View allAll Photos Tagged soilsampling
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Shellrock series.
Landscape: Shellrock soils are on ridgetops and south-facing slopes in rolling to very steep granitic mountains at elevations of 1,275 to 2,135 meters. Slopes are 12 to 60 percent.
The Shellrock series consists of deep, somewhat excessively drained soils that formed in material weathered from granite. Shellrock soils are on mountains and have slopes of 12 to 60 percent. The average annual precipitation is about 675 mm, and the average annual air temperature is about 5.0 degrees C.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Mixed, frigid Typic Xeropsamments
Average annual soil temperature -- 4.4 to 6.7 degrees C.
Average summer soil temperature -- 15.0 to 17.2 degrees C.
Depth to paralithic contact -- 100 to 150 cm
USE AND VEGETATION: Used for timber, range, wildlife, and watershed, Vegetation is ponderosa pine, scattered Douglas-fir, Ceanothus species, Idaho fescue, Stipa species and pinegrass.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: This soil is moderately extensive and found in the granitic mountains of the Idaho Batholith. MLRA 43B.
For additional information about Idaho soils, please visit:
storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/97d01af9d4554b9097cb0a477e04...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/S/SHELLROCK.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Myakka series: the State Soil of Florida. (Soil Survey of Okeechobee County, Florida; by Douglas Lewis, Ken Liudahl, Chris Noble, and Lewis Carter, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: Myakka soils are dominantly on flatwoods. Other phases have been mapped on high tidal areas, flood plains, depressional areas and barrier islands. The climate is humid subtropical. They formed in sandy marine deposits.
The Myakka series consists of very deep, very poorly or poorly drained, moderately rapid or moderately permeable soils that occur primarily in mesic flatwoods of peninsular Florida. They formed in sandy marine deposits. Near the type location, the average annual temperature is about 72 degrees F., and the average annual precipitation is about 55 inches. Slopes range from 0 to 8 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Sandy, siliceous, hyperthermic Aeric Alaquods
Solum thickness is more than 30 inches. Some pedons have a layer of muck less than 3 inches thick on the surface. Thickness of the A and E horizons ranges from 20 to 30 inches. Reaction ranges from extremely acid to slightly acid throughout. In tidal, limestone substratum, and shelly substratum phases, the reaction ranges up to moderately alkaline.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas of Myakka soils are used for commercial forest production or native range. Large areas with adequate water control measures are used for citrus, improved pasture, and truck crops. Native vegetation includes longleaf and slash pine with an undergrowth of saw palmetto, running oak, inkberry, wax myrtle, huckleberry, chalky bluestem, pineland threeawn, and scattered fetterbush.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Peninsular Florida, primarily in MLRA155 (Southern Florida Flatwoods), and to a less extent in MLRA 154 (South-Central Florida Ridge), MLRA156A (Florida Everglades and Associated Areas), and MLRA156B (Southern Florida Lowlands). The series is of large extent (about 1,400,072 acres).
Myakka soils were formerly classified in the Leon series. Historical mapping of the Myakka series includes the following landforms and geomorphic positions: high tidal areas, flood plains, depressions, and gently sloping to sloping barrier islands. Myakka map units on these landforms should be evaluated and validated during MLRA update activities.
For more information about this state soil, visit:
www.soils4teachers.org/files/s4t/k12outreach/fl-state-soi...
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/florida/FL093/...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/M/MYAKKA.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil Color. Most soil survey organizations, including the National Cooperative Soil Survey in the United States, have adopted the Munsell soil color system for describing soil color (using the elements of hue, value, and chroma). The names associated with each standard color chip (yellowish brown, light gray, etc.) are not strictly part of the Munsell color system. They were selected by the Soil Survey Staff to be used in conjunction with the Munsell color chips. munsell.com/
The color chips included in the standard soil-color charts (a subset of all colors in the system) were selected so that soil scientists can describe the normal range of colors found in soils. These chips have enough contrast between them for different individuals to match a soil sample to the same color chip consistently. Interpolating between chips is not recommended in standard soil survey operations because such visual determinations cannot be repeated with a high level of precision. Although digital soil color meters that can provide precise color readings consistently are available, they are not widely used in field operations.
Therefore, the standard procedure adopted for soil survey work is visual comparison to the standard soil-color charts.
Soil color and other properties including texture, structure, and consistence are used to distinguish and identify soil horizons (layers) and to group soils according to the soil classification system called Soil Taxonomy. Color development and distribution of color within a soil profile are part of weathering.
As rocks containing iron or manganese weather, the elements oxidize. Iron forms small crystals with a yellow or red color, organic matter decomposes into black humus, and manganese forms black mineral deposits. These pigments paint the soil (Michigan State Soil).
Color is also affected by the environment: aerobic environments produce sweeping vistas of uniform or subtly changing color, and anaerobic ( lacking oxygen), wet environments disrupt color flow with complex, often intriguing patterns and points of accent. With depth below the soil surface, colors usually become lighter, yellower, or redder.
For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:
A representative profile of the moderately deep Alo series. Photo was taken in late winter with soil cracks closed. Clay soil materials extend to a depth of 89 centimeters (to the paralithic contact of sandstone that is slightly lighter in color). Alo soils are very similar to the deep Alamont soils. These are expansive soils, swelling in winter and cracking upon drying in late spring, summer, and early fall.
The Alo sereis was created when the Altamont series was split into two series. Soils deeper than 40 inches to a paralithic contact were retained in the Altamont series. Soils less than 40 inches deep to a paralithic contact were placed in the Alo series. The Alo series consists of moderately deep, well drained soils. They formed in material weathered from shale or sandstone on mountains. Alo soils have slopes of 2 to 75 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 17 inches and the mean annual temperature is about 61 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, smectitic, thermic Aridic Haploxererts
Depth to a paralithic contact of shale is 24 to 40 inches. The mean annual soil temperature is about 60 to 66 F. at 20 inch depth. From about late April or May until November the soils are continuously dry and cracks 1/2 to 2 inches wide extend from the surface to a depth of 20 inches or more. The rest of the year the soils are moist in some or all parts below 5 inches and the cracks are closed. Few to many slickensides are present in some part from near the surface to near the contact with soft shale.
USE AND VEGETATION: Used mainly for livestock grazing with small areas used for the production of small grains, hay and specialty crops. Vegetation in uncultivated areas is annual grasses and forbs.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Coast Range in central and southern California. The soils are of moderate extent in MLRA-15.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/california/san...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/A/ALO.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: A tyoical soil profile of the Haggatt soil series. (Soil Survey of Floyd County, Indiana; by Steven W. Neyhouse, Byron G. Nagel, and Dena L. Marshall; Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: Hayland in an area of Caneyville, Haggatt, and Navilleton soils underlain by limestone.
The Haggatt series consists of deep, well-drained soils formed in clayey residuum that can be capped with up to 51 cm (20 inches) of loess. They are on hills and in sinkholes underlain with limestone. Slopes range from 2 to 25 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 109 cm (43 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 12 degrees C (54 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, active, mesic Typic Hapludalfs
Depth to the base of the argillic horizon: 102 to 152 cm (40 to 60 inches)
Depth to a lithic contact: 102 to 152 cm (40 to 60 inches)
Thickness of the loess: 0 to 51 cm (0 to 20 inches)
Rock fragments: dominantly gravel size chert and include cobbles and stones
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are used for hay, pastures or are in forest. Native vegetation is deciduous hardwood forest.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southern and south central Indiana and north-central Kentucky. The soil is of small extent in MLRA 122.
Data on the family particle-size classification of this series shows both fine and fine-silty over clayey. This series is tentatively placed in the fine family. The series has been correlated in Indiana as the Hagerstown series with a lithic contact between 102 to 152 cm (40 and 60 inches). The permeability of these soils is being revised from moderate to moderately slow. Saturated hydraulic conductivity data was collected by Ammozemeter, and permeability was shown to be slower than moderate.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/indiana/IN043/...
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/H/HAGGATT.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Typic Petrogypsids, sandy, gypsic, hyperthermic (Soil AD121) are shallow, sandy soils with gypsum occurring in the surface and a petrogypsic layer occuring within 50cm of the surface. They occur in all parts of the Emirate and occupy the nearly level parts of inland gently undulating plains and the caps of mesas that represent paleo-evaporite surfaces. They are somewhat excessively to moderately well drained soils above the hardpan and have rapid or moderately rapid permeability.
These soils remain as barren land or in some places have been leveled for agroforestry or sometimes used for low intensity grazing by camel, sheep or goats. They frequently have less than 5% vegetation cover of Cornulaca aucheri, Cornulaca monacantha, Cyperus conglomeratus, Haloxylon persicum, Haloxylon salicornicum, Stipagrostis plumosa and Zygophyllum spp.
Plate 22: Typical soil profile and associated landscape for Typic Petrogypsids, sandy, mixed, hyperthermic, shallow (Soil AD124).
Soil profile: A typical profile of Taney soil. The Taney series consists of moderately deep to fragipan, moderately well drained soils that formed mainly in loess or reworked loess with an influence of volcanic ash in the upper part. The vitrandic feature in this profile extends from the surface to a depth of about 45 centimeters.
Landscape: An area of Taney ashy silt loam, 3 to 10 percent slopes. The lower elevations have the highest temperatures and longest growing season. The average annual precipitation is about 51 centimeters and the average annual temperature is about 6.1 degrees C. Typical soils are the Taney, Setters, Carlinton, Southwick, and Cavendish series. Taney soils are on dissected hills and hills on basalt plains, plateaus and structural benches. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high above the fragipan and low through the fragipan. Slope ranges from 0 to 35 percent. (Soil Survey of Clearwater Area, Idaho; by Glenn Hoffman, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, frigid Vitrandic Argixerolls
Soil moisture - Usually dry for 45 to 60 consecutive days mid-July to mid-September, moist mid-September to mid-July (xeric moisture regime)
Average annual soil temperature - 5.0 to 8.3 degrees C
Average summer soil temperature - 10.6 to 12.8 degrees C with an O horizon (frigid temperature regime)
Thickness of mollic epipedon - 25 to 50 centimeters
Depth to base of argillic - 114 to 152 centimeters or more
Depth to fragipan - 69 to 102 centimeters
Particle-size control section (weighted average): Clay content - 18 to 20 percent
Vitrandic feature thickness - 25 to 51 centimeters
Volcanic glass content in the 0.02 to 2.0 mm fraction - 5 to 20 percent
Acid-oxalate extractable Al plus 1/2 Fe - 0.4 to 1.0 percent
Phosphate retention - 30 to 40 percent
15-bar water retention on air dried samples - 10 to 13 percent
Moist bulk density - 1.00 to 1.45 g/cc
USE AND VEGETATION: These soils are used mainly for dryland small grain, hay, pasture and woodland. Potential natural vegetation is mainly Douglas fir and ponderosa pine, with an understory of common snowberry, white spirea, creambush oceanspray, mallow ninebark, Nootka rose, Woods rose, Columbia brome, sweetscented bedstraw and pinegrass.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northern Idaho; MLRA 9 and 43A. The series is of large extent; about 156,000 acres.
For additional information about Idaho soils, please visit:
storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/97d01af9d4554b9097cb0a477e04...
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/idaho/clearwat...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/T/TANEY.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Depth Class: Very deep
Drainage Class (Agricultural): Somewhat poorly drained
Internal Free Water Occurrence: Very shallow to moderately deep, common
Flooding Frequency and Duration: Frequent to rare for very brief to long periods
Ponding Frequency and Duration: None
Index Surface Runoff: Negligible to low
Permeability: Moderate
Landscape: Piedmont and Coastal Plain river valleys
Landform: Flood plains
Parent Material: Alluvium
Slope: 0 to 2 percent
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, thermic Fluvaquentic Dystrudepts
Depth to Bedrock: Greater than 80 inches
Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: 6 to 24 inches, November to April
Rock Fragment content: Less than 5 percent, by volume, in the A and upper B horizons. In some pedons, gravel content ranges to 15 percent by volume in the lower B horizons.
Soil Reaction: Very strongly acid to slightly acid to a depth of 40 inches, very strongly acid to mildly alkaline below 40 inches, except where limed
Other Features: Few to many mica flakes throughout and none to common
concretions
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: Pasture, cropland, some forest
Dominant Vegetation: Where cultivated--corn, small grain. Where wooded--yellow poplar, sweetgum, water oak, eastern cottonwood, green ash, blackgum, red maple, willow oak, and American sycamore. Loblolly pines are in some areas that are not subject to frequent flooding. Common understory plants include river birch, winged elm, hackberry, greenbrier, American holly, black willow, sourwood, eastern and hophornbeam.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia. Extent: Large
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/C/CHEWACLA.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Qasr al-Hosn (upper left), also known as the White Fort was constructed in 1761 as a conical watchtower to defend the only freshwater well in Abu Dhabi island. The tower was later expanded into a small fort in 1793 by the then ruler, Shakhbut bin Dhiyab Al Nahyan, and became the permanent residence of the ruling Sheikh. The tower took its present shape after a major extension in the late 1930s, aided by revenues received for granting the first oil license in Abu Dhabi. It remained the emir's palace (hence the name Qasr al-Hosn, meaning Palace fort) and seat of government until 1966. The fort has been developed several times and is now partially open to the public.
Typical landscape for map unit TTP29; Intervening flats of map unit TPG07 can be seen in the middle distance.
The Rub' al Khali is the largest contiguous sand desert in the world, encompassing most of the southern third of the Arabian Peninsula. The desert covers some 650,000 square kilometres including parts of Saudi Arabia, Oman, the United Arab Emirates, and Yemen. It is part of the larger Arabian Desert. One very large pile of sand!!!
For more photos related to soils and landscapes visit:
Landscape: Upland
Landform: Ridge, hill, and hillslope
Geomorphic Component: Interfluve, head slope, nose slope, or side slope
Hillslope Profile Position: Summit, shoulder, or backslope
Parent Material Origin: Nearly horizontal, interbedded gray and brown acid siltstone, shale, and sandstone
Parent Material Kind: Residuum
Slope: 0 to 70 percent
Elevation: 91 to 1097 meters (300 to 3600 feet)
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Typic Hapludults
Depth to the top of the Argillic: 13 to 38 cm (5 to 15 inches)
Depth to the base of the Argillic: 53 to 94 cm (21 to 37 inches)
Solum Thickness: 45 to 91 cm (18 to 36 inches)
Depth to Bedrock: 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches)
Depth Class: Moderately deep
Rock Fragment content: 5 to 40 percent, by volume, in the solum and 30 to 90 percent, by volume, in the C horizon. The rock fragment content is less than 35 percent, by volume, in the upper 20 inches of the argillic horizon. Rock fragments are mostly angular to subangular channers of shale, siltstone, and sandstone.
Soil Reaction: Extremely acid through strongly acid throughout, except where limed
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: Hayland, pasture, cropland, and woodland
Dominant Vegetation: Where cultivated--Grass-legume hay, corn, soybeans, wheat, or oats. Where wooded--Oaks, maple, hickory, and yellow-poplar.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Pennsylvania, Georgia, Indiana, Kentucky, Maryland, New York, Ohio, Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia
Extent: Large, over 6 million acres, at the time of this revision
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/G/GILPIN.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
North Carolina State Soil
The Cecil series consists of very deep, well drained moderately permeable soils on ridges and side slopes of the Piedmont uplands. They are deep to saprolite and very deep to bedrock. They formed in residuum weathered from felsic, igneous and high-grade metamorphic rocks of the Piedmont uplands. Slopes range from 0 to 25 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludults
USE AND VEGETATION: About half of the total acreage is in cultivation, with the remainder in pasture and forest. Common crops are small grains, corn, cotton, and tobacco.
Originally mapped in Cecil County, Maryland in 1899, more than 10 million acres (40,000 km²) of the Cecil soil series are now mapped in the Piedmont region of the southeastern United States. It extends from Virginia through North Carolina (where it is the state soil), South Carolina, Georgia and Alabama, with the typic Cecil pedon actually located in Franklin County, NC.
The Cecil series developed over igneous rock such as granite, and metamorphic rock which is chemically similar to granite. Virgin Cecil soils support forests dominated by pine, oak and hickory, and have a topsoil of brown sandy loam. The subsoil is a red clay which is dominated by kaolinite and has considerable mica. Few Cecil soils are in their virgin state, for most have been cultivated at one time or another. Indifferent land management has allowed many areas of Cecil soils to lose their topsoils through soil erosion, exposing the red clay subsoil. This clay is amenable to cultivation, responds well to careful management, and supports healthy growth of pine where allowed to revert to forest. Like other well-drained Ultisols, it is ideal for urban development; however, in common with other kaolinite-dominated clays, it has little ability to recover from soil compaction.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/C/CECIL.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Bouldin series. Bouldin soils have stones and boulders on the surface. They have numerous stones and cobbles throughout. (Soil Survey of Sequatchie County, Tennessee; by Jerry L. Prater, Natural Resourses Conservation Service)
The Bouldin series consists of deep, somewhat excessively drained soils that formed in stony colluvium weathered from interbedded sandstone, siltstone, and shale. They are on steep and very steep hillslopes and mountainflanks with slopes that range from 10 to 75 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, siliceous, semiactive, mesic Typic Paleudults
Thickness of the solum ranges from 60 to more than 80 inches. Depth to bedrock; limestone, sandstone or shale, ranges from 5 to more than 10 feet. Coarse fragments, mostly consisting of sandstone channers, cobbles, flagstones, or stones, range from 15 to 55 percent in the surface layer and from 35 to 90 percent in the subsoil and substratum. Size of fragments ranges from less than one inch to several feet across, but the dominant range is 10 to 20 inches. Reaction is very strongly or strongly acid throughout.
USE AND VEGETATION: Nearly all sites are in hardwood forest consisting chiefly of oaks, hickories, yellow poplar, maples, dogwood, and a few shortleaf and Virginia pines.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Along the edges of the Cumberland Plateau and Mountains in Tennessee and Kentucky, and possibly northern Alabama and Georgia. The series is of large extent including over 300,000 acres in Tennessee and Kentucky.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/tennessee/sequ...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/B/BOULDIN.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Stuttgart series; the State Soil of Arkansas.
Landscape: Rice grown on Stuttgart soil (foreground). Soybeans are shown growing on Stuttgart soil (background).
Stuttgart soil series was adopted as the official state soil by the Eighty-first General Assembly of Arkansas in 1997. Named or the city of Stuttgart in southeast Arkansas, these soils occur in the Grand Prairie and are of similar age, on large upland terraces within the Lower Mississippi Valley.
The Stuttgart series consists of very deep, moderately well to somewhat poorly drained, slowly permeable soils that formed in silty and clayey alluvium. These level to gently sloping soils are on Prairie terraces in the Lower Mississippi Valley, MLRA 131. Slopes are typically less than 3 percent, but range to 5 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, smectitic, thermic Albaquultic Hapludalfs
Solum thickness is more than 60 to more than 80 inches. There is an abrupt texture change between the ochric epipedon and the underlying argillic horizon. Sodium saturation ranges from 5 to 15 percent in the upper 16 inches of the argillic. It generally increases with depth and may range over 20 percent in the lower part in some pedons.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are cleared and used for the production of rice, soybeans, small grains and corn. The native vegetation was mainly tall
grasses, with large areas of hardwood forests of oaks, gums and ash with scattered areas of shortleaf pine.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Prairie terraces in Arkansas and possibly Louisiana. The series is of large extent with over 150,000 acres mapped.
For additional information about this state soil, visit:
www.soils4teachers.org/files/s4t/k12outreach/ar-state-soi...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/S/STUTTGART.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: The Colthorp series consists of shallow to a duripan, well drained soils. They formed in silty alluvium from loess and weathered volcanic ash. Permeability is moderately slow.
