils of west Texas, Weindorf et al. (2009) used P-XRF to quantify the calcium content and determine the percent of gypsum. Beaudette et al. (2009) conducted P-XRF surveys in two watersheds, one formed over metavolcanic rocks and the other over granite. They used the resulting geochemical data to infer differences in soil development weathering indices, mineralogy, and geologic signatures. Doolittle et al. (2013) used EMI and P-XRF data to characterize differences in the mineralogy and lithologies of serpentinite- and non-serpentinite-derived soils in the Northern Piedmont of Pennsylvania. In soil survey, P-XRF is primarily applicable to point data documentation.
Prairie potholes are depressional wetlands (primarily freshwater marshes) found most often in the Upper Midwest, especially North Dakota, South Dakota, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. These potholes are the result of glacier activity in the Wisconsin glaciation, which ended about 10,000 years ago. The decaying ice sheet left behind depressions formed by the uneven deposition of till in ground moraines. These depressions are called potholes, glacial potholes, kettles, or kettle lakes. They fill with water in the spring, creating wetlands, which range in duration from temporary to semi-permanent.
A hydric soil is defined by federal law to mean "soil that, in its undrained condition, is saturated, flooded, or ponded long enough during a growing season to develop an anerobic condition that supports the growth and regeneration of hydrophytic vegetation". This term is part of the legal definition of a wetland included in the United States Food Security Act of 1985 (P.L. 99-198).
For additional information about soil classification using USDA-NRCS Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/keys-...
or;
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/soil-...
For more information about Hydric Soils and their Field Indicators, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
(Soil Survey of Ontonagon County, Michigan; by J. Scott Eversoll and Lawrence M. Carey, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Moquah series consists of moderately well drained soils formed in loamy alluvium on flood plains. These soils have moderate or moderately slow permeability. Slopes range from 0 to 3 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 31 inches, and mean annual temperature is about 43 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, superactive, nonacid, frigid Typic Udifluvents
The soil typically is very strongly acid to mildly alkaline. Color, arrangement, and thickness of horizons vary considerably because of the nature of the parent materials.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are forested with mixed hardwoods and a few conifers. Naturally unforested areas have a cover of native grasses and weeds. Some of these areas are pastured.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northern Wisconsin and the upper peninsula of Michigan. These soils are of small extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/michigan/onton...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/M/MOQUAH.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
The Reddies series consists of moderately well drained, moderately rapidly permeable soils on flood plains in the Southern Blue Ridge mountains, MLRA 130B. They formed in recent alluvium that is loamy in the upper part and is moderately deep to sandy strata containing more than 35 percent by volume gravel and/or cobbles. Slope ranges from 0 to 3 percent. Near the type location, mean annual temperature is 56 degrees F. and mean annual precipitation is 49 inches.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy over sandy or sandy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, mesic Oxyaquic Humudepts
Solum thickness ranges from 20 to 39 inches. The soil is underlain within depths of 20 to 40 inches, by horizons that contain more than 35 percent gravel and/or cobbles. The coarse-loamy material above the C horizon averages less than 50 percent fine and coarser sand. Rock fragments, dominantly gravel size are in the A and B horizons of some pedons, but comprise less than 35 percent by volume. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to neutral. Content of mica flakes is few to many.
USE AND VEGETATION: Nearly all of the acreage is cleared and is used for hay, corn, pasture, truck crops, ornamentals, and urban uses. The rest is mainly in hardwood forest. Yellow-poplar, sycamore, red maple, and river birch are the dominant trees. Common understory plants are rhododendron, ironwood, flowering dogwood, red maple, tag alder, greenbrier, and switchcane. A few areas have been planted to eastern white pine.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southern Blue Ridge mountains, MLRA 130B North Carolina and Tennessee and possibly Virginia, South Carolina, and Georgia. This series is of moderate extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
archive.org/details/usda-soil-survey-of-buncombe-county-n...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/R/REDDIES.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of an Oxisol from the Cerado physiographic region--a vast tropical savanna ecoregion of Brazil, particularly in the states of Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso, Tocantins, Minas Gerais and the Federal District of Brazil. (Horizonation is by Brazil soil classification system.)
Oxisols are a soil order in USDA soil taxonomy. Oxisols are weathered soils that are low in fertility. They are most common on the gentle slopes of geologically old surfaces in tropical and subtropical regions. Their profiles are distinctive because of a lack of obvious horizons. Their surface horizons are normally somewhat darker than the subsoil, but the transition of subsoil features is gradual. Some oxisols have been previously classified as laterite soils.
In the Brazil soil classification system, these Latossolos are highly weathered soils composed mostly of clay and weathering resistant sand particles. Clay silicates of low activity (kaolinite clays) or iron and aluminum oxide rich (haematite, goethite, gibbsite) are common. There are little noticeable horizonation differences. These are naturally very infertile soils, but, because of the ideal topography and physical conditions, some are being used for agricultural production. These soils do require fertilizers because of the ease of leaching of nutrients through the highly weathered soils.
For more information about the Brazilian Soil Classification system, visit:
www.embrapa.br/en/busca-de-publicacoes/-/publicacao/10940...
For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
or Chapter 3 of the Soil Survey manual:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/The-Soil-Su...
For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=e_hQaXV7MpM
For additional information about soil classification using USDA-NRCS Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/keys-...
or;
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/soil-...
