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The Berks series consists of moderately deep, well drained soils formed in residuum weathered from shale, siltstone and fine grained sandstone on rounded and dissected uplands. Slope ranges from 0 to 80 percent. Permeability is moderate or moderately rapid. Mean annual precipitation is 42 inches. Mean annual temperature is 52 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, active, mesic Typic Dystrudepts
Solum thickness ranges from 12 to 40 inches. Depth to bedrock is 20 to 40 inches. Depth to the top of the cambic horizon range from 3 to 12 inches. Rock fragments range from 10 to 50 percent in the Ap and A horizons, from 15 to 75 percent in individual horizons of the B, and from 35 to 90 percent in the C horizon. The average volume of rock fragments in the particle-size control section is more than 35 percent. In unlimed soils reaction ranges from extremely acid to slightly acid throughout. The dominant clay minerals are illite, vermiculite and interstratified vermiculite chlorite. Small amounts of kaolinite are present.
USE AND VEGETATION: Approximately 60 percent of Berks soils are in cropland and pasture, the remainder are in woodland or other uses. Principal crops are corn, wheat, oats, barley, Christmas trees and hay. Native vegetation is mixed, deciduous hardwood forest.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Kentucky, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia, Indiana, and Southern Illinois. MLRA's 115, 120, 121, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 130, 139, 147 and 148. The series is of large extent. The Ashby, Kistler and Trexler soils, which were moderately shallow in some Pennsylvania published surveys are now included in the Berks Series.
For a detailed description, visit:
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A representative soil profile of the Ivan soil series. (Soil Survey of Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve, Kansas; United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, and United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service)
The Ivan series consists of very deep, well drained soils that formed in calcareous silty alluvium. Ivan soils are on flood plains in the Bluestem Hills, MLRA 76. Slopes range from 0 to 3 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 910 millimeters (36 inches)and the mean annual temperature is about 13 degrees C (55 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Cumulic Hapludolls
Soil moisture: Udic bordering on ustic.
Mollic epipedon thickness: greater than 61 centimeters (24 inches)
Depth to calcium carbonate: 0 to 25 centimeters (0 to 10 inches)
Mean annual soil temperature: 13 to 14 degrees C (55 to 58 degrees F)
Particle-size control section (weighted average):
Clay content: 18 to 30 percent
Sand content: 0 to 10 percent
Rock fragments: 0 to 5 percent
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are cultivated.
The main principal crops are corn and soybeans.
Native vegetation is walnut, sycamore, and bur oak with an under story of tall grasses.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: East-central Kansas along streams flowing eastward from the Bluestem Hills; Land Resource Region H, Central Great Plains Winter Wheat and Range Region and M, Central Feed Grains and Livestock Region; MLRAs 76, 106, and 112; The series is extensive.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/kansas/Tallgra...
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The Inari series consists of very deep, moderately well drained, slowly permeable soils that formed in loamy fluviomarine deposits of Early Pleistocene age. These nearly level to very gently sloping soils are on rises on flat coastal plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 3 percent. Mean annual temperature is about 21.1 degrees C (70 degrees F) and mean annual precipitation is about 864 mm (34 in).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, hyperthermic Oxyaquic Argiustolls
Soil Moisture: An ustic soil moisture regime. The soil moisture control section is 10 to 30 cm (4 to 12 in). These soils remain dry in the soil moisture control section for more than 90 cumulative days. The dry period occurs during the late winter and early spring months. These soils are moist during the late summer and fall months.
USE AND VEGETATION: Used mostly for livestock grazing. Native vegetation includes grasses such as little bluestem, silver bluestem, indiangrass, brownseed paspalum and balsamscale. A few scattered trees include mesquite, huisache or live oak. (Ecological site name: Loamy Prairie 28-40" PZ; Ecological site number: R150AY535TX)
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Gulf Coast Prairies (MLRA 150A) of South Texas from the tributaries of the San Antonio River to the Mission River; Land Resource Region T-Atlantic and Gulf Coast Lowland Forest and Crop Region; the series is of small extent. Goliad County, Texas, 2009. The name comes from a small community in northern Refugio County, TX.
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Field texturing an Oxisol... loam... or maybe clay loam, or wait maybe clay. You must keep working the soil in order to determine the correct texture. These soils are typically 75 or more percent clay, but when texturing initially feel much coarser due to the strong very fine structural aggregates (units) commonly referred to as "pseudo sand".
Oxisols are an order in USDA soil taxonomy, best known for their occurrence in tropical rain forest, 15-25 degrees north and south of the Equator. They are classified as ferralsols in the World Reference Base for Soil Resources; some oxisols have been previously classified as laterite soils.
The main processes of soil formation of oxisols are weathering, humification and pedoturbation due to animals. These processes produce the characteristic soil profile. They are defined as soils containing at all depths no more than 10 percent weatherable minerals, and low cation exchange capacity, typical for soils formed on very old, stable landscapes. Oxisols are always a red or yellowish color, due to the high concentration of iron(III) and aluminium oxides and hydroxides. In addition they also contain quartz and kaolin, plus small amounts of other clay minerals and organic matter.
For more information about soil classification using the WRB system, visit:
www.fao.org/3/i3794en/I3794en.pdf
For more information about describing soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_052523...
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The Delaware series consists of very deep, well drained soils formed in alluvium on post glacial and glacial terraces along major rivers. Slope ranges from 0 to 25 percent. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high to very high in the substratum. Mean annual precipitation is 40 inches. Mean annual temperature is 49 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Typic Dystrudepts
The range in thickness of the solum is 30 to 60 inches. The depth to bedrock is greater than 6 feet. This soil is generally free of rock fragments, but rock fragments can range from 0 to 5 percent by weighted volume in individual horizons. Small rounded pebbles making up the majority of the fragments located mostly in the substratum. The soil reaction ranges from strongly acid to slightly acid and to neutral where limed.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are cropped with corn, soybeans, small grains, or truck farming. Few areas are wooded with Maples, American Beech, Cottonwood, Red Oak, American Sycamore, American Basswood, or Ash; few areas have Red Pine Plantations.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northeastern and eastern Pennsylvania, and Central Pennsylvania along major rivers. MLRA 140. The series is of small extent.
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Profile of Friona loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes, showing a petrocalcic horizon that has a laminar capped indurated layer over strongly cemented calcium carbonate in the lower part. (Soil Survey of Deaf Smith County, Texas by Thomas C. Byrd, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Friona series consists of soils that are moderately deep to a petrocalcic horizon. They are well drained, moderately permeable soils that formed in loamy eolian sediments from the Blackwater Draw Formation of Pleistocene age. These soils are on nearly level to gently sloping plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 3 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 483 mm (19 in), and mean annual air temperature is about 16 degrees C (61 degrees F)
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, thermic Petrocalcic Paleustolls
Soil moisture: An ustic moisture regime bordering on aridic. The soil moisture control section is dry in some or all parts for more than 180 but less than 220 days, cumulative, in normal years. July through August and December throughFebruary are the driest months. These soils are intermittently moist in September through November and March through June.
Mean annual soil temperature: 15 to 18 degrees C (59 to 64 degrees F)
Depth to argillic horizon: 13 to 25 cm (5 to 10 in)
Depth to secondary carbonates: 38 to 91 cm (15 to 36 in)
Depth to petrocalcic horizon: 50 to 89 cm (20 to 35 in)
Solum thickness: more than 203 cm (80 in)
Particle-size control section: 18 to 35 percent silicate clay.
USE AND VEGETATION: Mainly used for crop production. Principal crops grown are cotton, grain sorghum, and wheat. Climax rangeland vegetation is mainly mid and short grasses and includes blue grama, sideoates grama, and buffalograss, with lesser amounts of vine-mesquite, western wheatgrass, galleta or tobosa, silver bluestem, wild alfalfa, and prairieclover with a light to moderate overstory of mesquite. This soil has been correlated to the Deep Hardland R077CY022TX) ecological site in MLRA-77C.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southern High Plains, Southern Part (MLRA 77C in LRR H) of western Texas and eastern New Mexico. The series is of moderate extent. These soils were formerly included in the Lea and Stegall series.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/texas/TX117/0/...
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Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the San Joaquin soil series; the State Soil of California.
Landscape: San Joaquin soils are on hummocky, nearly level to undulating terraces at elevations of about 20 to 500 feet. Some areas have been leveled. Slopes range from 0 to 9 percent. Cropland and livestock grazing is common. Crops are small grains, irrigated pasture and rice; vineyards, fruit and nut crops.
The San Joaquin series consists of moderately deep to a duripan, well and moderately well drained soils that formed in alluvium derived from mixed but dominantly granitic rock sources. The cemented hardpan (a few feet beneath the surface) restricts roots and water percolation. (San Joaquin County, California; by Michael A. McElhiney, Soil Conservation Service)
California's Great Central Valley has more than 500,000 acres of San Joaquin soils, named for the south end of that valley. This series is the oldest continuously recognized soil series within the State. It is one of California's Benchmark Soils, and a profile of it is displayed in the Netherlands World Soil Museum. The San Joaquin series became the Official State Soil in 1997, the result of efforts by students and teachers from Martin Luther King, Jr. Middle School in Madera, natural resource professionals, the Professional Soil Scientists Association of California, legislators, and various state universities.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/california/CA0...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/S/SAN_JOAQUIN.html
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A representative soil profile of a Mollisol from the Cerado physiographic region--a vast tropical savanna ecoregion of Brazil, particularly in the states of Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso, Tocantins, Minas Gerais and the Federal District of Brazil. (Horizonation is by Brazil soil classification system.)
Landscape: Typical landscape and vegetation (pastureland) occurring on upland side-slopes in Brazil.
Mollisols are a soil order in USDA soil taxonomy. Mollisols form in semi-arid to semi-humid areas, typically under a grassland cover. They are most commonly found in the mid-latitudes, namely in North America, mostly east of the Rocky Mountains, in South America in Argentina (Pampas) and Brazil, and in Asia in Mongolia and the Russian Steppes. Their parent material is typically base-rich and calcareous and include limestone, loess, or wind-blown sand. The main processes that lead to the formation of grassland Mollisols are melanisation, decomposition, humification and pedoturbation.
Mollisols have deep, high organic matter, nutrient-enriched surface soil (A horizon), typically more than 25 cm thick. This fertile surface horizon, known as a mollic epipedon, is the defining diagnostic feature of Mollisols. Mollic epipedons result from the long-term addition of organic materials derived from plant roots, and typically have soft, granular soil structure.
In the Brazil soil classification system, these Chernossolos are well structured soils, rich in organic matter, with high content of exchangeable cations. They are typically found in the south and east parts of Brazil.
For additional information about these soils, visit:
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and...
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Profile of Wilson clay loam in an area of Davilla-Wilson complex, 0 to 2 percent slopes. The abrupt contact of the surface layer and the subsoil is readily evident. (Soil Survey of Lee County, Texas; by Maurice R. Jurena, USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Wilson series consists of very deep, moderately well drained, very slowly permeable soils that formed in calcareous clayey alluvium of Pleistocene age derived from mudstone. These nearly level to gently sloping soils are on treads of Pleistocene stream terraces. Slopes are mainly less than 1 percent but range from 0 to 5 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 1003 mm (39.5 in) and the mean annual air temperature is about 18.1 degrees C (64.6 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, smectitic, thermic Oxyaquic Vertic Haplustalfs
Soil Moisture: dry in some or all parts of the soil moisture control section, for 90 or more cumulative days and moist, in some part, either for more than 180 cumulative days per year, or for 90 or more consecutive days in normal years; ustic soil moisture regime that borders on udic
Soil depth: greater than 150 cm (greater than 60 in)
Depth to argillic horizon: 8 to 25 cm (3 to 10 in)
Depth to secondary calcium carbonate: 79 to 99 cm (31 to 39 in)
Depth to redox concentrations: 13 to 36 cm (5 to 14 in)
Depth to redox depletions: 13 to 203 cm (5 to 80 in)
Depth to salt accumulations: 150 to 203 cm (60 to 80 in)
Depth to gypsum accumulations: 58 to 203 cm (23 to 80 in)
Depth to reduced matrix: 13 to 91 cm (5 to 36 in)
Depth to slickensides: 13 to 66 cm (5 to 26 in)
Thickness of the ochric epipedon: 8 to 25 cm (3 to 10 in)
Surface fragments: amount-0 to 2, size-fine, medium, or coarse, kind-quartzite
Particle-size control section (weighted average)
Clay content: 35 to 50 percent
Rock fragments: 0 to 12 percent
USE AND VEGETATION: Used for cropland. Common crops are cotton, sorghum, small grains, and corn. Many previously cropped areas are now used for unimproved pasture. Native vegetation consists of little bluestem, yellow indiangrass, big bluestem, Texas wintergrass, vine mesquite, Florida paspalum, Virginia wildrye, silver bluestem, and sideoats grama and widely spaced motts of elm and oak trees. Most areas that are not cropped have few to many mesquite trees.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: North central, central, and South Central Texas; Land Resource Region J - Southwestern Prairies Cotton and Forage Region; Texas Blackland Prairies, Northern and Southern Parts (MLRAs 86A and 86B) and Texas Claypan Areas, Northern and Southern Part (MLRAs 87B and 87A); the series is extensive.
Classification change from Udertic Haplustalfs to Oxyaquic Vertic Haplustalfs based on knowledge that these soils are saturated for 2 to 4 weeks in most years. This period of time is within the definition of saturation for one month or more if rules of rounding are applied, i.e., 2 to 6 weeks saturation is considered inclusive.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/texas/TX287/0/...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/W/WILSON.html
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A representative soil profile of the Schamber series. (Soil Survey of Sioux County, Nebraska; by Mark Willoughby, Dan Shurtliff, Bob Rayer, and Dave Vyain, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Schamber series consists of well to excessively drained soils that are very shallow over sand and gravel outwash sediments. Permeability is rapid or very rapid. Slopes range from 0 to 60 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 17 inches, and mean annual air temperature is about 48 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Sandy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Aridic Ustorthents
Content of gravel ranges from 35 to over 50 percent by volume in all parts of the series control section.
USE AND VEGETATION: These soils are used as native rangeland. Native vegetation is needleandthread, blue grama, buffalograss, yucca, sedges, and shrubs.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Central and western South Dakota, Kansas, Nebraska, Wyoming and Colorado. The Schamber series is of moderate extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/nebraska/sioux...
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A representative profile of Fargo silty clay. The high content of clay and the shrink-swell potential of this soil cause cracking during dry periods. The cracking results in tonguing of the darker material from the surface layer into the subsoil. The tongues in this profile extend from a depth of 40 to 60 centimeters. (Soil Survey of Polk County, Minnesota; by Charles T. Saari and Rodney B. Heschke, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Fargo series consists of very deep, poorly drained and very poorly drained, slowly permeable soils that formed in calcareous, clayey lacustrine sediments. These soils are on glacial lake plains, floodplains, and gently sloping side slopes of streams within glacial lake plains. Slopes range from 0 to 2 percent. Mean annual air temperature is about 5 degrees C, and mean annual precipitation is about 575 millimeters.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, smectitic, frigid Typic Epiaquerts
Clay content of the particle size control section - typically 40 to 60 percent; however in some pedons material with less clay in the lower part of the control section results in an average between 35 and 40 percent.
Sand content of the particle size control section -- less the 15 percent fine sand and coarser
Rock fragments -- 0 percent
Thickness of the mollic epipedon -- 15 to 55 centimeters
Depth to carbonates -- 41 to 58 centimeters
Saline phases are recognized
USE AND VEGETATION: The soils are nearly all cropped to corn, small grains, soybeans and sugar beets. Native vegetation is western wheatgrass, Kentucky bluegrass and a variety of forbs.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Physiographic Division-Interior Plains
Physiographic Province-Central Lowland
Physiographic section-Western Lake section
MLRA--Red River Valley of the North (56);
Central Black Glaciated Plains (55B)
Northern Black Glaciated Plains (55A)
also used in a small extent of glaciolacustrine areas in west-central Montana.
LRR-Northern Great Plains Spring Wheat Region (F)
Extent--large
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/minnesota/MN11...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/F/FARGO.html
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A soil profile of a very deep, loamy Argialboll in Kansas. This soil has a thick, dark, mollic epipedon to a depth of about 90 centimeters. Within this layer is a gray albic horizon about 10 to 15 centimeters thick from which clay has been leached. An argillic horizon begins in the lower part of the mollic epipedon and extends beyond the base of the photo. (Soil Survey Staff. 2015. Illustrated guide to Soil Taxonomy. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, National Soil Survey Center, Lincoln, Nebraska)
Argialbolls have an argillic (clay accumulation) subsoil horizon. Most of the soils have very dark gray to black coatings of humus and clay on the peds in the upper part of the argillic horizon. In the United States, these soils are most extensive in the loess-covered areas of the Midwestern States where the temperature regime is mesic. A very few of the soils have a frigid or thermic temperature regime. A distinct moisture deficiency in summer and a moisture surplus in winter and spring seem to be essential to the genesis of these soils. Argialbolls are associated on the landscape with all other suborders of Mollisols, except possibly Rendolls. Because they have gentle slopes, most of the Argialbolls in the United States are cultivated.
To download the latest version of Soil Taxonomy, 2nd Edition, 1999, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/soil-...
For additional information about soil classification using Keys to Soil Taxonomy, 13th Edition, 2022, visit:
[www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/Keys-to-Soi...]
To download the latest version of Keys to Soil Taxonomy, 13th Edition, 2022, visit:
[www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/keys-...]
For an Illustrated Guide to Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-06/Illustrated...
Rhodic soils are dark red and commonly clayey. The rhodic zone has hue of 2.5YR or redder; and value, moist, of 3 or less; and dry value no more than 1 unit higher than the moist value.
The Lloyd series is an example commonly correlated in the Piedmont of North Carolina. It consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils on uplands. The soils formed in residuum derived from intermediate and mafic, igneous and high-grade metamorphic rocks. Slopes are commonly 2 to 10 percent but range to 50 percent. Near the type location, mean annual temperature is about 61 degrees F., and mean annual precipitation is about 45 inches.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Rhodic Kanhapludults
For a detailed description of the soil, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/L/LLOYD.html
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A representative soil profile of the Hyde soil series in North Carolina.
Depth Class: Very deep
Drainage Class: Very Poorly drained
Permeability: Moderately slow
Surface Runoff: Very slow to ponded
Parent Material: Loamy marine sediments
Slope: 0 to 2 percent
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, active, thermic Typic Umbraquults
The Hyde series is centered on a high content of silt plus very fine sand in the control section.
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: Cropland and forest
Dominant vegetation: Where cultivated--corn, soybeans, truck crops, pasture grasses, and legumes; where wooded--sweetgum, swamp tupelo, water tupelo, red maple, bald cypress, pond pine, water oak, willow oak, hickory, southern bayberry, sweetbay, magnolia, switch cane, and greenbrier.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Lower Coastal Plain of Georgia, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia
Extent: Moderate
A soil profile and landscape of an Augusta soil in Georgia.
Depth Class: Very deep
Drainage Class: Somewhat poorly drained
Permeability: Moderate
Surface Runoff: Slow
Parent Material: Loamy alluvial sediments
Slope: 0 to 2 percent
Mean Annual Air Temperature (type location): 61 degrees F.
Mean Annual Precipitation (type location): 51 inches
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, semiactive, thermic Aeric Endoaquults
Solum Thickness: 40 to 80 inches
Depth to Bedrock: Greater than 60 inches
Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: 12 to 24 inches, December to May
Soil Reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid, except where limed
Gravel Content: 0 to 10 percent in the A and B horizons and 0 to 20 percent in the C horizon
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: Mostly cultivated
Dominant Vegetation: Where cultivated--corn, oats, soybeans, small grain, and pasture. Where wooded--white oak, red oak, post oak, loblolly pine, shortleaf pine, hickory, red maple, sweetgum, and elm; understory plants include American holly, flowering dogwood, sassafras, greenbrier, giant cane and inkberry (bitter gallberry)
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Georgia, Alabama, North Carolina, Virginia and possibly South Carolina
Extent: Moderate
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A soil profile of a Georgeville soil. Georgeville soils formed from felsic volcanic rocks within the Carolina Slate Belt. They are very erosive because of their high silt content. Depth to bedrock is more than 150 centimeters.
The Georgeville series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils that formed in material mostly weathered from fine-grained metavolcanic rocks of the Carolina Slate Belt. Slopes are 2 to 50 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludults
Thickness of the clayey part of the Bt horizon ranges from 24 to 48 inches. Depth to the bottom of the clayey Bt horizon exceeds 30 inches. Depth to a lithic contact is more than 60 inches. The soil is very strongly acid to neutral in the A horizon and very strongly acid or strongly acid throughout the rest of the profile. Content of rock fragments ranges 0 to 20 percent in the A and E horizons, and 0 to 10 percent in the Bt, BC and C horizons. Few fine flakes of mica are in the lower part of the solum of some pedons, and some pedons may have few fine manganese concretions in the surface and upper subsoil horizons.
USE AND VEGETATION: Cleared areas are used for cotton, small grains, tobacco, corn, hay, and pasture. Forested areas are in mixed hardwood and pines.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Piedmont of Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia. The series is extensive.
For a detailed soil description, visit:
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A hydric soil is defined by federal law to mean "soil that, in its undrained condition, is saturated, flooded, or ponded long enough during a growing season to develop an anerobic condition that supports the growth and regeneration of hydrophytic vegetation". This term is part of the legal definition of a wetland included in the United States Food Security Act of 1985 (P.L. 99-198).
A soil scientist is a person who is qualified to evaluate and interpret soils and soil-related data for the purpose of understanding soil resources as they contribute to not only agricultural production, but as they affect environmental quality and as they are managed for protection of human health and the environment. The university degree should be in Soil Science, or closely related field (i.e., natural resources, environmental science, earth science, etc.) and include sufficient soils-related course work so the Soil Scientist has a measurable level of understanding of the soil environment, including soil morphology and soil forming factors, soil chemistry, soil physics, and soil biology, and the dynamic interaction of these areas.
For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
or Chapter 3 of the Soil Survey manual:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/The-Soil-Su...
For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=e_hQaXV7MpM
For additional information about soil classification using USDA-NRCS Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/keys-...
or;
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/soil-...
For more information about Hydric Soils and their Field Indicators, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
The Banida series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils that formed in lacustrine deposits and alluvium. Banida soils are on lake terraces. Slopes are 0 to 30 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 16 inches and the mean annual temperature is about 44 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, smectitic, frigid Vertic Haploxerepts
USE AND VEGETATION: Banida soils are used mainly for dryland crops. Almost all areas of the soil are cropped. The natural vegetation is assumed to have been mountain big sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass, and sod-forming grasses.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southeastern Idaho. These soils are moderately extensive. MLRAs 13 and 28A.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/B/BANIDA.html
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A representative soil profile of the Bridgehampton series. (Photo courtesy of Mark Stolt University of Rhode Island's Dept. of Natural Resources; New England Soil Profiles)
The Bridgehampton series consists of very deep, well drained and moderately well drained soils formed in thick silty deposits over glacial drift. They are nearly level to steep soils on outwash terraces and glaciated uplands. Slope ranges form 0 to 35 percent. Permeability is moderate in the surface layer and subsoil, and moderately rapid to very rapid in the substratum. Mean annual temperature is about 49 degrees F., and mean annual precipitation is about 48 inches.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-silty, mixed, active, mesic Typic Dystrudepts
Solum thickness ranges from 40 to 56 inches and corresponds closely to the depth to contrasting glacial drift. Depth to bedrock is commonly more than 10 feet. Rock fragments less than 3 inches in diameter range from 0 to 5 percent by volume in the solum. Stony pedons have 5 to 15 percent cobbles and stones in the solum. Rock fragments range from 5 to 70 percent by volume in the substratum and are mostly gravel. Unless limed, reaction ranges from very strongly acid through moderately acid.
USE AND VEGETATION: Much of the acreage is used for cultivated crops, hay, and pasture. Common crops are potatoes and silage corn. Some areas are used for sod farming and for nursery stock. A few areas are in community development or are wooded. Common trees are red, white, and black oak, white ash, red maple, white pine, and red pine.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southern Rhode Island; MLRA 144A. The series is of moderate extent.
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A representative soil profile of a Typic Acrudox from Brazil.