Landscape: Colthorp soils are on basalt plains, terraces and on plug domes and lava flow lobes on lava plains and shield volcanoes. Elevations range from 2,600 to 4,700 feet. Slopes are 0 to 20 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic, shallow Xeric Argidurids
Average annual soil temperature - 50 to 55 degrees F.
Depth to duripan - 10 to 20 inches
Depth to bedrock - 20 to 40 inches
Depth to secondary calcium carbonates - 5 to 15 inches
Particle-size control section - 18 to 30 percent clay; 0 to 15 percent rock fragments
Moisture control section - moist less than 90 consecutive days when the soil temperature is greater than 47 degrees F.
USE AND VEGETATION: The Colthorp soils are used mainly for rangeland. Some areas are irrigated and are used for pasture, hay, corn, small grains, sugar beets, and potatoes. Vegetation in the potential natural plant community is mainly Wyoming big sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass, Sandberg bluegrass, and Thurber needlegrass.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southwestern and south central Idaho; MLRA 11. It is of moderate extent.
The classification of this pedon has been revised as of 4/00 from loamy, mixed, mesic, shallow Xerollic Durargids to loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic, shallow Xeric Argidurids based on revision to Soil Taxonomy.
The term silty alluvium used in this series concept infers a localized influence on the mixed loess and weathered volcanic ash soil material by overland flow of running water.
Geographic setting - terms used throughout MLRA 11 to identify the setting of this soil are quire varied although all equate to the same landscape. There will be further investigation from an MLRA project level as to the accepted terms for use.
For additional information about Idaho soils, please visit:
storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/97d01af9d4554b9097cb0a477e04...
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/C/COLTHORP.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
North Carolina State Soil
A soil profile of Cecil sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes from the Soil Survey of Granville County, North Carolina. (Photo by John Kelley, USDA-NRCS).
The Cecil series consists of very deep, well drained moderately permeable soils on ridges and side slopes of the Piedmont uplands. They are deep to saprolite and very deep to bedrock. They formed in residuum weathered from felsic, igneous and high-grade metamorphic rocks of the Piedmont uplands. Slopes range from 0 to 25 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludults
USE AND VEGETATION: About half of the total acreage is in cultivation, with the remainder in pasture and forest. Common crops are small grains, corn, cotton, and tobacco.
Originally mapped in Cecil County, Maryland in 1899, more than 10 million acres (40,000 km²) of the Cecil soil series are now mapped in the Piedmont region of the southeastern United States. It extends from Virginia through North Carolina (where it is the state soil), South Carolina, Georgia and Alabama, with the typic Cecil pedon actually located in Franklin County, NC.
The Cecil series developed over igneous rock such as granite, and metamorphic rock which is chemically similar to granite. Virgin Cecil soils support forests dominated by pine, oak and hickory, and have a topsoil of brown sandy loam. The subsoil is a red clay which is dominated by kaolinite and has considerable mica. Few Cecil soils are in their virgin state, for most have been cultivated at one time or another. Indifferent land management has allowed many areas of Cecil soils to lose their topsoils through soil erosion, exposing the red clay subsoil. This clay is amenable to cultivation, responds well to careful management, and supports healthy growth of pine where allowed to revert to forest. Like other well-drained Ultisols, it is ideal for urban development; however, in common with other kaolinite-dominated clays, it has little ability to recover from soil compaction.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/C/CECIL.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of Arnett sandy loam with gravelly layers below a depth of about 40 centimeters. (Soil Survey of Jackson County, Oklahoma; by Richard Gelnar, Clay Salisbury, and Scott Keenan, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Arnett series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils. These very gently to strongly sloping soils formed in loamy and gravelly alluvial sediments on stream terraces of mid Pleistocene age. Slope ranges from 1 to 12 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, thermic Typic Haplustalfs
Solum thickness ranges from 40 to 60 inches. Depth to secondary carbonates ranges from 10 to 50 inches with a calcium carbonate equivalent from 5 to 15 percent.
USE AND VEGETATION: Mainly used as cropland or pasture with some areas in rangeland. Some areas are surface mined for road aggregate and other construction materials. Major crops grown are forage sorghums and small grains. Native vegetation is a mixture of tall and midgrasses. Mesquite will invade if not controlled.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Central Rolling Red Plains of southwestern Oklahoma and possibly north central Texas; LRR H (MLRA 78B, MLRA78C). The series is of small extent. The Arnett series was included with the Miles series in the Jackson County, Oklahoma 1961 soil survey. The series was originally established in Harmon County, Oklahoma in 1941 and later placed on the inactive soil list. The series is being reactivated to describe soils similar to the original concept of the series.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/oklahoma/OK065...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/A/ARNETT.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Bonneau series.
Depth Class: Very deep
Drainage Class (Agricultural): Well drained
Internal Free Water Occurrence: Deep, common
Flooding Frequency and Duration: None
Ponding Frequency and Duration: None
Index Surface Runoff: Negligible to medium
Permeability: Moderate
Shrink-swell potential: Low
Landscape: Lower, middle, and upper coastal plain
Landform: Marine terraces, uplands
Hillslope Profile Position: Summits, shoulders, backslopes
Geomorphic Component: Interfluves, side slopes
Parent Material: Marine deposits, fluviomarine deposits
Slope: 0 to 12 percent
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy, siliceous, subactive, thermic Arenic Paleudults
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Thickness of the sandy surface and subsurface layers: 20 to 40 inches
Depth to the top of the Argillic: 20 to 40 inches
Depth to the base of the Argillic horizon: 60 to 80 inches or more
Depth to Bedrock: Greater than 80 inches
Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: 40 to 60 inches, December to March
Rock Fragment Content: 0 to 15 percent, by volume, throughout
Soil Reaction: Extremely acid to slightly acid in the A and E horizons, except where limed and extremely acid to moderately acid in the B horizon
Other features: Content of silt in the particle-size control section is less than 30 percent. Some pedons have less than 5 percent plinthite nodules in the lower part of the B horizon.
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: Crops
Dominant Vegetation: Where cultivated--growing corn, soybeans, small grain, pasture grasses, and tobacco. Where wooded--mixed hardwood and pine, including longleaf and loblolly pine, white, red, turkey, and post oak, dogwood, and hickory.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Coastal Plain of Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia
Extent: Moderate
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/B/BONNEAU.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Huston Black soil series; the State Soil of Texas..
Landscape: These nearly level to moderately sloping soils occur on interfluves and side slopes on upland ridges and plains on dissected plains. Slopes are mainly 1 to 3 percent but range from 0 to 8 percent. Nearly all is cultivated and used for growing cotton, sorghums, and corn. Native vegetation consists of tall and mid grass prairies of little bluestem, big bluestem, indiangrass, switchgrass, and sideoats grama, with scattered elm, mesquite, and hackberry trees
The Houston Black series consists of very deep, moderately well drained, very slowly permeable soils that formed in clayey residuum derived from calcareous mudstone of Cretaceous Age.