Soil profile: A soil profile of Lazarus loam, 1 to 8 percent slopes. This soil has a thick loam mollic epipedon and a clay loam argillic horizon. The parent material is alluvium from the surrounding hills and mountains. (Soil Survey of Guadalupe Mountains National Park, Texas; by Alan L. Stahnke, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Lazarus series consists of very deep, well drained soils that formed in alluvium derived from sandstone, limestone, and shale. Lazarus soils are on drainageways of hillslopes and fan peidmonts. Slopes are 0 to 3 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 13 inches and mean annual temperature is about 50 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Pachic Argiustolls
Soil moisture - The soil moisture control section (SMCS) is intermittently moist in some part from July to October and December to March. The soils are driest in May and June. The soil moisture regime is ustic aridic.
Soil temperature - 52 to 54 degrees F.
Depth to base of mollic epipedon - greater than 20 inches
Depth to base of argillic horizon - greater than 40 inches
Particle-size control section weighted averages:
Silicate clay content: 27 to 35 percent
Sand content: 7 to 24 percent
Fine sand or coarser content: 3 to 5 percent
Rock fragment content: less than 1 percent
USE AND VEGETATION: Lazarus soils are used for livestock grazing and farming. Present vegetation is blue grama, galleta, and alkali sacaton.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Lazarus soils are of small extent in the north-western part of the Estancia Basin in the Mexican Highland section of the Basin and Range physiographic province in northcentral New Mexico, MLRA 70C.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/texas/guadalup...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/L/LAZARUS.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
The Driggs series consists of very deep, well drained soils that formed in mixed alluvium with loess influence. Driggs soils are on fan remnants and have slopes of 0 to 30 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 406 mm and the mean annual air temperature is about 5 degrees C.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy over sandy or sandy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, frigid Calcic Argixerolls
Mollic epipedon thickness: 25 to 44 cm.
Control section total clay range: 20 to 30 percent in the upper part and 1 to 8 percent in the lower part
Rock fragments: 2 to 20 percent in the upper part and,35 to 95 percent in the lower part
Depth to argillic horizon: 12 to 29 cm
Depth to calcic horizon: 44 to 86 cm
Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 40 percent in the calcic horizon
Depth to sandy-skeletal material (2Bk horizon): 50 to 89 cm
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major uses: irrigated areas are used primarily for small grains, potatoes, hay and pasture; nonirrigated areas are used for pasture and limited production of small grains and hay. Dominant native vegetation: mountain big sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass, arrowleaf balsamroot, snowberry, antelope bitterbrush
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Southeastern Idaho, MLRA 13
Extent: the series is not extensive
This revision in 2007 changes the type location and classification of this series. It was formerly classified as fine-loamy over sandy or sandy-skeletal, mixed superactive Xeric Argicryolls.
For additional information about Idaho soils, please visit:
storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/97d01af9d4554b9097cb0a477e04...
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/D/DRIGGS.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A soil profile of Czar fine sandy loam, in an area of Czar fine sandy loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes. Czar soils have a thick, dark-colored surface layer about 100 cm thick. (Soil Survey of Kenedy and Kleberg Counties, Texas)
The Czar series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils that formed in loamy alluvial and eolian sediments of Holocene age over loamy alluvium deposits of Quaternary age. These soils are on nearly level to gently sloping stream terraces. Slope ranges from 0 to 3 percent. Mean annual air temperature is about 22.2 degrees C (72 degrees F) and mean annual precipitation is about 686 mm (27 in).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, hyperthermic Pachic Argiustolls
Soil moisture: A typic-ustic moisture regime. The soil moisture control section is dry in some or all parts for more than 90 but less than 180 cumulative days in normal years. June through August and December through February are the driest months. These soils are intermittently moist in September through November and March through May.
Thickness of the solum: more than 203 cm (80 in)
Depth to secondary carbonates: 91 to 203 cm (36 to 80 in)
Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 51 to 76 cm (20 to 30 in)
Some pedons have a loamy fine sand overburden less than 15 cm (6 in) thick
USE AND VEGETATION: The major uses are crop and forage production, livestock grazing and wildlife habitat. The major crop grown is grain sorghum. Improved pastures grasses are coastal bermudagrass and buffelgrass. Native grasses are mainly two and four-flower trichloris, hooded windmill grass, Wrights threeawn, and plains bristlegrass. Woody vegetation includes mesquite, spiny hackberry, huisache, and prickly pear.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northern Rio Grande Plain (MLRA 83A in LRR I) of southern Texas. The series is of moderate extent. This soil was previously included in the Willacy series.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/C/CZAR.html
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A representative soil profile of the Sherless soil series in Arkansas. The Sherless series consists of moderately deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils that formed in residuum of interbedded shale and sandstone of Mississippian age. These gently sloping to moderately steep soils are on the tops and sides of low ridges in the valleys of the Ouachita Mountains. Water runs off the surface at a medium to rapid rate. Slopes are 1 to 35 percent. (Soil Survey of Montgomery County, Arkansas; by Jeffrey W. Olson, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, semiactive, thermic Typic Hapludults
Thickness of solum is 20 to 40 inches. Gravel ranges from 5 to 20 percent by volume throughout the solum. Cobbles range from 0 to 20 percent by volume in the A horizon, and from 0 to 15 percent by volume in the B horizon. Total volume of coarse fragments is less than 35 percent in the B horizon.
USE AND VEGETATION: Used for woodland and pastureland. Forest of white oak, southern red oak, sweetgum, blackgum, hickory, and shortleaf pine.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Ouachita Mountains of Oklahoma and Arkansas. The series is of moderate extent. Sherless soils were formerly included with the Sherwood series.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/arkansas/AR097...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/S/SHERLESS.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit: