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Title: Smelter No. 2
Creator: Baldwin Locomotive Works
Date: ca. 1899-1909
Part Of: Baldwin Locomotive Works: foreign locomotive photographs
Place: Mapimi, Durango, Mexico
Physical Description: 1 photographic print: gelatin silver; 41 x 33 cm.
File: ag1982_0053x_v10_p4r_opt.jpg
Rights: Please cite DeGolyer Library, Southern Methodist University when using this file. A high-resolution version of this file may be obtained for a fee. For details see the sites.smu.edu/cul/degolyer/research/permissions/ web page. For other information, contact degolyer@smu.edu.
For more information and to view the image in high resolution, see: digitalcollections.smu.edu/cdm/singleitem/collection/mex/id/1829
View Mexico: Photographs, Manuscripts, and Imprints
Derriteme
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Smelter PT Sungai Raya Nickel Alloy Indonesia (SRNAI) yang berlokasi di Desa Landipo Kecamatan Moramo Kabupaten Konawe Selatan Provinsi Sulawesi Tenggara. Smelter ini termasuk Proyek Strategis Nasional (PSN).
Photo: Auriga Nusantara/Yudi Nofiandi
The Mount Elliott Mining Complex is an aggregation of the remnants of copper mining and smelting operations from the early 20th century and the associated former mining township of Selwyn. The earliest copper mining at Mount Elliott was in 1906 with smelting operations commencing shortly after. Significant upgrades to the mining and smelting operations occurred under the management of W.R. Corbould during 1909 - 1910. Following these upgrades and increases in production, the Selwyn Township grew quickly and had 1500 residents by 1918. The Mount Elliott Company took over other companies on the Cloncurry field in the 1920s, including the Mount Cuthbert and Kuridala smelters. Mount Elliott operations were taken over by Mount Isa Mines in 1943 to ensure the supply of copper during World War Two. The Mount Elliott Company was eventually liquidated in 1953.
The Mount Elliott Smelter:
The existence of copper in the Leichhardt River area of north western Queensland had been known since Ernest Henry discovered the Great Australia Mine in 1867 at Cloncurry. In 1899 James Elliott discovered copper on the conical hill that became Mount Elliott, but having no capital to develop the mine, he sold an interest to James Morphett, a pastoralist of Fort Constantine station near Cloncurry. Morphett, being drought stricken, in turn sold out to John Moffat of Irvinebank, the most successful mining promoter in Queensland at the time.
Plentiful capital and cheap transport were prerequisites for developing the Cloncurry field, which had stagnated for forty years. Without capital it was impossible to explore and prove ore-bodies; without proof of large reserves of wealth it was futile to build a railway; and without a railway it was hazardous to invest capital in finding large reserves of ore. The mining investor or the railway builder had to break the impasse.
In 1906 - 1907 copper averaged £87 a ton on the London market, the highest price for thirty years, and the Cloncurry field grew. The railway was extended west of Richmond in 1905 - 1906 by the Government and mines were floated on the Melbourne Stock Exchange. At Mount Elliott a prospecting shaft had been sunk and on the 1st of August 1906 a Cornish boiler and winding plant were installed on the site.
Mount Elliott Limited was floated in Melbourne on the 13th of July 1906. In 1907 it was taken over by British and French interests and restructured. Combining with its competitor, Hampden Cloncurry Copper Mines Limited, Mount Elliott formed a special company to finance and construct the railway from Cloncurry to Malbon, Kuridala (then Friezeland) and Mount Elliott (later Selwyn). This new company then entered into an agreement with the Queensland Railways Department in July 1908.
The railway, which was known as the 'Syndicate Railway', aroused opposition in 1908 from the trade unions and Labor movement generally, who contended that railways should be State-owned. However, the Hampden-Mount Elliott Railway Bill was passed by the Queensland Parliament and assented to on the 21st of April 1908; construction finished in December 1910. The railway terminated at the Mount Elliott smelter.
By 1907 the main underlie shaft had been sunk and construction of the smelters was underway using a second-hand water-jacket blast furnace and converters. At this time, W.H. Corbould was appointed general manager of Mount Elliott Limited.
The second-hand blast furnace and converters were commissioned or 'blown in' in May 1909, but were problematic causing hold-ups. Corbould referred to the equipment in use as being the 'worst collection of worn-out junk he had ever come across'. Corbould soon convinced his directors to scrap the plant and let him design new works.
Corbould was a metallurgist and geologist as well as mine/smelter manager. He foresaw a need to obtain control and thereby ensure a reliable supply of ore from a cross-section of mines in the region. He also saw a need to implement an effective strategy to manage the economies of smelting low-grade ore. Smelting operations in the region were made difficult by the technical and economic problems posed by the deterioration in the grade of ore. Corbould resolved the issue by a process of blending ores with different chemical properties, increasing the throughput capacity of the smelter and by championing the unification of smelting operations in the region. In 1912, Corbould acquired Hampden Consols Mine at Kuridala for Mount Elliott Limited, followed with the purchases of other small mines in the district.
Walkers Limited of Maryborough was commissioned to manufacture a new 200 ton water jacket furnace for the smelters. An air compressor and blower for the smelters were constructed in the powerhouse and an electric motor and dynamo provided power for the crane and lighting for the smelter and mine.
The new smelter was blown in September 1910, a month after the first train arrived, and it ran well, producing 2040 tons of blister copper by the end of the year. The new smelting plant made it possible to cope with low-grade sulphide ores at Mount Elliott. The use of 1000 tons of low-grade sulphide ores bought from the Hampden Consols Mine in 1911 made it clear that if a supply of higher sulphur ore could be obtained and blended, performance, and economy would improve. Accordingly, the company bought a number of smaller mines in the district in 1912.
Corbould mined with cut and fill stoping but a young Mines Inspector condemned the system, ordered it dismantled and replaced with square set timbering. In 1911, after gradual movement in stopes on the No. 3 level, the smelter was closed for two months. Nevertheless, 5447 tons of blister copper was produced in 1911, rising to 6690 tons in 1912 - the company's best year. Many of the surviving structures at the site were built at this time.
Troubles for Mount Elliott started in 1913. In February, a fire at the Consols Mine closed it for months. In June, a thirteen week strike closed the whole operation, severely depleting the workforce. The year 1913 was also bad for industrial accidents in the area, possibly due to inexperienced people replacing the strikers. Nevertheless, the company paid generous dividends that year.
At the end of 1914 smelting ceased for more than a year due to shortage of ore. Although 3200 tons of blister copper was produced in 1913, production fell to 1840 tons in 1914 and the workforce dwindled to only 40 men. For the second half of 1915 and early 1916 the smelter treated ore railed south from Mount Cuthbert. At the end of July 1916 the smelting plant at Selwyn was dismantled except for the flue chambers and stacks. A new furnace with a capacity of 500 tons per day was built, a large amount of second-hand equipment was obtained and the converters were increased in size.
After the enlarged furnace was commissioned in June 1917, continuing industrial unrest retarded production which amounted to only 1000 tons of copper that year. The point of contention was the efficiency of the new smelter which processed twice as much ore while employing fewer men. The company decided to close down the smelter in October and reduce the size of the furnace, the largest in Australia, from 6.5m to 5.5m. In the meantime the price of copper had almost doubled from 1916 due to wartime consumption of munitions.
The new furnace commenced on the 16th of January 1918 and 77,482 tons of ore were smelted yielding 3580 tons of blister copper which were sent to the Bowen refinery before export to Britain. Local coal and coke supply was a problem and materials were being sourced from the distant Bowen Colliery. The smelter had a good run for almost a year except for a strike in July and another in December, which caused Corbould to close down the plant until New Year. In 1919, following relaxation of wartime controls by the British Metal Corporation, the copper price plunged from about £110 per ton at the start of the year to £75 per ton in April, dashing the company's optimism regarding treatment of low grade ores. The smelter finally closed after two months operation and most employees were laid off.
For much of the period 1919 to 1922, Corbould was in England trying to raise capital to reorganise the company's operations but he failed and resigned from the company in 1922. The Mount Elliott Company took over the assets of the other companies on the Cloncurry field in the 1920s - Mount Cuthbert in 1925 and Kuridala in 1926. Mount Isa Mines bought the Mount Elliott plant and machinery, including the three smelters, in 1943 for £2,300, enabling them to start copper production in the middle of the Second World War. The Mount Elliott Company was finally liquidated in 1953.
In 1950 A.E. Powell took up the Mount Elliott Reward Claim at Selwyn and worked close to the old smelter buildings. An open cut mine commenced at Starra, south of Mount Elliott and Selwyn, in 1988 and is Australia's third largest copper producer producing copper-gold concentrates from flotation and gold bullion from carbon-in-leach processing.
Profitable copper-gold ore bodies were recently proved at depth beneath the Mount Elliott smelter and old underground workings by Cyprus Gold Australia Pty Ltd. These deposits were subsequently acquired by Arimco Mining Pty Ltd for underground development which commenced in July 1993. A decline tunnel portal, ore and overburden dumps now occupy a large area of the Maggie Creek valley south-west of the smelter which was formerly the site of early miner's camps.
The Old Selwyn Township:
In 1907, the first hotel, run by H. Williams, was opened at the site. The township was surveyed later, around 1910, by the Mines Department. The town was to be situated north of the mine and smelter operations adjacent the railway, about 1.5km distant. It took its name from the nearby Selwyn Ranges which were named, during Burke's expedition, after the Victorian Government Geologist, A.R. Selwyn. The town has also been known by the name of Mount Elliott, after the nearby mines and smelter.
Many of the residents either worked at the Mount Elliott Mine and Smelter or worked in the service industries which grew around the mining and smelting operations. Little documentation exists about the everyday life of the town's residents. Surrounding sheep and cattle stations, however, meant that meat was available cheaply and vegetables grown in the area were delivered to the township by horse and cart. Imported commodities were, however, expensive.
By 1910 the town had four hotels. There was also an aerated water manufacturer, three stores, four fruiterers, a butcher, baker, saddler, garage, police, hospital, banks, post office (officially from 1906 to 1928, then unofficially until 1975) and a railway station. There was even an orchestra of ten players in 1912. The population of Selwyn rose from 1000 in 1911 to 1500 in 1918, before gradually declining.
Source: Queensland Heritage Register.
Historic 365-foot-high smelter smokestack near Salida, Colorado.
The following information is from the Colorado Historical Society:
Harvesting Historical Riches
Power Station Rehab Recharges Interest in Salida’s Past
Originally published in Colorado History NOW, March 2005
The town of Salida calls itself the “Heart of the Rockies” for good reason. Surrounded by fourteen-thousand-foot peaks, it draws visitors from the region’s extremities, infuses their souls with natural beauty, and pumps them back home along the major arterial roads, fortified and happy. Recreational activities—including whitewater rafting and fishing on the Arkansas River, hiking or climbing in the Collegiate Peaks, and skiing or snowboarding at Monarch—attract most of the people, but cultural events and the historic district pull their fair share as well. In fact, folks with their fingers on the local pulse know that Salida’s economic health owes as much to its arts scene and historical buildings as it does to postcard-perfect vistas.
It is ironic that Salida—a place known for its crisp, clean air and proximity to alpine wilderness—should focus its attention on the preservation of its industrial buildings and structures. And yet, the town’s fondness for saving architectural eyesores reflects not only an astute preservation ethic, but also an awareness of the need to save all of the significant reminders of our past and not just cute or aesthetically pleasing landmarks. Two historic resources in particular, the Salida Smelter Smokestack and the Salida Steam Plant, exemplify the town’s all-encompassing preservation program.
The extended battle to save the 365-foot-high smokestack may have paved the way for the steam plant’s more recent rehabilitation. Situated on the Denver & Rio Grande Western line and along the Arkansas River between upstream mining districts and down-river manufacturing centers like Cañon City and Pueblo, Salida was a perfect place to run a smelting operation. The railroad and river also attracted farmers and ranchers who wanted to capitalize on the valley’s unique climate. Sheltered by mountain ranges on three sides, Salida enjoys relatively mild weather in comparison to other high-country towns. Of course, the industrial and agricultural interests were bound to clash.
The Ohio and Colorado Smelting and Refining Company built the oversized chimney in response to complaints by local farmers and ranchers who claimed that cyanide-laden fumes emanating from shorter smokestacks harmed crops and animals. After a while, one local rancher got tired of lodging complaints and just submitted a bill every time one of his cows died. The company reimbursed him so handsomely that he “considered killing all of his animals on a regular basis.”
Bad jokes aside, both the smelting company and the local population understood that the air pollution represented a serious threat to public health. Anticipating lawsuits, the company decided to build a smokestack that would be so high that it would effectively remove the toxic effluvium from local airspace.
The resulting construction, a brick behemoth that outreaches Denver’s Daniels and Fisher Tower by thirty-five feet, only operated for twenty-nine months. The Ohio and Colorado Smelting and Refining Company went out of business in 1920 and subsequent owners of its property sold the operation for scrap. But vocal preservationists fought to save the tower as a monument to the Salida area’s industrial past.
The Colorado Historical Society announced the smokestack’s listing in the National Register of Historic Places in January 1976. Coinciding with Colorado’s centennial anniversary, the announcement came at a time of increasing respect for the state’s heritage. Four years later, Salida celebrated its own centennial and the local newspaper jumped on the preservation bandwagon by calling on citizens to revitalize their downtown by preserving buildings with historic significance.
Salida’s early commitment to historic preservation paid off. When a nonprofit arts organization decided to rehabilitate the town’s electrical generating plant as a theatre and conference center, local businesses, the chamber of commerce, wilderness groups, and schools lined up in support. Between 1993 and 2003, the State Historical Fund awarded the City of Salida and the Steam Plant Board of Directors $264,000 in four separate grants. The latest grant enabled the Board to rehabilitate the Steam Plant’s “Pigeon Room,” a large space once used for boilers, furnaces, and coal storage. Speaking for the city in 2002, Ron Stowell said that “The completed project will enhance the city’s whole cultural and economic outlook.”
It has. The long-abandoned Pigeon Room now serves up to 250 guests at a time, while the rest of the building continues to be used as a community theatre. Once an outmoded eyesore, the Steam Plant generates energy of a different sort by recharging the town’s interest in the arts and the beauty of historic places. And if you visit, don’t be surprised if you see a little grime on the walls. Be assured that it was left there intentionally as an authentic reminder of Salida’s industrial past.
BY BEN FOGELBERG, Editor
These flues recovered around 1.3% of the lead being smelted. In this case, around 1800 yards of flue recovered 111 tons of lead.
Traveling through sewers, not the classiest way roll around but for the time I don't give a crap. I am out of my little hole--this is great.
I walked for what seemed like forever. I probably would have went crazy because of the darkness, but thanks to my hood's night-vision I could see clear as day. In fact, I notice something drop down next to my head. It was a small,square-shaped, metallic box. I knelt down and picked it up. What could it be? I decided I should keep it. So I kept on walking.
I finally made my way to the plant--I found some maps at ACE and from what they said there was an entrance from the sewers there. It was also the closest one so I was in luck. I finally found my way to the entrance--but the ladder was rusted out. So I had to scale the walls. Mind you, this is a sewer--the walls are damp virtually no grip. But I made it and I am free...
-Red Hood
Red Hood moves from #50 ACE Chemical Plant via sewers to #78 Smelting Plant.
The new smelter at Namtu was constructed after the Second World War during which the old smelter was destroyed. It processed lead, silver, zinc and copper from the Bawdwin mines but has been out of use for some time. It was suggested that it would reopen in 2012 but I have not heard anything of this since my visit. The chimney in the background is at the end of a long flue from the smelter and is intended to carry the noxious fumes away from the works. The poisonous nature of these emissions is evident in the lack of vegetation on the hilltop.
The new smelter at Namtu was constructed after the Second World War during which the old smelter was destroyed. It processed lead, silver, zinc and copper from the Bawdwin mines but has been out of use for some time. It was suggested that it would reopen in 2012 but I have not heard anything of this since my visit. The chimney in the background is at the end of a long flue from the smelter and is intended to carry the noxious fumes away from the works. The poisonous nature of these emissions is evident in the lack of vegetation on the hilltop.
shot in the morning about 8.00am, backlight and fill in flash were used, flash at full power to test out hypersync,
photo are copyrighted under www.johorstudio.com
Photo taken by Rafie Rosli Putra
These images have been created for the exhibition 'North Lyell Mining Disaster,' from the original archive image below.
Tasmanian Archive and Heritage Office: NS3289/1/19
TAHO images may be freely used for research or private study purposes. They may also be shared on private websites or blogs. When using or sharing the images please ensure that a clear attribution is included.
Clark witha smelt he caught.
A family visit to the Jacksonport beach turned into a little fishing expedition. There were smelt up by the shorre that the children were able to catch by hand. They brought them home & cleaned them up. Panfried them in a cast iron skillet & immediately enjoyed them. Then Sydney was inspired to make a diorama in LEGO showing both catching & cooking the smelt.
Photo by Amanda.
Port Pirie was founded in 1845 and is the site of the southern hemisphere's largest lead smelter. Smelting began in the 1880s to process ore from Broken Hill, NSW. It also produces refined silver, zinc, copper and gold.
The Stack, which can be seen kilometers away, is 205 metres tall, and is the tallest structure in South Australia.
Title: Smelter near Durango
Creator: Beach, Albert L.
Date: ca. 1900-1910
Part Of: Albert L. Beach photographs of Mexico
Place: Durango, Mexico
Physical Description: 1 photographic print: gelatin silver; 14 x 22 cm.
File: ag1999_1270_08_smelter_opt.jpg
Rights: Please cite DeGolyer Library, Southern Methodist University when using this file. A high-resolution version of this file may be obtained for a fee. For details see the sites.smu.edu/cul/degolyer/research/permissions/ web page. For other information, contact degolyer@smu.edu.
For more information, see: digitalcollections.smu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/mex/id/1445
View Mexico: Photographs, Manuscripts, and Imprints digitalcollections.smu.edu/all/cul/mex/
I hadn't eaten smelt since I was a kid. My dad would bring back bags of rainbow smelt back from trips to Port Huron or Point Pelee and fry them up. I remember going but we were always skunked those times. I couldn't pass these up when I passed a stall at the farmers' market selling these guys from Eureka. $4 a pound seems steep but I was willing to pay that for a little reminiscing.
These turned out excellently, although I did over fry one batch. They're like paczci; you're bound to screw up the first batch. :)
from the 1830's . the strings are measurements for a protective structure which is about to be built . view on White - crop of a fisheye shot