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(Oregon State Soil)
The Jory series consists of very deep, well-drained soils that formed in colluvium derived from basic igneous rock. These soils are in the foothills surrounding the Willamette Valley. They have been mapped on more than 300,000 acres in western Oregon. They are named after Jory Hill, Marion County, Oregon.
Jory soils generally support forest vegetation, dominantly Douglas fir and Oregon white oak. They are very productive forest soils. Many areas have been cleared and are used for agricultural crops. The Jory soils and the climate of the Willamette Valley provide an ideal setting for the production of many crops, including Christmas trees, various berries, filberts (hazelnuts), sweet corn, wheat, and many varieties of grass seed. The soils are suitable for the grapes used in the expanding wine industry. Growing urbanization of the Willamette Valley is resulting in a great deal of pressure for development in areas of the Jory soils.
The Jory series consists of very deep, well drained soils that formed in colluvium and residuum derived from sedimentary and basic igneous bedrock. They are on foothills and have slopes of 2 to 90 percent.
(Soil Survey of Benton County, Oregon)
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/oregon/OR003/0...
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, active, mesic Xeric Palehumults
The soils are usually moist but are dry for 45 to 75 consecutive days between depths of 4 and 12 inches following the summer solstice. Depth to basalt or sediments is over 60 inches. The particle-size control section has 0 to 15 percent rock fragments and 45 to 60 percent clay.
USE AND VEGETATION: These soils are used mainly for orchards, Christmas trees, vineyards, cane berries, grass seed, timber production, wildlife habitat, and watershed health. Vegetation is dominated by Douglas-fir with scattered Oregon white oak and understory of poison-oak and rosebush.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Low foothills of Willamette and Umpqua Valleys, Oregon; MLRA 2. The series is extensive.
This soil series was officially recognized by the State of Oregon as the state soil on May 23, 2011. The Jory series is a benchmark soil.
This soil was previously classified as a Xeric Haplohumults. The bedrock substratum phase of this series when associated with sediments is correlated to the Windygap series. Some pedons have boulders as much as 5 feet in diameter.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/J/JORY.html
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Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Moenkopie series. (Soil Survey of Glen Canyon National Recreation Area, Arizona and Utah; by Michael W. Burney, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: An area of Moenkopie-Rock outcrop complex, 3 to 24 percent slopes. Rock outcrop-Torriorthents complex, 20 to 65 percent slopes, extremely bouldery is in the background.
The Moenkopie series consists of very shallow and shallow, well drained soils that formed in alluvium from sandstone and shale. Moenkopie soils are on mesas, plateaus, hills, and structural benches. Slopes are 0 to 30 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 9 inches. Mean annual air temperature is about 52 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy, mixed, superactive, calcareous, mesic Lithic Torriorthents
Soil moisture: Intermittently moist in some part of the soil moisture control section during July-August and December-January. Driest during May and June. Typic aridic soil moisture regime.
Soil temperature: 52 to 59 degrees F.
Depth to bedrock: dominantly 9 to 18 inches, but ranges from 4 to 20 inches
Rock fragments: averages less than 35 percent in the particle size control section; individual horizons can range from 35 to 65 percent
Texture: (A and C or B horizons) - loamy sand, sandy loam, fine sandy loam, loam, loamy fine sand, coarse sandy loam, loamy coarse sand (less than 18 percent clay)
Reaction: slightly alkaline to strongly alkaline
Calcium carbonate equivalent: less than 15 percent in the A horizon and less than 35 percent below
Organic matter: less than 1 percent
USE AND VEGETATION: These soils are used for livestock grazing and wildlife habitat. Vegetation is blue grama, galleta, alkali sacaton, threeawn, fourwing saltbush, snakeweed, and sand dropseed, and juniper, algerita, cliffrose, and widely spaced pinyon pine.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northern Arizona and southern Utah. The series is of large extent. MLRA 35.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/arizona/glenca...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/M/MOENKOPIE.html
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The Al Maalla series is a very deep soil formed in sandy alluvial deposits that increase in gravel content with depth. (NE016) UAE.
Taxonomic classification: Typic Haplocalcids, sandy, mixed, hyperthermic
Diagnostic subsurface horizon described in this profile is: Calcic horizon 10 to 200 cm.
The particle-size control section has a weighted average of 25 to 50% very fine sand and finer. The pH (1:1) ranges from 7.0 to 8.6 throughout the profile. The EC (1:1) is generally less than 1.0 in all horizons, but it may be as high as 2.0 in some areas. A desert pavement of fine to medium gravel in many areas covers 5 to 25% of the soil surface. A 2B horizon with a significant increase in gravel is generally encountered between 65 and 200 cm. Accumulations of calcium carbonate are evident in the form of masses or concretions in some or all parts of the B horizon. The B and 2B horizons may be extremely weakly cemented to moderately cemented with carbonates. However, roots appear to be able to penetrate with a spacing of less than 10 cm. Some pedons lack cementation.
The A horizon is generally about 20 cm thick, but ranges from 5 to 25 cm. Hue is 7.5YR or 10YR, value is 5 to 7, and chroma is 3 or 4. Texture is fine sand, loamy fine sand, or fine sandy loam. Fine or medium gravel ranges from 0 to about 10% in the A horizon.
The B horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 5 to 7, and chroma of 3 to 6. Texture is predominantly coarse sand, sand, fine sand, or loamy fine sand, including gravelly texture modifiers. Thin horizons of sandy loam or fine sandy loam occur in some pedons. Fine or medium gravel ranges from 0 to about 30% in the B horizon.
The 2B horizon has hue of 5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR, value of 5 or 6, and chroma 3 to 6. It is gravelly to extremely gravelly sand, loamy sand, or coarse sand. Gravel content ranges from 15 to 70%.
A representative soil profile of the Nineveh series. (Soil Survey of Bartholomew County, Indiana; by Mike Wigginton and Dena Marshall, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Nineveh series consists of very deep, well drained soils that are moderately deep to calcareous, stratified gravelly and sandy outwash. The Nineveh soils formed in loamy deposits. They are on stream terraces. Slope ranges from 0 to 6 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 1041 mm (41 inches), and mean annual air temperature is about 11 degrees C (52 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy over sandy or sandy-skeletal, mixed, active, mesic Typic Argiudolls
Thickness of the solum: 61 to 102 cm (24 to 40 inches)
USE AND VEGETATION: Nineveh soils are mostly cultivated. The principal crops grown are corn, soybeans, wheat, and hay. Some areas are used for growing green beans, potatoes, tomatoes, strawberries, and other vegetables and fruits. Irrigation is used on this soil in some areas. Native vegetation is prairie grass with widely spaced trees, chiefly oak, hawthorn, walnut, and wild cherry.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Central and south-central Indiana and western Ohio; MLRA 111A. The series is of moderate extent, about 20,000 acres.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/indiana/IN005/...
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Landscape: Low and intermediate mountains and occasionally intermountain hills
Landform: Mountain slope, hillslopes, and ridges
Geomorphic Component: Mountain top, mountain flank, side slope, and interfluves
Hillslope Profile Position: Summit, shoulder, and backslope
Parent Material Origin: Felsic or mafic igneous or high-grade metamorphic rocks such as granite gneiss, granodiorite, biotite gneiss, and high-grade metagraywacke.
Parent Material Kind: Residuum that is affected by soil creep in the upper solum.
Slope: Typically 15 to 95 percent, but range from 2 to 95 percent
Elevation: Typically between 427 and 1524 meters; (1,400 to 5,000 feet). Where correlated in the New Jersey Highlands, the elevation ranges to as low as 400 feet.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Typic Dystrudepts
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: Woodland, less often pasture, hayland, and occasionally fruit trees, burley tobacco, Christmas trees, and vegetables.