Udoxs are well drained Oxisols with a udic soil moisture regime. They are moist because of natural rainfall in normal years and are dry in some parts for less than 90 days, a period that is short enough for rain-fed crops to be grown continuously in normal years. There are fewer than 90 days during which crops are not planted. In local terms there are 1 to 3 months that considered “dry” in normal years. Udox are an extensive suborder, occurring mostly in South America and in parts of Africa and Asia.
Acrudox are the Udox with very low CEC values in the subsoil and that do not have a sombric horizon within 150 cm of the mineral soil surface. Frequent but small applications of fertilizer and lime are required. Because the CEC is low, the amount of exchangeable aluminum in the subsoil is low. This deficiency can be corrected by leaching basic cations from lime and fertilizer.
Typic Acrudox are fixed on soils that do not have a petroferric contact, a lithic contact, or redox depletions with a color value, moist, of 4 or more and chroma of 2 or less within 125 cm of the mineral soil surface and also do not have aquic conditions for some time in normal years. These soils have less than 16 kg/m2 organic carbon to a depth of 100 cm and have less than 5 percent plinthite in all horizons within a depth of 125 cm. Their colors are reddish, but the soils do not have very dark reddish colors throughout the layers between depths of 25 and 125 cm.
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The Buncombe series consists of very deep, excessively drained sandy soils on nearly level to gently sloping flood plains in the Piedmont and Coastal Plain. They formed in sandy alluvium washed from soils formed in residuum from schist, gneiss, granite, phyllite, and other metamorphic and igneous rocks of the Piedmont. Slopes range from 0 to 6 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Mixed, thermic Typic Udipsamments
Depth to hard bedrock is more than 10 feet. Layers of gravel and cobbles are in the substrata of some pedons below a depth of 40 inches. Few to many mica flakes are present throughout the profile. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to slightly acid. The A, Bw and C horizons to a depth of 40 inches are sand, loamy sand, or loamy fine sand. In addition, The C horizon may be fine sand within a depth of 40 inches. Below a depth of 40 inches, textures of the C horizon range from sand to loam or are stratified.
USE AND VEGETATION: More than one-half of the soil has been cleared and is used for growing pasture or crops. A few areas are in loblolly, longleaf, or shortleaf pines. Natural vegetation consists mainly of hardwoods such as sweetgum, oaks, birch, elm, ash, hickory, yellow- poplar, sycamore, and willow
trees.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia. The series is of moderate extent.
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The Dayton series consists of very deep, poorly drained soils that formed in silty and clayey glaciolacustrine deposits. Dayton soils are on terraces. Slopes are 0 to 2 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 42 inches and the mean annual temperature is about 52 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, smectitic, mesic Vertic Albaqualfs
The soils are usually moist and are saturated with water during the winter and spring. The mean annual soil temperature is 52 to 55 degrees F. The soils are more than 60 inches deep. Depth to aquic conditions with chroma of 2 or less, with or without redox concentrations, is from the surface to 10 inches. Depth to the 2Bt and abrupt textural change ranges from 12 to 24 inches. The pscs has 40 to 50 percent clay.
USE AND VEGETATION: These soils are used for growing spring grains, grass seed, hay and pasture. Native vegetation is grasses, weeds, rosebushes and widely spaced ash trees.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Dayton soils are found throughout the Willamette Valley in western Oregon; MLRA 2. They are extensive. Classification revised 3/00 from Typic Albaqualfs to Vertic Albaqualfs based on addition of Vertic subgroup to Soil Taxonomy.
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Depth Class: Very deep
Agricultural Drainage Class: Somewhat poorly drained
Permeability: Very slow
Surface Runoff: Moderate
Landscape: Triassic Basin uplands
Landform: Interstream divides, ridges, and side slopes
Parent Material: Residuum weathered from Triassic sandstone, mudstone, siltstone, shale, and conglomerate
Slope: 0 to 15
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, active, thermic Vertic Hapludults
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: mixed hardwood and pine forest
Dominant Vegetation: Where forested--loblolly pine, red maple, sweet gum, black gum, water oak, winged elm, and willow oak.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Thermic region of Piedmont in the Triassic Basin of North Carolina and possibly Virginia
Extent: Small
REMARKS: Green Level soils were previously mapped as White Store soils. White Store soils have a depth to paralithic contact of 40 to 60 inches and have a base saturation of greater than 35 percent above the contact. In addition, White Store soils do not have redoximorphic features within 24 inches of the top of the argillic horizon. The 11/2005 revision changed the type location from Chatham County, NC to Wake County, NC and changed the classification from fine, mixed, active, thermic Aquic Hapludults.
A representative soil profile of Coy clay loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes. The thick, dark-colored surface layer is indicative of high natural fertility. (Soil Survey of Duval County, Texas; by John L. Sackett III, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Coy series consists of very deep, well drained, slowly permeable soils that developed in calcareous clayey alluvium derived from mudstone. These soils are on nearly level to moderately sloping terrace remnants and broad flats associated with drainage ways. Slope ranges from 0 to 5 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 737 mm (29 in) and the mean annual air temperature is about 21.7 degrees C (71 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, smectitic, hyperthermic Pachic Vertic Argiustolls
Soil Moisture: A typic ustic moisture regime. The soil moisture control section is dry in some or all parts for more than 90 days but less than 180 cumulative days in normal years.
Mean annual soil temperature: 22 to 23 degrees C (72 to 74 degrees F)
Thickness of Mollic epipedon: 51 to 114 cm (20 to 45 in)
Thickness of Argillic horizon: 51 to 127 cm (20 to 50 in)
Vertic properties: When dry, the soil has cracks up to 5 cm (2 in) wide at the surface that extend to depths of more than 100 cm (40 in).
Depth to Calcic horizon: 89 to 152 cm (35 to 60 in)
USE AND VEGETATION: Mainly used for crop production with some areas used for livestock grazing and wildlife habitat. Cultivated crops are cotton, grain sorghum, and corn. Native grasses include Arizona cottontop, little bluestem, sideoats grama, curlymesquite, and Texas bristlegrass. Woody invaders are whitebrush, spiny hackberry, huisache, and mesquite.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northern and Central Rio Grande Plain of Texas (MLRA 83A, 83C); Land Resource Region I. The series is of moderate extent. The Coy soils were formerly included with the Monteola series.
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Fig. 5.8 Salidic Calcigypsids (AD232) UAE
Salidic Calcigypsids are the Calcigypsids that have an ECe of more than 8 to less than 30 dS m-1 in a layer 10 cm or more thick, within 100 cm of the soil surface.
Calcigypsids are the Gypsids that have a calcic horizon. Commonly, the calcic horizon is above the gypsic horizon because of differences in the solubility of gypsum and calcium carbonate.
Gypsids are the Aridisols that have a gypsic (or petrogypsic) horizon within 100 cm of the soil surface. Accumulation of gypsum takes place initially as crystal aggregates in the voids of the soils. These aggregates grow by accretion, displacing the enclosing soil material. When the gypsic horizon occurs as a cemented impermeable layer, it is recognized as the petrogypsic horizon. Each of these forms of gypsum accumulation implies processes in the soils, and each presents a constraint to soil use. One of the largest constraints is dissolution of the gypsum, which plays havoc with structures, roads, and irrigation delivery systems. Gypsids occur in Iraq, Syria, Arabian Peninsula, Iran, Somalia, West Asia, and some of the most arid areas of the western part of the United States.
Aridisols, as their name implies, are soils in which water is not available to mesophytic plants for long periods. During most of the time when the soils are warm enough for plants to grow, soil water is held at potentials less than the permanent wilting point or has a content of soluble salts great enough to limit the growth of plants other than halophytes, or both. There is no period of 90 consecutive days when moisture is continuously available for plant growth.
