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Ferrari's sequel up to the 458 Italia has followed in the tyre tracks of the California T by gaining a turbocharged V8.
Renamed the 488 GTB, Ferrari’s refreshed McLaren 650S rival now packs a 493kW/760Nm from an all-new twin-turbo 3.9-litre V8. The new engine still produces its maximum power at 8,000rpm but, crucially, delivers its peak torque figure at just 3000rpm.
Both figures are significantly more impressive than the current Speciale’s 4.5-litre atmo V8 it replaces that can ‘only’ muster 445KW at 9000rpm and 540Nm at stratospheric 6000rpm.
Importantly, this finally gives Ferrari the advantage over the current McLaren 650S - that can only manage 478kW/678Nm - although this could swing back in favour of the Brit when McLaren launches its response - the new 675LT supercar at the Geneva motor show.
Like the current 458 Italia, the 488 GTB channels its power through the existing seven-speed dual clutch automatic - although Ferrari’s super-fast gearbox had to be beefed up to cope with the extra torque. Different ratios were also added to help manage the new lowdown punch. Ferrari has also added something called ‘Variable Torque Management’ that’s said to smooth off the edges of that power delivery to avoid those unintentional 100m burnouts every time you pull away from the lights.
With great traction comes even greater performance and the figures for the 488 GTB are predictably off the scale. The 488 GTB can now crack 0-100km/h in just 3.0 sec and, more impressively, smash the 0-200km/h dash in just 8.4sec (0.1sec quicker than the McLaren 650S). Top speed is pegged at 330km/h.
For those worried all this turbocharging will mute the old car’s screaming V8 soundtrack, Ferrari insists its engineers have carefully tuned the 488 GTB for a ‘clear and totally distinctive’ (read loud) noise.
Ferrari has also made some efficiency gains too. The new twin turbo engine gains stop-start and now averages 11.4l/100km while emitting 260g/km of CO2 - that’s 47g/km less than the 458.
Other more exciting technology new to the 488 GTB includes the introduction of the second-generation Slide Slip Angle Control system (SSC2) that harnesses the active dampers, F1-Trac traction control and E-diff to control (and hold) lurid slides. Better still, Ferrari says all of its driver aids have been tailored to people like us to exploit the 488 GTB’s handling rather than pro-racers.
As well as all the new software tweaks, the new Ferrari has spent serious time in the wind tunnel and the result is it’s more slippery than before. This was achieved with a new double spoiler, re-profiled side intakes while, at the rear, there’s active spoilers that work with a ‘blown’ spoiler that has a neat trick of being able to generate downforce without drag.
Underneath, the thorough aero tweaks continue with a new underbody that includes something called vortex generators that continue the air bending to help the 488 GTB generate 50 per cent more downforce than the old 458 Italia.
Away from the aero geekery the 488 GTB’s look is supposed to conjure images of the old 308 GTB with its large air intake scallop. The wide front double profile spoiler is a product of function over form and has two jobs - the first to funnel air to the two nose-mounted radiators, the second to channel air to that underbody diffuser,
Inside, the 488 GTB the old 458 Italia has been overhauled. The dash and vents are now all angled to the driver but the stripped back racer feel carries over.
[text from Ninemsn Carpoint]
I was intending to build this soon after it was launched, but saw value in doing so 'quickly'. As well as build the most Lego cars, I probably also hold the record for building Lego versions of real cars the soonest after they are revealed. I think my record is about 8 hours later. Cars that I have released the same day or next day are: Ford U502 Explorer, Ford CD391 Fusion, Ferrari 458 Italia, Ferrari 458 Speciale Aperta.
The model shown here, Ferrari's new 488 GTB is the replacement for the 458 Italia. In many ways the car does not seem particularly exceptional for a Ferrari. People are moaning about the loss of 'instant throttle response' due to the turbocharging. However, here lies the clue as to what may make this car exceptional, and why it is worth including in this month's challenge:
The Ferrari 488 GTB has the highest torque output of any road-going Ferrari.
I initially thought about 'the highest output of any V8 Ferrari', and began my search to check it topped out a F40. (it does 493 kW vs 357 kW). Then I checked against the other super-Ferrari, thinking that there might be a few that sat above it: F50 - 382 kW, Enzo - 485 kW, LaFerrari - 588 kW, so it is beaten here, but only by the LaFerrari.
But torque, the thing that actually gets you going, it outshines every V8, and eclipses even the LaFerrari, which musters a still-impressive 700 Nm, and must rely on its electric torque driving unit to bring the grand total to 900 Nm. Even the limited edition track racing version, the LaFerrari FXX-K bumps this up to 750 Nm from the internal combustion engine. Still 10 Nm shy of the Ferrari 488 GTB: 760 Nm........
...@ 3000 rpm!
This Lego miniland-scale Ferrari 488 GTB has been created for Flickr LUGNuts' 88th Build Challenge, - "Let's Break Some Records", - a challenge theme to build a vehicle with some outstanding, record-breaking aspect. In this case, the torquiest Ferrari internal combustion engine, at 760Nm.
This picture is the series from "the other bad pictures", because someone said please take again the picture, so I didn't take the picture with a mobile phone instead a digital camera . I wore the same clothes from the previous series.
Ferrari's sequel up to the 458 Italia has followed in the tyre tracks of the California T by gaining a turbocharged V8.
Renamed the 488 GTB, Ferrari’s refreshed McLaren 650S rival now packs a 493kW/760Nm from an all-new twin-turbo 3.9-litre V8. The new engine still produces its maximum power at 8,000rpm but, crucially, delivers its peak torque figure at just 3000rpm.
Both figures are significantly more impressive than the current Speciale’s 4.5-litre atmo V8 it replaces that can ‘only’ muster 445KW at 9000rpm and 540Nm at stratospheric 6000rpm.
Importantly, this finally gives Ferrari the advantage over the current McLaren 650S - that can only manage 478kW/678Nm - although this could swing back in favour of the Brit when McLaren launches its response - the new 675LT supercar at the Geneva motor show.
Like the current 458 Italia, the 488 GTB channels its power through the existing seven-speed dual clutch automatic - although Ferrari’s super-fast gearbox had to be beefed up to cope with the extra torque. Different ratios were also added to help manage the new lowdown punch. Ferrari has also added something called ‘Variable Torque Management’ that’s said to smooth off the edges of that power delivery to avoid those unintentional 100m burnouts every time you pull away from the lights.
With great traction comes even greater performance and the figures for the 488 GTB are predictably off the scale. The 488 GTB can now crack 0-100km/h in just 3.0 sec and, more impressively, smash the 0-200km/h dash in just 8.4sec (0.1sec quicker than the McLaren 650S). Top speed is pegged at 330km/h.
For those worried all this turbocharging will mute the old car’s screaming V8 soundtrack, Ferrari insists its engineers have carefully tuned the 488 GTB for a ‘clear and totally distinctive’ (read loud) noise.
Ferrari has also made some efficiency gains too. The new twin turbo engine gains stop-start and now averages 11.4l/100km while emitting 260g/km of CO2 - that’s 47g/km less than the 458.
Other more exciting technology new to the 488 GTB includes the introduction of the second-generation Slide Slip Angle Control system (SSC2) that harnesses the active dampers, F1-Trac traction control and E-diff to control (and hold) lurid slides. Better still, Ferrari says all of its driver aids have been tailored to people like us to exploit the 488 GTB’s handling rather than pro-racers.
As well as all the new software tweaks, the new Ferrari has spent serious time in the wind tunnel and the result is it’s more slippery than before. This was achieved with a new double spoiler, re-profiled side intakes while, at the rear, there’s active spoilers that work with a ‘blown’ spoiler that has a neat trick of being able to generate downforce without drag.
Underneath, the thorough aero tweaks continue with a new underbody that includes something called vortex generators that continue the air bending to help the 488 GTB generate 50 per cent more downforce than the old 458 Italia.
Away from the aero geekery the 488 GTB’s look is supposed to conjure images of the old 308 GTB with its large air intake scallop. The wide front double profile spoiler is a product of function over form and has two jobs - the first to funnel air to the two nose-mounted radiators, the second to channel air to that underbody diffuser,
Inside, the 488 GTB the old 458 Italia has been overhauled. The dash and vents are now all angled to the driver but the stripped back racer feel carries over.
[text from Ninemsn Carpoint]
I was intending to build this soon after it was launched, but saw value in doing so 'quickly'. As well as build the most Lego cars, I probably also hold the record for building Lego versions of real cars the soonest after they are revealed. I think my record is about 8 hours later. Cars that I have released the same day or next day are: Ford U502 Explorer, Ford CD391 Fusion, Ferrari 458 Italia, Ferrari 458 Speciale Aperta.
The model shown here, Ferrari's new 488 GTB is the replacement for the 458 Italia. In many ways the car does not seem particularly exceptional for a Ferrari. People are moaning about the loss of 'instant throttle response' due to the turbocharging. However, here lies the clue as to what may make this car exceptional, and why it is worth including in this month's challenge:
The Ferrari 488 GTB has the highest torque output of any road-going Ferrari.
I initially thought about 'the highest output of any V8 Ferrari', and began my search to check it topped out a F40. (it does 493 kW vs 357 kW). Then I checked against the other super-Ferrari, thinking that there might be a few that sat above it: F50 - 382 kW, Enzo - 485 kW, LaFerrari - 588 kW, so it is beaten here, but only by the LaFerrari.
But torque, the thing that actually gets you going, it outshines every V8, and eclipses even the LaFerrari, which musters a still-impressive 700 Nm, and must rely on its electric torque driving unit to bring the grand total to 900 Nm. Even the limited edition track racing version, the LaFerrari FXX-K bumps this up to 750 Nm from the internal combustion engine. Still 10 Nm shy of the Ferrari 488 GTB: 760 Nm........
...@ 3000 rpm!
This Lego miniland-scale Ferrari 488 GTB has been created for Flickr LUGNuts' 88th Build Challenge, - "Let's Break Some Records", - a challenge theme to build a vehicle with some outstanding, record-breaking aspect. In this case, the torquiest Ferrari internal combustion engine, at 760Nm.
Assassin's Creed: The Movie: The Game: The Porn Parody: The Ride: The Virtual Reality Experience: The Novelization: The Comic Book: The Sequel: The Series: The Return of Jafar: Electric Boogaloo: Rebooted: The Trilogy: The Saga Continues: Reloaded: Dawn of the Planet of the Assassins: The Spin Off: The Slash Fanfiction: The Sonic Fanfiction: The 50th Anniversary Rerelease: IN 3D and 4D: Remastered: The Complete Collection: The Box Set: The Remake: The George Lucas Special Edition: The Direct Continuation that will be directed by JJ Abrams: The George Miller Remake: Starring Danny Devito as Ron Jeremy: Age of Michael Bolton: Direct-to-DVD: The Musical: Ezio Meets The Globetrotters: The Epic 4-part Crossover Event: Saves Christmas: Uncut: Your Mom Edition: Unrated: You Didn't See That Cumming Edition: XXX VII PART I, International Trailer #3: Dawn Of Justice
At Sequels, I bought yesterday’s mod skirt and today’s poncho. I also bought a really neat amethyst necklace…but I seem to have misplaced it. I hope I find it so that I can bring you the Sequels trilogy, instead of just the Sequels sequel.
Poncho, Tri Collections. Turtleneck, Charlotte Russe. Skirt, No Boundaries (thrifted). Tights, B. Ella. Shoes, BCBGeneration. Necklace, Target. Bag, Fossil (gift).
Well, Tom Holland is back at it again with another leak! A few moments ago, Holland posted an Instagram video apologizing for not sharing any news on the sequel, but at the same time accidentally revealing his script and the title on the front page.
So as of now, you can call the Spider-Man: Homecoming sequel Spider-Man: Far from Home.
It may be a working title, but I mean that graphic he showed on his iPad looked pretty official. My initial reaction to the title is that I think it sounds kind of weird. But at the same time, I thought Homecoming sounded kind of weird but then I got used to it. Let me know what you think of this title reveal in the comments below!
Wow that was quick. But yes, folks, it's true, Marvel and Sony just announced that Spider-Man: Homecoming will get a sequel on July 5th, 2019!
I can't really say if I'm excited or not just because I haven't even seen the movie yet. All this tells me is that the studio does have faith in the movie so let's hope it's as good as they hope it is! Now let's go, Marvel, announce that Doctor Strange sequel!
Ferrari's sequel up to the 458 Italia has followed in the tyre tracks of the California T by gaining a turbocharged V8.
Renamed the 488 GTB, Ferrari’s refreshed McLaren 650S rival now packs a 493kW/760Nm from an all-new twin-turbo 3.9-litre V8. The new engine still produces its maximum power at 8,000rpm but, crucially, delivers its peak torque figure at just 3000rpm.
Both figures are significantly more impressive than the current Speciale’s 4.5-litre atmo V8 it replaces that can ‘only’ muster 445KW at 9000rpm and 540Nm at stratospheric 6000rpm.
Importantly, this finally gives Ferrari the advantage over the current McLaren 650S - that can only manage 478kW/678Nm - although this could swing back in favour of the Brit when McLaren launches its response - the new 675LT supercar at the Geneva motor show.
Like the current 458 Italia, the 488 GTB channels its power through the existing seven-speed dual clutch automatic - although Ferrari’s super-fast gearbox had to be beefed up to cope with the extra torque. Different ratios were also added to help manage the new lowdown punch. Ferrari has also added something called ‘Variable Torque Management’ that’s said to smooth off the edges of that power delivery to avoid those unintentional 100m burnouts every time you pull away from the lights.
With great traction comes even greater performance and the figures for the 488 GTB are predictably off the scale. The 488 GTB can now crack 0-100km/h in just 3.0 sec and, more impressively, smash the 0-200km/h dash in just 8.4sec (0.1sec quicker than the McLaren 650S). Top speed is pegged at 330km/h.
For those worried all this turbocharging will mute the old car’s screaming V8 soundtrack, Ferrari insists its engineers have carefully tuned the 488 GTB for a ‘clear and totally distinctive’ (read loud) noise.
Ferrari has also made some efficiency gains too. The new twin turbo engine gains stop-start and now averages 11.4l/100km while emitting 260g/km of CO2 - that’s 47g/km less than the 458.
Other more exciting technology new to the 488 GTB includes the introduction of the second-generation Slide Slip Angle Control system (SSC2) that harnesses the active dampers, F1-Trac traction control and E-diff to control (and hold) lurid slides. Better still, Ferrari says all of its driver aids have been tailored to people like us to exploit the 488 GTB’s handling rather than pro-racers.
As well as all the new software tweaks, the new Ferrari has spent serious time in the wind tunnel and the result is it’s more slippery than before. This was achieved with a new double spoiler, re-profiled side intakes while, at the rear, there’s active spoilers that work with a ‘blown’ spoiler that has a neat trick of being able to generate downforce without drag.
Underneath, the thorough aero tweaks continue with a new underbody that includes something called vortex generators that continue the air bending to help the 488 GTB generate 50 per cent more downforce than the old 458 Italia.
Away from the aero geekery the 488 GTB’s look is supposed to conjure images of the old 308 GTB with its large air intake scallop. The wide front double profile spoiler is a product of function over form and has two jobs - the first to funnel air to the two nose-mounted radiators, the second to channel air to that underbody diffuser,
Inside, the 488 GTB the old 458 Italia has been overhauled. The dash and vents are now all angled to the driver but the stripped back racer feel carries over.
[text from Ninemsn Carpoint]
I was intending to build this soon after it was launched, but saw value in doing so 'quickly'. As well as build the most Lego cars, I probably also hold the record for building Lego versions of real cars the soonest after they are revealed. I think my record is about 8 hours later. Cars that I have released the same day or next day are: Ford U502 Explorer, Ford CD391 Fusion, Ferrari 458 Italia, Ferrari 458 Speciale Aperta.
The model shown here, Ferrari's new 488 GTB is the replacement for the 458 Italia. In many ways the car does not seem particularly exceptional for a Ferrari. People are moaning about the loss of 'instant throttle response' due to the turbocharging. However, here lies the clue as to what may make this car exceptional, and why it is worth including in this month's challenge:
The Ferrari 488 GTB has the highest torque output of any road-going Ferrari.
I initially thought about 'the highest output of any V8 Ferrari', and began my search to check it topped out a F40. (it does 493 kW vs 357 kW). Then I checked against the other super-Ferrari, thinking that there might be a few that sat above it: F50 - 382 kW, Enzo - 485 kW, LaFerrari - 588 kW, so it is beaten here, but only by the LaFerrari.
But torque, the thing that actually gets you going, it outshines every V8, and eclipses even the LaFerrari, which musters a still-impressive 700 Nm, and must rely on its electric torque driving unit to bring the grand total to 900 Nm. Even the limited edition track racing version, the LaFerrari FXX-K bumps this up to 750 Nm from the internal combustion engine. Still 10 Nm shy of the Ferrari 488 GTB: 760 Nm........
...@ 3000 rpm!
This Lego miniland-scale Ferrari 488 GTB has been created for Flickr LUGNuts' 88th Build Challenge, - "Let's Break Some Records", - a challenge theme to build a vehicle with some outstanding, record-breaking aspect. In this case, the torquiest Ferrari internal combustion engine, at 760Nm.
Since the Blade Runner sequel there's been a huge hype about this location. A part of the movie was shot here and now, urbexers from all around the world try to visit this old powerhouse. For a good reason, as you can see right here.
In the past, we were exploring over a dozen forgotten industrial facilities. But this historical power plant is definitely among the best of them. To see more of this unique structure, make sure to watch our latest documentary on YouTube: youtu.be/MUBNaJd723I
50th Albuquerque International Balloon Fiesta
Pictured here is Bottom’s Up piloted by Chuck Wenher and Tentai (the Sequel) piloted by Jerry Garcia
The Simpsons is an American animated sitcom created by Matt Groening for the Fox Broadcasting Company. Developed by Groening, James L. Brooks, and Sam Simon, the series is a satirical depiction of American life, epitomized by the Simpson family, which consists of Homer, Marge, Bart, Lisa, and Maggie. Set in the fictional town of Springfield, it caricatures society, Western culture, television, and the human condition.
The family was conceived by Groening shortly before a solicitation for a series of animated shorts with producer Brooks. He created a dysfunctional family and named the characters after his own family members, substituting Bart for his own name; he thought Simpson was a funny name in that it sounded similar to "simpleton". The shorts became a part of The Tracey Ullman Show on April 19, 1987. After three seasons, the sketch was developed into a half-hour prime time show and became Fox's first series to land in the Top 30 ratings in a season (1989–1990).
Since its debut on December 17, 1989, 762 episodes of the show have been broadcast. It is the longest-running American animated series, longest-running American sitcom, and the longest-running American scripted primetime television series, both in seasons and individual episodes. A feature-length film, The Simpsons Movie, was released in theaters worldwide on July 27, 2007, to critical and commercial success, with a sequel in development as of 2018. The series has also spawned numerous comic book series, video games, books, and other related media, as well as a billion-dollar merchandising industry. The Simpsons is a joint production by Gracie Films and 20th Television.
On January 26, 2023, the series was renewed for its 35th and 36th seasons, taking the show through the 2024–25 television season. Both seasons contain a combined total of 51 episodes. Seven of these episodes are season 34 holdovers, while the other 44 will be produced in the production cycle of the upcoming seasons, bringing the show's overall episode total up to 801. Season 35 premiered on October 1, 2023.
The Simpsons received widespread acclaim throughout its early seasons in the 1990s, which are generally considered its "golden age". Since then, it has been criticized for a perceived decline in quality. Time named it the 20th century's best television series, and Erik Adams of The A.V. Club named it "television's crowning achievement regardless of format". On January 14, 2000, the Simpson family was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. It has won dozens of awards since it debuted as a series, including 35 Primetime Emmy Awards, 34 Annie Awards, and 2 Peabody Awards. Homer's exclamatory catchphrase of "D'oh!" has been adopted into the English language, while The Simpsons has influenced many other later adult-oriented animated sitcom television series.
Graffiti (plural; singular graffiti or graffito, the latter rarely used except in archeology) is art that is written, painted or drawn on a wall or other surface, usually without permission and within public view. Graffiti ranges from simple written words to elaborate wall paintings, and has existed since ancient times, with examples dating back to ancient Egypt, ancient Greece, and the Roman Empire (see also mural).
Graffiti is a controversial subject. In most countries, marking or painting property without permission is considered by property owners and civic authorities as defacement and vandalism, which is a punishable crime, citing the use of graffiti by street gangs to mark territory or to serve as an indicator of gang-related activities. Graffiti has become visualized as a growing urban "problem" for many cities in industrialized nations, spreading from the New York City subway system and Philadelphia in the early 1970s to the rest of the United States and Europe and other world regions
"Graffiti" (usually both singular and plural) and the rare singular form "graffito" are from the Italian word graffiato ("scratched"). The term "graffiti" is used in art history for works of art produced by scratching a design into a surface. A related term is "sgraffito", which involves scratching through one layer of pigment to reveal another beneath it. This technique was primarily used by potters who would glaze their wares and then scratch a design into them. In ancient times graffiti were carved on walls with a sharp object, although sometimes chalk or coal were used. The word originates from Greek γράφειν—graphein—meaning "to write".
The term graffiti originally referred to the inscriptions, figure drawings, and such, found on the walls of ancient sepulchres or ruins, as in the Catacombs of Rome or at Pompeii. Historically, these writings were not considered vanadlism, which today is considered part of the definition of graffiti.
The only known source of the Safaitic language, an ancient form of Arabic, is from graffiti: inscriptions scratched on to the surface of rocks and boulders in the predominantly basalt desert of southern Syria, eastern Jordan and northern Saudi Arabia. Safaitic dates from the first century BC to the fourth century AD.
Some of the oldest cave paintings in the world are 40,000 year old ones found in Australia. The oldest written graffiti was found in ancient Rome around 2500 years ago. Most graffiti from the time was boasts about sexual experiences Graffiti in Ancient Rome was a form of communication, and was not considered vandalism.
Ancient tourists visiting the 5th-century citadel at Sigiriya in Sri Lanka write their names and commentary over the "mirror wall", adding up to over 1800 individual graffiti produced there between the 6th and 18th centuries. Most of the graffiti refer to the frescoes of semi-nude females found there. One reads:
Wet with cool dew drops
fragrant with perfume from the flowers
came the gentle breeze
jasmine and water lily
dance in the spring sunshine
side-long glances
of the golden-hued ladies
stab into my thoughts
heaven itself cannot take my mind
as it has been captivated by one lass
among the five hundred I have seen here.
Among the ancient political graffiti examples were Arab satirist poems. Yazid al-Himyari, an Umayyad Arab and Persian poet, was most known for writing his political poetry on the walls between Sajistan and Basra, manifesting a strong hatred towards the Umayyad regime and its walis, and people used to read and circulate them very widely.
Graffiti, known as Tacherons, were frequently scratched on Romanesque Scandinavian church walls. When Renaissance artists such as Pinturicchio, Raphael, Michelangelo, Ghirlandaio, or Filippino Lippi descended into the ruins of Nero's Domus Aurea, they carved or painted their names and returned to initiate the grottesche style of decoration.
There are also examples of graffiti occurring in American history, such as Independence Rock, a national landmark along the Oregon Trail.
Later, French soldiers carved their names on monuments during the Napoleonic campaign of Egypt in the 1790s. Lord Byron's survives on one of the columns of the Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion in Attica, Greece.
The oldest known example of graffiti "monikers" found on traincars created by hobos and railworkers since the late 1800s. The Bozo Texino monikers were documented by filmmaker Bill Daniel in his 2005 film, Who is Bozo Texino?.
In World War II, an inscription on a wall at the fortress of Verdun was seen as an illustration of the US response twice in a generation to the wrongs of the Old World:
During World War II and for decades after, the phrase "Kilroy was here" with an accompanying illustration was widespread throughout the world, due to its use by American troops and ultimately filtering into American popular culture. Shortly after the death of Charlie Parker (nicknamed "Yardbird" or "Bird"), graffiti began appearing around New York with the words "Bird Lives".
Modern graffiti art has its origins with young people in 1960s and 70s in New York City and Philadelphia. Tags were the first form of stylised contemporary graffiti. Eventually, throw-ups and pieces evolved with the desire to create larger art. Writers used spray paint and other kind of materials to leave tags or to create images on the sides subway trains. and eventually moved into the city after the NYC metro began to buy new trains and paint over graffiti.
While the art had many advocates and appreciators—including the cultural critic Norman Mailer—others, including New York City mayor Ed Koch, considered it to be defacement of public property, and saw it as a form of public blight. The ‘taggers’ called what they did ‘writing’—though an important 1974 essay by Mailer referred to it using the term ‘graffiti.’
Contemporary graffiti style has been heavily influenced by hip hop culture and the myriad international styles derived from Philadelphia and New York City Subway graffiti; however, there are many other traditions of notable graffiti in the twentieth century. Graffiti have long appeared on building walls, in latrines, railroad boxcars, subways, and bridges.
An early graffito outside of New York or Philadelphia was the inscription in London reading "Clapton is God" in reference to the guitarist Eric Clapton. Creating the cult of the guitar hero, the phrase was spray-painted by an admirer on a wall in an Islington, north London in the autumn of 1967. The graffito was captured in a photograph, in which a dog is urinating on the wall.
Films like Style Wars in the 80s depicting famous writers such as Skeme, Dondi, MinOne, and ZEPHYR reinforced graffiti's role within New York's emerging hip-hop culture. Although many officers of the New York City Police Department found this film to be controversial, Style Wars is still recognized as the most prolific film representation of what was going on within the young hip hop culture of the early 1980s. Fab 5 Freddy and Futura 2000 took hip hop graffiti to Paris and London as part of the New York City Rap Tour in 1983
Commercialization and entrance into mainstream pop culture
Main article: Commercial graffiti
With the popularity and legitimization of graffiti has come a level of commercialization. In 2001, computer giant IBM launched an advertising campaign in Chicago and San Francisco which involved people spray painting on sidewalks a peace symbol, a heart, and a penguin (Linux mascot), to represent "Peace, Love, and Linux." IBM paid Chicago and San Francisco collectively US$120,000 for punitive damages and clean-up costs.
In 2005, a similar ad campaign was launched by Sony and executed by its advertising agency in New York, Chicago, Atlanta, Philadelphia, Los Angeles, and Miami, to market its handheld PSP gaming system. In this campaign, taking notice of the legal problems of the IBM campaign, Sony paid building owners for the rights to paint on their buildings "a collection of dizzy-eyed urban kids playing with the PSP as if it were a skateboard, a paddle, or a rocking horse".
Tristan Manco wrote that Brazil "boasts a unique and particularly rich, graffiti scene ... [earning] it an international reputation as the place to go for artistic inspiration". Graffiti "flourishes in every conceivable space in Brazil's cities". Artistic parallels "are often drawn between the energy of São Paulo today and 1970s New York". The "sprawling metropolis", of São Paulo has "become the new shrine to graffiti"; Manco alludes to "poverty and unemployment ... [and] the epic struggles and conditions of the country's marginalised peoples", and to "Brazil's chronic poverty", as the main engines that "have fuelled a vibrant graffiti culture". In world terms, Brazil has "one of the most uneven distributions of income. Laws and taxes change frequently". Such factors, Manco argues, contribute to a very fluid society, riven with those economic divisions and social tensions that underpin and feed the "folkloric vandalism and an urban sport for the disenfranchised", that is South American graffiti art.
Prominent Brazilian writers include Os Gêmeos, Boleta, Nunca, Nina, Speto, Tikka, and T.Freak. Their artistic success and involvement in commercial design ventures has highlighted divisions within the Brazilian graffiti community between adherents of the cruder transgressive form of pichação and the more conventionally artistic values of the practitioners of grafite.
Graffiti in the Middle East has emerged slowly, with taggers operating in Egypt, Lebanon, the Gulf countries like Bahrain or the United Arab Emirates, Israel, and in Iran. The major Iranian newspaper Hamshahri has published two articles on illegal writers in the city with photographic coverage of Iranian artist A1one's works on Tehran walls. Tokyo-based design magazine, PingMag, has interviewed A1one and featured photographs of his work. The Israeli West Bank barrier has become a site for graffiti, reminiscent in this sense of the Berlin Wall. Many writers in Israel come from other places around the globe, such as JUIF from Los Angeles and DEVIONE from London. The religious reference "נ נח נחמ נחמן מאומן" ("Na Nach Nachma Nachman Meuman") is commonly seen in graffiti around Israel.
Graffiti has played an important role within the street art scene in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), especially following the events of the Arab Spring of 2011 or the Sudanese Revolution of 2018/19. Graffiti is a tool of expression in the context of conflict in the region, allowing people to raise their voices politically and socially. Famous street artist Banksy has had an important effect in the street art scene in the MENA area, especially in Palestine where some of his works are located in the West Bank barrier and Bethlehem.
There are also a large number of graffiti influences in Southeast Asian countries that mostly come from modern Western culture, such as Malaysia, where graffiti have long been a common sight in Malaysia's capital city, Kuala Lumpur. Since 2010, the country has begun hosting a street festival to encourage all generations and people from all walks of life to enjoy and encourage Malaysian street culture.
The modern-day graffitists can be found with an arsenal of various materials that allow for a successful production of a piece. This includes such techniques as scribing. However, spray paint in aerosol cans is the number one medium for graffiti. From this commodity comes different styles, technique, and abilities to form master works of graffiti. Spray paint can be found at hardware and art stores and comes in virtually every color.
Stencil graffiti is created by cutting out shapes and designs in a stiff material (such as cardboard or subject folders) to form an overall design or image. The stencil is then placed on the "canvas" gently and with quick, easy strokes of the aerosol can, the image begins to appear on the intended surface.
Some of the first examples were created in 1981 by artists Blek le Rat in Paris, in 1982 by Jef Aerosol in Tours (France); by 1985 stencils had appeared in other cities including New York City, Sydney, and Melbourne, where they were documented by American photographer Charles Gatewood and Australian photographer Rennie Ellis
Tagging is the practice of someone spray-painting "their name, initial or logo onto a public surface" in a handstyle unique to the writer. Tags were the first form of modern graffiti.
Modern graffiti art often incorporates additional arts and technologies. For example, Graffiti Research Lab has encouraged the use of projected images and magnetic light-emitting diodes (throwies) as new media for graffitists. yarnbombing is another recent form of graffiti. Yarnbombers occasionally target previous graffiti for modification, which had been avoided among the majority of graffitists.
Theories on the use of graffiti by avant-garde artists have a history dating back at least to the Asger Jorn, who in 1962 painting declared in a graffiti-like gesture "the avant-garde won't give up"
Many contemporary analysts and even art critics have begun to see artistic value in some graffiti and to recognize it as a form of public art. According to many art researchers, particularly in the Netherlands and in Los Angeles, that type of public art is, in fact an effective tool of social emancipation or, in the achievement of a political goal
In times of conflict, such murals have offered a means of communication and self-expression for members of these socially, ethnically, or racially divided communities, and have proven themselves as effective tools in establishing dialog and thus, of addressing cleavages in the long run. The Berlin Wall was also extensively covered by graffiti reflecting social pressures relating to the oppressive Soviet rule over the GDR.
Many artists involved with graffiti are also concerned with the similar activity of stenciling. Essentially, this entails stenciling a print of one or more colors using spray-paint. Recognized while exhibiting and publishing several of her coloured stencils and paintings portraying the Sri Lankan Civil War and urban Britain in the early 2000s, graffitists Mathangi Arulpragasam, aka M.I.A., has also become known for integrating her imagery of political violence into her music videos for singles "Galang" and "Bucky Done Gun", and her cover art. Stickers of her artwork also often appear around places such as London in Brick Lane, stuck to lamp posts and street signs, she having become a muse for other graffitists and painters worldwide in cities including Seville.
Graffitist believes that art should be on display for everyone in the public eye or in plain sight, not hidden away in a museum or a gallery. Art should color the streets, not the inside of some building. Graffiti is a form of art that cannot be owned or bought. It does not last forever, it is temporary, yet one of a kind. It is a form of self promotion for the artist that can be displayed anywhere form sidewalks, roofs, subways, building wall, etc. Art to them is for everyone and should be showed to everyone for free.
Graffiti is a way of communicating and a way of expressing what one feels in the moment. It is both art and a functional thing that can warn people of something or inform people of something. However, graffiti is to some people a form of art, but to some a form of vandalism. And many graffitists choose to protect their identities and remain anonymous or to hinder prosecution.
With the commercialization of graffiti (and hip hop in general), in most cases, even with legally painted "graffiti" art, graffitists tend to choose anonymity. This may be attributed to various reasons or a combination of reasons. Graffiti still remains the one of four hip hop elements that is not considered "performance art" despite the image of the "singing and dancing star" that sells hip hop culture to the mainstream. Being a graphic form of art, it might also be said that many graffitists still fall in the category of the introverted archetypal artist.
Banksy is one of the world's most notorious and popular street artists who continues to remain faceless in today's society. He is known for his political, anti-war stencil art mainly in Bristol, England, but his work may be seen anywhere from Los Angeles to Palestine. In the UK, Banksy is the most recognizable icon for this cultural artistic movement and keeps his identity a secret to avoid arrest. Much of Banksy's artwork may be seen around the streets of London and surrounding suburbs, although he has painted pictures throughout the world, including the Middle East, where he has painted on Israel's controversial West Bank barrier with satirical images of life on the other side. One depicted a hole in the wall with an idyllic beach, while another shows a mountain landscape on the other side. A number of exhibitions also have taken place since 2000, and recent works of art have fetched vast sums of money. Banksy's art is a prime example of the classic controversy: vandalism vs. art. Art supporters endorse his work distributed in urban areas as pieces of art and some councils, such as Bristol and Islington, have officially protected them, while officials of other areas have deemed his work to be vandalism and have removed it.
Pixnit is another artist who chooses to keep her identity from the general public. Her work focuses on beauty and design aspects of graffiti as opposed to Banksy's anti-government shock value. Her paintings are often of flower designs above shops and stores in her local urban area of Cambridge, Massachusetts. Some store owners endorse her work and encourage others to do similar work as well. "One of the pieces was left up above Steve's Kitchen, because it looks pretty awesome"- Erin Scott, the manager of New England Comics in Allston, Massachusetts.
Graffiti artists may become offended if photographs of their art are published in a commercial context without their permission. In March 2020, the Finnish graffiti artist Psyke expressed his displeasure at the newspaper Ilta-Sanomat publishing a photograph of a Peugeot 208 in an article about new cars, with his graffiti prominently shown on the background. The artist claims he does not want his art being used in commercial context, not even if he were to receive compensation.
Territorial graffiti marks urban neighborhoods with tags and logos to differentiate certain groups from others. These images are meant to show outsiders a stern look at whose turf is whose. The subject matter of gang-related graffiti consists of cryptic symbols and initials strictly fashioned with unique calligraphies. Gang members use graffiti to designate membership throughout the gang, to differentiate rivals and associates and, most commonly, to mark borders which are both territorial and ideological.
Graffiti has been used as a means of advertising both legally and illegally. Bronx-based TATS CRU has made a name for themselves doing legal advertising campaigns for companies such as Coca-Cola, McDonald's, Toyota, and MTV. In the UK, Covent Garden's Boxfresh used stencil images of a Zapatista revolutionary in the hopes that cross referencing would promote their store.
Smirnoff hired artists to use reverse graffiti (the use of high pressure hoses to clean dirty surfaces to leave a clean image in the surrounding dirt) to increase awareness of their product.
Graffiti often has a reputation as part of a subculture that rebels against authority, although the considerations of the practitioners often diverge and can relate to a wide range of attitudes. It can express a political practice and can form just one tool in an array of resistance techniques. One early example includes the anarcho-punk band Crass, who conducted a campaign of stenciling anti-war, anarchist, feminist, and anti-consumerist messages throughout the London Underground system during the late 1970s and early 1980s. In Amsterdam graffiti was a major part of the punk scene. The city was covered with names such as "De Zoot", "Vendex", and "Dr Rat". To document the graffiti a punk magazine was started that was called Gallery Anus. So when hip hop came to Europe in the early 1980s there was already a vibrant graffiti culture.
The student protests and general strike of May 1968 saw Paris bedecked in revolutionary, anarchistic, and situationist slogans such as L'ennui est contre-révolutionnaire ("Boredom is counterrevolutionary") and Lisez moins, vivez plus ("Read less, live more"). While not exhaustive, the graffiti gave a sense of the 'millenarian' and rebellious spirit, tempered with a good deal of verbal wit, of the strikers.
I think graffiti writing is a way of defining what our generation is like. Excuse the French, we're not a bunch of p---- artists. Traditionally artists have been considered soft and mellow people, a little bit kooky. Maybe we're a little bit more like pirates that way. We defend our territory, whatever space we steal to paint on, we defend it fiercely.
The developments of graffiti art which took place in art galleries and colleges as well as "on the street" or "underground", contributed to the resurfacing in the 1990s of a far more overtly politicized art form in the subvertising, culture jamming, or tactical media movements. These movements or styles tend to classify the artists by their relationship to their social and economic contexts, since, in most countries, graffiti art remains illegal in many forms except when using non-permanent paint. Since the 1990s with the rise of Street Art, a growing number of artists are switching to non-permanent paints and non-traditional forms of painting.
Contemporary practitioners, accordingly, have varied and often conflicting practices. Some individuals, such as Alexander Brener, have used the medium to politicize other art forms, and have used the prison sentences enforced on them as a means of further protest. The practices of anonymous groups and individuals also vary widely, and practitioners by no means always agree with each other's practices. For example, the anti-capitalist art group the Space Hijackers did a piece in 2004 about the contradiction between the capitalistic elements of Banksy and his use of political imagery.
Berlin human rights activist Irmela Mensah-Schramm has received global media attention and numerous awards for her 35-year campaign of effacing neo-Nazi and other right-wing extremist graffiti throughout Germany, often by altering hate speech in humorous ways.
In Serbian capital, Belgrade, the graffiti depicting a uniformed former general of Serb army and war criminal, convicted at ICTY for war crimes and crimes against humanity, including genocide and ethnic cleansing in Bosnian War, Ratko Mladić, appeared in a military salute alongside the words "General, thank to your mother". Aleks Eror, Berlin-based journalist, explains how "veneration of historical and wartime figures" through street art is not a new phenomenon in the region of former Yugoslavia, and that "in most cases is firmly focused on the future, rather than retelling the past". Eror is not only analyst pointing to danger of such an expressions for the region's future. In a long expose on the subject of Bosnian genocide denial, at Balkan Diskurs magazine and multimedia platform website, Kristina Gadže and Taylor Whitsell referred to these experiences as a young generations' "cultural heritage", in which young are being exposed to celebration and affirmation of war-criminals as part of their "formal education" and "inheritance".
There are numerous examples of genocide denial through celebration and affirmation of war criminals throughout the region of Western Balkans inhabited by Serbs using this form of artistic expression. Several more of these graffiti are found in Serbian capital, and many more across Serbia and Bosnian and Herzegovinian administrative entity, Republika Srpska, which is the ethnic Serbian majority enclave. Critics point that Serbia as a state, is willing to defend the mural of convicted war criminal, and have no intention to react on cases of genocide denial, noting that Interior Minister of Serbia, Aleksandar Vulin decision to ban any gathering with an intent to remove the mural, with the deployment of riot police, sends the message of "tacit endorsement". Consequently, on 9 November 2021, Serbian heavy police in riot gear, with graffiti creators and their supporters, blocked the access to the mural to prevent human rights groups and other activists to paint over it and mark the International Day Against Fascism and Antisemitism in that way, and even arrested two civic activist for throwing eggs at the graffiti.
Graffiti may also be used as an offensive expression. This form of graffiti may be difficult to identify, as it is mostly removed by the local authority (as councils which have adopted strategies of criminalization also strive to remove graffiti quickly). Therefore, existing racist graffiti is mostly more subtle and at first sight, not easily recognized as "racist". It can then be understood only if one knows the relevant "local code" (social, historical, political, temporal, and spatial), which is seen as heteroglot and thus a 'unique set of conditions' in a cultural context.
A spatial code for example, could be that there is a certain youth group in an area that is engaging heavily in racist activities. So, for residents (knowing the local code), a graffiti containing only the name or abbreviation of this gang already is a racist expression, reminding the offended people of their gang activities. Also a graffiti is in most cases, the herald of more serious criminal activity to come. A person who does not know these gang activities would not be able to recognize the meaning of this graffiti. Also if a tag of this youth group or gang is placed on a building occupied by asylum seekers, for example, its racist character is even stronger.
By making the graffiti less explicit (as adapted to social and legal constraints), these drawings are less likely to be removed, but do not lose their threatening and offensive character.
Elsewhere, activists in Russia have used painted caricatures of local officials with their mouths as potholes, to show their anger about the poor state of the roads. In Manchester, England, a graffitists painted obscene images around potholes, which often resulted in them being repaired within 48 hours.
In the early 1980s, the first art galleries to show graffitists to the public were Fashion Moda in the Bronx, Now Gallery and Fun Gallery, both in the East Village, Manhattan.
A 2006 exhibition at the Brooklyn Museum displayed graffiti as an art form that began in New York's outer boroughs and reached great heights in the early 1980s with the work of Crash, Lee, Daze, Keith Haring, and Jean-Michel Basquiat. It displayed 22 works by New York graffitists, including Crash, Daze, and Lady Pink. In an article about the exhibition in the magazine Time Out, curator Charlotta Kotik said that she hoped the exhibition would cause viewers to rethink their assumptions about graffiti.
From the 1970s onwards, Burhan Doğançay photographed urban walls all over the world; these he then archived for use as sources of inspiration for his painterly works. The project today known as "Walls of the World" grew beyond even his own expectations and comprises about 30,000 individual images. It spans a period of 40 years across five continents and 114 countries. In 1982, photographs from this project comprised a one-man exhibition titled "Les murs murmurent, ils crient, ils chantent ..." (The walls whisper, shout and sing ...) at the Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris.
In Australia, art historians have judged some local graffiti of sufficient creative merit to rank them firmly within the arts. Oxford University Press's art history text Australian Painting 1788–2000 concludes with a long discussion of graffiti's key place within contemporary visual culture, including the work of several Australian practitioners.
Between March and April 2009, 150 artists exhibited 300 pieces of graffiti at the Grand Palais in Paris.
Spray paint has many negative environmental effects. The paint contains toxic chemicals, and the can uses volatile hydrocarbon gases to spray the paint onto a surface.
Volatile organic compound (VOC) leads to ground level ozone formation and most of graffiti related emissions are VOCs. A 2010 paper estimates 4,862 tons of VOCs were released in the United States in activities related to graffiti.
In China, Mao Zedong in the 1920s used revolutionary slogans and paintings in public places to galvanize the country's communist movement.
Based on different national conditions, many people believe that China's attitude towards Graffiti is fierce, but in fact, according to Lance Crayon in his film Spray Paint Beijing: Graffiti in the Capital of China, Graffiti is generally accepted in Beijing, with artists not seeing much police interference. Political and religiously sensitive graffiti, however, is not allowed.
In Hong Kong, Tsang Tsou Choi was known as the King of Kowloon for his calligraphy graffiti over many years, in which he claimed ownership of the area. Now some of his work is preserved officially.
In Taiwan, the government has made some concessions to graffitists. Since 2005 they have been allowed to freely display their work along some sections of riverside retaining walls in designated "Graffiti Zones". From 2007, Taipei's department of cultural affairs also began permitting graffiti on fences around major public construction sites. Department head Yong-ping Lee (李永萍) stated, "We will promote graffiti starting with the public sector, and then later in the private sector too. It's our goal to beautify the city with graffiti". The government later helped organize a graffiti contest in Ximending, a popular shopping district. graffitists caught working outside of these designated areas still face fines up to NT$6,000 under a department of environmental protection regulation. However, Taiwanese authorities can be relatively lenient, one veteran police officer stating anonymously, "Unless someone complains about vandalism, we won't get involved. We don't go after it proactively."
In 1993, after several expensive cars in Singapore were spray-painted, the police arrested a student from the Singapore American School, Michael P. Fay, questioned him, and subsequently charged him with vandalism. Fay pleaded guilty to vandalizing a car in addition to stealing road signs. Under the 1966 Vandalism Act of Singapore, originally passed to curb the spread of communist graffiti in Singapore, the court sentenced him to four months in jail, a fine of S$3,500 (US$2,233), and a caning. The New York Times ran several editorials and op-eds that condemned the punishment and called on the American public to flood the Singaporean embassy with protests. Although the Singapore government received many calls for clemency, Fay's caning took place in Singapore on 5 May 1994. Fay had originally received a sentence of six strokes of the cane, but the presiding president of Singapore, Ong Teng Cheong, agreed to reduce his caning sentence to four lashes.
In South Korea, Park Jung-soo was fined two million South Korean won by the Seoul Central District Court for spray-painting a rat on posters of the G-20 Summit a few days before the event in November 2011. Park alleged that the initial in "G-20" sounds like the Korean word for "rat", but Korean government prosecutors alleged that Park was making a derogatory statement about the president of South Korea, Lee Myung-bak, the host of the summit. This case led to public outcry and debate on the lack of government tolerance and in support of freedom of expression. The court ruled that the painting, "an ominous creature like a rat" amounts to "an organized criminal activity" and upheld the fine while denying the prosecution's request for imprisonment for Park.
In Europe, community cleaning squads have responded to graffiti, in some cases with reckless abandon, as when in 1992 in France a local Scout group, attempting to remove modern graffiti, damaged two prehistoric paintings of bison in the Cave of Mayrière supérieure near the French village of Bruniquel in Tarn-et-Garonne, earning them the 1992 Ig Nobel Prize in archeology.
In September 2006, the European Parliament directed the European Commission to create urban environment policies to prevent and eliminate dirt, litter, graffiti, animal excrement, and excessive noise from domestic and vehicular music systems in European cities, along with other concerns over urban life.
In Budapest, Hungary, both a city-backed movement called I Love Budapest and a special police division tackle the problem, including the provision of approved areas.
The Anti-social Behaviour Act 2003 became Britain's latest anti-graffiti legislation. In August 2004, the Keep Britain Tidy campaign issued a press release calling for zero tolerance of graffiti and supporting proposals such as issuing "on the spot" fines to graffiti offenders and banning the sale of aerosol paint to anyone under the age of 16. The press release also condemned the use of graffiti images in advertising and in music videos, arguing that real-world experience of graffiti stood far removed from its often-portrayed "cool" or "edgy'" image.
To back the campaign, 123 Members of Parliament (MPs) (including then Prime Minister Tony Blair), signed a charter which stated: "Graffiti is not art, it's crime. On behalf of my constituents, I will do all I can to rid our community of this problem."
In the UK, city councils have the power to take action against the owner of any property that has been defaced under the Anti-social Behaviour Act 2003 (as amended by the Clean Neighbourhoods and Environment Act 2005) or, in certain cases, the Highways Act. This is often used against owners of property that are complacent in allowing protective boards to be defaced so long as the property is not damaged.