Dominant Vegetation: Where wooded--white oak, black oak, scarlet oak, chestnut oak, hickory, eastern white pine, Virginia pine, and pitch pine. Yellow poplar and northern red oak occur in the north central mountains of MLRA 130B. Understory includes mountain laurel, flowering dogwood, sourwood, black locust, American chestnut sprouts, greenbrier, Christmas fern, and rhododendron. Where cleared--pasture, hay, and occasionally fruit trees, burley tobacco, Christmas trees, and vegetables.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Southern Blue Ridge (MLRA 130-B) of North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Tennessee, Virginia and Northern Piedmont (MLRA 148).
Extent: Large--more than 100,000 acres.
Edneyville soils were previously classified and mapped in the Gray-Brown Podzolic great soil group. The 1/98 revision changes the family placement to coarse-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Typic Dystrochrepts per the 7th Edition of Keys to Soil Taxonomy (1996). The particle-size control section of many pedons has a weighted average clay content marginal to fine-loamy. Similar soils in a fine-loamy family are associated on some landscapes. The CEC activity class placement is based on placement of similar soils such as Chestnut.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/E/EDNEYVILLE.html
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The Alpin series consists of very deep, excessively drained, moderately rapidly permeable soils on uplands and river terraces of the Coastal Plain. They formed in thick beds of sandy eolian or marine deposits. Depth to seasonal water table is more than 80 inches. Some low terraces flood occasionally for brief periods.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Thermic, coated Lamellic Quartzipsamments (This pedon is marginal to a Psammentic Paleudult, Valdosta series)
Thickness of sand is 80 inches or more. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to slightly acid throughout. Depth to lamellae ranges from 40 to 78 inches but most commonly is 50 to 70 inches. Cumulative thickness of lamellae ranges from 1 cm to 15 cm. Content of silt plus clay in the 10 to 40-inch control section ranges from 5 to 10 percent.
Many areas are planted to pine. Some small areas have been cleared and are used for tobacco, peanuts, watermelons, and tame pasture. The native vegetation consists of scattered slash pine and longleaf pine, turkey oak, post oak, blackjack oak, and bluejack oak. The understory is dominated by bluestem, low panicums, fringeleaf paspalum, and native annual forbs.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain. The series is of large extent.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/A/ALPIN.html
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The Ard series consists of moderately deep, well drained soils that formed in rhyolite residuum with loess influence. Ard soils are on mountain slopes and loess hills and have slopes of 4 to 12 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, superactive Calcic Haplocryolls
Mollic epipedon thickness: 25 to 40 cm
Depth to bedrock: 50 to 100 cm
Depth to the calcic horizon (2Bk horizon): 25 to 40 cm
Particle size control section rock fragments: 0 to 35 percent
Particle size control section total clay: 7 to 18 percent
Reaction: neutral to strongly alkaline
Soil moisture regime: xeric, dry for 45to 60 consecutive days
Mean annual soil temperature: 3.9 to 7.2 degrees C. (cryic soil temperature regime)
Mean summer soil temperature: 10.0 to 15.0 degrees C.
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major uses: Non-irrigated winter and spring wheat, barley, and rangeland
Dominant native vegetation: mountain big sagebrush, Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass, tapertip hawksbeard
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Southeastern Idaho, MLRA 13
Extent: the series is not extensive
For additional information about Idaho soils, please visit:
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The Rub' al Khali is the largest contiguous sand desert in the world, encompassing most of the southern third of the Arabian Peninsula. The desert covers some 650,000 square kilometres including parts of Saudi Arabia, Oman, the United Arab Emirates, and Yemen. It is part of the larger Arabian Desert. One very large pile of sand!!!
Most of the UAE's cultivated land is taken up by date palms, which in the early 1990s numbered about 4 million. They are cultivated in the arc of small oases that constitute the Al Liwa Oasis. Both federal and emirate governments provide incentives to farmers. For example, the government offers a 50 percent subsidy on fertilizers, seeds, and pesticides. It also provides loans for machinery and technical assistance. The emirates have forty-one agricultural extension units as well as several experimental farms and agricultural research stations. The number of farmers rose from about 4,000 in the early 1970s to 18,265 in 1988.
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The Bailey series consists of very deep, well drained soils formed in colluvium derived from rhyolite and tuff with loess influence. Bailey soils are on canyon walls and have slopes of 4 to 80 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 430 mm and the mean annual air temperature is about 7.5 degrees C.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, frigid Calcic Haploxerolls
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major uses: rangeland and wildlife habitat
Dominant native vegetation: Mountain big sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass, Idaho fescue, mountain brome, arrowleaf balsamroot
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Southeastern Idaho and Western Wyoming, MLRA 13
Extent: the series is not extensive
For additional information about Idaho soils, please visit:
storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/97d01af9d4554b9097cb0a477e04...
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soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/B/BAILEY.html
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A representative soil profile of Bowie fine sandy loam. (Soil Survey of Shelby County, Texas; by Kirby Griffith, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Bowie series consists of very deep, well drained soils that formed in loamy Coastal Plain deposits on the Queen City, Reklaw, Cook Mountain, Sparta, Cockfield and Carrizo Sand Formations. These very gently sloping to moderately sloping soils are on interfluves. Slopes range from 1 to 8 percent but are dominantly 1 to 5 percent. Mean annual air temperature is about 18 degrees C (65 degrees F), and mean annual precipitation is about 1270 mm (50 in).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Plinthic Paleudults
Soil Moisture: An udic soil moisture regime. The soil moisture control section is not dry in any part for more than 90 days in normal years.
Mean annual soil temperature: 16 to 21 degrees C (61 to 70 degrees F)
Depth to argillic horizon: 5 to 51 cm (2 to 20 in)
Thickness of solum: 152 to more than 203 cm (60 to more than 80 in)
Depth to redox concentrations: 25 cm to 173 cm (10 to 68 in)
Depth to episaturation: 107 to 152 cm (42 to 60 in)
Depth to albic materials: 114 to 173 cm (45 to 68 in)
Particle-size control section (weighted average)
Clay content in the Control Section: 18 to 30 percent
Silt plus very fine sand : 30 to 60 percent
Very fine sand and fragments up to 8 cm (3 in) in diameter: 15 to 45 percent of sand fraction
Cation Exchage Capacity: 6.0 to 18.0 meg/100 gram of soil.
USE AND VEGETATION: The principal use is for pasture and forest. Some areas are used for growing corn, peanuts, sweet potatoes, peaches, watermelons and other vegetables or fruit crops. Pasture is mainly bermudagrass or bahiagrass. Forests consist of loblolly and shortleaf pines, sweetgum, red oak, and hickory trees with tall and midgrasses.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Texas, Arkansas, and Louisiana. Land Resource Region P, MLRA 133A and 133B; The series is of large extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/texas/TX419/0/...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/B/BOWIE.html
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Note: The left side of the profile is darker in color due to moistening. Colors on the right side are dry.
A representative soil profile of the Pierre series. (Soil Survey of Sioux County, Nebraska; by Mark Willoughby, Dan Shurtliff, Bob Rayer, and Dave Vyain, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Pierre series consists of moderately deep, well drained soils formed in clayey residuum, or local alluvium over residuum, derived from shale bedrock. Pierre soils are on gently sloping to rolling hillslopes on uplands on the Pierre Shale Plains (MLRA 60A). Saturated hydraulic conductivity is low. Slopes range from 0 to 30 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 381 mm (15 inches), and mean annual air temperature is about 8 degrees C (46 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, smectitic, mesic Torrertic Haplustepts
Depth to bedrock: 50 to 100 cm (20 to 40 inches) to a paralithic contact
Depth to secondary calcium carbonate: typically typically less than 50 cm (20 inches); some pedons, especially in the northern part of the series domain, lack secondary accumulations and are very weakly or weakly effervescent
Linear extensibilty (LE): 6 to 11 cm
Particle-size control section (weighted average):
Clay content: 40 to 60 percent
USE AND VEGETATION: Used primarily as rangeland. Native grasses are mainly western wheatgrass, green needlegrass, sideoats grama, blue grama, buffalograss, and forbs. A few isolated areas are cropped, and a few areas are utilized for hayland and pasture.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Pierre shale plains in western South Dakota, northeastern Wyoming, and northwestern Nebraska; LRR G, MLRA 60A. Pierre is still correlated in a few non-MLRA subets of MLRA 63A in west-central South Dakota. The series is of large extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/nebraska/sioux...