The Houston Black series occurs on about 1.5 million acres in the Blackland Prairie, which extends from north of Dallas south to San Antonio. Because of their highly expansive clays, Houston Black soils are recognized throughout the world as the classic Vertisols, which shrink and swell markedly with changes in moisture content. These soils formed under prairie vegetation and in calcareous clays and marls. Water enters the soils rapidly when they are dry and cracked and very slowly when they are moist.
They also occur in several metropolitan areas, where their very high shrink-swell potential commonly is a limitation affecting building site development. The Professional Soil Scientists Association of Texas has recommended to the State Legislature that the Houston Black series be designated the State soil. The series was established in 1902.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/texas/TX439/0/...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/H/HOUSTON_BLACK.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of Fuquay soil. Fuquay soils have sandy surface layers more than 50 centimeters thick overlying a loamy subsoil subsoil with more than 5 percent plinthite (reddish iron rich concentrations) within a depth of 150 centimeters.
Landscape: Fuquay soils formed on marine terraces and are dominantly used for cropland. With proper use and management these soils are very productive.
MLRA(s): 133A-Southern Coastal Plain, 153A-Atlantic Coast Flatwoods (upper part)
Depth Class: Very deep
Drainage Class (Agricultural): Well drained
Internal Free Water Occurrence: Deep or very deep, common
Flooding Frequency and Duration: None
Ponding Frequency and Duration: None
Slowest Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity: Moderately low
Landscape: Upper and middle coastal plains
Landform: Marine terraces, uplands, flats
Geomorphic Component: Interfluves, side slopes
Hillslope Profile Position: Summits, shoulders, backslopes
Parent Material: Sandy over loamy marine deposits or fluviomarine deposits
Slope: 0 to 10 percent
Elevation (type location): Unknown
Mean Annual Air Temperature (type location): 16.7 degrees C. (about 62 degrees F.)
Mean Annual Precipitation (type location): 1240 millimeters (about 49 inches)
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy, kaolinitic, thermic Arenic Plinthic Kandiudults
Depth to top of Argillic horizon: 50 to 100 centimeters (about 20 to 40 inches)
Depth to base of Argillic horizon: 150 to more than 200 centimeters (about 60 to more than 78 inches)
Depth to Bedrock: Greater than 200 centimeters (about 78 inches)
Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: 100 to 150 centimeters or more (about 40 to 60 inches or more), January to March
Thickness of the sandy surface and subsurface layers: 50 to 100 centimeters (about 20 to 40 inches)
Content and Size of Rock Fragments: 0 to 35 percent, by volume, in the A, E, and BE horizons and 0 to 15 percent throughout the lower profile; mostly rounded nodules of ironstone
Organic matter content: 0.5 to 2.0 percent in the A horizon and less than 0.5 in E, B, and C horizons
(Effective) Cation Exchange Capacity: 2 to 10 milliequivalents per 100 grams of soil in the A horizon; 1 to 4 in E and B horizons; and 2 to 5 in the C horizon
Soil Reaction: Extremely acid to moderately acid, except where limed
Plinthite Content: Greater than 5 percent within a depth of 150 centimeters (about 60 inches) starting at a depth greater than 50 centimeters (about 20 inches)
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: Cropland
Dominant Vegetation: Where cultivated--tobacco, cotton, corn, soybeans, and small grains. Where wooded--loblolly pine, longleaf pine, and slash pine, with some hardwoods, understory plants including American holly, flowering dogwood, persimmon, and greenbrier.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Upper Coastal Plain of North Carolina, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina
Extent: Large
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/georgia/screve...
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Wawaka series. (Soil Survey of Delaware County, Indiana; by Gary R. Struben, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Wawaka series consists of very deep, well drained soils that formed in as much as 51 cm (20 inches) of loess and in the underlying till over outwash. The Wawaka soils are on outwash floored till plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 12 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 991 mm (39 inches), and mean annual air temperature is about 11 degrees C (52 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Typic Hapludalfs
Thickness of the loess: 0 to 51 cm (0 to 20 inches)
Depth to the base of the argillic horizon: 76 to 152 cm (30 to 60 inches)
Depth to the base of soil development: extends to depths greater than 203 cm (80 inches)
Depth to carbonates: 76 to 152 cm (30 to 60 inches)
Particle-size control section: averages 27 to 35 percent clay and 15 to 35 percent fine sand or coarser
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are used to grow corn and soybeans. Some areas are used for growing small grain, mainly wheat, and for hay and pasture. Also a few areas are in woodland or urban land. Native vegetation is mixed hardwood forest.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Central Indiana; MLRAs 111A and 111D. The type location is in MLRA 111A. The series is of moderate extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/indiana/IN035/...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/W/WAWAKA.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Kaolin clay is derived from the mineral Kaolinite which comes from the Earth’s crust. It is a hydrous aluminum silicate formed by the decomposition of minerals such as feldspar. The mineral Kaolinite, also referred to as Kaolinite clay, is a layered silicate mineral and is soft, earthy, and usually white in color, produced by the chemical weathering of aluminum silicate minerals. Rocks that are rich in Kaolinite are also known as Kaolin or China Clay. This means the terms Kaolin clay and Kaolinite clay can be used interchangeably.
For more information about describing soils using the USDA-Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_052523...