In July 2008, a conspiracy charge was used to convict graffitists for the first time. After a three-month police surveillance operation, nine members of the DPM crew were convicted of conspiracy to commit criminal damage costing at least £1 million. Five of them received prison sentences, ranging from eighteen months to two years. The unprecedented scale of the investigation and the severity of the sentences rekindled public debate over whether graffiti should be considered art or crime.
Some councils, like those of Stroud and Loerrach, provide approved areas in the town where graffitists can showcase their talents, including underpasses, car parks, and walls that might otherwise prove a target for the "spray and run".
Graffiti Tunnel, University of Sydney at Camperdown (2009)
In an effort to reduce vandalism, many cities in Australia have designated walls or areas exclusively for use by graffitists. One early example is the "Graffiti Tunnel" located at the Camperdown Campus of the University of Sydney, which is available for use by any student at the university to tag, advertise, poster, and paint. Advocates of this idea suggest that this discourages petty vandalism yet encourages artists to take their time and produce great art, without worry of being caught or arrested for vandalism or trespassing.[108][109] Others disagree with this approach, arguing that the presence of legal graffiti walls does not demonstrably reduce illegal graffiti elsewhere. Some local government areas throughout Australia have introduced "anti-graffiti squads", who clean graffiti in the area, and such crews as BCW (Buffers Can't Win) have taken steps to keep one step ahead of local graffiti cleaners.
Many state governments have banned the sale or possession of spray paint to those under the age of 18 (age of majority). However, a number of local governments in Victoria have taken steps to recognize the cultural heritage value of some examples of graffiti, such as prominent political graffiti. Tough new graffiti laws have been introduced in Australia with fines of up to A$26,000 and two years in prison.
Melbourne is a prominent graffiti city of Australia with many of its lanes being tourist attractions, such as Hosier Lane in particular, a popular destination for photographers, wedding photography, and backdrops for corporate print advertising. The Lonely Planet travel guide cites Melbourne's street as a major attraction. All forms of graffiti, including sticker art, poster, stencil art, and wheatpasting, can be found in many places throughout the city. Prominent street art precincts include; Fitzroy, Collingwood, Northcote, Brunswick, St. Kilda, and the CBD, where stencil and sticker art is prominent. As one moves farther away from the city, mostly along suburban train lines, graffiti tags become more prominent. Many international artists such as Banksy have left their work in Melbourne and in early 2008 a perspex screen was installed to prevent a Banksy stencil art piece from being destroyed, it has survived since 2003 through the respect of local street artists avoiding posting over it, although it has recently had paint tipped over it.
In February 2008 Helen Clark, the New Zealand prime minister at that time, announced a government crackdown on tagging and other forms of graffiti vandalism, describing it as a destructive crime representing an invasion of public and private property. New legislation subsequently adopted included a ban on the sale of paint spray cans to persons under 18 and increases in maximum fines for the offence from NZ$200 to NZ$2,000 or extended community service. The issue of tagging become a widely debated one following an incident in Auckland during January 2008 in which a middle-aged property owner stabbed one of two teenage taggers to death and was subsequently convicted of manslaughter.
Graffiti databases have increased in the past decade because they allow vandalism incidents to be fully documented against an offender and help the police and prosecution charge and prosecute offenders for multiple counts of vandalism. They also provide law enforcement the ability to rapidly search for an offender's moniker or tag in a simple, effective, and comprehensive way. These systems can also help track costs of damage to a city to help allocate an anti-graffiti budget. The theory is that when an offender is caught putting up graffiti, they are not just charged with one count of vandalism; they can be held accountable for all the other damage for which they are responsible. This has two main benefits for law enforcement. One, it sends a signal to the offenders that their vandalism is being tracked. Two, a city can seek restitution from offenders for all the damage that they have committed, not merely a single incident. These systems give law enforcement personnel real-time, street-level intelligence that allows them not only to focus on the worst graffiti offenders and their damage, but also to monitor potential gang violence that is associated with the graffiti.
Many restrictions of civil gang injunctions are designed to help address and protect the physical environment and limit graffiti. Provisions of gang injunctions include things such as restricting the possession of marker pens, spray paint cans, or other sharp objects capable of defacing private or public property; spray painting, or marking with marker pens, scratching, applying stickers, or otherwise applying graffiti on any public or private property, including, but not limited to the street, alley, residences, block walls, and fences, vehicles or any other real or personal property. Some injunctions contain wording that restricts damaging or vandalizing both public and private property, including but not limited to any vehicle, light fixture, door, fence, wall, gate, window, building, street sign, utility box, telephone box, tree, or power pole.
To help address many of these issues, many local jurisdictions have set up graffiti abatement hotlines, where citizens can call in and report vandalism and have it removed. San Diego's hotline receives more than 5,000 calls per year, in addition to reporting the graffiti, callers can learn more about prevention. One of the complaints about these hotlines is the response time; there is often a lag time between a property owner calling about the graffiti and its removal. The length of delay should be a consideration for any jurisdiction planning on operating a hotline. Local jurisdictions must convince the callers that their complaint of vandalism will be a priority and cleaned off right away. If the jurisdiction does not have the resources to respond to complaints in a timely manner, the value of the hotline diminishes. Crews must be able to respond to individual service calls made to the graffiti hotline as well as focus on cleanup near schools, parks, and major intersections and transit routes to have the biggest impact. Some cities offer a reward for information leading to the arrest and prosecution of suspects for tagging or graffiti related vandalism. The amount of the reward is based on the information provided, and the action taken.
When police obtain search warrants in connection with a vandalism investigation, they are often seeking judicial approval to look for items such as cans of spray paint and nozzles from other kinds of aerosol sprays; etching tools, or other sharp or pointed objects, which could be used to etch or scratch glass and other hard surfaces; permanent marking pens, markers, or paint sticks; evidence of membership or affiliation with any gang or tagging crew; paraphernalia including any reference to "(tagger's name)"; any drawings, writing, objects, or graffiti depicting taggers' names, initials, logos, monikers, slogans, or any mention of tagging crew membership; and any newspaper clippings relating to graffiti crime.
>>Sort of a 'sequel' photograph to yesterdays.
www.flickr.com/photos/timvz/15061893019/
Nothing changes. It doesn't matter about the people I find, the people I lose, the places I see, the things I do, the things I miss... my mental state is a constant black hole sucking the life out of everything I do.
In just a few hours now, I'll be walking to Stu's house, letter in hand, ready to drown in depression.
I'm reminded of a monologue from one of my favourite films, Solaris. If I change just one word, it suits my existence perfectly.
"I tried to find the rhythm of the world where I used to live. I followed the current. I was silent, attentive, I made a conscious effort to smile, nod, stand, and perform the millions of gestures that constitute life on earth. I studied these gestures until they became reflexes again. But I was haunted by the idea that I remembered [him] wrong, that somehow I was wrong about everything."
Cast (+ some crew) photo after the closing night of AVPS (Sunday, May 16, 2010).
I was the photographer for "A Very Potter Sequel", the sequel to the popular "A Very Potter Musical." For more info on the people behind the show, the musical, or the sequel, see the Team Starkid site: teamstarkid.com
More backstage and post-show photos are posted on the Starkid Facebook page: facebook.com/StarKidPotter
Photo © Chris Dzombak 2010 | Use without permission is prohibited.
chrisdzombak.com | chris@chrisdzombak.com
14 years. Literally 14 YEARS we’ve been waiting for a sequel to The Incredibles and it’s finally here. Now I’ve always been a rather mild Incredibles fan, I enjoyed the first one and I did agree with everyone else that it was the Pixar film that deserves a sequel the most, but I wasn’t really dying for one either. But damn, people go NUTS over Incredibles 2. I saw this film earlier tonight and people, both young and old, were screaming their heads off during the film! It was crazy, I’ve never seen anything like it! I was so happy that people were enjoying this film and it was hilarious to watch them go crazy but at the same time I could barely hear some lines of dialogue at some moments in the film which kinda sucked. Bottom line, people were ravenous about Incredibles 2, and here are my less enthusiastic reaction to the film. But before we get started, can we just get all the ‘incredible’ puns out of the way? I bet I’m going to say that word a few times in this review, so let’s just say pun intended for all of them I guess. Anyways, let’s check it out!
Good: The thing that I was the most impressed with in Incredibles 2 was the animation itself. The first Incredibles has kinda gotten a little (just a tiny bit) ugly over time, as most CG animated films do, but this film is absolutely gorgeous. It feels like I say every new Pixar film is the most beautiful one yet but, Incredibles 2 is the most beautiful Pixar film yet. Not only that, but the animation in this film was used effectively. In an age where we’ve literally seen the impossible in superhero films with movies like Infinity War, I was going into Incredibles 2 wondering what does an animated superhero bring to the table that a live-action one can’t, and I wasn’t disappointed. There is a reason the Incredibles franchise is animated, and it’s because of characters like Elastigirl and Jack Jack. They were both used so effectively and spectacularly in this film! Jack Jack was obviously a scene stealer. I really thought they were going overuse him in this film, but like Baby Groot, he was used just enough for some great laughs. Now it’s not only the animation that makes these films so great, but it’s also the story and its heart. Now when I saw the trailers, I thought they were just going for a plain and simple parent swap where the mom does the work while the dad takes care of the kids, but it’s so much more than that. Both Helen and Bob Parr have some amazing arcs in this film, where Helen through a new world as a super and Bob has to learn that being a parent can be just as super as fighting crime out on the streets. What I loved about these characters so much is that they have flaws, they fail, but they learn and overcome and if that’s not good character development then I don’t know what is! The kids in this film have a great role too. Dash’s role is a bit more one dimensional than his role in the first film, but Violet has a way better arc in the first film with her having boyfriend problems. The villain of this film was also pretty good. Now it’s kinda spoilery to go into detail about them, so all I’ll say is that even though there are some reveals about them that I saw coming from a mile away, they were pretty convincing as a villain and had a pretty good arc! I’d also like to bring up Frozone. Now he is both a good and a bad for me because while he is probably my favorite character in this Incredibles series and he did get a bigger role than the first film, I still feel like in was terribly underutilized. Maybe Frozone should get a movie of his own, if Dory can get one, why can’t he? Maybe we could finally see his wife on screen! Anyways, the last thing I’d like to mention was the fantastic score by Michael Giacchino, I’m definitely going to be listening to it again on my own time.