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soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/P/PIERRE.html
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A representative soil profile of the Armour soil series. (Soil Survey of Cannon County, Tennessee; by By Jerry L. Prater, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Armour series consists of very deep well drained soils on stream terraces, foot slopes, and valley floors. These soils formed in old alluvium, valley fill, or in alluvium and the underlying residuum of limestone. Slopes range 0 to 20 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, active, thermic Ultic Hapludalfs
Solum thickness ranges from 40 to more than 80 inches. Depth to limestone bedrock is greater than 5 feet. Reaction is moderately acid or strongly acid except the surface layer is less acid where limed. Fragments of gravel or chert range from 0 to 10 percent in the upper 40 inches. The fragments range up to about 3 inches in diameter. Below 40 inches the fragment content is dominantly 0 to 35 percent, but ranges to 60 percent.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most of the areas are cleared and used for pasture, hay, small grain, tobacco, and corn. The native vegetation was mixed hardwoods including oaks, hickory, elm, hackberry, maple, beech, black walnut, ash, locust, yellow-poplar, and red cedar.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The Nashville Basin and Highland Rim in Tennessee and the inner bluegrass region of Kentucky. The series is of moderate extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/tennessee/cann...
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Depth Class: Moderately deep to soft bedrock
Drainage Class (Agricultural): Somewhat poorly drained
Internal Free Water Occurrence: Very shallow or shallow, common, very thin to thick
Flooding Frequency and Duration: None or very rare for brief periods
Ponding Frequency and Duration: None
Index Surface Runoff: Negligible to high
Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity: Moderately high to moderately low
Shrink-swell Potential: Low
Landscape: Piedmont uplands
Landform: Flats, depressions, sloughs, and drainageways
Geomorphic Component: Talf, dip, and rise
Hillslope Profile Position: None assigned
Parent Material: Residuum weathered from Carolina slate (dominantly argillite formed in sediments derived from fine-grained volcanic and metavolcanic rock)
Slope: 0 to 15 percent
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, siliceous, subactive, thermic Aeric Epiaquults
Depth to top of argillic horizon: 13 to 36 centimeters (about 5 to 14 inches)
Depth to base of argillic horizon: 45 to 96 centimeters (about 18 to 38 inches)
Depth to bedrock: 50 to 100 centimeters (20 to 40 inches) to soft bedrock and more than 100 centimeters (40 inches) to hard bedrock
Depth to seasonal high water table: 15 to 46 centimeters (about 6 to 18 inches) (perched) for 3 to 5 months (November to March)
Rock Fragment Content: 0 to 25 percent, by volume argillite paragravel or parachanners or quartz gravel in the A, E, and B horizons and 0 to 30 percent in the C horizon
Soil Reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid throughout, unless limed.
Effective Cation Exchange Capacity: 5 to 20 milliequivalents per 100 grams of soil in the A horizon; 3 to 10 in E and B horizons; and 5 to 15 in the C horizon
USE AND VEGETATION: Dominantly forested with cleared areas primarily in pasture and a very small acreage in cropland
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The slate belt of the Piedmont of North Carolina and possibly South Carolina with moderate extent.
For a detailed description, visit:
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John A. Kelley is a soil scientist previously with the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), United States Department of Agriculture and Environment Agency of Abu Dhabi, UAE. John is a soil survey quality assurance expert and a specialist in soil mapping, soil classification, and correlation of soil survey projects. He has extensive experience in soil survey procedures and documentation including digital soil photography.
Soil survey quality assurance is the process of providing technical standards and guidelines, oversight and review, and training to ensure that soil survey products meet NCSS standards. Responsibility for ensuring the quality of soil survey products such as maps, descriptions, data, texts, photographs, etc., rests with the soil survey regional office (SSR).
Quality control and quality assurance are important at all levels in the preparation, publication, and update of a soil survey. Their purpose is to ensure that soil survey products are accurate and consistent, meet the objectives outlined in the memorandum of understanding or project plan, and satisfy the needs of the majority of soil survey users. Quality control and quality assurance activities also are carried out at other locations where soil survey products are developed, such as the National Soil Survey Center’s Kellogg Soil Survey Laboratory (KSSL) and the National Geospatial Center of Excellence (NGCE).
For more information about Describing and Sampling soils, visit;
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_052523...
For more information about Soil Taxonomy, visit;
The Al Kihef series is a very deep soil formed in sandy alluvial deposits with increasing gravel content with depth. (NE017) UAE
Taxonomic classification: Typic Haplocalcids, sandy, carbonatic, hyperthermic
Diagnostic subsurface horizon described in this profile is: Calcic horizon 20 to 200 cm.
The pH (1:1) ranges from 7.0 to 8.5 throughout the profile. The EC (1:1) is generally less than 1.0 in all horizons, but it may be as high as 10.0 in some areas that have been irrigated in the past. A desert pavement of fine to medium gravel in many areas covers 5 to 60% of the soil surface.
The A horizon is generally about 20 cm thick, but ranges from 5 to 25 cm. Hue is 7.5YR or 10YR, value is 5 to 7, and chroma is 3 or 4. Texture is fine sand, loamy fine sand, or fine sandy loam. Fine or medium gravel ranges from 0 to about 10% in the A horizon.
The B horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 4 to 7, and chroma of 3 to 6. Texture is sand, fine sand, or loamy fine sand. Fine or medium gravel ranges from 0 to about 20% in the B horizon. Accumulations of calcium carbonate are evident in the form of masses or concretions in some or all parts of the B horizon.
The 2B horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 to 7, and chroma of 3 to 6. Texture is sand,
fine sand, or loamy fine sand, including gravelly, very gravelly, or extremely gravelly texture modifiers. Fine or medium gravel ranges from 0 to about 65%. Accumulations of calcium carbonate are evident in the form of masses or concretions in some or all parts of the horizon.
The 2B horizon may be extremely weakly cemented to moderately cemented with carbonates. However, roots appear to be able to penetrate with a spacing of less than 10 cm. Some pedons lack cementation.
Note: The left side of the photo exhibits natural soil structure. The right side has been smoothed.
A representative soil profile of Grainola clay loam. (Soil Survey of Noble County, Oklahoma; by Gregory F. Scott, Troy L. Collier, Jim E. Henley, R. Dwaine Gelnar, and Karen B. Stevenson, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Grainola series consists of moderately deep, well drained soils that formed in material weathered from shale of Permian age. These soils are on summits and backslopes of low hills in the Central Rolling Red Prairies (MLRA 80A). Slope ranges from 1 to 25 percent. Mean annual air temperature is 16 degrees C (60 degrees F), and mean annual precipitation is 840 mm (33 in).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, active, thermic Udertic Haplustalfs
Depth to bedrock: 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 in)
Parent material: noncemented soft siltstone or shale bedrock
Soil cracking: This soil has cracks within 125 cm (50 in)of the soil surface that are 5 mm (1 in) or more wide to a thickness of 30 cm (12 in) or more for some time in most years.
Depth to vertic features: pressure faces, slickensides or wedge-shaped aggregates in a layer 15 cm or more thick that has it upper boundary within 125 cm of the soil surface.
Linear extensibility of 6.0 cm or more between the soil surface and a depth of 100 cm (39 in) or a densic contact, whichever is shallower.
Coarse fragments: typically sandstone, sandstone cemented with hematite, and calcium carbonate concretions and nodules. Some areas have stones or boulders which cover 3 to 35 percent of the soil surface
USE AND VEGETATION: Nearly all used for range. Native vegetation is short and midgrass prairie.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Oklahoma and Kansas; LRR H, Bluestem Hills (MLRA 76), and Central Rolling Red Prairies (MLRA 80A). The series is extensive. This series and OSD was originally set in Osage County in the Flint Hills in a limestone area. Rewrote OSD and moved location to accommodate the actual setting of series.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/oklahoma/OK103...
