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Selenium in sandstone from New Mexico, USA. (SDSMT 3909, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology Museum of Geology, Rapid City, South Dakota, USA)
A mineral is a naturally-occurring, solid, inorganic, crystalline substance having a fairly definite chemical composition and having fairly definite physical properties. At its simplest, a mineral is a naturally-occurring solid chemical. Currently, there are over 4900 named and described minerals - about 200 of them are common and about 20 of them are very common. Mineral classification is based on anion chemistry. Major categories of minerals are: elements, sulfides, oxides, halides, carbonates, sulfates, phosphates, and silicates.
Elements are fundamental substances of matter - matter that is composed of the same types of atoms. At present, 118 elements are known (four of them are still unnamed). Of these, 98 occur naturally on Earth (hydrogen to californium). Most of these occur in rocks & minerals, although some occur in very small, trace amounts. Only some elements occur in their native elemental state as minerals.
To find a native element in nature, it must be relatively non-reactive and there must be some concentration process. Metallic, semimetallic (metalloid), and nonmetallic elements are known in their native state.
The rock shown above is from a "roll front deposit", in which native selenium occurs along a redox front in fluvial sandstone (see Granger & Santos, 1982).
Stratigraphy & age of host rock: fluvial sandstone, Westwater Canyon Member, Morrison Formation, Upper Jurassic
Locality; Section 23 Mine, Ambrosia Lake Mining District, north of Grants, New Mexico, USA
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Reference cited:
Granger & Santos (1982) - Geology and ore deposits of the Section 23 Mine, Ambrosia Lake District, New Mexico. United States Geological Survey Open-File Report 82-207. 70 pp.
Shen Hao 4x10
Fujinon 210mm W
Adox CHS100
Fomalux 111 in Ilford Warmtone 1+9, Selenium toned
Straight scan from contact print
Three different models of the Bewi Electra with shutterspeeds and aperture numbers according to the Leica cameras, 1933-1939, Germany
Nikon F90X. Película Argenti Pan-X 100 Iso (Similar a Agfa APX-100) Revelador Gago StacP2 1+9 25ºC.5 minutos. Papel Foma Fomatone 131. Revelador Gago ToqueGrafic+ Softonate. Virado al selenio-sulfuro. 18x24 cm.Selenium-sulphide toned.
Combarro, Poio, Pontevedra. Agosto 2008.
Four different models of Guerpillon 1st model Guerlux. Top left probably a pre-series model, covered with leather. No ser# on the meter.
Top right ser# 008** , with acc foot.
Bottom left ser# 02*** , bottom plate with rim.
Bottom right, ser# 03***, top section matted, with acc. foot.
Selenium meter, with the "Color Finder" gadget on the side. Shown with the "rolltop" partly closed - this rolls round to be an incident-light diffuser if you stop at the red marks, or when fully extended, to cover the scale and close the meter.
A better-focused, wider shot of This one; in the original, I just could not persuade the auto-focus to lock on to cell. Here I can focus manually.
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The Zenit 11 is a solidly-built camera with essentially the same Leica type cloth shutter as earlier Soviet rangefinder and SLR cameras. It has an external selenium meter mounted on the prism front above the lens. The meter isn't coupled to the camera. The Zenit uses the M42 Pentax screw-mount lens which means there is a variety of lenses from all over the world that will fit it. Partially depressing the shutter release stops down the lens. Additional pressure releases the shutter.
The KMZ and MMZ (BelOMO) manufactured Zenit 11 (Зенит 11) 35mm SLR was a member of the Zenit E family derived from the Zenit ET but with different control placement and generally in all black but examples with chrome tops are known. Examples were produced with several strap lug variations and with the Zenit name in either Latin or Cyrillic script. It was produced from 1981 through 1990.
Technical information
Producer: KMZ/BeLomo
Frame size: 24x36mm
Shutter speed: 1/30, 1/60, 1/125, 1/250, 1/500 and Bulb mode.
Normally equipped with automatic aperture.
Meter: Uncoupled selenium meter above the lens mount.
Lens mount: M42.
Lens: Helios-44-2 2/58.
The Helios 44... is the standard, fast, 58mm lens typically found as the kit prime on the Zenit-series russian SLRs. There are numerous variants available, some of which include multicoated lens elements. And they were made in more than one factory. KMZ was probably the most prolific producer, the one in the pic however has the Valdai logo.
49mm filter thread.
8 diaphragm blades.
F/2-16 max-min aperture.
45cm minimum focusing distance.
Focuses down to 0.5m and has a mag ratio of 1:6.5 at closest focus point. Takes 52mm filters.
Helios-44 is a series of standard lenses for SLR cameras, produced in Soviet Union by KMZ, MMZ, Jupiter from 1958 till 1992 (2001) and it is considered to be one of most mass produced lenses in the world. Based on the lens Biotar 2 / 58 , at the beginning was called "БТК" - "БиоТар Красногорский" (BioTar Krasnogorski). A fast 6-element anastigmat, it was available in both single-coated and multi-coated versions.
Selenium oxidizes readily when heated on steel loop and the vapor burns in contact with aerated butane flame with a bright blue flame, turning brighter and more purplish with stronger heating, forming acidic fumes of selenium dioxide. Selenium does not continue to burn when the gas flame is removed.
This started life as a horizontal shot, but by croppping out some distracting detail each side, I ended up with a photo that focuses on the couple.
I processed it in Lightroom to give a Selenium tone which seemed to me to compliment the mood.
Scanned papercopy
Nikon F3
Nikkor 180mm f/2.8 ED Ais
Hp5+
D76 1+1
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Kentmere Fineprint 18X24 Glossy
Focomat V35 with Focotar 50mm f/2,8
Exposed for 4 at f/11 (no filter)
Developed for 90s in Ilford Mg developer
Toned in Selenium 1+10 for 1.5 min (?)
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Selenium butterfly
As Murray Walker once said "It's raining and the track is wet" - It's raining today and the shed is wet, as would I be if I'd left the house. I have a man cold, as such, I wish to just mooch around feeling glum, for a change.
To brighten the day my father found some mid 20th century exposure meters, these are Selenium powered and as such require no batteries, hoorah. This Hanimex PR-45 works from 25 to 400 ASA(ISO) and was made in Japan.
Nikon FM, Nikkor 28mm f/2.8 AI. Medium yellow filter.
Ilford FP4+ @ 125 EI, developed in Ilfotec LC-29 1+29.
Kentmere Fineprint VC Warmtone Semi-Matt paper developed in Ilford Multigrade 1 + 9 for 90 seconds.
Harman Selenium toner 1 + 3 for 90 seconds
Re-print of another old picture. Ilford MG IV FB, Kodak Dektol, selenium. Two masks and some additional burn-ins with a card. Negative on Kentmere 400, Nikon F801 & 24 mm.
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Rangefinder Kiev 4 (KNEB subtype 2a)
sn# 5922914 with Jupiter-8M (ЮПИТЕР-8M) f/2 50mm sn #5930926
manufactured in 1959 by the Arsenal factory in Kiev (Ukraine)
The selenium light meter still works and is quite accurate!
Contax copy, made in 1959
Subtype 2a rarity: 3 out of 5
© Dirk HR Spennemann 2011, All Rights Reserved
Selenium from Colorado, USA. (public display, Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology Mineral Museum, Butte, Montana, USA)
A mineral is a naturally-occurring, solid, inorganic, crystalline substance having a fairly definite chemical composition and having fairly definite physical properties. At its simplest, a mineral is a naturally-occurring solid chemical. Currently, there are over 4900 named and described minerals - about 200 of them are common and about 20 of them are very common. Mineral classification is based on anion chemistry. Major categories of minerals are: elements, sulfides, oxides, halides, carbonates, sulfates, phosphates, and silicates.
Elements are fundamental substances of matter - matter that is composed of the same types of atoms. At present, 118 elements are known (four of them are still unnamed). Of these, 98 occur naturally on Earth (hydrogen to californium). Most of these occur in rocks & minerals, although some occur in very small, trace amounts. Only some elements occur in their native elemental state as minerals.
To find a native element in nature, it must be relatively non-reactive and there must be some concentration process. Metallic, semimetallic (metalloid), and nonmetallic elements are known in their native state.