Bad: Now I must say, I believe Incredibles 2 is just as good as the original which is very rare for a franchise to maintain such a similar level of quality, but they have completely different problems. One thing I loved about the original Incredibles was it’s excellent pacing, it took its time for the story and characters to develop, Incredibles 2 didn’t so much. I felt this movie was paced too quickly, there was never time to breathe, especially in the last minutes or so. The movie just ended so abruptly I thought. The pacing was also bad when it came to the discussion of the laws of Supers being in the public. What I loved in the first film is we got that cool montage of superheroes in the past and all the legal stuff behind it, and I feel like the film wanted to continue that discussion, but it kept being brushed aside. This film is also so very predictable, I saw every single thing coming to the point where I just had to accept the simple plot and going along for the ride. Finally, maybe it’s just me getting older, but I really felt like the dialogue was dumbed down a bit from the first one, there was a lot more of characters explaining obvious things and cliched dialogue. Perhaps I’m just nitpicking at this point because other than these things I had a really great time with this film.
Overall, I may not be as enthusiastic about Incredibles 2 as everyone else is, but I really did enjoy myself. I don’t think I’ve never seen a sequel that is so consistent in quality than its predecessor! I literally don’t know which one of these films I like more, but for now, I’m going to say the first Incredibles slightly gets the edge, but only by a little! For these reasons, I’m going to give Incredibles 2 an even 8/10. I would very much like to see one more Incredibles so we can have a perfectly nice trilogy. Let’s hope that we don’t have to wait another 14 years for another one! Let me know what you thought of Incredibles 2 in the comments below!
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© This photograph is copyrighted. Under no circumstances can it be reproduced, distributed, modified, copied, posted to websites or printed or published in media or other medium or used for commercial or other uses without the prior written consent and permission of the photographer.
A White-Breasted Sea Eagle (Haliaeetus leucogaster) hovering freely in the skies of Langkawi islands leaving viewers mesmerized with its amazing beauty and elegance.
Rocket Stories / Magazin-Reihe
- Ben Smith / Sequel
art: Milton Berwin
Editor: Wade Kaempfert
Space Publications, Inc. / USA 1953
Reprint: Comic-Club NK 2010
ex libris MTP
Passira - PE - Brasil
Os contrastes sócio-econômicos; O apse da desigualdade social.
Lema do Banco:
"Bradesco, colocando você sempre à frente."
Irônico, não?
[HDR criado a partir de 3 exposições.]
______________________________________________________
The socio-economic contrasts; The apse of social inequality.
Lemma Bank:
"Bradesco, putting you one step ahead."
Is not ironic?
[HDR created from 3 exposures.]
Hello guys,
Let's go ahead with the sequel of 100 Strangers Project. Let me introduce you to Elodie.
As I told you before, I've found a new spot for the project since the streets of Bordeaux were really crowded due to Christmas shopping. And this spot is successful because walking there are more open to a street portrait from an unknown photographer.
I decided after Elodie's portrait to go more into the details of the model because sometimes, I find my interaction with them is too quick and superficial. Asking more philosophical questions for instance. What do you think about it??
I decided to go b&w for the picture because the atmosphere in the 23rd of December was a bit fresh. I met Elodie for the first time one hour before we decided to have a portrait session together.
Elodie comes from le Haillan, It's a residential area located a few kilometers away from Bordeaux. She's a Law student because she wants to become an attorney. As she's studying, she works half-time in a supermarket. You won't notice it but I really liked her pink girlie lipstick and her jacket. Reason of this picture Then, after this portrait, a friend of her grabbed my camera and made a photo of us, I will release it eventually...
While I was taking her portrait, her friends behind me told me that she likes selfies a lot!! So, I hope you'll like this one.
Merci Elodie de ta participation et bonnes fêtes à toi.
This picture is #4 in my 100 strangers project. Find out more about the project and see pictures taken by other photographers at the 100 Strangers Flickr Group page
Pocahontas Sequel outfits?! FUCK YEA! Mulan saving China dress?Double FUCK YEA! LOL I was hoping that they'd make Mulan's green/blue/yellow dress in the beginning of the movie, but oh wells, Beggers can't be choosers! lol
Other than the lack of shoes, I have no real complaints. lol I seriously have like endless love for the Disney store. lol
The much requested sequel to my "Bratz shoes/Volks body" tutorial. Here is how to get Bratz shoes on an obitsu body.
Maxine has graciously decided to model for this tutorial.
1. As seen here the obitsu feet come out of the legs.
2. If you notice, there is a flesh colored pin that holds the foot to the peg. The pin has a thick side and a thin side. Using a needle (or any other thin object) just push on the thin side of the pin until it pops out. Then just pull the peg away from the foot.
3. Once the peg is separated from the foot, you can see that it is round and flat. From here, force the peg into the Bratz shoe. It may take some hard pushing, but it can be done.
4. Once the pegs are in the shoes, slide the pegs back into the legs and you're all done.
So this movie is the supposed sequel to Cloverfield, which is a movie I haven't seen yet, but I heard that I didn't need to because this movie is a distant cousin to that film. So I went to check it out earlier today so here are my thoughts.
Good: Oh man, this film had my heart racing the entire time, this is probably the most suspenseful film I've seen! This movie is one of those films that is takes a while for anything intense to happen, and it tortures you with that, but that's not a bad thing, because that was the intention of the film. All the acting in this movie is really solid, but I the performance of John Goodman in this movie was terrifying!! This movie was really interesting because this was like the ultimate merger of an Indie film and a big blockbuster! Seriously, the story of this film is quality! Oh god, I really want to gush on this stuff in the movie, but basically anything from this film is a spoiler!
Bad: The only problem I had with this film was the ending. It was just a total shift of in the movie, but it was also a little satisfying. I don't know, I'm torn on the ending because I was hoping for something, but they gave us something else, but whatever.
So overall, this movie was great and terrifying, but something that I'll only see once because it's 3 scary 5 me boyos! But I'll give this movie an 8/10. Trust me when I say this, don't learn about anything from this film! If you go into it as blind as I was, you'll have a great time full of suspense and surprises! And if you haven't seen the film, look out for spoilers in the comments!
Once again, I offer the greatest that south Florida has to offer you. A large plaid tuchas. So to quote the old axiom, if you have the chutzpah, beware Lumix carrying photographers cause you may end up on Flickr.
Have a great weekend folks.
My tribute to the King of Pop.
Same young blonde surfer as in an earlier posting.
Palm Beach, Northern Beaches, Sydney, Australia (Sunday 21 Jun 2009 @ 8:08am).
Part of: "an apple a day keeps the doctor away - An ENSO (Japanese: circle, Japanisch: Kreis) a day .... " Aktion Kreis Tagebuch A circle diary - Start of the 365-days Project: 1. September
panasonic DMC-GH3 - P1060579 - 2015-07-26 lumix
#rose #weiß #friede #peace #white #rosenblatt #rosengarten #laurin #teppich #tapestry #wandteppich #tapissery #tapestry #weaver #teppichweber #textilkunst #handwerk #haslach #oberösterreich #mühlviertel #aussteller #ausstellung #wood #holz #haarspange #geschenk #present #gift #schnittmuster #musterbogen #scherenschnitt #schaubild #red #rot #blut #blood #bartholomäusnacht #pomegranate #granatapfel #blue #blau #juli #july #green #grün #maigrün #yellow #werkstatt #arbeitsraum #workingroom #museum #indigo #blaufärber #blaudruck #wolle #wool #schafwolle #baumwolle #leinen #filz #folder #falter #entfalten #leporello #gedanke #überlegungen #ausflug #trip #outing #spaziergang #rundgang #unterwegs #sommerlicht #sonne #sun #light #licht #arbeitslicht #schablone #stencil #passepartout #square #quadrat #map #plan #private #privateness #privat #unterlegung
A sequel of my I'll Never Fall in Love Titles LOL. And of my water mondays =)
And no I haven't shed that many haha. Maybe just a liter, while watching the Japanese drama, One Liter of Tears. LOL.
Emotions emotions. Tsk.
It is soooo freakin' hot today.
Have a good start of the week!
HMB!! =)
A remake of one of the first horror toys I did, here. The first time around I was trying to capture that low-budget, independent horror, action shot. This time around, I went for a tighter shot and more realistic lighting.
1-Jan-2022: 1. Death to 2021
Fave! Mockumentary. Sequel to "Death to 2020".
Historian Tennyson Foss on the 2020 election: "It was shaping up to be a clash of really epic proportions. Perhaps the closest historical parallel would be the battle of Hogwarts, when Lord Voldemort set every single Death Eater to attack the school and defend his final Horcruxes, which –"
Interviewer: "But isn't that Harry Po–"
Foss: :|
Interviewer: "Do go on."
Foss: "Thank you."
Penn Parker, reporter: "Here are the two Americas again, each side believing the other side is trying to kill it or enslave it, whether it's masks or vaccines or votes. They constantly yell at each other, amplified through social media and TV. But I wonder, if these two sides actually sat down with each other as human beings in real life and took time to listen to each other, then maybe, just maybe, that could spark a fucking furious fistfight. Bam, bam, bam. Wouldn't that be a spectacle?"
Narrator: "We end the year as we began it, polarized and divided. Progressives versus conservatives. Vaxxed versus unvaxxed. Science versus whatever the fucking mental opposite of fucking science is."
The never-existence of "Death to 2022" breaks my heart. :'( You know it would have been ultra-mega-spectacular. D: BRB CRYING
8-Jan-2022: 2. Life of Pi
The face of the poor little CGI fish just killed me. D':
4-Feb-2022: 3. Knives out
I was gonna include some witty quote about morphine from around 34 minutes in, but the movie was gone from Netflix by the time I started polishing this list. :/
19-Feb-2022: 4. The power of the dog
I'll never be able to castrate a tomcat as fast as that guy castrated a bull. o_O
20-Feb-2022: 5. My best friend Anne Frank
26-Feb-2022: 6. Grease
Meh. I failed to see what the fuss was about. It probably didn't help that it was the first movie I watched after being threatened with nukes for the first time. :C Fucking Putler.
6-Mar-2022: 7. The trial of the Chicago 7
Judge Hoffman: "I'd like to clarify something for the jurors. There are two Hoffmans in this courtroom. The defendant Abbie Hoffman and myself, Judge Julius Hoffman. I didn't want there to be confusion on the matter."
Abbie Hoffman: "Man, I don't think there's much chance they're gonna mix us up."
Spectators: *lol*
Judge Hoffman: "And the record should reflect that defendant Hoffman and I are not related."
Abbie Hoffman: "Father, NO!"
Spectators: *lol*
8-Mar-2022: 8. Al Pitcher - Sverige syndrome
11-Mar-2022: 9. Top Gun
25-Mar-2022: 10. Black Sea
*sweat*
If you liked this, you may also enjoy "Kursk".
*SWEAT*
26-Mar-2022: 11. A street cat named Bob
Netflix: "This is a feel-good movie lol"
Me: *spends 99% of movie being terrified for poor vulnerable cat* :'(
Wiki says:
"On the 13th June 2020, Bob was fed in the kitchen of their home in Surrey, and last seen at approximately 11:00 p.m., before James noticed he was missing half an hour later. On Monday 15 June 2020, two days after going missing, Bob was found dead at the side of a road around half a mile from his home. The cause of death was determined to be haematoma from a head-on collision with a car, the driver of which remains unknown. He was thought to be aged at least 14 to 15 years old. Bob had escaped through a skylight that had mistakenly been left ajar." xC
28-Mar-2022: 12. Kapp to Cape
Docu about 2 guys who cycle from Norway to South Africa. :O
- 1800 km
- 12 countries
- Tried to do it in 100 days and were constantly stressed out af but had to add a few more days, IIRC
- They each had to eat 7000 kcal/day
- They each drank 10 l of water/day in Egypt
31-Mar-2022: 13. The package
A subtle, sensitive comedy about a complex young man who loses his dick in a freak accident. The funniest characters were the expert dick-cleaner and the Chad-bro, whose name was Chad. xD
Youth 1: "Listen here, you little terrorist. This is my brother's dick. He's in the hospital right now, and he needs us. We need your boat so we can get to the hospital to reattach it."
Dick: *flop*
Youth 2: "Listen kid, when we're around, dicks get cut and dicks get sucked."
Dick: *wilt*
Youth 1: "I saw him suck this dick this morning."
Dick: *sag*
Youth 2: "I sucked that dick this morning! Now give us the keys!"
Boat-owning child: *SHRIEK*
9-Apr-2022: 14. 22 July
15-Apr-2022: 15. Little women
17-Apr-2022: 16. Enola Holmes
11-Jun-2022: 17. Jackass - the movie
Sigh… Well:
- The wasabi-snorting was my fave bit
- I cringed at the papercuts; a crew member barfed and fainted
- Non-human animals were harrassed :(
- The guys: *imply that gently inserting a tiny, condom-encased, lube-drenched toy car up one's ass is the most frightening stunt evar*
Me: *laughs in iud*
Maybe they'll shove IUD:s up their urethras in the next movie? [Insert popcorn emoji here]
27-Aug-2022: 18. Dom Hemingway
"Is my cock exquisite? 'Cause I think it's fucking exquisite. I think it's a fucking work of art. Like a Renoir, or a Picasso. A painting of my cock should hang at the Louvre. They should study my cock in art classes. Spend whole courses studying the splendid contours of its exquisiteness, don't you think? They should also study my cock in science class, because it defies nature. My cock is hard. It's metal, it's steel, it's titanium. It does not break, it does not weaken. My cock can stand all day, like a good soldier trained to impress his superiors. If my cock could win a medal, it would. If they could name a school after it, it should. If it could save small Somali children from starving, it would, and it should win a Nobel fucking peace prize for it, the first such prize ever given to a cock. My Nobel prize-winning cock's like a cheetah! All sleek and dangerous and deadly. Sonnets should be written about how dangerous my cheetah cock is. Poems, plays. Wars should be won over it, kingdoms falling because of it. My cock is lightning, it's fire, it's a volcano brewing with the sacred semen, lava - *comes* Sugar and spice and all things nice. Sorry for the lack of warning, dearie."
Judging by the stories coming from people who get sent unsolicited dick pics, the above opinions accurately reflect the average cock-owner's estimation of his dear little cock. In other news, I'm now very traumatised from listening to the monologue a total of OVER 9000 times as I transcribed it. Even though Jude Law is the most beautiful human ever. o_O Must wash my brain with 38 viewings of "The talented Mr Ripley" or something. *glergh*
1-Oct-2022: 19. Guns akimbo
"But don't worry, OK? This is not another story about a nerd trying to get the girl like she's an Xbox achievement to be unlocked."
8-Oct-2022: 20. Imperium
12-Oct-2022: 21. The courageous heart of Irena Sendler
27-Nov-2022: 22. Ted
Narrator: "Now if there's one thing you can be sure of, it's that nothing is more powerful than a young boy's wish. Except an Apache helicopter. An Apache helicopter has machine guns AND missiles. It is an unbelievably impressive complement of weaponry, an absolute death machine."
9-Dec-2022: 23. Shaun the sheep: The flight before Christmas
Fave!
10-Dec-2022: 24. The electrical life of Louis Wain
In the 1880's: "One day, I don't think it'll be so peculiar to have a cat in the house as a little pet."
I'm into Benedict and cats
17-Dec-2022: 25. 8 Mile
18-Dec-2022: 26. Shaun the sheep: The movie
Fave!
26-Dec-2022: 27. Robin Robin
31-Dec-2022: 28. Jappeloup
Fave… maybe? :p It's a bit early to tell… In any case, I'm gonna rewatch it. French biopic about showjumper Jappeloup (1975-1991). Nice music, too. :q My first Jappeloup-related memory was a little obituary with a photo in a kids' horse magazine from February 1992. :(
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Vegan FAQ! :)
The Web Site the Meat Industry Doesn't Want You to See.
Please watch Earthlings.
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You can reach me at yoze83 [AT] yahoo.com
Fort Langley, BC Canada
As the neighborhood of Fort Langley, British Columbia prepares for filming of the upcoming Sonic the Hedgehog movie sequel, new images may have indicated that it will be a stand-in for the titular character’s “hero town”, Green Hills, Montana.
“Little Town with a Big Heart”
It recently came to light that the Sonic crew will not be returning to Ladysmith for the sequel, which played an important role establishing Sonic’s presence on Earth. And now, thanks to photos taken by onlookers, it has been suggested that the village community of 3,400 residents is going to be used as a stand-in for the fictional Montana town.
In the first film, the fictional town of Green Hills, also known as the “Little Town with a Big Heart”, hosted the residence of Tom and Maddie Wachowski. The town was also where Sonic spent hidden for ten years.
A block away from the Green Hills signage at Mavis Avenue was the previously reported temporary set at Mary Avenue.
FILMING LOCATIONS:
Like plenty of Sonic adventures, ‘Sonic the Hedgehog’ plays out with the town of Green Hills, Montana as the backdrop. The Green Hill Zone made its first appearance in the original ‘Sonic the Hedgehog’ video game way back in 1991 and is described as a “the little town with a big heart”.
However, Green Hills is not actually a real place and is an entirely fictional location created for the Sonic character. As such, the studio had to find an alternative location to stand in as Green Hills, and they chose two primary locations – San Francisco, California and British Columbia in Canada. Principal photography commenced in late July, 2018 and wrapped up by mid October the same year. The film was shot both on location and on set in other places as well, including New York and Morocco.
References: The Cinemaholic; Tail's Channel
This image is best viewed in Large screen.
Thank-you for your visit, and please know that any faves or comments are always greatly appreciated!
Sonja
My sequel to "War Horse" www.flickr.com/photos/brickcentral/10218400813/ A hybrid horse or 'Pegasus' equipped with machine guns and four missiles.
I've seen this gorgeous rock in many photos. No matter how many different ways I look at it, there's something compelling about it. Not only is it a wonderful subject, Haystack Rock is the first subject that creatively inspired me, and it was one of my first 10 exposures, ever taken since purchasing my first camera. Coming back here ignited an all too familiar flame, within a special place in my heart.
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