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A representative soil profile of the Campbell series. The surface layer is very loose because of cultivation. The subsoil is silty clay loam that contains more clay as depth increases. Smooth excavation surfaces are visible below a depth of 80 centimeters. A buried clay soil occurs below 1 meter. (Supplement to the Soil Survey of Santa Clara Area, California, Western Part; Narratives written by William Reed, natural resources specialist, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: A cultivated hayfield and an orange orchard in an area of Campbell soils along Zanker Road in San Jose, on the lower Guadalupe River-Coyote Creek flood plain. Newly constructed residential housing is in the background. Repeated annual flooding produced these silty soils, which are today protected by levees and upstream dams and drained by lowering the water table of the region. Most areas have been urbanized. Campbell soils are excellent for growing plants of all types.
The Campbell series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils on floodplains and alluvial fans. These soils formed in alluvium derived from mixed rock sources. Slopes range from 0 to 2 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 14 inches and the mean annual temperature is about 60 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, thermic Cumulic Haploxerolls
Note: Despite some wetness, mottles are too deep, below 20 inches, for an aquic suborder and chromas are too bright for an aquic extragrade. Major revision of description resulting from moving the type location during mapping of the Santa Clara Valley in 2006-2008 because the old type location was lost to urbanization.
The soils are developed in material of mixed mineralogy. Mean soil temperature is between 59 and 62 degrees F. The soils are moist from mid October until about June 15. The textural control section of 25 to 100 centimeters has clay content of 27 to 35 percent clay. Depth to the buried A horizon ranges from 30 to 100 centimeters. Fragments are gravel in size and range from 0 to 2 percent.
USE AND VEGETATION: Large areas have been urbanized and othere areas are used for row crops, truck crops, fruit orchards, pasture and hay. Native vegetation was grass-oak.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Correlated only in Santa Clara County, California where the soil is moderately extensive. 14,000 acres.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/california/san...
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soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/C/CAMPBELL.html
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Soil profile: Profile of a Culleoka soil. This soil has siltstone bedrock between depths of 50 and 100 centimeters. The bedrock limits the rooting depth and the amount of moisture available to plants. The Culleoka series consists of moderately deep, well drained, soils formed in colluvium or residuum from siltstone or interbedded shale, limestone, siltstone, and fine grained sandstone. (Soil Survey of Adair County, Kentucky; by Harry S. Evans, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: Cabbage in an area of Culleoka-Weikert complex, 2 to 6 percent slopes. Culleoka soils form on steep upland hillsides and narrow ridgecrests with slopes ranging from 2 to 70 percent. Using a system of conservation tillage and planting cover crops reduce the runoff rate and help to minimize soil loss by erosion. Grassed waterways can be used in some areas to slow and direct the movement of water and reduce the hazard of erosion.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Ultic Hapludalfs
Thickness of the solum and depth to lithic bedrock of dominantly siltstone or fine grained sandstone is 20 to 40 inches. Content of flagstones and channers range from 0 to 35 percent in the A horizon, 10 to 35 percent in the B horizon, and 25 to 80 percent in the BC and C horizons. Reaction ranges from moderately to strongly acid in the solum and strongly to slightly acid in the substratum.
USE AND VEGETATION: Chiefly pasture and hay, with some tobacco, corn, and small grains. Native forest has oak, maple, black walnut, ash, hickory, beech, elm, hackberry, locust, Kentucky coffeetree, redbud, dogwood, and red cedar as the dominant species.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The Bluegrass region of Kentucky, the outer Central Basin of Tennessee, Arkansas, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and West Virginia. It is of moderate extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/kentucky/KY001...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/C/CULLEOKA.html
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Lilly Trejo works to measure the amount of carbon stored in our campus soils in an effort to further improve the amount of carbon the campus is able to store aligning with one of the goals as part of the University Strategic Plan on Thursday, October 8, 2020 in Chico, Calif.
(Jessica Bartlett/University Photographer/CSU, Chico)
A representative soil profile of the San Joaquin soil series, the California State Soil.
The San Joaquin series consists of moderately deep to a duripan, well and moderately well drained soils that formed in alluvium derived from mixed but dominantly granitic rock sources. They are on undulating low terraces with slopes of 0 to 9 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 15 inches and the mean annual temperature is about 61 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, active, thermic Abruptic Durixeralfs
Depth to the duripan ranges from 20 to 40 inches. The mean annual soil temperature varies from 60 degrees to 64 degrees F and the soil temperature is not below 47 degrees F at any time. The soil, at depths of about 7 to 24 inches or directly above the duripan, is dry in all parts from June to November and is moist in some or all parts the rest of the year. Clay increases by more than 15 percent absolute.
USE AND VEGETATION: Cropland and livestock grazing; crops are small grains, irrigated pasture and rice; vineyards, fruit and nut crops.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Eastern side of the Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys. The soils are extensive in MLRA-17. This soil series is bordering on the Typic Durixeralf subgroup. The type location of this series has been moved to better reflect the central concept as historically mapped. (Textures from lab data reflect slightly different values than field estimates. NSSL S83CA-077-042.)
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/california/CA0...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/S/SAN_JOAQUIN.html
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A representative soil profile of Pullman clay loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes, showing minor accumulations of secondary carbonates at about 80 centimeters and a strong calcic horizon at about 135 centimeters. (Soil Survey of Deaf Smith County, Texas; by Thomas C. Byrd, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Pullman series consists of very deep, well drained, slowly permeable soils that formed in clayey eolian deposits from the Blackwater Draw Formation of Pleistocene age. These soils occur on nearly level to very gently sloping plains or playa slopes. Slope ranges from 0 to 3 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 483 mm (19 in) and the mean annual temperature is about 16 degrees C (60 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, superactive, thermic Torrertic Paleustolls
Soil moisture: An ustic moisture regime bordering on aridic. The soil moisture control section is dry in some or all parts for more than 180 but less than 220 days, cumulative, in normal years.
Mean annual soil temperature: 15 to 18 degrees C (59 to 64 degrees F).
Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 30 to 76 cm (12 to 30 in).
Linear extensibility of top 1 m (40 in): 6 to 9 cm.
Depth to secondary carbonates: 50 to 76 cm (20 to 30 in).
Depth to calcic horizon: 76 to 150 cm (30 to 60 in).
Solum thickness: more than 203 cm (80 in).
Particle-size control section:
Silicate clay content: 35 to 50 percent
Carbonate clay content: 0 to 3 percent
USE AND VEGETATION:
Mainly cultivated to irrigated and dryland cotton, corn, grain sorghum, and winter wheat. Climax vegetation in rangeland includes blue grama and buffalograss, with lesser amounts of vine-mesquite, western wheatgrass, galleta or tobosa, silver bluestem, wild alfalfa, and prairie clover. This soil has been correlated to the Deep Hardland (R077CY022TX) ecological site in MLRA-77C.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
General area: Western Texas
Land Resource Region: H - Central Great Plains Winter Wheat and Range Region
MLRA 77C - Southern High Plains, Southern Part
Extent: Large. This is a benchmark soil.
A benchmark soil is one of large extent within one or more major land resource areas (MLRAs), one that holds a key position in the soil classification system, one for which there is a large amount of data, one that has special importance to one or more significant land uses, or one that is of significant ecological importance.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/texas/TX117/0/...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/P/PULLMAN.html
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Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Santa series. The Santa series consists of moderately well drained soils that are moderately deep to a fragipan. (Soil Survey of Spokane County, Washington; by Scott H. Bare, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: Santa soils are on undulating to rolling loess hills and plains and have slopes of 2 to 35 percent. These soils are used for timber production, hay and pasture with small areas of wheat, barley, and grass seed.
Santa soils formed in deep loess with a small amount of volcanic ash in the upper part. The mean annual precipitation is about 685mm and the mean annual temperature is about 6.1 degrees C.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-silty, mixed, superactive, frigid Vitrandic Fragixeralfs
Average annual soil temperature: 6.7 to 8 degrees C.
Soil moisture: Usually moist, dry for 45 to 65 consecutive days in mid and late summer.