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Soil profile of Dekalb very channery loam. This Dekalb soil, which formed under forests, has dark organic horizons at a depth of 0 to 10 centimeters. Dekalb soils have bedrock at a depth of 50 to 100 centimeters. In this photo, bedrock occurs at a depth of approximately 70 centimeters. (Soil Survey of New River Gorge National River, West Virginia; by Wendy Noll and James Bell, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Dekalb series consists of moderately deep, excessively drained soils formed in material weathered from gray and brown acid sandstone in places interbedded with shale and graywacke. Slope ranges from 0 to 80 percent. Permeability is rapid. Mean annual precipitation is about 48 inches and mean annual air temperature is about 53 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, siliceous, active, mesic Typic Dystrudepts
Solum thickness and depth to bedrock range from 20 to 40 inches. Flat, subangular or angular, sandstone fragments, 1 to 10 inches across increase with depth and range from 10 to 60 percent in individual horizons of the solum and from 50 to 90 percent or more in the C horizon. The amount of rock fragments typically increases with depth. Weighted average rock fragment content ranges from 35 to 75 percent in the particle-size control section. Cobbly, channery, and very stony phases are common. Reaction ranges from extremely through strongly acid where unlimed. Illite, kaolinite, and vermiculite are common clay minerals.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most Dekalb soils are in forests of mixed oaks, maple, and some white pine and hemlock. Smaller areas have been cleared for cultivation and pasture.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southern New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Ohio, West Virginia, Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Georgia. The series is of large extent.
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Soil profile: A representative soil profile of an Inceptisol from the Cerado physiographic region--a vast tropical savanna ecoregion of Brazil, particularly in the states of Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso, Tocantins, Minas Gerais and the Federal District of Brazil. (Horizonation is by Brazil soil classification system.)
Landscape: Typical landscape and vegetation (eucalyptus plantation) associated with Inceptisols occurring on an interfluve in Brazil.
Inceptisols are a soil order in USDA soil taxonomy. They form quickly through alteration of parent material. They are more developed than Entisols. They have no accumulation of clays, iron oxide, aluminium oxide or organic matter. They have an ochric or umbric horizon and a cambic subsurface horizon. The central concept of Inceptisols is that of soils that are of cool to very warm, humid and subhumid regions and that have a cambic horizon and an ochric epipedon. The order of Inceptisols includes a wide variety of soils. In some areas Inceptisols are soils with minimal development, while in other areas they are soils with diagnostic horizons that merely fail the criteria of the other soil orders. Inceptisols have many kinds of diagnostic horizons and epipedons.
Inceptisol (Latossolos) and landscape BRAZIL--In the Brazil soil classification system, these Latossolos are highly weathered soils composed mostly of clay and weathering resistant sand particles. Clay silicates of low activity (kaolinite clays) or iron and aluminum oxide rich (haematite, goethite, gibbsite) are common. There are little noticeable horizonation differences. These are naturally very infertile soils, but, because of the ideal topography and physical conditions, some are being used for agricultural production. These soils do require fertilizers because of the ease of leaching of nutrients through the highly weathered soils.
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A representative soil profile of Swannanoa silty clay loam in North Carolina. Swannanoa soils are very deep, have thick, dark surface layers, and formed from old alluvial deposits on high stream terraces. They occur in mountain valleys of intermountain hills and low mountains predominantly along large flood plains throughout the central and southern parts of Buncombe County. (Soil Survey of Buncombe County, North Carolina; by Mark S. Hudson, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Swannanoa series consists of very deep, somewhat poorly drained soils with moderately slow permeability. They formed in old alluvium on high stream terraces, alluvial fans, and toeslopes along the broader stream and river valleys of the Southern Blue Ridge (MLRA 130B). Near the type location, mean annual air temperature is about 56 degrees F., and mean annual precipitation is about 48 inches. Slopes range from 0 to 15 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, semiactive, mesic Typic Umbraquults
Depth to bedrock is greater than 6 feet. Solum thickness ranges from 30 to 60 inches or more. Thickness of the alluvium is variable and ranges from 5 to more than 15 feet. Content of rock fragments is less than 15 percent in the A, Ap, E, BA, and BE horizons and the upper part of the Bt horizon; is less than 35 percent in the lower part of the Btg, and BCg horizons, and less than 60 percent in the Cg horizon. Unlimed soils are extremely acid to moderately acid throughout.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most of the acreage is used for growing cultivated crops, pasture and orchards. Crops include corn, tobacco, small grains, hay, fruit and vegetables. Woodland vegetation consists of mixed hardwoods and pines, dominated by oaks, maple, poplar, hemlock and white pine.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southern Blue Ridge (MLRA 130B) of North Carolina, Georgia, Tennessee, and Virginia. This series is of small extent. The Swannanoa series was formerly included with the Dillard or Unison series. However, Dillard soils formed in alluvium on low terraces and are fine-loamy and Unison soils are well drained and occur on high terraces.
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A representative soil profile of the Iredell soil series. (Soil Survey of Iredell County, North Carolina; by Robert H. Ranson, Jr., and Roger J. Leab, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Iredell series consists of moderately well drained, very slowly permeable soils. These soils formed in material weathered from diabase, diorite, gabbro, and other rocks high in ferro-magnesium minerals. They are on uplands throughout the Piedmont. Slope is dominantly less than 6 percent but ranges up to 15 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, active, thermic Oxyaquic Vertic Hapludalfs
Thickness of the solum ranges from 20 to 40 inches. Depth to paralithic contact (Cr horizon) is 40 to more than 60 inches. Depth to hard bedrock is more than 60 inches. Linear extensibility totals 6.0 cm or more between the surface and paralithic contact. Most pedons have few to many dark concretions throughout the profile. Many pedons have few to many dark mottles or soft bodies in the B and C horizons. Some pedons have few to many flakes of mica or crystals of feldspar in the B and C horizons. The soil is strongly acid to neutral in the A horizon, moderately acid to mildly alkaline in the B horizon, and neutral to moderately alkaline in the C horizon. Content of rock fragments, up to 24 inches in diameter, ranges from 0 to 30 percent in the A horizon and E horizon, 0 to 20 percent in the Bt horizon, and 0 to 10 percent in the C horizon.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are used for growing cotton, small grain, hay, or pasture. Forested areas are dominantly in post and white oaks.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The Piedmont areas of Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia. The series is of large extent.
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Statesville Area, Iredell County, North Carolina; 1901.
REMARKS: Prior to 1998, Bt horizons having vertic characteristics that were less than 20 inches thick were too thin to place these soils in Vertic Hapludalfs. The eighth edition of the Keys to Soil Taxonomy, 1998 changed the requirements for Vertic subgroups and now these soils fit.
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Soil scientists explore and seek to understand the earth’s land and water resources. Practitioners of soil science identify, interpret, and manage soils for agriculture, forestry, rangeland, ecosystems, urban uses, and mining and reclamation in an environmentally responsible way.
Soil survey or soil mapping, is the process of classifying soil types and other soil properties in a given area and geo-encoding such information. It applies the principles of soil science, and draws heavily from geomorphology, theories of soil formation, physical geography, and analysis of vegetation and land use patterns. Primary data for the soil survey are acquired by field sampling and by remote sensing.
In the past, a soil scientist would take hard-copies of aerial photography, topo-sheets, and mapping keys into the field with them. Today, a growing number of soil scientists bring a ruggedized tablet computer and GPS into the field with them.
The term soil survey may also be used as a noun to describe the published results. In the United States, these surveys were once published in book form for individual counties by the National Cooperative Soil Survey.
Today, soil surveys are no longer published in book form; they are published to the web and accessed on NRCS Web Soil Survey where a person can create a custom soil survey. This allows for rapid flow of the latest soil information to the user. In the past it could take years to publish a paper soil survey. The information in a soil survey can be used by farmers and ranchers to help determine whether a particular soil type is suited for crops or livestock and what type of soil management might be required.
An architect or engineer might use the engineering properties of a soil to determine whether it is suitable for a certain type of construction. A homeowner may even use the information for maintaining or constructing their garden, yard, or home. Soils are the basis of agriculture and play a critical role in agricultural production as they provide the medium upon which crops can grow. Yet, during the past few decades, focus on the importance of soils has diminished, coupled with harsh man-made and natural conditions that have resulted in soil erosion and soil nutrient mining.
A profile of a Compass soil. Compass soils are moderately well drained and are on summits of ridges and high stream terraces. They have an argillic horizon of brownish yellow sandy loam and sandy clay loam. The lower part of the argillic horizon has masses of reddish, nodular plinthite and has grayish iron depletions. (Soil Survey of Crenshaw County, Alabama)
The Compass series consists of very deep, moderately well drained, moderately slowly permeable soils on broad uplands and sloping side slopes that lead to drainageways in the coastal plain. They formed in thick loamy and clayey marine sediments. Near the type location, the mean annual temperature is about 68 degrees F., and the mean annual precipitation is about 56 inches. Slopes range from 0 to 8 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, siliceous, subactive, thermic Plinthic Paleudults
Solum thickness ranges from 60 to more than 80 inches. Reaction is very strongly acid or strongly acid throughout except where the surface has been limed. Depth to horizons containing 5 percent or more plinthite ranges from 30 to 50 inches. Content of ironstone nodules ranges from 0 to 5 percent in the A and upper Bt horizons. Depth to the B2t horizons ranges primarily from 40 to 60 inches but as deep as 80 inches in some pedons. These horizons are considered diagnostic for the series.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas of Compass soils are in native vegetation. A few small areas are cleared and planted to peanuts, corn, soybeans, and improved pasture grasses. The native vegetation consists of longleaf pine, slash pine, white oak, red oak, laurel oak, water oak, persimmon, sweetgum, gallberry, waxmyrtle, huckleberry, greenbriers, blackberries, and pineland threeawn.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northwest Florida and Alabama. The series is of moderate known extent.
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A representative soil profile of the Setters series. Colors on the left are dry, colors on the right are moist. (Soil Survey of Clearwater Area, Idaho; by Glenn Hoffman, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Setters series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils that formed in loess or loess over silty sediments. Setters soils are on ridge summits, backslopes and footslopes of hills on dissected basalt plateaus, mountains and benches. Slopes are 0 to 35 percent. The average annual precipitation is about 24 inches and the average annual temperature is about 43 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, smectitic, frigid Ultic Palexerolls
Note: This soil would qualify for an Oxyaquic subgroup of Palexerolls if such a subgroup was available in Soil Taxonomy.
Average annual soil temperature - 41 to 47 degrees F.
Average summer soil temperature - 59 to 61 degrees F.; without an O horizon Depth to bedrock - greater than 60 inches
Mollic epipedon thickness - 11 to 18 inches
Base saturation - 50 to 75 percent in the upper 20 inches of the argillic horizon
USE AND VEGETATION: These soils are used mainly for wheat, barley, peas, hay, pasture, and timber production. The natural vegetation is mainly an overstory of Douglas-fir and ponderosa pine and an understory of common snowberry, woods rose, white spirea, pine reed grass, and sticky geranium.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Benewah, Clearwater, Kootenai, Latah, Lewis, and Nez Perce Counties, Idaho. The series is of moderate extent.
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A typical profile of Dickson silt loam. Dickson soils have a fragipan in the subsoil. (Soil Survey of Overton County, Tennessee; by Carlie McCowan, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Dickson series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils that have a slowly permeable fragipan in the subsoil. These soils formed in a silty mantle 2 to 4 feet thick and the underlying residuum of limestone. They are on nearly level to sloping uplands. Slopes range from 0 to 12 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Glossic Fragiudults
Depth to the fragipan ranges from 18 to 36 inches. Reaction is strongly acid or very strongly acid except where lime has been added. Fragments of gravel range from none to 10 percent in the lower Btx horizon and up to 35 percent in the 2Bt horizon. Depth to hard bedrock is greater than 5 feet.Some pedons have a paralithic contact below 60 inches. Transition horizons have color and textures similar to adjacent horizons.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are cleared and used for growing hay, pasture, small grains, corn, soybeans, and tobacco. Some areas are in forest chiefly of oaks, yellow-poplar, hickories, gums, and maples.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Highland Rim in Tennessee, Northern Alabama, and the Pennyroyal of Kentucky. The series is of large extent.
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The Murville series consists of very poorly drained soils that have rapid permeability in the A horizon and moderately rapid permeability in the Bh horizon. The soils formed from wet sandy marine and fluvial sediments. They are in flats or in slight depressions on broad interstream areas of uplands and stream terraces in the Coastal Plain. Slopes are less than 2 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Sandy, siliceous, thermic Umbric Endoaquods
Solum thickness ranges from 30 to 60 inches. Humus in the A and Bh horizons gives the sandy material a loamy feel and appearance. The soil is strongly acid to extremely acid.
USE AND VEGETATION: Chiefly in cutover forests of pond pine, with a few scattered loblolly, longleaf pine, and red maple. Slash pine grow in the southern part of the range. Understory vegetation includes sweetbay, redbay, swamp cyrilla (red titi), zenobia, inkberry (bitter gallberry), large gallberry, greenbrier, switchcane, fetterbush lyonia, blueberry, loblollybay gordonia, southern bayberry (waxmyrtle), and a ground cover of sphagnum and club mosses, chainfern, broom sedge, and switchcane and maidencane in open areas. Where frequent burning has taken place only the understory species are present.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Lower Coastal Plain of North Carolina and Florida. The series is of moderate extent.
The Murville soils were formerly included in the Ridgeland series. However, Ridgeland soils are in a mixed mineralogy family. The April 1993 revision of this series changed the subgroup classification from Typic Haplaquods to Umbric Endoaquods.
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A representative soil profile of Carmine extremely gravelly very fine sandy loam. The clayey subsoil, which contains a large amount of gravel and a few cobbles, begins at a depth of about 85 centimeters. (Soil Survey of Fayette County, Texas; by Dennis D. Ressel and Samuel E. Brown, Jr., Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Carmine series consists of very deep, moderately well drained, very slowly permeable soils that formed in stratified loamy, clayey and siliceous gravel deposits. These soils are on quaternary terraces. Slopes range from 2 to 5 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, active, thermic Udic Paleustalfs
The solum thickness is more than 80 inches. The combined thickness of the A, AE and E horizons range from 20 to 40 inches. Clay content of the control section ranges from 20 to 35 percent. Rounded siliceous pebbles and cobbles are on the surface and in the A, AE, E, and upper Bt horizons. They average greater than 60 percent by volume in the A, AE and E horizons and greater than 35 percent by volume in the particle-size control section. Cobbles average less than 5 percent by volume in the surface horizon.
USE AND VEGETATION: This soil is used as rangeland and for wildlife habitat. Native vegetation is post oak, blackjack oak and scattered hickory and live oak trees. Understory vegetation includes yaupon, red cedar, juniper, croton, greenbriar, paspalums, prickly pear cactus, bitterweed, panicums and little bluestem.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Mainly on the high quaternary terraces in the southern part of the Texas Claypan Land Resource Area. The series is of minor extent.
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A representative soil profile of Darco loamy fine sand. (Soil Survey of Shelby County, Texas; by Kirby Griffith, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: Coastal pasture in an area of Darco loamy fine sand, 1 to 8 percent slopes. Most areas are used for pine production; some smaller areas are used for pasture or residential uses.
The Darco series consists of very deep, somewhat excessively drained, moderately permeable soils that formed in sandy and loamy residuum from Southern Coastal Plain marine deposits of the Carrizo Sand, Queen City Sand, and Sparta Sand Formations. These gently sloping to steep soils are on uplands. Slopes range from 1 to 25 percent. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 1016 to 1270 mm (40 to 50 in) and the mean annual air temperature ranges from 17 to 20 degrees C (63 to 68 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Grossarenic Paleudults
Soil Moisture: Udic soil moisture regime. The soil moisture control section is moist in some or all parts for more than 275 days in normal years, July and August are the driest months, while November to May are the wettest months.
Mean annual soil temperature range: 18 to 21 degrees C (64 to 70 degrees F).
Solum thickness: Greater than 203 cm (80 in)
Particle-size control section (weighted average):
Clay content: 12 to 35 percent
USE AND VEGETATION: Most of the soil is used for pasture or woodland. Pastures are mainly in coastal bermudagrass or weeping lovegrass. Native trees include loblolly pine, shortleaf pine, red oak, and hickory. Watermelons, peanuts, small grain for grazing, and vegetables are grown in some areas.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Eastern Texas, Arkansas, and Mississippi. The series is extensive. These soils were formerly included in the Lakeland and Troup series. The series was updated in 2002 to allow value 6 in the Bt horizon and to allow clay loam texture below 60 inches deep. The series was updated in 2004 to allow 7.5YR hue in the E and EB horizons.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/texas/TX419/0/...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/D/DARCO.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
North Carolina State Soil
Soil profile: The Cecil series consists of very deep, well drained moderately permeable soils that are deep to saprolite and very deep to bedrock. They formed in residuum weathered from felsic, igneous and high-grade metamorphic rocks of the Piedmont uplands.
Landscape: Cecil soils are on ridges and side slopes of the Piedmont uplands. Slopes range from 0 to 25 percent. (Durham County, North Carolina; by Robert M. Kirby, Soil Conservation Service)
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludults
The Bt horizon is at least 24 to 50 inches thick and extends to 40 inches or more. Depth to bedrock ranges from 6 to 10 feet or more. The soil ranges from very strongly acid to moderately acid in the A horizons and is strongly acid or very strongly acid in the B and C horizons. Limed soils are typically moderately acid or slightly acid in the upper part. Content of coarse fragments range from 0 to 35 percent by volume in the A horizon and 0 to 10 percent by volume in the Bt horizon. Fragments are dominantly gravel or cobble in size. Most pedons have few to common flakes of mica in the Bt horizon and few to many flakes of mica in the BC and C horizons.
USE AND VEGETATION: About half of the total acreage is in cultivation, with the remainder in pasture and forest. Common crops are small grains, corn, cotton, and tobacco.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The Piedmont of Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia. The series is of large extent, with an area of more than 5 million acres. Cecil soil is a Benchmark soil. A benchmark soil is one of large extent (aerial extent of 100,000 acres in LRR or 10,000 + acres in MLRA) within one or more major land resource areas (MLRAs), one that holds a key position in the soil classification system, one for which there is a large amount of data, one that has special importance to one or more significant land uses, or one that is of significant ecological importance.
The June 1988 revision changed the classification to Typic Kanhapludults and recognized the low activity clay properties of this soil as defined in the Low Activity Clay Amendment to Soil Taxonomy, August 1986. The December 2005 revision changed the type location from Catawba County, North Carolina to a more representative location.
For more information on Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/soils/survey/class/
For a detailed description of the soil, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/C/CECIL.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
The Fuquay series consists of very deep, well drained soils that formed in sandy and loamy marine sediments of the upper Coastal Plain. Permeability is moderate in the upper part of the subsoil and slow in the lower part. Slopes range from 0 to 10 percent.
Taxonomic class: Loamy, kaolinitic, thermic Arenic Plinthic Kandiudults
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: Cropland
Dominant Vegetation: Where cultivated--tobacco, cotton, corn, soybeans, and small grains. Where wooded--loblolly pine, longleaf pine, and slash pine, with some hardwoods, understory plants including American holly, flowering dogwood, persimmon, and greenbrier.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Upper Coastal Plain of North Carolina, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina
Extent: Large
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Johnston County, North Carolina; 1965. The Fuquay series is a Benchmark soil.
A benchmark soil is one of large extent within one or more major land resource areas (MLRAs), one that holds a key position in the soil classification system, one for which there is a large amount of data, one that has special importance to one or more significant land uses, or one that is of significant ecological importance.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/F/FUQUAY.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: A profile of the very deep, well drained Emporia soils. Emporia soils formed in marine sediments and have moderately slow or slow permeability with a perched seasonal high water table at 3 to 4.5 feet. (Soil Survey of Charles City County, Virginia; by Robert L. Hodges and Pamela J. Thomas, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University)
Landscape: A soybean field in an area of Kempsville-Emporia complex, 2 to 6 percent slopes. Emporia soils are moderately suited to corn, soybeans, and grass-legume hay. The slope in the steeper area causes an increase in surface runoff, erosion, and nutrient loss. The high clay content of the soils restricts the rooting depth of crops. The risk of compaction increases when the soil is wet and soil crusting decreases water infiltration and interferes with the emergence of seedlings. (Soil Survey of Caroline County, Virginia; by the Virginia Soil Survey Staff, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Depth Class: very deep
Drainage Class (Agricultural): well drained
Internal Free Water Occurrence: moderately deep to deep, common
Index Surface Runoff: medium to high
Permeability: moderately slow to slow
Landscape: Coastal Plain
Landform: Upland
Geomorphic Component: flat
Parent Material: Marine sediments
Slope: commonly 1 to 6 percent, but range from 0 to 50 percent
Elevation (type location): 20 to 150 feet
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, siliceous, subactive, thermic Typic Hapludults
Depth to Bedrock: Greater than 72 inches
Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: 36 to 54 inches, November to April
Rock Fragment content: Gravel size rock fragments ranges from 0 to 35 percent in the solum and 0 to 60 percent in the C horizon
Soil Reaction: very strongly acid through moderately acid, except where limed
Other Features: Some pedons have a lithologic discontinuity generally below 40 inches
Other Features: Exchangeable aluminum is less than 6 meq/100 grams of soil in the solum
Other Features: Some part of the Bt or BC horizon of most pedons commonly has firm or very firm consistence in place
Other Features: Mica flakes range from none to common, and are present only in some pedons
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: crops, some forestry
Dominant Vegetation: Where cultivated-- peanuts, soybeans, cotton, corn, and tobacco. Where wooded-- loblolly pine, Virginia pine, oaks, hickory, sweet gum, and red maple.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Atlantic Coastal Plain in Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and possibly in Alabama and Georgia
Extent: large
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/virginia/VA036... and
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/virginia/VA033...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/E/EMPORIA.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Mandarin soil series.
Depth Class: Very deep
Drainage Class (Agricultural): Somewhat poorly drained
Internal Free Water Occurrence: Moderate deep, common
Permeability: Moderate
Landscape: Lower coastal plain
Landform: Marine terrace
Geomorphic Component: Talf
Parent Material: Marine sediments
Slope: 0 to 3 percent
Elevation (type location):
Mean Annual Air Temperature (type location): 67 degrees F.
Mean Annual Precipitation (type location): 55 inches
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Sandy, siliceous, thermic Oxyaquic Alorthods
Depth to the top of the Spodic: less than 30 inches
Depth to Bedrock: Greater than 60 inches
Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: 18 to 42 inches, June to December or November to April
Soil Reaction: extremely acid to moderately acid in the A, E, and Bh horizons and from extremely acid to neutral in the BE, E', and B'h horizons
Other Features: All horizons are sand, fine sand, loamy sand, or loamy fine sand
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: Natural areas, some community development
Dominant Vegetation: Where natural--scattered second growth slash and longleaf pine, and scrub oak with an understory of greenbriar, sawpalmetto, pineland threeawn, creeping bluestem, paspalum, panicum, and lopsided Indiangrass.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northern peninsular Florida, Georgia, North Carolina.
The series is of moderate extent.
Mandarin soils were formerly mapped as a thermic variant of the Cassia series. Based on a 2-year soil temperature study, the mean annual soil temperature range for this soil in Duval County, Florida is about 69.2 to 71.5 degrees F.
Other Features: Some pedons do not have a bisequum of E and Bh horizons, and are underlain by a C horizon
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/M/MANDARIN.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative profile of Burforf soil. (Soil Survey of Woods County, Oklahoma; by Richard Gelnar, Jimmy Ford, Clay Salisbury, Clay Wilson, and Glen Williams, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Burford series consists of deep, well drained, slowly permeable soils formed in calcareous loamy material overlying silty redbeds. These soils are on gently sloping to steep summits and side slopes within the Central Rolling Red Plains (MLRA 78). Slope ranges from 1 to 20 percent. Mean annual air temperature is 16 degrees C (61 degrees F), and the mean annual precipitation is 660 mm (26 in).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, thermic Typic Haplustepts
Solum thickness (depth to C material): 61 to 127 cm (24 to 50 in)
Depth visible calcium carbonate: 13 to 81 cm (5 to 32 in)
Lithologic discontinuity: 61 to 152 cm {24 to 60 in)
Reaction is slightly or moderately alkaline in the A and 2Cd horizons and moderately alkaline throughout the remainder of the soil.
USE AND VEGETATION: Used mainly for rangeland. Minor use is devoted to cotton, wheat, and grain sorghum. Native vegetation consists mainly of short grasses with some midgrasses.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Texas and Oklahoma; LRR-H Central Great Plains Winter Wheat and Range Region (MLRA's 78B, 78C, and 78D). The soil is extensive.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/oklahoma/OK151...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/B/BURFORD.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
The Fulda series consists of very deep, poorly drained soils that formed in lacustrine or local alluvial sediments on glacial lake plains and moraines. They have slopes of 0 to 2 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, smectitic, frigid Vertic Epiaquolls
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are cultivated. Corn, soybeans, and small grains are the main crops. A small acreage is in hay and pasture. Native vegetation is prairie.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Western Minnesota and the eastern parts of South Dakota and North Dakota. Fulda soils are moderately extensive.
Delaware State Soil
On April 20, 2000, Governor Thomas R. Carper signed House Bill 436, which designated Greenwich loam as Delaware’s official State soil. Students from Fifer Middle School assisted primary sponsor Rep. V. George Carey in convincing the General Assembly to adopt Greenwich loam as the State soil. The students made Greenwich soil mini-monoliths, which they distributed to legislators in an attempt to illustrate the need for the public to be educated about the importance of soils and soil conservation.
The Greenwich series consists of very deep, well-drained, moderately rapidly permeable soils that formed in sandy marine and old alluvial sediments overlain by a thin mantle of sediments that have a high content of silt. These soils are in the uplands on the coastal plain of Delaware and adjacent States. They are among the most productive soils in Delaware for agriculture and forestry and are considered prime farmland. They have few limitations if used as sites for urban or recreational development.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, semiactive, mesic Typic Hapludults
Solum Thickness: 50 to 127 cm (20 to 50 inches)
Depth to Bedrock: Greater than 152 cm (60 inches)
Depth to Lithologic Discontinuity: 50 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches)
Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: Greater than 152 cm (60 inches)
Rock Fragments: 0 to 10 percent, by volume in the solum, 0 to 20 percent in the substratum, mostly fine rounded gravel
Soil Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid, throughout the profile, unless limed
Other Features: Silt content ranges from 30 to 60 percent above the discontinuity and 2 to 25 percent below the discontinuity
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southeastern Delaware, Maryland and possibly New Jersey. The extent is small.
The Greenwich series was originally established in Calvert County, Maryland, 1942. It was made inactive in 1957 and the soils combined with the Sassafras series in Maryland and Delaware. The series was reactivated in 1992 in Sussex County, DE because of important differences in use and management.
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/G/GREENWICH.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Cecil soil series; the State Soil of North Carolina.
Landscape: Cecil soils are on ridges and side slopes of the Piedmont uplands. Slopes range from 0 to 25 percent. (Soil Survey of Granville County, North Carolina; by Betty F. McQuaid and Jon D. Vrana, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
archive.org/details/granvilleNC1997
Cecil soils, the state soil of North Carolina, are the most extensive of the soils that have their type location in North Carolina. They occur on 1,601,740 acres in the State. They are estimated to be on nearly one-third of the Piedmont Plateau in the Eastern United States. About half of the acreage of these soils is cultivated, and the rest is used for pasture or forest. The most common crops are small grain, corn, cotton, and tobacco. The Cecil series consists of very deep, well-drained, moderately permeable soils on upland ridges and side slopes. These soils formed in material weathered from felsic, igneous, and high-grade metamorphic rocks. Slopes range from 0 to 25 percent. The Cecil series is on the National List of Benchmark Soils, and is a Hall of Fame Soil. A monolith of the series profile is on display at the International Soil Reference and Information Centre in Wageningen, The Netherlands.
The Cecil series consists of very deep, well drained moderately permeable soils on ridges and side slopes of the Piedmont uplands. They are deep to saprolite and very deep to bedrock. They formed in residuum weathered from felsic, igneous and high-grade metamorphic rocks of the Piedmont uplands. Slopes range from 0 to 25 percent. Mean annual precipitation is 48 inches and mean annual temperature is 59 degrees F. near the type location.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludults
For a detailed description of the soil, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/C/CECIL.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Huntington series. The Huntington series consists of very deep, well drained soils that formed in alluvium derived from shale, sandstone, and limestone on river valley flood plains. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high or high. Slopes range from 0 to 15 percent but are mainly 0 to 5 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 1300 mm, and mean annual temperature is about 14 degrees C.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, active, mesic Fluventic Hapludolls
Thickness of the solum ranges from 100 to 175 cm. Depth to the top of the cambic horizon is 25 to 67 cm. Coarse fragment content is less than 3 percent in the solum and from 0 to 14 percent in the C horizon. Reaction is moderately acid to moderately alkaline throughout.
USE AND VEGETATION: Huntington soils are mostly used for crops or pasture. Principle crops are corn and soybeans. Native vegetation consisted of flood-tolerant hardwood species such as eastern cottonwood, American sycamore, silver maple, and black willow.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: West Virginia, Alabama, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Maryland, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, and Virginia. The series concept was developed in MLRA 126, but it also occurs in MLRAs 111A, 114A, 114B, 115A, 120A, 120B, 120C, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 128, 147, and 148. These soils are extensive, with about 290,000 acres of the series mapped. Most areas in Alabama and Tennessee mapped as Huntington were correlated in pre-Soil Taxonomy soil surveys and the series extent will decrease as these areas are updated utilizing thermic series.
For additional information about Kentucky soils, visit:
uknowledge.uky.edu/pss_book/4/
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/H/HUNTINGTON.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, semiactive, thermic Aquic Hapludults
Depth Class: Very deep
Drainage Class: Moderately well drained
Internal Free Water Occurrence: Moderately deep, common
Flooding Frequency and Duration: Occasional to none for brief periods, January to March
Ponding Frequency and Duration: None
Index Surface Runoff: Negligible to medium, depending on slope
Permeability: Moderately slow
Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity: Moderately high (1.4 to 4.2 micrometers per second)
Shrink-swell Potential: Moderate
Landscape: Coastal plains
Landform: Stream terraces, marine terraces
Geomorphic Component: Treads, interfluves
Parent Material: Clayey alluvium and marine or fluviomarine deposits
Slope: 0 to 15 percent
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, semiactive, thermic Aquic Hapludults
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: Mostly cultivated
Dominant Vegetation: Where cultivated--corn, small grain, soybeans, tobacco, peanuts, and truck crops. Where wooded--mixed hardwoods and pines
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Virginia, North Carolina, and Georgia
Extent: Moderate
Note: The left side of the photo exhibits natural soil structure. The right side has been smoothed.
A representative soil profile of the Crider series. (Soil Survey of Floyd County, Indiana; by Steven W. Neyhouse, Byron G. Nagel, and Dena L. Marshall, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Crider series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils on uplands. They formed in a loess mantle and the underlying residuum from limestone. Slopes range from 0 to 30 percent. Near the type location, the mean annual precipitation is 48 inches and the mean annual temperature is 57 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, active, mesic Typic Paleudalfs
Thickness of the solum ranges from 60 to more than 100 inches. Depth to bedrock ranges from 60 to more than 160 inches; commonly more than 100 inches. Fragments of chert ranges from 0 to about 15 percent; in some pedons it ranges 0 to 35 percent below the lithologic discontinuity. Reaction is from neutral to strongly acid to a depth of 40 inches, and from moderately acid to very strongly acid below 40 inches.
USE AND VEGETATION: Nearly all of the soil is used for growing crops and pasture. The chief crops are corn, small grains, soybeans, tobacco,and hay; truck crops are grown in a few places. The original vegetation was mixed hardwood forest, chiefly of oaks, maple, hickory, elm, ash, and hackberry.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The Pennyroyal and the western Outer Bluegrass of Kentucky; the northern part of the Highland Rim of Tennessee, and Illinois, Indiana, and Missouri. The soil is of large extent, about 1 million acres.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/indiana/IN043/...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/C/CRIDER.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Electromagnetic induction (EMI) has been used to characterize the spatial variability of soil properties since the late 1970s. Initially used to assess soil salinity, the use of EMI in soil studies has expanded to include: mapping soil types; characterizing soil water content and flow patterns; assessing variations in soil texture, compaction, organic matter content, and pH; and determining the depth to subsurface horizons, stratigraphic layers or bedrock, among other uses.
Electromagnetic induction is the creation of an electro-motive force (EMF) by way of a moving magnetic field around an electric conductor and, conversely, the creation of current by moving an electric conductor through a static magnetic field. Electromagnetic interference (EMI) is also known as electric current and electromagnetic induction and may also be called magnetic induction, as the principle remains the same whether the process is carried out through electromagnet or static magnet.
For more information about Describing and Sampling soils, visit;
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_052523...
For more information about Soil Taxonomy, visit;