The Bismarck series consists of shallow, somewhat excessively drained, moderately permeable soils that formed in residuum from tilted and folded shale bedrock with thin strata of interbedded sandstone, chert, and novaculite. (Soil Survey of Montgomery County, Arkansas; by Jeffrey W. Olson, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Bismarck soils are nearly level to very steep soils on uplands of the Ouachita Mountains: MLRA 119. Slopes range from 1 to 60 percent. Mean annual temperature is about 62 degrees F, and the mean annual precipitation is about 52 inches.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, semiactive, thermic, shallow Typic Dystrudepts
Solum thickness and depth to shale ranges from 10 to 20 inches. Reaction ranges from medium acid to very strongly acid throughout.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are in forest. Native trees are eastern redcedar, shortleaf pine, loblolly pine, post oak, blackjack oak, and red oak. Small acreages are used for pasture and hay.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Ouachita Mountains of Arkansas and Oklahoma. The series is of large extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/arkansas/AR097...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/B/BISMARCK.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
The Bedford series consists of moderately well drained soils formed in loess and the underlying loamy material over a paleosol from clayey residuum. They are on hills underlain with limestone bedrock. They are very deep soils that are moderately deep to a fragipan. Permeability is moderate above the fragipan and very slow in the fragipan. Slopes range from 0 to 12 percent. Mean annual temperature is 56 degrees F, and mean annual precipitation is 42 inches.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, active, mesic Oxyaquic Fragiudalfs
The depth to the base of the argillic horizon is more than 80 inches. The loess mantle is 20 to 40 inches thick. Depth to the top of the fragipan is 20 to 38 inches. The rock fragments (pebbles) are mainly chert.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas of these soils are used to grow corn, soybeans, wheat and hay. Some areas are used for permanent pasture, and a few areas are in forest. Native vegetation is mixed hardwood forest, chiefly oaks, maple, hickory, elm, ash, and hackberry.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Mainly south-central Indiana, and to a lesser extent Kentucky, southern Illinois, Pennsylvania, and northwestern Tennessee. The soil is of large extent, and is dominantly in MLRA 122. The classification of this series is changed from a Fragiudult to a Fragiudalf. The gray colors in the 3Btb horizons are considered to be mottles, and not redoximorphic depletions.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/B/BEDFORD.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: Layland cobbly silt loam. Disoriented rock fragments indicate that this soil formed in colluvium. (Soil Survey of New River Gorge National River, West Virginia; by Wendy Noll and James Bell, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Depth Class: Very deep
Drainage Class (Agricultural): Well drained
Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity Class: Moderately high
Landscape: The Allegheny Plateau
Parent Material: Colluvium derived from sandstones and shales
Slope: 15 to 80 percent
Mean Annual Air Temperature (type location): 11 degrees C. (52 degrees F.)
Mean Annual Precipitation (type location): 1168 mm (46 inches)
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, siliceous, semiactive, mesic Typic Dystrudepts
Depth to the top of the Cambic: 8 to 51 cm (3 to 20 inches)
Depth to the base of the Cambic: 76 to 152 cm (30 to 60 inches)
Depth to Bedrock: greater than 152 cm (60 inches)
Rock Fragment content (by volume): 5 to 60 percent in individual horizons of the upper solum, 30 to 90 percent in the BC and C horizons. The weighted average of rock fragments in the particle size class control section (25 to 102 cm) is 35 percent or more. Rock fragments are dominantly sandstone in the upper part. Fragments of siltstone and shale often increase in volume in the lower part of the profile.
Soil Reaction: Very strongly acid or extremely acid throughout the mineral soil, except where limed or affected by burning. Organic surface horizons are very strongly acid to moderately acid reaction.
Other soil features: The particle size control section averages 18 to 27 percent clay. Some pedons have a lithologic discontinuity to colluvium dominated by materials weathered from shale and siltstone below a depth of 92 cm (36 inches).
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: Woodland and pasture
Dominant Vegetation: Oak-hickory or mixed mesophytic forests, largely depending on aspect; predominantly scarlet, black, white, red, or chestnut oak, red maple, pignut or mockernut hickory, yellow poplar, American Holly, and beech.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: West Virginia, Possibly Maryland and Pennsylvania.
Extent: Moderate
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/west_virginia/...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/L/LAYLAND.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
"Laterite" is an antiquated term referring to hardened soil that contains large amounts of plinthite (litho-plinthite, petroplinthite: link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11368-014-0896-2
Laterite is considered both a soil and a rock type rich in iron and aluminum and most commonly formed in hot and wet tropical areas. Nearly all laterites are of rusty-red coloration, because of high iron oxide content. They develop by intensive and prolonged weathering of the underlying parent rock, usually when there are conditions of high temperatures and heavy rainfall with alternate wet and dry periods. Tropical weathering (laterization) is a prolonged process of chemical weathering which produces a wide variety in the thickness, grade, chemistry and ore mineralogy of the resulting soils. The majority of the land area containing laterites is between the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn.
With laterite being referred to as a soil type as well as being a rock type with variation in the modes of conception--there has been calls for the term to be abandoned altogether. Material that looks highly similar to the Indian laterite occurs abundantly worldwide.
Historically, laterite was cut into brick-like shapes and used in monument-building. After 1000 CE, construction at Angkor Wat and other southeast Asian sites changed to rectangular temple enclosures made of laterite, brick, and stone. Similar materials in the US have not sufficiently hardened to be mined as building blocks. This material has been referred to as "soft" plinthite.
Laterites are a source of aluminum ore; the ore exists largely in clay minerals and the hydroxides, gibbsite, boehmite, and diaspore, which resembles the composition of bauxite. In Northern Ireland they once provided a major source of iron and aluminum ores.
For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
or Chapter 3 of the Soil Survey manual:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/The-Soil-Su...
For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=e_hQaXV7MpM
For additional information about soil classification using USDA-NRCS Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/keys-...
or;
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/soil-...
Soil profile: The Fairpoint series consists of very deep, well drained soils. (Kentucky Soil Atlas; by Anastasios D. Karathanasis, University of Kentucky)
Landscape: Typical aerial view of mountain-top removal of coal and reclaimed landscape. These soils formed in materials derived from the surface mining of coal. Permeability is moderate or moderately slow. The regolith is a mixture of partially weathered fine-earth and rock fragments. Slopes range from 0 to 90 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, active, nonacid, mesic Typic Udorthents
Depth to Bedrock: Greater than 152 cm (60 inches)
Depth Class: Very deep
Rock Fragment Content: The A or Ap horizon ranges from 15 to 60 percent, by volume. The C horizon ranges from 35 to 60 percent, by volume, averaging 45 percent.
Rock Fragment Size: 2 mm to 25 cm, but can include stones and boulders
Rock Fragment Type: Nonacid siltstone, shale, sandstone, limestone and coal
Fine-Earth Fraction: Averages 18 to 35 percent clay in the control section
Soil Reaction: Moderately acid through neutral, except where limed
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: Wildlife habitat and recreational areas. The rough topography and coarse fragment content of unreclaimed areas make it impractical for agriculture and difficult for standard forest harvesting practices. Some reclaimed areas are used for hay or pasture, and increasingly, are also used for homesites. Reclaimed areas typically exhibit higher bulk densities, much lower saturated hydraulic conductivities and low organic matter in the surface horizon, making establishment of vegetation difficult.
Dominant Vegetation: Unreclaimed areas are naturally seeded deciduous forests with a few barren areas. Reclaimed areas are usually open grassland, including some legumes. A few reclaimed areas have been planted to trees, but mortality is high because of soil compaction.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Pennsylvania, Virginia and West Virginia
Extent: Large, over 500,00 acres identified. Fairpoint soils were previously mapped as a variety of strip mine spoil and udorthents units.