Depth to fragipan: 50 to 100 cm
Volcanic ash influence: 18 to 50 cm
Estimated properties of the volcanic ash influenced layers:
Volcanic glass content 5 to 20 percent
Acid oxalate-extractable Al + Fe 0.4 to 1.0 percent
Moist bulk density 1.0 to 1.4 g/cc
An O horizon is present in some pedons.
USE AND VEGETATION: These soils are used for timber production, hay and pasture with small areas of wheat, barley, and grass seed. The potential natural vegetation is an overstory of grand fir, Douglas-fir, ponderosa pine, western larch, lodgepole pine and western white pine. Understory vegetation includes myrtle pachstima, bromegrass, bedstraw, lily-of-the-valley and meadowrue.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northern Idaho and northeastern Washington. MLRAs 9 and 43A. The series is of moderate extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/washington/spo...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/S/SANTA.html
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Soil profile: A representative soil profile of Bonneau loamy sand. Bonneau soils have thick sandy surface layers underlain by a loamy moderately permeable subsoil. In the winter months (December through March) they have a seasonal high water table at a depth below 100 centimeters.
Landscape: A broad area prepared for use as a wildlife food plot in an area of Bonneau loamy sand, 0 to 5 percent slopes. Soil Survey of Stewart County, Georgia; by Kenneth W. Monroe, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy, siliceous, subactive, thermic Arenic Paleudults
Depth Class: Very deep
Drainage Class (Agricultural): Well drained
Internal Free Water Occurrence: Deep, common
Flooding Frequency and Duration: None
Ponding Frequency and Duration: None
Index Surface Runoff: Negligible to medium
Permeability: Moderate
Shrink-swell potential: Low
Landscape: Lower, middle, and upper coastal plain
Landform: Marine terraces, uplands
Hillslope Profile Position: Summits, shoulders, backslopes
Geomorphic Component: Interfluves, side slopes
Parent Material: Marine deposits, fluviomarine deposits
Slope: 0 to 12 percent
USE AND VEGETATION: Where cultivated--growing cotton, corn, soybeans, small grain, pasture grasses, and tobacco. Where wooded--mixed hardwood and pine, including longleaf and loblolly pine, white, red, turkey, and post oak, dogwood, and hickory.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Coastal Plain of Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia, with moderate extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/georgia/stewar...
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soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/B/BONNEAU.html
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The Al Murrah series is a very deep soil formed mostly in alluvial sands, although it may have a thin eolian mantle up to about 50 cm thick. This soil is somewhat excessively drained. Median measured saturated hydraulic conductivity class for the surface layer is very high. (NE012) UAE.
Taxonomic classification: Typic Torripsamments, carbonatic, hyperthermic
Diagnostic subsurface horizon described in this profile is: None.
Texture is dominated by a mixture of fine sand and very fine sand. The soil is finely stratified, reflecting its alluvial origin. Very fine sand makes up less than 25% of the sands in the particle-size control section and there are generally at least a few gravel-size particles. The EC (1:1) is generally less than 0.5 dS/m throughout the profile, but may be higher in some areas where the soil has been irrigated. The pH (1:1) ranges from about 7.0 to 8.5 throughout. Some pedons have a deflation gravel lag on the surface covering 2 to 25% of the area.
The A horizon is generally about 20 cm thick, but ranges for 10 to 25 cm. Hue is 7.5YR or 10YR, value is 5 to 7, and chroma is 3 to 8. Texture is fine sand, loamy sand, or loamy fine sand with gravel ranging from 0 to about 10%. A thin layer of fine sandy loam, loam, or silt loam is present on the surface of some pedons as a result of brief ponding and sedimentation after heavy rains.
The C horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value 5 to 7, and chroma 3 to 6. Texture of the fine-earth is fine sand, loamy fine sand, loamy sand, fine sand, or sand. The horizons are commonly finely stratified. Gravel ranges from 0 to 35% in individual horizons and is generally quite variable from one horizon to the next. Some pedons have layers with more than 35% gravel below 100 cm, especially as distance from the mountains decreases.
Wisconsin State Soil: the Antigo series consists of very deep, well drained soils formed in 50 to 100 centimeters of loess or silty alluvium and in loamy alluvium and in the underlying stratified sandy outwash. (Soil Survey of Langlade County, Wisconsin; Michael J. Mitchell, Soil Conservation Service)
Antigo soils are on outwash plains, stream terraces, eskers, kames, glacial lake plains, and moraines. Slope ranges from 0 to 30 percent. Antigo soils are among the most extensive soils in Wisconsin. They occur on about 300,000 acres in the northern part of the State. They are very productive soils for corn, small grain, and hay. In some areas potatoes or snap beans are important crops. In 1983, the Wisconsin Legislature designated the Antigo series as the official State soil. The series was named after the city of Antigo, Wisconsin. Antigo soils are well-drained and formed in loess and loamy sediments over stratified sandy outwash. The average annual precipitation ranges from 28 to 33 inches, and the average annual air temperature ranges from 39 to 45 degrees F.
Most areas are cultivated. The principal crops are corn, small grains, and hay. In some places, potatoes and snap beans are important crops and some areas are pastured. Some areas are forested. The native vegetation is American basswood, sugar maple, yellow birch, white ash, big tooth aspen, quaking aspen, and black cherry.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Physiographic divisions--Interior Plains and Laurentian Upland
Physiographic Provinces--Central Lowland and Superior Upland
Physiographic section--Western Lake section
MLRAs--Wisconsin and Minnesota Thin Loess and Till, Northern Part (90A), Wisconsin and Minnesota Thin Loess and Till, Southern Part (90B), Central Minnesota Sandy Outwash (91A), Wisconsin and Minnesota Sandy Outwash (91B), and Superior Stony and Rocky Loamy Plains and Hills, Eastern Part (93B)
LRR K; northern Wisconsin and east-central Minnesota
Extent--large (over 250,000 acres)
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy over sandy or sandy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, frigid Haplic Glossudalfs
Antigo soils have a glossic horizon (E/B or B/E horizons, or both). Horizonation has a wide range depending on the thickness of the silty mantle and the degree to which eluviation has occurred. Therefore, there can be E/B, B/E, 2E/B, or 2B/E horizons, singly or in combination, with or without Bt or 2Bt horizons.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/wisconsin/lang...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/A/ANTIGO.html
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The Fuquay series consists of very deep, well drained soils that formed in sandy and loamy marine sediments of the upper Coastal Plain. Permeability is moderate in the upper part of the subsoil and slow in the lower part. Slopes range from 0 to 10 percent.
Taxonomic class: Loamy, kaolinitic, thermic Arenic Plinthic Kandiudults
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: Cropland
Dominant Vegetation: Where cultivated--tobacco, cotton, corn, soybeans, and small grains. Where wooded--loblolly pine, longleaf pine, and slash pine, with some hardwoods, understory plants including American holly, flowering dogwood, persimmon, and greenbrier.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Upper Coastal Plain of North Carolina, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina
Extent: Large
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Johnston County, North Carolina; 1965. The Fuquay series is a Benchmark soil.
A benchmark soil is one of large extent within one or more major land resource areas (MLRAs), one that holds a key position in the soil classification system, one for which there is a large amount of data, one that has special importance to one or more significant land uses, or one that is of significant ecological importance.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/F/FUQUAY.html
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This region lies in the south-west of the Emirate, adjacent to the border with Saudi Arabia. It constitutes linear dune fields of interlayered white carbonatic and red quartzite sands with minor exposure of Quaternary dunes and inter-dune formation.
The Rub' al Khali is the largest contiguous sand desert in the world, encompassing most of the southern third of the Arabian Peninsula. The desert covers some 650,000 square kilometres including parts of Saudi Arabia, Oman, the United Arab Emirates, and Yemen. It is part of the larger Arabian Desert. One very large pile of sand!!!
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A three-day international conference on Soil Classification and Reclamation of Degraded Lands in Arid Environments (ICSC 2010) bringing together more than 130 scholars, researchers and experts was held in Abu Dhabi, UAE.
The conference, held under the patronage of H.H Sheikh Hamdan bin Zayed Al Nahyan, the Ruler’s Representative in the Western Region and Chairman of the Environment Agency – Abu Dhabi (EAD), aims to share information on land use and planning and discuss various issues in the field of soil classification and reclamation of degraded lands in arid environments.
On the first day of the conference, EAD will reveal the outcomes of the Abu Dhabi Soil Survey, which was initiated in 2006 and completed at the end of 2009.
The conference, which is organized by the Environment Agency – Abu Dhabi (EAD) and the International Center for Biosaline Agriculture (ICBA) from 17-19 May, 2010 in Abu Dhabi, UAE, was inaugurated by H.E. Majid Al Mansouri, EAD’s Secretary General.
In his opening speech, H.E Al Mansouri welcomed scientists, researchers and experts from 35 countries who have gathered to discuss various issues related to soil, land use and planning of agricultural expansion and sustainable use of natural resources.
"Our economy is rapidly growing and we have a hard desert environment, therefore we needed to identify the characteristics of soils in the various regions of the Emirate, for the development of land management and optimum economical use of those soils,” he said.
"EAD has undertaken an integrated project to survey the soils in the Emirate. This project has been brought to a successful conclusion after five years of studies, field surveys, and collection of soil samples, training and capacity-building culminating in the development of an integrated “Abu Dhabi Soil Information System” (ADSIS)”.
Dr Ahmed Al Masoum, ICBA’s Deputy Director General, said that "This conference is the beginning of a new era in soil research within the global scientific community."
"The Survey was the first of its kind in the Emirate and covered all areas of the Emirate of Abu Dhabi. Maps on current land use, vegetation and salinity were produced as well as detailed suitability maps for irrigated agriculture. The soil was mapped and classified using the latest satellite images, and norms and standards of the United States Department of Agriculture” he added.
Dr. Al Masoum added that the soil survey project was undertaken in two phases and involved the mapping and classification of the various types of soils in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi in two different scales. In the first phase the entire emirate was surveyed at a scale of 1:100,000, and in the second phase 400,000 hectares of land, evaluated as suitable for irrigated agriculture was surveyed at a scale of 1:25,000.
“We have uncovered valuable information for strategic planning for sustainable land use in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, and particularly for the development of agriculture and sustainable management of natural resources,” he said.
The conference will feature six keynote speakers from Australia and India, Austria, Spain, Thailand and the United States, in addition to 130 speakers representing 35 countries from all over the world. Speakers will highlight Soil Survey and Classification Strategies and Use in Different Ecological Zones; Advances in Soil Salinity Mapping, Monitoring and Reclamation; Land Use Planning and Policy Implications; Use of Marginal Quality Water in Agriculture and Landscaping and Research and Development/Innovations in Soil Classification & Reclamation.
A workshop on how to use soil survey data in planning and policy making will be held on the sidelines of the conference.
www.researchgate.net/publication/259265194_Book_of_Abstra...
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Shellrock series.
Landscape: Shellrock soils are on ridgetops and south-facing slopes in rolling to very steep granitic mountains at elevations of 1,275 to 2,135 meters. Slopes are 12 to 60 percent.
The Shellrock series consists of deep, somewhat excessively drained soils that formed in material weathered from granite. Shellrock soils are on mountains and have slopes of 12 to 60 percent. The average annual precipitation is about 675 mm, and the average annual air temperature is about 5.0 degrees C.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Mixed, frigid Typic Xeropsamments
Average annual soil temperature -- 4.4 to 6.7 degrees C.
Average summer soil temperature -- 15.0 to 17.2 degrees C.
Depth to paralithic contact -- 100 to 150 cm
USE AND VEGETATION: Used for timber, range, wildlife, and watershed, Vegetation is ponderosa pine, scattered Douglas-fir, Ceanothus species, Idaho fescue, Stipa species and pinegrass.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: This soil is moderately extensive and found in the granitic mountains of the Idaho Batholith. MLRA 43B.
For additional information about Idaho soils, please visit:
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For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/S/SHELLROCK.html
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Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Myakka series: the State Soil of Florida. (Soil Survey of Okeechobee County, Florida; by Douglas Lewis, Ken Liudahl, Chris Noble, and Lewis Carter, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: Myakka soils are dominantly on flatwoods. Other phases have been mapped on high tidal areas, flood plains, depressional areas and barrier islands. The climate is humid subtropical. They formed in sandy marine deposits.
The Myakka series consists of very deep, very poorly or poorly drained, moderately rapid or moderately permeable soils that occur primarily in mesic flatwoods of peninsular Florida. They formed in sandy marine deposits. Near the type location, the average annual temperature is about 72 degrees F., and the average annual precipitation is about 55 inches. Slopes range from 0 to 8 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Sandy, siliceous, hyperthermic Aeric Alaquods
Solum thickness is more than 30 inches. Some pedons have a layer of muck less than 3 inches thick on the surface. Thickness of the A and E horizons ranges from 20 to 30 inches. Reaction ranges from extremely acid to slightly acid throughout. In tidal, limestone substratum, and shelly substratum phases, the reaction ranges up to moderately alkaline.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas of Myakka soils are used for commercial forest production or native range. Large areas with adequate water control measures are used for citrus, improved pasture, and truck crops. Native vegetation includes longleaf and slash pine with an undergrowth of saw palmetto, running oak, inkberry, wax myrtle, huckleberry, chalky bluestem, pineland threeawn, and scattered fetterbush.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Peninsular Florida, primarily in MLRA155 (Southern Florida Flatwoods), and to a less extent in MLRA 154 (South-Central Florida Ridge), MLRA156A (Florida Everglades and Associated Areas), and MLRA156B (Southern Florida Lowlands). The series is of large extent (about 1,400,072 acres).
Myakka soils were formerly classified in the Leon series. Historical mapping of the Myakka series includes the following landforms and geomorphic positions: high tidal areas, flood plains, depressions, and gently sloping to sloping barrier islands. Myakka map units on these landforms should be evaluated and validated during MLRA update activities.
For more information about this state soil, visit:
www.soils4teachers.org/files/s4t/k12outreach/fl-state-soi...
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/florida/FL093/...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/M/MYAKKA.html
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Soil Color. Most soil survey organizations, including the National Cooperative Soil Survey in the United States, have adopted the Munsell soil color system for describing soil color (using the elements of hue, value, and chroma). The names associated with each standard color chip (yellowish brown, light gray, etc.) are not strictly part of the Munsell color system. They were selected by the Soil Survey Staff to be used in conjunction with the Munsell color chips. munsell.com/
The color chips included in the standard soil-color charts (a subset of all colors in the system) were selected so that soil scientists can describe the normal range of colors found in soils. These chips have enough contrast between them for different individuals to match a soil sample to the same color chip consistently. Interpolating between chips is not recommended in standard soil survey operations because such visual determinations cannot be repeated with a high level of precision. Although digital soil color meters that can provide precise color readings consistently are available, they are not widely used in field operations.
Therefore, the standard procedure adopted for soil survey work is visual comparison to the standard soil-color charts.
Soil color and other properties including texture, structure, and consistence are used to distinguish and identify soil horizons (layers) and to group soils according to the soil classification system called Soil Taxonomy. Color development and distribution of color within a soil profile are part of weathering.
As rocks containing iron or manganese weather, the elements oxidize. Iron forms small crystals with a yellow or red color, organic matter decomposes into black humus, and manganese forms black mineral deposits. These pigments paint the soil (Michigan State Soil).
Color is also affected by the environment: aerobic environments produce sweeping vistas of uniform or subtly changing color, and anaerobic ( lacking oxygen), wet environments disrupt color flow with complex, often intriguing patterns and points of accent. With depth below the soil surface, colors usually become lighter, yellower, or redder.
For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:
A representative profile of the moderately deep Alo series. Photo was taken in late winter with soil cracks closed. Clay soil materials extend to a depth of 89 centimeters (to the paralithic contact of sandstone that is slightly lighter in color). Alo soils are very similar to the deep Alamont soils. These are expansive soils, swelling in winter and cracking upon drying in late spring, summer, and early fall.
The Alo sereis was created when the Altamont series was split into two series. Soils deeper than 40 inches to a paralithic contact were retained in the Altamont series. Soils less than 40 inches deep to a paralithic contact were placed in the Alo series. The Alo series consists of moderately deep, well drained soils. They formed in material weathered from shale or sandstone on mountains. Alo soils have slopes of 2 to 75 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 17 inches and the mean annual temperature is about 61 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, smectitic, thermic Aridic Haploxererts
Depth to a paralithic contact of shale is 24 to 40 inches. The mean annual soil temperature is about 60 to 66 F. at 20 inch depth. From about late April or May until November the soils are continuously dry and cracks 1/2 to 2 inches wide extend from the surface to a depth of 20 inches or more. The rest of the year the soils are moist in some or all parts below 5 inches and the cracks are closed. Few to many slickensides are present in some part from near the surface to near the contact with soft shale.
USE AND VEGETATION: Used mainly for livestock grazing with small areas used for the production of small grains, hay and specialty crops. Vegetation in uncultivated areas is annual grasses and forbs.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Coast Range in central and southern California. The soils are of moderate extent in MLRA-15.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/california/san...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
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Soil profile: A tyoical soil profile of the Haggatt soil series. (Soil Survey of Floyd County, Indiana; by Steven W. Neyhouse, Byron G. Nagel, and Dena L. Marshall; Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: Hayland in an area of Caneyville, Haggatt, and Navilleton soils underlain by limestone.
The Haggatt series consists of deep, well-drained soils formed in clayey residuum that can be capped with up to 51 cm (20 inches) of loess. They are on hills and in sinkholes underlain with limestone. Slopes range from 2 to 25 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 109 cm (43 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 12 degrees C (54 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, active, mesic Typic Hapludalfs
Depth to the base of the argillic horizon: 102 to 152 cm (40 to 60 inches)
Depth to a lithic contact: 102 to 152 cm (40 to 60 inches)
Thickness of the loess: 0 to 51 cm (0 to 20 inches)
Rock fragments: dominantly gravel size chert and include cobbles and stones
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are used for hay, pastures or are in forest. Native vegetation is deciduous hardwood forest.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southern and south central Indiana and north-central Kentucky. The soil is of small extent in MLRA 122.
Data on the family particle-size classification of this series shows both fine and fine-silty over clayey. This series is tentatively placed in the fine family. The series has been correlated in Indiana as the Hagerstown series with a lithic contact between 102 to 152 cm (40 and 60 inches). The permeability of these soils is being revised from moderate to moderately slow. Saturated hydraulic conductivity data was collected by Ammozemeter, and permeability was shown to be slower than moderate.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/indiana/IN043/...
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/H/HAGGATT.html
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Typic Petrogypsids, sandy, gypsic, hyperthermic (Soil AD121) are shallow, sandy soils with gypsum occurring in the surface and a petrogypsic layer occuring within 50cm of the surface. They occur in all parts of the Emirate and occupy the nearly level parts of inland gently undulating plains and the caps of mesas that represent paleo-evaporite surfaces. They are somewhat excessively to moderately well drained soils above the hardpan and have rapid or moderately rapid permeability.
These soils remain as barren land or in some places have been leveled for agroforestry or sometimes used for low intensity grazing by camel, sheep or goats. They frequently have less than 5% vegetation cover of Cornulaca aucheri, Cornulaca monacantha, Cyperus conglomeratus, Haloxylon persicum, Haloxylon salicornicum, Stipagrostis plumosa and Zygophyllum spp.
Plate 22: Typical soil profile and associated landscape for Typic Petrogypsids, sandy, mixed, hyperthermic, shallow (Soil AD124).
Soil profile: A typical profile of Taney soil. The Taney series consists of moderately deep to fragipan, moderately well drained soils that formed mainly in loess or reworked loess with an influence of volcanic ash in the upper part. The vitrandic feature in this profile extends from the surface to a depth of about 45 centimeters.
Landscape: An area of Taney ashy silt loam, 3 to 10 percent slopes. The lower elevations have the highest temperatures and longest growing season. The average annual precipitation is about 51 centimeters and the average annual temperature is about 6.1 degrees C. Typical soils are the Taney, Setters, Carlinton, Southwick, and Cavendish series. Taney soils are on dissected hills and hills on basalt plains, plateaus and structural benches. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high above the fragipan and low through the fragipan. Slope ranges from 0 to 35 percent. (Soil Survey of Clearwater Area, Idaho; by Glenn Hoffman, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, frigid Vitrandic Argixerolls
Soil moisture - Usually dry for 45 to 60 consecutive days mid-July to mid-September, moist mid-September to mid-July (xeric moisture regime)
Average annual soil temperature - 5.0 to 8.3 degrees C
Average summer soil temperature - 10.6 to 12.8 degrees C with an O horizon (frigid temperature regime)
Thickness of mollic epipedon - 25 to 50 centimeters
Depth to base of argillic - 114 to 152 centimeters or more
Depth to fragipan - 69 to 102 centimeters
Particle-size control section (weighted average): Clay content - 18 to 20 percent
Vitrandic feature thickness - 25 to 51 centimeters
Volcanic glass content in the 0.02 to 2.0 mm fraction - 5 to 20 percent
Acid-oxalate extractable Al plus 1/2 Fe - 0.4 to 1.0 percent
Phosphate retention - 30 to 40 percent
15-bar water retention on air dried samples - 10 to 13 percent
Moist bulk density - 1.00 to 1.45 g/cc
USE AND VEGETATION: These soils are used mainly for dryland small grain, hay, pasture and woodland. Potential natural vegetation is mainly Douglas fir and ponderosa pine, with an understory of common snowberry, white spirea, creambush oceanspray, mallow ninebark, Nootka rose, Woods rose, Columbia brome, sweetscented bedstraw and pinegrass.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northern Idaho; MLRA 9 and 43A. The series is of large extent; about 156,000 acres.
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Depth Class: Very deep
Drainage Class (Agricultural): Somewhat poorly drained
Internal Free Water Occurrence: Very shallow to moderately deep, common
Flooding Frequency and Duration: Frequent to rare for very brief to long periods
Ponding Frequency and Duration: None
Index Surface Runoff: Negligible to low
Permeability: Moderate
Landscape: Piedmont and Coastal Plain river valleys
Landform: Flood plains
Parent Material: Alluvium
Slope: 0 to 2 percent
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, thermic Fluvaquentic Dystrudepts
Depth to Bedrock: Greater than 80 inches
Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: 6 to 24 inches, November to April
Rock Fragment content: Less than 5 percent, by volume, in the A and upper B horizons. In some pedons, gravel content ranges to 15 percent by volume in the lower B horizons.
Soil Reaction: Very strongly acid to slightly acid to a depth of 40 inches, very strongly acid to mildly alkaline below 40 inches, except where limed
Other Features: Few to many mica flakes throughout and none to common
concretions
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: Pasture, cropland, some forest
Dominant Vegetation: Where cultivated--corn, small grain. Where wooded--yellow poplar, sweetgum, water oak, eastern cottonwood, green ash, blackgum, red maple, willow oak, and American sycamore. Loblolly pines are in some areas that are not subject to frequent flooding. Common understory plants include river birch, winged elm, hackberry, greenbrier, American holly, black willow, sourwood, eastern and hophornbeam.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia. Extent: Large
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Qasr al-Hosn (upper left), also known as the White Fort was constructed in 1761 as a conical watchtower to defend the only freshwater well in Abu Dhabi island. The tower was later expanded into a small fort in 1793 by the then ruler, Shakhbut bin Dhiyab Al Nahyan, and became the permanent residence of the ruling Sheikh. The tower took its present shape after a major extension in the late 1930s, aided by revenues received for granting the first oil license in Abu Dhabi. It remained the emir's palace (hence the name Qasr al-Hosn, meaning Palace fort) and seat of government until 1966. The fort has been developed several times and is now partially open to the public.
Typical landscape for map unit TTP29; Intervening flats of map unit TPG07 can be seen in the middle distance.
The Rub' al Khali is the largest contiguous sand desert in the world, encompassing most of the southern third of the Arabian Peninsula. The desert covers some 650,000 square kilometres including parts of Saudi Arabia, Oman, the United Arab Emirates, and Yemen. It is part of the larger Arabian Desert. One very large pile of sand!!!
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Landscape: Upland
Landform: Ridge, hill, and hillslope
Geomorphic Component: Interfluve, head slope, nose slope, or side slope
Hillslope Profile Position: Summit, shoulder, or backslope
Parent Material Origin: Nearly horizontal, interbedded gray and brown acid siltstone, shale, and sandstone
Parent Material Kind: Residuum
Slope: 0 to 70 percent
Elevation: 91 to 1097 meters (300 to 3600 feet)
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Typic Hapludults
Depth to the top of the Argillic: 13 to 38 cm (5 to 15 inches)
Depth to the base of the Argillic: 53 to 94 cm (21 to 37 inches)
Solum Thickness: 45 to 91 cm (18 to 36 inches)
Depth to Bedrock: 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches)
Depth Class: Moderately deep
Rock Fragment content: 5 to 40 percent, by volume, in the solum and 30 to 90 percent, by volume, in the C horizon. The rock fragment content is less than 35 percent, by volume, in the upper 20 inches of the argillic horizon. Rock fragments are mostly angular to subangular channers of shale, siltstone, and sandstone.
Soil Reaction: Extremely acid through strongly acid throughout, except where limed
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: Hayland, pasture, cropland, and woodland
Dominant Vegetation: Where cultivated--Grass-legume hay, corn, soybeans, wheat, or oats. Where wooded--Oaks, maple, hickory, and yellow-poplar.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Pennsylvania, Georgia, Indiana, Kentucky, Maryland, New York, Ohio, Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia
Extent: Large, over 6 million acres, at the time of this revision
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North Carolina State Soil
The Cecil series consists of very deep, well drained moderately permeable soils on ridges and side slopes of the Piedmont uplands. They are deep to saprolite and very deep to bedrock. They formed in residuum weathered from felsic, igneous and high-grade metamorphic rocks of the Piedmont uplands. Slopes range from 0 to 25 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludults
USE AND VEGETATION: About half of the total acreage is in cultivation, with the remainder in pasture and forest. Common crops are small grains, corn, cotton, and tobacco.
Originally mapped in Cecil County, Maryland in 1899, more than 10 million acres (40,000 km²) of the Cecil soil series are now mapped in the Piedmont region of the southeastern United States. It extends from Virginia through North Carolina (where it is the state soil), South Carolina, Georgia and Alabama, with the typic Cecil pedon actually located in Franklin County, NC.
The Cecil series developed over igneous rock such as granite, and metamorphic rock which is chemically similar to granite. Virgin Cecil soils support forests dominated by pine, oak and hickory, and have a topsoil of brown sandy loam. The subsoil is a red clay which is dominated by kaolinite and has considerable mica. Few Cecil soils are in their virgin state, for most have been cultivated at one time or another. Indifferent land management has allowed many areas of Cecil soils to lose their topsoils through soil erosion, exposing the red clay subsoil. This clay is amenable to cultivation, responds well to careful management, and supports healthy growth of pine where allowed to revert to forest. Like other well-drained Ultisols, it is ideal for urban development; however, in common with other kaolinite-dominated clays, it has little ability to recover from soil compaction.
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A representative soil profile of the Bouldin series. Bouldin soils have stones and boulders on the surface. They have numerous stones and cobbles throughout. (Soil Survey of Sequatchie County, Tennessee; by Jerry L. Prater, Natural Resourses Conservation Service)
The Bouldin series consists of deep, somewhat excessively drained soils that formed in stony colluvium weathered from interbedded sandstone, siltstone, and shale. They are on steep and very steep hillslopes and mountainflanks with slopes that range from 10 to 75 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, siliceous, semiactive, mesic Typic Paleudults
Thickness of the solum ranges from 60 to more than 80 inches. Depth to bedrock; limestone, sandstone or shale, ranges from 5 to more than 10 feet. Coarse fragments, mostly consisting of sandstone channers, cobbles, flagstones, or stones, range from 15 to 55 percent in the surface layer and from 35 to 90 percent in the subsoil and substratum. Size of fragments ranges from less than one inch to several feet across, but the dominant range is 10 to 20 inches. Reaction is very strongly or strongly acid throughout.
USE AND VEGETATION: Nearly all sites are in hardwood forest consisting chiefly of oaks, hickories, yellow poplar, maples, dogwood, and a few shortleaf and Virginia pines.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Along the edges of the Cumberland Plateau and Mountains in Tennessee and Kentucky, and possibly northern Alabama and Georgia. The series is of large extent including over 300,000 acres in Tennessee and Kentucky.
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Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Stuttgart series; the State Soil of Arkansas.
Landscape: Rice grown on Stuttgart soil (foreground). Soybeans are shown growing on Stuttgart soil (background).
Stuttgart soil series was adopted as the official state soil by the Eighty-first General Assembly of Arkansas in 1997. Named or the city of Stuttgart in southeast Arkansas, these soils occur in the Grand Prairie and are of similar age, on large upland terraces within the Lower Mississippi Valley.
The Stuttgart series consists of very deep, moderately well to somewhat poorly drained, slowly permeable soils that formed in silty and clayey alluvium. These level to gently sloping soils are on Prairie terraces in the Lower Mississippi Valley, MLRA 131. Slopes are typically less than 3 percent, but range to 5 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, smectitic, thermic Albaquultic Hapludalfs
Solum thickness is more than 60 to more than 80 inches. There is an abrupt texture change between the ochric epipedon and the underlying argillic horizon. Sodium saturation ranges from 5 to 15 percent in the upper 16 inches of the argillic. It generally increases with depth and may range over 20 percent in the lower part in some pedons.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are cleared and used for the production of rice, soybeans, small grains and corn. The native vegetation was mainly tall
grasses, with large areas of hardwood forests of oaks, gums and ash with scattered areas of shortleaf pine.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Prairie terraces in Arkansas and possibly Louisiana. The series is of large extent with over 150,000 acres mapped.
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Soil profile: The Colthorp series consists of shallow to a duripan, well drained soils. They formed in silty alluvium from loess and weathered volcanic ash. Permeability is moderately slow.
Landscape: Colthorp soils are on basalt plains, terraces and on plug domes and lava flow lobes on lava plains and shield volcanoes. Elevations range from 2,600 to 4,700 feet. Slopes are 0 to 20 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic, shallow Xeric Argidurids
Average annual soil temperature - 50 to 55 degrees F.
Depth to duripan - 10 to 20 inches
Depth to bedrock - 20 to 40 inches
Depth to secondary calcium carbonates - 5 to 15 inches
Particle-size control section - 18 to 30 percent clay; 0 to 15 percent rock fragments
Moisture control section - moist less than 90 consecutive days when the soil temperature is greater than 47 degrees F.
USE AND VEGETATION: The Colthorp soils are used mainly for rangeland. Some areas are irrigated and are used for pasture, hay, corn, small grains, sugar beets, and potatoes. Vegetation in the potential natural plant community is mainly Wyoming big sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass, Sandberg bluegrass, and Thurber needlegrass.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southwestern and south central Idaho; MLRA 11. It is of moderate extent.
The classification of this pedon has been revised as of 4/00 from loamy, mixed, mesic, shallow Xerollic Durargids to loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic, shallow Xeric Argidurids based on revision to Soil Taxonomy.
The term silty alluvium used in this series concept infers a localized influence on the mixed loess and weathered volcanic ash soil material by overland flow of running water.
Geographic setting - terms used throughout MLRA 11 to identify the setting of this soil are quire varied although all equate to the same landscape. There will be further investigation from an MLRA project level as to the accepted terms for use.
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