From a study of the pollutants in the Los Angeles River. Each Page documents the 43 pollutants in the river. Each pollutant has its entire life cycle described, plus how we might phytoremediate and mechanically remediate the pollutant. Also included with the cultural information is the scientific signatures of each compound-how we discover them in the water. View large to read, some elements seemingly scrambled in the translation from Illustrator to Indesign to Acrobat to Photoshop to web!
Kallitype
Selenium-Toned on Arches Platine
Sodium Citrate Developer
5x5 Contact Print from Digital Negative
Here's how to replace a selenium cell from an Argus CC exposure meter.
Take the CC meter from the camera, remove the six little screws around the sides. Then pull the cover from the bottom (pic 1).
Remove the two nuts and the washers from the dial plate, then carefully remove the dial plate, avoiding bending of the needle.(pic 2)
Now try to remove the selenium cell that is frictioned between the front and the magnet of the meter. There may come loose a rectangular frame that should be positioned back at the front of the selenium cell.
Pic 3 shows the removed sel.cell. On pic 4 you can see the replacement cell, it is a bit longer than the original one.(This cell was an old one, taken from a broken exp.meter and had a date from 1940 on its back!) With a Dremel tool you can adjust the size,
pic 5.
Your new cell should read at least 250mV when connected to a Voltmeter in full daylight. pics 6, old cell, pic 7 new cell.
Then place back the new cell where the old one was seated. Et voilà, the meter is working again!, pic 8.
Then work the reverse from pic 2 , replace the cover and the little screws and replace the meter. Now you can calibrate the meter with a reliable working meter. To compensate for stops you can set a filter factor as a corrector. My replacement was one stop lower than it should be. For me no problem.
It took me about 1,5 hour to perform this , so it's not a big job. Good luck.
The clamoring soldiers on the National War Memorial in Ottawa, Ontario
Original:
Plus-X Pan @ ASA-125 in Kodak Microdol-X
Print:
Ilford MGIV RC - Dektol (1+2) 1' - Selenium (1+4) 5'
A very nice example of an early Russian professional exposure meter made in 1952 at the MKIP factory in Moscow.
Selenium Light Meter, swiveling head, bakelite body. Iris diafragm to reduce strong light,
body serial # 189 .... marked EP-3 No 189. Accessory diffusor disk and honeycomb lens with matching serial numbers. Still working.
A Sea&Sea selenium cell UW exposure meter (at the right) and a simple Weston Pixie selenium exposure meter in an A.Giddings U/W Enterprises underwater housing. Take it with you while diving and you're guaranteed to reach the bottom because of its weight. (500+ grams against the 100 grams of the Sea&Sea).
It sound better in swedish where the word "utanförskap" (exclusion) have been a political term used by all parties when speaking, in a simplified way, about people who are unemployed, sick or everybody who is not working...
Scanned papercopy
Nikon Fm3a
Nikkor 28mm f/2.8 Ai
Plus X
D76 1 1
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Adox Nuance Normal/Hard 24X30
Fujimoto G70 with Condenser head
EL-Nikkor 50mm f/2.8
Exposed for 20s at f/5.6
Developed for 5min in Ilford Mg developer
Toned in Selenium 1 10 for 1 min (?)
Photographié à / taken at Québec City.
Printed on Agfa fiber matt paper. Selenium toned (Ilford).
Developpé sur du papier fibre matt d'Agfa. Virage au sélénium (Ilford)
Older picture, going back when Nox's dark room (Quebec city) was still operational (2006)... - It was a happy time, as most photographers had already deserted film at that time. I had an unlimited access to the facility... :-)
La photo remonte à 2006 et avait été développée dans la chambre noire du club photo Nox (Québec). C'était une époque heureuse. Beaucoup de photographes avaient déjà deserté la pellicule au profit du numérique... J'avais un accès illimité à la chambre noire... :-)
The picture was slightly unsharp as it was taken through a window...
Nikon F90x
I do not remember the lens. Possibly the old Tamron 28-300 lens with a circ. pol.
Ilford Ilfosol S
Agfa fiber matt paper
Diffusion enlarger / The sky was burned.
Ilford developer
Selenium toner (Ilford)
Canon 4400F scanner