For additional information about Kentucky soils, visit:
uknowledge.uky.edu/pss_book/4/
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/F/FAIRPOINT.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
The Crider series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils on uplands. They formed in a loess mantle and the underlying residuum from limestone. Slopes range from 0 to 30 percent. Crider soils are on nearly level to moderately steep uplands. Many areas are undulating to rolling karst topography. The upper 20 to 45 inches of the solum formed in loess and the lower part formed in limestone residuum or old alluvium.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, active, mesic Typic Paleudalfs
USE AND VEGETATION: Nearly all of the soil is used for growing crops and pasture. The chief crops are corn, small grains, soybeans, tobacco,and hay; truck crops are grown in a few places. The original vegetation was mixed hardwood forest, chiefly of oaks, maple, hickory, elm, ash, and hackberry.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The Pennyroyal and the western Outer Bluegrass of Kentucky; the northern part of the Highland Rim of Tennessee, Illinois and possibly northeast Arkansas. The soil is of large extent.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/C/CRIDER.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Haplocalcids are the Calcids that have a calcic horizon with its upper boundary within 100 cm of the soil surface. These soils do not have a duripan or an argillic, natric, or petrocalcic horizon within 100 cm of the soil surface. Some of the soils have a cambic horizon above the calcic horizon. Haplocalcids are extensive.
Sodic Haplocalcids have, in a horizon at least 25 cm thick within 100 cm of the mineral soil surface, an exchangeable sodium percentage of 15 or more (or an SAR of 13 or more) during at least 1 month in normal years. These soils do not have a lithic contact within 50 cm of the soil surface; a high shrink-swell potential; saturation with water for 1 month or more within 100 cm of the soil surface; a duripan within 150 cm of the soil surface; or a significant amount of durinodes, nodules, concretions, or brittleness. In the US, these soils occur in California, Nevada, and Texas.
The "lithic" phase of these soils have lithic contact at a depth of more than 50cm from the soil surface. Lithic contact is a boundary between soil and continuous, coherent, underlying material. The underlying material must be sufficiently coherent to make hand-digging with a spade impractical. The material below a lithic contact must be in a strongly cemented or more cemented rupture-resistance class. Commonly, the material is indurated.
The Lloyd series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils on uplands in the Southern Piedmont. The soils formed in residuum derived from intermediate and mafic, igneous and high-grade metamorphic rocks.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Rhodic Kanhapludults
Most areas are cleared and used for cultivated crops or pasture. Principal crops are corn, small grain, hay and pasture grasses. Common trees in forested areas are loblolly pine, shortleaf pine, Virginia pine, northern red oak, southern red oak, white oak, post oak, hickory, and red maple. Understory plants include dogwood, winged elm, eastern hophornbeam, eastern redbud, eastern red cedar, and sassafras.
These soils are of large extent in the Southern Piedmont in North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia, and possibly Alabama, and Virginia.
These soils were combined with Hiwassee in 1969. Hiwassee series was originally established on high stream terraces. This revision separates the soils formed in residuum as Lloyd on the basis of parent material and depth of Rhodic colors. Terrace Hiwassee soils are dominantly value 3 or less throughout. A proposal to amend the 1996 Keys to Soil Taxonomy involves changing the thickness of the part of the kandic horizon with value of 3 or less to include more soils in the Rhodic subgroup.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/L/LLOYD.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of an Inceptisol (bordrline Oxisol) from the Cerado physiographic region--a vast tropical savanna ecoregion of Brazil, particularly in the states of Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso, Tocantins, Minas Gerais and the Federal District of Brazil. (Horizonation is by Brazil soil classification system.)
Landscape: Typical landscape and vegetation (rangeland in the foreground and eucalyptus plantation in the background) occurring on interfluve in Brazil.
Inceptisols are a soil order in USDA soil taxonomy. They form quickly through alteration of parent material. They are more developed than Entisols. The central concept of Inceptisols is that of soils that are of cool to very warm, humid and subhumid regions and that have a cambic horizon and an ochric epipedon. The order of Inceptisols includes a wide variety of soils. In some areas Inceptisols are soils with minimal development, while in other areas they are soils with diagnostic horizons that merely fail the criteria of the other soil orders. Inceptisols have many kinds of diagnostic horizons and epipedons. This pedon had few plinthite nodules and ironstone concretions in the subsoil.
Oxisols are a soil order in USDA soil taxonomy. Oxisols are weathered soils that are low in fertility. They are most common on the gentle slopes of geologically old surfaces in tropical and subtropical regions. Their profiles are distinctive because of a lack of obvious horizons. Their surface horizons are normally somewhat darker than the subsoil, but the transition of subsoil features is gradual. Some oxisols have been previously classified as laterite soils.
Inceptisol (Latossolos) and landscape BRAZIL--In the Brazil soil classification system, these Latossolos are highly weathered soils composed mostly of clay and weathering resistant sand particles. Clay silicates of low activity (kaolinite clays) or iron and aluminum oxide rich (haematite, goethite, gibbsite) are common. There are little noticeable horizonation differences. These are naturally very infertile soils, but, because of the ideal topography and physical conditions, some are being used for agricultural production. These soils do require fertilizers because of the ease of leaching of nutrients through the highly weathered soils.
For additional information about these soils, visit:
sites.google.com/site/soil350brazilsoilsla/soil-formation...
and...
For additional information about U.S. soil classification, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/soils/survey/class...
A representative soil profile of the Bighawk series. (Soil Survey of Wupatki National Monument, Arizona; by James M. Harrigan, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Bighawk series consists of very deep, somewhat excessively drained soils that formed in alluvium from pyroclastics and cinders. Bighawk soils are on alluvial fans, and plateaus. Slopes range from 1 to 5 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 12 inches and the mean annual air temperature is about 52 degrees F. (11.1 degress C.)
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Ashy-skeletal, glassy, mesic Vitrandic Haplocambids
Soil moisture: Intermittently moist in some part of the soil moisture control section during July - September and December - February. Driest during May and June. Ustic Aridic soil moisture regime.
Soil Temperature: 52 to 56 degrees Fahrenheit (11.1 to 13.3 degrees Celsius)
Particle-size control section (weighted average)
Clay content: 12 to 18 percent
Rock Fragments: 35 to 55 percent cinders
Volcanic Glass: 30 to 40 percent
USE AND VEGETATION: Used for livestock grazing and wildlife habitat. Vegetation includes galleta, oneseed Juniper, Russian thistle, black grama, needle and thread, and alkali sacaton.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northern Arizona. Bighawk soils are of moderate extent. This soil is named after the valley at the type location. MLRA 35 Land Resource Unit 35.1.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/arizona/wupatk...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/B/BIGHAWK.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: The Wedowee series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils that formed in residuum weathered from felsic igneous and metamorphic rocks of the Piedmont uplands.
Landscape: A pasture in an area of Wedowee sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes. Slope is dominantly between 6 and 25 percent but ranges from 0 to 60 percent. Cleared areas are used for cotton, corn, tobacco, small grain, hay, and pasture. (Soil Survey of Chatham County, North Carolina; by Richard D. Hayes, North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources)
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludults
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are wooded. Common trees include loblolly pine, Virginia pine, red oak, white oak, post oak, hickory, blackgum, maple, and dogwood.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The Piedmont of Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina and Virginia. The series is of moderate extent.
Wedowee soils were formerly mapped as thin solum phases of the Appling series. The 5/90 revision changed the classification to Typic Kanhapludults in recognition of the low activity clay content of the argillic horizon. The December 2005 revision moved the type location from Randolph County, Alabama to a more representative site.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/north_carolina...
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/W/WEDOWEE.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Depth Class: Very deep
Drainage Class (Agricultural): Well drained
Internal Free Water Occurrence: Deep, common
Flooding Frequency and Duration: None
Ponding Frequency and Duration: None
Index Surface Runoff: Negligible to medium
Permeability: Moderate
Shrink-swell potential: Low
Landscape: Lower, middle, and upper coastal plain
Landform: Marine terraces, uplands
Hillslope Profile Position: Summits, shoulders, backslopes
Geomorphic Component: Interfluves, side slopes
Parent Material: Marine deposits, fluviomarine deposits
Slope: 0 to 12 percent
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy, siliceous, subactive, thermic Arenic Paleudults
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Thickness of the sandy surface and subsurface layers: 20 to 40 inches
Depth to the top of the Argillic: 20 to 40 inches
Depth to the base of the Argillic horizon: 60 to 80 inches or more
Depth to Bedrock: Greater than 80 inches
Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: 40 to 60 inches, December to March
Rock Fragment Content: 0 to 15 percent, by volume, throughout
Soil Reaction: Extremely acid to slightly acid in the A and E horizons, except where limed and extremely acid to moderately acid in the B horizon
Other features: Content of silt in the particle-size control section is less than 30 percent. Some pedons have less than 5 percent plinthite nodules in the lower part of the B horizon.
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: Crops
Dominant Vegetation: Where cultivated--growing corn, soybeans, small grain, pasture grasses, and tobacco. Where wooded--mixed hardwood and pine, including longleaf and loblolly pine, white, red, turkey, and post oak, dogwood, and hickory.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Coastal Plain of Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia
Extent: Moderate
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/B/BONNEAU.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
The Al Yafar series is a very deep soil formed in gravelly loamy and sandy alluvial deposits. (NE022) UAE.
Taxonomic classification: Typic Haplogypsids, loamy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, hyperthermic
Diagnostic subsurface horizon described in this profile is: Gypsic horizon 30 to 70 cm.
The pH (1:1) ranges from 7.0 to 7.8 throughout the profile. The EC (1:1) ranges from 0.1 to 5.0 throughout. A desert pavement of gravel in many areas covers 2 to 80% of the soil surface. The size of the rock fragments on and in the soil is predominantly gravel, but may include cobbles and a few stones, especially in areas close to the mountains. The size of rock fragments generally decreases as distance from the mountains increases.
The A horizon thickness ranges from 10 to 25 cm. Hue is 7.5YR or 10YR, value is 4 to 7, and chroma is 3 to 6. Texture is loamy sand, loamy fine sand, fine sandy loam, sandy loam, or loam, including gravelly or very gravelly texture modifiers.
The B horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 to 7, and chroma of 2 to 6. Texture in more than half of the particle-size control section is coarse sandy loam, sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or loam, including very gravelly or extremely gravelly texture modifiers. Also included in the B horizon are layers making up less than half the particle-size control section with texture of loamy coarse sand, loamy sand, or loamy fine sand including gravelly, very gravelly, or extremely gravelly texture modifiers. Individual layers may have less than 35% gravel, but the weighted average gravel content of the particle-size control section is 35% or more. Visible secondary gypsum in the form of masses or crystals range from 2 to 20%. The B horizon may be very weakly cemented or weakly cemented by gypsum. However; roots appear to be able to penetrate at less than 10 cm spacing. Some pedons are not cemented.
A representative soil profile of the Wilkes series. (Soil Survey of Coosa County, Alabama; by John L. Burns, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Depth class: Shallow
Agricultural Drainage Class: Well drained
Permeability: Moderately slow to slow
Index Surface Runoff: High to very high
Parent Material: Residuum weathered from intermediate and mafic crystalline rocks
Shrink-swell potential: High
Slope: 4 to 60 percent
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy, mixed, active, thermic, shallow Typic Hapludalfs
Solum thickness: 10 to 25 inches (25 to 64 centimeters)
Depth to soft bedrock: 10 to 20 inches (25 to 50 centimeters)
Depth to hard bedrock: 40 to more than 60 inches (100 to 150+ centimeters)
Content and size of rock fragments: 0 to 50 percent in the A horizon consisting of gravel, cobble and stone size fragments and 0 to 35 percent in the Bt horizons.
Dark concretions: none to common.
Soil reaction: strongly acid through slightly acid in the A and E horizons if present, and moderately acid through mildly alkaline in the lower horizons
Clay content: averages 18 to 35 percent
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: Woodland, pasture and cropland (mainly small grain, lespedeza, corn and tobacco).
Dominant trees are shortleaf, loblolly, and Virginia pines, eastern red cedar, blackjack oak, and post oak.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Thermic Piedmont area of Alabama, North Carolina, Georgia, South Carolina, and Virginia.
Extent: Moderate The series is of moderate extent.
or additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/alabama/AL037/...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/W/WILKES.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
The Armour series consists of very deep well drained soils on stream terraces, foot slopes, and valley floors. These soils formed in old alluvium, valley fill, or in alluvium and the underlying residuum of limestone. Slopes range 0 to 20 percent. (Soil Survey of Macon County, Tennessee; by Charlie McCowan, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, active, thermic Ultic Hapludalfs
Solum thickness ranges from 40 to more than 80 inches. Depth to limestone bedrock is greater than 5 feet. Reaction is moderately acid or strongly acid except the surface layer is less acid where limed. Fragments of gravel or chert range from 0 to 10 percent in the upper 40 inches. The fragments range up to about 3 inches in diameter. Below 40 inches the fragment content is dominantly 0 to 35 percent, but ranges to 60 percent.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most of the areas are cleared and used for pasture, hay, small grain, tobacco, and corn. The native vegetation was mixed hardwoods including oaks, hickory, elm, hackberry, maple, beech, black walnut, ash, locust, yellow-poplar, and red cedar.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The Nashville Basin and Highland Rim in Tennessee and the inner bluegrass region of Kentucky. The series is of moderate extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/tennessee/maco...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/A/ARMOUR.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit: