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This product has been designed to help marketers understand the essence of 33 Consumer Segments, which together represent the entire urban spectrum of India. It highlights the key features which make each segment distinctive. The purpose of this work is to help marketers devise advertising and communications strategies and fine tune their sales strategies. The two key dimensions are lifestyle stages of chief wage earners of households and their skill levels. The first defines their needs and the second defines their earning abilities.The Indicus Urban Consumer Groups have been created using methods similar to methods used internationally, but India focused accounting for the differences both in terms of the characteristics of the Indian consumers and the availability of large scale household level raw data sets.
For each Segment, the following parameters have been presented: Demographic (Total Population, Household population, Household Size, Age of all the individual, Gender Ratio), Socio Economic (Education, Occupation, Industry), Assets (House Ownership, Four Wheeler Ownership, Financial Assets, Household Assets), Expenditure (Basic Food, High value food, Medical, Education, Durable goods, Clothing and Footwear), Each segment is represented by an alpha numeric code – A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, B1, B2, etc.
view details at www.indicus.net/Products/Home/Product Details/Urban Consumer Spectrum/
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The orig photo was Segmentation using G'MIC(GIMP), then was painted using "Deep Paint 2" under WINE. Then was sent back to GIMP to clean-up. Deep Paint 2 is now a free program. Cebu City, Philippines.
yayyyy!!!! here is a prehistoric critter again! this is a small, only up to 2 cm long arachnid from the carboniferous, possibly related to harvestmen or mites.
40 by 40 cm square of unryu on foil, 48 by 48 grid, 13 cm long
i decided to fold it because of the interesting segmentation of the abdomen.
speaking of the abdomen, this model is different from almost all of my other arachnids where the abdomen comes from the inner area of the square, because here it is an edge flap
it was quite easy to design, because of the "varileg" structure, because the short forelegs left enough room for the pedipalps and chelicerae to fin in comfortably. the legs are 6, 8, 10 and 14 units long, i might post a CP later ;-)
i'm up to making two more prehistoric arachnids, a trigonotarbid and a haptopod, both are quite similar to this one, but the bigger was the surprise that the later was a whole lot harder to design, because all of the legs are relatively long. the haptopod gave me a lot of struggle, i needed it to fit a 48 by 48 grid, because of the relative ease of precreasing ;-)
i have yet to make a CP for the trigonotarbid, but i smell it won't be possible from a 48 by 48 grid and that i'll have to use a 56 by 56 grid at least...
The most interesting of the longhorn beetles that I have found. This one is an excellent bee mimic. From the size to the behaviour. It flew from leaf to leaf, never stopping for long, making it quite difficult to photograph. Wasn't really satisfied with any one picture, but together hopefully they show the amazing mimicry at play here. The hind legs are thickened as in bees to mimic pollen carrying buckets, they are even more heavily bristled! There is a green patch on the head, since the eyes of a lot of these bees are green. The colouration is perfect! The segmentation of the abdomen and even the wings which don't look to be held in an elytra! Fantastic!!!!Found during a day hike around Sandoval lake lodge, Tambopata river area, Amazonian lowlands, Peru.
Shakhrisabz is, above all, associated with the Ak-Saray palace. Many amazing legends are linked with the history of the palace's construction. According to one of them, Timur began to think of building a magnificent edifice, summoned an architect and set out his objective. After listening to the ruler, the architect asked to be allowed into the state exchequer. When permission was granted, the craftsman started to make foundation blocks from clay mixed with gold in full view of Timur.
Seeing that the ruler remained impassive, he broke up the blocks and returned the gold to the exchequer. When Timur asked: "Why did you do that?" the architect replied: "So as to make sure of your determination to embark on constructing a building that requires vast expenditure." A second legend recounts that, after the main building work had been completed, Timur began to tell the craftsmen to hurry up and finish the decorative facing of the palace. But they were in no hurry to cover the building with majolica and mosaic. When the angry ruler ordered the chief architect to be brought before him, it emerged that had vanished after hanging a chain in the centre of the palace's main arch. Since no other craftsman of equal stature could be found, the building remained unfinished. Some time later, however, the architect suddenly appeared and, after making sure that the chain on the entrance arch was now considerably lower, embarked on decorating the building.
When Timur demanded an explanation of his strange flight and sudden reappearance, the architect replied: "I dared not disobey my sovereign's command, but I could not carry it out either. Stern punishment awaited me in either case, since such a majestic building had to settle and bed down firmly in the ground, otherwise all the decoration on it would be destroyed." The great ruler appreciated the craftsman's wisdom and resourcefulness.
The palace building in Shahrisabz took over a quarter of a century to construct. The Spanish ambassador, Ruy Gonzalez de Clavijo, who passed through Shahrisabz in 1404 on his way to the court of Timur in Samarkand, was astounded and charmed by the architectural miracle, and he left a detailed description of it, noting, however, that the splendid artistic decoration of the palace was still unfinished. The overall layout, scale and artistic appearance of Ak-Saray can be reconstituted from the descriptions of contemporaries and eyewitnesses, as well as from the results of archaeological excavation at the site. According to written accounts, the palace consisted of several stately, living or service quarters, grouped around separate courtyards.
The overall scale of the palace is impressive: the main courtyard alone, which has been reconstituted from the micro relief, was 120 - 125 m wide and 240 - 250 m long. The size of the other courtyards and of the outer perimeter of the palace has not been reconstructed owing to severe disturbance of the micro relief in the 15th - 16th centuries. Calculation of the proportions of the surviving elements of the site makes it fairly certain that the height of the main portal reached 70 m. It was topped by arched pinnacles (ko'ngra), while corner towers on a multifaceted pedestal were at least 80 m high. The main entrance portal was 50 m wide, and the arch had the largest span, 22.5 m, in Central Asia.
The architectural decor, featuring a wide variety of designs and colours, is particularly noteworthy in the artistic appearance of Ak-Saray. When using various techniques, however, the craftsmen bore in mind that the palace's main portal faced north, towards the capital, Samarkand. Given the poor light, the architects used only flat segmentation here and hence a continuous decorative treatment. The use of brick mosaic work, mainly dark and light blue in colour, forming large geometrical and epigraphic designs on a background of polished building brick, gives the portal a special softness of colour and an air of grand mystery.
The various mosaic and majolica work in the niche of the portal is particularly refined and highly coloured. The delicately executed ornamentation incorporates exquisite calligraphic inscriptions of mainly Koranic content, although secular ones are found too. In the midst of the decorative facing, an inscription has survived, giving the date of completion, 798 (1395 - 1396), and the name of the craftsman, Muhammad Yusuf Tebrizi (from the Azeri city of Tabriz). According to Clavijo, who visited Ak-Saray, "in this palace was a very long entrance and a very high portal, and by the entrance, to right and left, were brick arches covered with tiles painted with various designs. Beneath these arches was what looked like small rooms without doors, and the floor inside them was covered with tiles. This was done so that people could sit there when the king was present. Beyond this was another door and after that a large courtyard, paved with white slabs and surrounded by richly decorated galleries. In the middle of the courtyard was a large pool. The courtyard was some 300 paces wide, and it gave access to a large house, in which was a very high and wide door, decorated with gold, azure and tiles of very fine workmanship. In the middle, above the door, a lion was depicted, lying in the sun, and exactly the same picture was to be found at the edges. This was the device of the king of Samarkand. After this, the envoys were taken to look at the chamber that the king had appointed for sitting and feasting with his wives, very spacious and luxurious. Before it was a large garden with many shady and assorted fruit trees. Inside it were many pools and artfully sited meadows. By the entrance to this garden there was such a vast space that many people could have enjoyed themselves sitting there in the summertime beside the water and beneath the shade of the trees. The workmanship in the palace is so luxurious that, in order to describe everything well, one has to go and examine it a little at a time."
The Ak-Saray palace is a grandiose piece of civil architecture, and not just by Central Asian standards. Historical tradition ascribes the destruction of the majestic edifice to Abdullakhan, who, during one of the sieges of un-subdued Shahrisabz, is supposed to have ordered the splendid structures of Timur and his descendants to be demolished. Be that as it may, of the once luxurious royal palace only the pillars and part of the arch of the main portal remained by the second half of the 18th century.
"Evaluating Superpixels in Video: Metrics Beyond Figure-Ground Segmentation", by Peer Neubert and Peter Protzel
Day 3, Session 06. Wednesday 11th September
Spiders (order Araneae) are air-breathing arthropods that have eight legs and chelicerae with fangs that inject venom. They are the largest order of arachnids and rank seventh in total species diversity among all other orders of organisms. Spiders are found worldwide on every continent except for Antarctica, and have become established in nearly every habitat with the exceptions of air and sea colonization. As of November 2015, at least 45,700 spider species, and 114 families have been recorded by taxonomists. However, there has been dissension within the scientific community as to how all these families should be classified, as evidenced by the over 20 different classifications that have been proposed since 1900.
Anatomically, spiders differ from other arthropods in that the usual body segments are fused into two tagmata, the cephalothorax and abdomen, and joined by a small, cylindrical pedicel. Unlike insects, spiders do not have antennae. In all except the most primitive group, the Mesothelae, spiders have the most centralized nervous systems of all arthropods, as all their ganglia are fused into one mass in the cephalothorax. Unlike most arthropods, spiders have no extensor muscles in their limbs and instead extend them by hydraulic pressure.
Their abdomens bear appendages that have been modified into spinnerets that extrude silk from up to six types of glands. Spider webs vary widely in size, shape and the amount of sticky thread used. It now appears that the spiral orb web may be one of the earliest forms, and spiders that produce tangled cobwebs are more abundant and diverse than orb-web spiders. Spider-like arachnids with silk-producing spigots appeared in the Devonian period about 386 million years ago, but these animals apparently lacked spinnerets. True spiders have been found in Carboniferous rocks from 318 to 299 million years ago, and are very similar to the most primitive surviving suborder, the Mesothelae. The main groups of modern spiders, Mygalomorphae and Araneomorphae, first appeared in the Triassic period, before 200 million years ago.
A herbivorous species, Bagheera kiplingi, was described in 2008, but all other known species are predators, mostly preying on insects and on other spiders, although a few large species also take birds and lizards. Spiders use a wide range of strategies to capture prey: trapping it in sticky webs, lassoing it with sticky bolas, mimicking the prey to avoid detection, or running it down. Most detect prey mainly by sensing vibrations, but the active hunters have acute vision, and hunters of the genus Portia show signs of intelligence in their choice of tactics and ability to develop new ones. Spiders' guts are too narrow to take solids, and they liquefy their food by flooding it with digestive enzymes and grinding it with the bases of their pedipalps, as they do not have true jaws.
Male spiders identify themselves by a variety of complex courtship rituals to avoid being eaten by the females. Males of most species survive a few matings, limited mainly by their short life spans. Females weave silk egg-cases, each of which may contain hundreds of eggs. Females of many species care for their young, for example by carrying them around or by sharing food with them. A minority of species are social, building communal webs that may house anywhere from a few to 50,000 individuals. Social behavior ranges from precarious toleration, as in the widow spiders, to co-operative hunting and food-sharing. Although most spiders live for at most two years, tarantulas and other mygalomorph spiders can live up to 25 years in captivity.
While the venom of a few species is dangerous to humans, scientists are now researching the use of spider venom in medicine and as non-polluting pesticides. Spider silk provides a combination of lightness, strength and elasticity that is superior to that of synthetic materials, and spider silk genes have been inserted into mammals and plants to see if these can be used as silk factories. As a result of their wide range of behaviors, spiders have become common symbols in art and mythology symbolizing various combinations of patience, cruelty and creative powers. An abnormal fear of spiders is called arachnophobia.
DESCRIPTION
BODY PLAN
Spiders are chelicerates and therefore arthropods. As arthropods they have: segmented bodies with jointed limbs, all covered in a cuticle made of chitin and proteins; heads that are composed of several segments that fuse during the development of the embryo.[7] Being chelicerates, their bodies consist of two tagmata, sets of segments that serve similar functions: the foremost one, called the cephalothorax or prosoma, is a complete fusion of the segments that in an insect would form two separate tagmata, the head and thorax; the rear tagma is called the abdomen or opisthosoma. In spiders, the cephalothorax and abdomen are connected by a small cylindrical section, the pedicel. The pattern of segment fusion that forms chelicerates' heads is unique among arthropods, and what would normally be the first head segment disappears at an early stage of development, so that chelicerates lack the antennae typical of most arthropods. In fact, chelicerates' only appendages ahead of the mouth are a pair of chelicerae, and they lack anything that would function directly as "jaws". The first appendages behind the mouth are called pedipalps, and serve different functions within different groups of chelicerates.
Spiders and scorpions are members of one chelicerate group, the arachnids. Scorpions' chelicerae have three sections and are used in feeding. Spiders' chelicerae have two sections and terminate in fangs that are generally venomous, and fold away behind the upper sections while not in use. The upper sections generally have thick "beards" that filter solid lumps out of their food, as spiders can take only liquid food. Scorpions' pedipalps generally form large claws for capturing prey, while those of spiders are fairly small appendages whose bases also act as an extension of the mouth; in addition, those of male spiders have enlarged last sections used for sperm transfer.
In spiders, the cephalothorax and abdomen are joined by a small, cylindrical pedicel, which enables the abdomen to move independently when producing silk. The upper surface of the cephalothorax is covered by a single, convex carapace, while the underside is covered by two rather flat plates. The abdomen is soft and egg-shaped. It shows no sign of segmentation, except that the primitive Mesothelae, whose living members are the Liphistiidae, have segmented plates on the upper surface.
Like other arthropods, spiders are coelomates in which the coelom is reduced to small areas round the reproductive and excretory systems. Its place is largely taken by a hemocoel, a cavity that runs most of the length of the body and through which blood flows. The heart is a tube in the upper part of the body, with a few ostia that act as non-return valves allowing blood to enter the heart from the hemocoel but prevent it from leaving before it reaches the front end. However, in spiders, it occupies only the upper part of the abdomen, and blood is discharged into the hemocoel by one artery that opens at the rear end of the abdomen and by branching arteries that pass through the pedicle and open into several parts of the cephalothorax. Hence spiders have open circulatory systems. The blood of many spiders that have book lungs contains the respiratory pigment hemocyanin to make oxygen transport more efficient.
Spiders have developed several different respiratory anatomies, based on book lungs, a tracheal system, or both. Mygalomorph and Mesothelae spiders have two pairs of book lungs filled with haemolymph, where openings on the ventral surface of the abdomen allow air to enter and diffuse oxygen. This is also the case for some basal araneomorph spiders, like the family Hypochilidae, but the remaining members of this group have just the anterior pair of book lungs intact while the posterior pair of breathing organs are partly or fully modified into tracheae, through which oxygen is diffused into the haemolymph or directly to the tissue and organs. The trachea system has most likely evolved in small ancestors to help resist desiccation. The trachea were originally connected to the surroundings through a pair of openings called spiracles, but in the majority of spiders this pair of spiracles has fused into a single one in the middle, and moved backwards close to the spinnerets. Spiders that have tracheae generally have higher metabolic rates and better water conservation. Spiders are ectotherms, so environmental temperatures affect their activity.
FEEDING, DIGESTION AND EXCRETION
Uniquely among chelicerates, the final sections of spiders' chelicerae are fangs, and the great majority of spiders can use them to inject venom into prey from venom glands in the roots of the chelicerae. The family Uloboridae has lost its venom glands, and kills its prey with silk instead. Like most arachnids, including scorpions, spiders have a narrow gut that can only cope with liquid food and spiders have two sets of filters to keep solids out. They use one of two different systems of external digestion. Some pump digestive enzymes from the midgut into the prey and then suck the liquified tissues of the prey into the gut, eventually leaving behind the empty husk of the prey. Others grind the prey to pulp using the chelicerae and the bases of the pedipalps, while flooding it with enzymes; in these species, the chelicerae and the bases of the pedipalps form a preoral cavity that holds the food they are processing.
The stomach in the cephalothorax acts as a pump that sends the food deeper into the digestive system. The mid gut bears many digestive ceca, compartments with no other exit, that extract nutrients from the food; most are in the abdomen, which is dominated by the digestive system, but a few are found in the cephalothorax.
Most spiders convert nitrogenous waste products into uric acid, which can be excreted as a dry material. Malphigian tubules ("little tubes") extract these wastes from the blood in the hemocoel and dump them into the cloacal chamber, from which they are expelled through the anus. Production of uric acid and its removal via Malphigian tubules are a water-conserving feature that has evolved independently in several arthropod lineages that can live far away from water,[14] for example the tubules of insects and arachnids develop from completely different parts of the embryo. However, a few primitive spiders, the sub-order Mesothelae and infra-order Mygalomorphae, retain the ancestral arthropod nephridia ("little kidneys"), which use large amounts of water to excrete nitrogenous waste products as ammonia.
CENTRAL NERVOS SYSTEM
The basic arthropod central nervous system consists of a pair of nerve cords running below the gut, with paired ganglia as local control centers in all segments; a brain formed by fusion of the ganglia for the head segments ahead of and behind the mouth, so that the esophagus is encircled by this conglomeration of ganglia. Except for the primitive Mesothelae, of which the Liphistiidae are the sole surviving family, spiders have the much more centralized nervous system that is typical of arachnids: all the ganglia of all segments behind the esophagus are fused, so that the cephalothorax is largely filled with nervous tissue and there are no ganglia in the abdomen; in the Mesothelae, the ganglia of the abdomen and the rear part of the cephalothorax remain unfused.
Despite the relatively small central nervous system, some spiders (like Portia) exhibit complex behaviour, including the ability to use a trial-and-error approach.
SENSE ORGANS
EYES
Most spiders have four pairs of eyes on the top-front area of the cephalothorax, arranged in patterns that vary from one family to another. The pair at the front are of the type called pigment-cup ocelli ("little eyes"), which in most arthropods are only capable of detecting the direction from which light is coming, using the shadow cast by the walls of the cup. However, the main eyes at the front of spiders' heads are pigment-cup ocelli that are capable of forming images. The other eyes are thought to be derived from the compound eyes of the ancestral chelicerates, but no longer have the separate facets typical of compound eyes. Unlike the main eyes, in many spiders these secondary eyes detect light reflected from a reflective tapetum lucidum, and wolf spiders can be spotted by torch light reflected from the tapeta. On the other hand, jumping spiders' secondary eyes have no tapeta. Some jumping spiders' visual acuity exceeds by a factor of ten that of dragonflies, which have by far the best vision among insects; in fact the human eye is only about five times sharper than a jumping spider's. They achieve this by a telephoto-like series of lenses, a four-layer retina and the ability to swivel their eyes and integrate images from different stages in the scan. The downside is that the scanning and integrating processes are relatively slow.
There are spiders with a reduced number of eyes, of these those with six-eyes are the most numerous and are missing a pair of eyes on the anterior median line, others species have four-eyes and some just two. Cave dwelling species have no eyes, or possess vestigial eyes incapable of sight.
OTHER SENSES
As with other arthropods, spiders' cuticles would block out information about the outside world, except that they are penetrated by many sensors or connections from sensors to the nervous system. In fact, spiders and other arthropods have modified their cuticles into elaborate arrays of sensors. Various touch sensors, mostly bristles called setae, respond to different levels of force, from strong contact to very weak air currents. Chemical sensors provide equivalents of taste and smell, often by means of setae. Pedipalps carry a large number of such setae sensitive to contact chemicals and air-borne smells, such as female pheromones. Spiders also have in the joints of their limbs slit sensillae that detect forces and vibrations. In web-building spiders, all these mechanical and chemical sensors are more important than the eyes, while the eyes are most important to spiders that hunt actively.
Like most arthropods, spiders lack balance and acceleration sensors and rely on their eyes to tell them which way is up. Arthropods' proprioceptors, sensors that report the force exerted by muscles and the degree of bending in the body and joints, are well understood. On the other hand, little is known about what other internal sensors spiders or other arthropods may have.
LOCOMOTION
Each of the eight legs of a spider consists of seven distinct parts. The part closest to and attaching the leg to the cephalothorax is the coxa; the next segment is the short trochanter that works as a hinge for the following long segment, the femur; next is the spider's knee, the patella, which acts as the hinge for the tibia; the metatarsus is next, and it connects the tibia to the tarsus (which may be thought of as a foot of sorts); the tarsus ends in a claw made up of either two or three points, depending on the family to which the spider belongs. Although all arthropods use muscles attached to the inside of the exoskeleton to flex their limbs, spiders and a few other groups still use hydraulic pressure to extend them, a system inherited from their pre-arthropod ancestors. The only extensor muscles in spider legs are located in the three hip joints (bordering the coxa and the trochanter). As a result, a spider with a punctured cephalothorax cannot extend its legs, and the legs of dead spiders curl up. Spiders can generate pressures up to eight times their resting level to extend their legs, and jumping spiders can jump up to 50 times their own length by suddenly increasing the blood pressure in the third or fourth pair of legs. Although larger spiders use hydraulics to straighten their legs, unlike smaller jumping spiders they depend on their flexor muscles to generate the propulsive force for their jumps.
Most spiders that hunt actively, rather than relying on webs, have dense tufts of fine hairs between the paired claws at the tips of their legs. These tufts, known as scopulae, consist of bristles whose ends are split into as many as 1,000 branches, and enable spiders with scopulae to walk up vertical glass and upside down on ceilings. It appears that scopulae get their grip from contact with extremely thin layers of water on surfaces. Spiders, like most other arachnids, keep at least four legs on the surface while walking or running.
SILK PRODUCTION
The abdomen has no appendages except those that have been modified to form one to four (usually three) pairs of short, movable spinnerets, which emit silk. Each spinneret has many spigots, each of which is connected to one silk gland. There are at least six types of silk gland, each producing a different type of silk.
Silk is mainly composed of a protein very similar to that used in insect silk. It is initially a liquid, and hardens not by exposure to air but as a result of being drawn out, which changes the internal structure of the protein. It is similar in tensile strength to nylon and biological materials such as chitin, collagen and cellulose, but is much more elastic. In other words, it can stretch much further before breaking or losing shape.
Some spiders have a cribellum, a modified spinneret with up to 40,000 spigots, each of which produces a single very fine fiber. The fibers are pulled out by the calamistrum, a comb-like set of bristles on the jointed tip of the cribellum, and combined into a composite woolly thread that is very effective in snagging the bristles of insects. The earliest spiders had cribella, which produced the first silk capable of capturing insects, before spiders developed silk coated with sticky droplets. However, most modern groups of spiders have lost the cribellum.
Tarantulas also have silk glands in their feet.
Even species that do not build webs to catch prey use silk in several ways: as wrappers for sperm and for fertilized eggs; as a "safety rope"; for nest-building; and as "parachutes" by the young of some species.
REPRODUCTION AND LIFE CYCLE
Spiders reproduce sexually and fertilization is internal but indirect, in other words the sperm is not inserted into the female's body by the male's genitals but by an intermediate stage. Unlike many land-living arthropods, male spiders do not produce ready-made spermatophores (packages of sperm), but spin small sperm webs on to which they ejaculate and then transfer the sperm to special syringe-like structures, palpal bulbs or palpal organs, borne on the tips of the pedipalps of mature males. When a male detects signs of a female nearby he checks whether she is of the same species and whether she is ready to mate; for example in species that produce webs or "safety ropes", the male can identify the species and sex of these objects by "smell".
Spiders generally use elaborate courtship rituals to prevent the large females from eating the small males before fertilization, except where the male is so much smaller that he is not worth eating. In web-weaving species, precise patterns of vibrations in the web are a major part of the rituals, while patterns of touches on the female's body are important in many spiders that hunt actively, and may "hypnotize" the female. Gestures and dances by the male are important for jumping spiders, which have excellent eyesight. If courtship is successful, the male injects his sperm from the palpal bulbs into the female's genital opening, known as the epigyne, on the underside of her abdomen. Female's reproductive tracts vary from simple tubes to systems that include seminal receptacles in which females store sperm and release it when they are ready.
Males of the genus Tidarren amputate one of their palps before maturation and enter adult life with one palp only. The palps are 20% of male's body mass in this species, and detaching one of the two improves mobility. In the Yemeni species Tidarren argo, the remaining palp is then torn off by the female. The separated palp remains attached to the female's epigynum for about four hours and apparently continues to function independently. In the meantime, the female feeds on the palpless male. In over 60% of cases, the female of the Australian redback spider kills and eats the male after it inserts its second palp into the female's genital opening; in fact, the males co-operate by trying to impale themselves on the females' fangs. Observation shows that most male redbacks never get an opportunity to mate, and the "lucky" ones increase the likely number of offspring by ensuring that the females are well-fed. However, males of most species survive a few matings, limited mainly by their short life spans. Some even live for a while in their mates' webs.
Females lay up to 3,000 eggs in one or more silk egg sacs, which maintain a fairly constant humidity level. In some species, the females die afterwards, but females of other species protect the sacs by attaching them to their webs, hiding them in nests, carrying them in the chelicerae or attaching them to the spinnerets and dragging them along.
Baby spiders pass all their larval stages inside the egg and hatch as spiderlings, very small and sexually immature but similar in shape to adults. Some spiders care for their young, for example a wolf spider's brood cling to rough bristles on the mother's back, and females of some species respond to the "begging" behaviour of their young by giving them their prey, provided it is no longer struggling, or even regurgitate food.
Like other arthropods, spiders have to molt to grow as their cuticle ("skin") cannot stretch. In some species males mate with newly molted females, which are too weak to be dangerous to the males. Most spiders live for only one to two years, although some tarantulas can live in captivity for over 20 years.
SIZE
Spiders occur in a large range of sizes. The smallest, Patu digua from Colombia, are less than 0.37 mm in body length. The largest and heaviest spiders occur among tarantulas, which can have body lengths up to 90 mm and leg spans up to 250 mm.
ECOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR
NON-PREDATORY FEEDING
Although spiders are generally regarded as predatory, the jumping spider Bagheera kiplingi gets over 90% of its food from fairly solid plant material produced by acacias as part of a mutually beneficial relationship with a species of ant.
Juveniles of some spiders in the families Anyphaenidae, Corinnidae, Clubionidae, Thomisidae and Salticidae feed on plant nectar. Laboratory studies show that they do so deliberately and over extended periods, and periodically clean themselves while feeding. These spiders also prefer sugar solutions to plain water, which indicates that they are seeking nutrients. Since many spiders are nocturnal, the extent of nectar consumption by spiders may have been underestimated. Nectar contains amino acids, lipids, vitamins and minerals in addition to sugars, and studies have shown that other spider species live longer when nectar is available. Feeding on nectar avoids the risks of struggles with prey, and the costs of producing venom and digestive enzymes.
Various species are known to feed on dead arthropods (scavenging), web silk, and their own shed exoskeletons. Pollen caught in webs may also be eaten, and studies have shown that young spiders have a better chance of survival if they have the opportunity to eat pollen. In captivity, several spider species are also known to feed on bananas, marmalade, milk, egg yolk and sausages.
METHODS OF CAPTURING PREY
The best-known method of prey capture is by means of sticky webs. Varying placement of webs allows different species of spider to trap different insects in the same area, for example flat horizontal webs trap insects that fly up from vegetation underneath while flat vertical webs trap insects in horizontal flight. Web-building spiders have poor vision, but are extremely sensitive to vibrations.
Females of the water spider Argyroneta aquatica build underwater "diving bell" webs that they fill with air and use for digesting prey, molting, mating and raising offspring. They live almost entirely within the bells, darting out to catch prey animals that touch the bell or the threads that anchor it. A few spiders use the surfaces of lakes and ponds as "webs", detecting trapped insects by the vibrations that these cause while struggling.
Net-casting spiders weave only small webs, but then manipulate them to trap prey. Those of the genus Hyptiotes and the family Theridiosomatidae stretch their webs and then release them when prey strike them, but do not actively move their webs. Those of the family Deinopidae weave even smaller webs, hold them outstretched between their first two pairs of legs, and lunge and push the webs as much as twice their own body length to trap prey, and this move may increase the webs' area by a factor of up to ten. Experiments have shown that Deinopis spinosus has two different techniques for trapping prey: backwards strikes to catch flying insects, whose vibrations it detects; and forward strikes to catch ground-walking prey that it sees. These two techniques have also been observed in other deinopids. Walking insects form most of the prey of most deinopids, but one population of Deinopis subrufa appears to live mainly on tipulid flies that they catch with the backwards strike.
Mature female bolas spiders of the genus Mastophora build "webs" that consist of only a single "trapeze line", which they patrol. They also construct a bolas made of a single thread, tipped with a large ball of very wet sticky silk. They emit chemicals that resemble the pheromones of moths, and then swing the bolas at the moths. Although they miss on about 50% of strikes, they catch about the same weight of insects per night as web-weaving spiders of similar size. The spiders eat the bolas if they have not made a kill in about 30 minutes, rest for a while, and then make new bolas. Juveniles and adult males are much smaller and do not make bolas. Instead they release different pheromones that attract moth flies, and catch them with their front pairs of legs.
The primitive Liphistiidae, the "trapdoor spiders" of the family Ctenizidae and many tarantulas are ambush predators that lurk in burrows, often closed by trapdoors and often surrounded by networks of silk threads that alert these spiders to the presence of prey. Other ambush predators do without such aids, including many crab spiders, and a few species that prey on bees, which see ultraviolet, can adjust their ultraviolet reflectance to match the flowers in which they are lurking. Wolf spiders, jumping spiders, fishing spiders and some crab spiders capture prey by chasing it, and rely mainly on vision to locate prey.Some jumping spiders of the genus Portia hunt other spiders in ways that seem intelligent, outflanking their victims or luring them from their webs. Laboratory studies show that Portia's instinctive tactics are only starting points for a trial-and-error approach from which these spiders learn very quickly how to overcome new prey species. However, they seem to be relatively slow "thinkers", which is not surprising, as their brains are vastly smaller than those of mammalian predators.
Ant-mimicking spiders face several challenges: they generally develop slimmer abdomens and false "waists" in the cephalothorax to mimic the three distinct regions (tagmata) of an ant's body; they wave the first pair of legs in front of their heads to mimic antennae, which spiders lack, and to conceal the fact that they have eight legs rather than six; they develop large color patches round one pair of eyes to disguise the fact that they generally have eight simple eyes, while ants have two compound eyes; they cover their bodies with reflective hairs to resemble the shiny bodies of ants. In some spider species, males and females mimic different ant species, as female spiders are usually much larger than males. Ant-mimicking spiders also modify their behavior to resemble that of the target species of ant; for example, many adopt a zig-zag pattern of movement, ant-mimicking jumping spiders avoid jumping, and spiders of the genus Synemosyna walk on the outer edges of leaves in the same way as Pseudomyrmex. Ant-mimicry in many spiders and other arthropods may be for protection from predators that hunt by sight, including birds, lizards and spiders. However, several ant-mimicking spiders prey either on ants or on the ants' "livestock", such as aphids. When at rest, the ant-mimicking crab spider Amyciaea does not closely resemble Oecophylla, but while hunting it imitates the behavior of a dying ant to attract worker ants. After a kill, some ant-mimicking spiders hold their victims between themselves and large groups of ants to avoid being attacked.
DEFENSE
There is strong evidence that spiders' coloration is camouflage that helps them to evade their major predators, birds and parasitic wasps, both of which have good color vision. Many spider species are colored so as to merge with their most common backgrounds, and some have disruptive coloration, stripes and blotches that break up their outlines. In a few species, such as the Hawaiian happy-face spider, Theridion grallator, several coloration schemes are present in a ratio that appears to remain constant, and this may make it more difficult for predators to recognize the species. Most spiders are insufficiently dangerous or unpleasant-tasting for warning coloration to offer much benefit. However, a few species with powerful venoms, large jaws or irritant hairs have patches of warning colors, and some actively display these colors when threatened.
Many of the family Theraphosidae, which includes tarantulas and baboon spiders, have urticating hairs on their abdomens and use their legs to flick them at attackers. These hairs are fine setae (bristles) with fragile bases and a row of barbs on the tip. The barbs cause intense irritation but there is no evidence that they carry any kind of venom. A few defend themselves against wasps by including networks of very robust threads in their webs, giving the spider time to flee while the wasps are struggling with the obstacles. The golden wheeling spider, Carparachne aureoflava, of the Namibian desert escapes parasitic wasps by flipping onto its side and cartwheeling down sand dunes.
SOZIAL SPIDERS
A few spider species that build webs live together in large colonies and show social behavior, although not as complex as in social insects. Anelosimus eximius (in the family Theridiidae) can form colonies of up to 50,000 individuals. The genus Anelosimus has a strong tendency towards sociality: all known American species are social, and species in Madagascar are at least somewhat social. Members of other species in the same family but several different genera have independently developed social behavior. For example, although Theridion nigroannulatum belongs to a genus with no other social species, T. nigroannulatum build colonies that may contain several thousand individuals that co-operate in prey capture and share food. Other communal spiders include several Philoponella species (family Uloboridae), Agelena consociata (family Agelenidae) and Mallos gregalis (family Dictynidae). Social predatory spiders need to defend their prey against kleptoparasites ("thieves"), and larger colonies are more successful in this. The herbivorous spider Bagheera kiplingi lives in small colonies which help to protect eggs and spiderlings. Even widow spiders (genus Latrodectus), which are notoriously cannibalistic, have formed small colonies in captivity, sharing webs and feeding together.
WEB TYPES
There is no consistent relationship between the classification of spiders and the types of web they build: species in the same genus may build very similar or significantly different webs. Nor is there much correspondence between spiders' classification and the chemical composition of their silks. Convergent evolution in web construction, in other words use of similar techniques by remotely related species, is rampant. Orb web designs and the spinning behaviors that produce them are the best understood. The basic radial-then-spiral sequence visible in orb webs and the sense of direction required to build them may have been inherited from the common ancestors of most spider groups. However, the majority of spiders build non-orb webs. It used to be thought that the sticky orb web was an evolutionary innovation resulting in the diversification of the Orbiculariae. Now, however, it appears that non-orb spiders are a sub-group that evolved from orb-web spiders, and non-orb spiders have over 40% more species and are four times as abundant as orb-web spiders. Their greater success may be because sphecid wasps, which are often the dominant predators of spiders, much prefer to attack spiders that have flat webs.
ORB WEBS
About half the potential prey that hit orb webs escape. A web has to perform three functions: intercepting the prey (intersection), absorbing its momentum without breaking (stopping), and trapping the prey by entangling it or sticking to it (retention). No single design is best for all prey. For example: wider spacing of lines will increase the web's area and hence its ability to intercept prey, but reduce its stopping power and retention; closer spacing, larger sticky droplets and thicker lines would improve retention, but would make it easier for potential prey to see and avoid the web, at least during the day. However, there are no consistent differences between orb webs built for use during the day and those built for use at night. In fact, there is no simple relationship between orb web design features and the prey they capture, as each orb-weaving species takes a wide range of prey.
The hubs of orb webs, where the spiders lurk, are usually above the center, as the spiders can move downwards faster than upwards. If there is an obvious direction in which the spider can retreat to avoid its own predators, the hub is usually offset towards that direction.
Horizontal orb webs are fairly common, despite being less effective at intercepting and retaining prey and more vulnerable to damage by rain and falling debris. Various researchers have suggested that horizontal webs offer compensating advantages, such as reduced vulnerability to wind damage; reduced visibility to prey flying upwards, because of the back-lighting from the sky; enabling oscillations to catch insects in slow horizontal flight. However, there is no single explanation for the common use of horizontal orb webs.
Spiders often attach highly visible silk bands, called decorations or stabilimenta, to their webs. Field research suggests that webs with more decorative bands captured more prey per hour. However, a laboratory study showed that spiders reduce the building of these decorations if they sense the presence of predators.
In 1973, Skylab 3 took two orb-web spiders into space to test their web-spinning capabilities in zero gravity. At first, both produced rather sloppy webs, but they adapted quickly.
Tangleweb spiders (cobweb spiders)
Members of the family Theridiidae weave irregular, tangled, three-dimensional webs, popularly known as cobwebs. There seems to be an evolutionary trend towards a reduction in the amount of sticky silk used, leading to its total absence in some species. The construction of cobwebs is less stereotyped than that of orb-webs, and may take several days.
OTHER TYPES OF WEBS
The Linyphiidae generally make horizontal but uneven sheets, with tangles of stopping threads above. Insects that hit the stopping threads fall onto the sheet or are shaken onto it by the spider, and are held by sticky threads on the sheet until the spider can attack from below.
EVOLUTION
FOSSIL RECORD
Although the fossil record of spiders is considered poor, almost 1000 species have been described from fossils. Because spiders' bodies are quite soft, the vast majority of fossil spiders have been found preserved in amber. The oldest known amber that contains fossil arthropods dates from 130 million years ago in the Early Cretaceous period. In addition to preserving spiders' anatomy in very fine detail, pieces of amber show spiders mating, killing prey, producing silk and possibly caring for their young. In a few cases, amber has preserved spiders' egg sacs and webs, occasionally with prey attached; the oldest fossil web found so far is 100 million years old. Earlier spider fossils come from a few lagerstätten, places where conditions were exceptionally suited to preserving fairly soft tissues.
The oldest known exclusively terrestrial arachnid is the trigonotarbid Palaeotarbus jerami, from about 420 million years ago in the Silurian period, and had a triangular cephalothorax and segmented abdomen, as well as eight legs and a pair of pedipalps. Attercopus fimbriunguis, from 386 million years ago in the Devonian period, bears the earliest known silk-producing spigots, and was therefore hailed as a spider at the time of its discovery. However, these spigots may have been mounted on the underside of the abdomen rather than on spinnerets, which are modified appendages and whose mobility is important in the building of webs. Hence Attercopus and the similar Permian arachnid Permarachne may not have been true spiders, and probably used silk for lining nests or producing egg-cases rather than for building webs. The largest known fossil spider as of 2011 is the araneid Nephila jurassica, from about 165 million years ago, recorded from Daohuogo, Inner Mongolia in China. Its body length is almost 25 mm.
Several Carboniferous spiders were members of the Mesothelae, a primitive group now represented only by the Liphistiidae. The mesothelid Paleothele montceauensis, from the Late Carboniferous over 299 million years ago, had five spinnerets. Although the Permian period 299 to 251 million years ago saw rapid diversification of flying insects, there are very few fossil spiders from this period.
The main groups of modern spiders, Mygalomorphae and Araneomorphae, first appear in the Triassic well before 200 million years ago. Some Triassic mygalomorphs appear to be members of the family Hexathelidae, whose modern members include the notorious Sydney funnel-web spider, and their spinnerets appear adapted for building funnel-shaped webs to catch jumping insects. Araneomorphae account for the great majority of modern spiders, including those that weave the familiar orb-shaped webs. The Jurassic and Cretaceous periods provide a large number of fossil spiders, including representatives of many modern families.
FAMILY TREE
It is now agreed that spiders (Araneae) are monophyletic (i.e., members of a group of organisms that form a clade, consisting of a last common ancestor and all of its descendants). There has been debate about what their closest evolutionary relatives are, and how all of these evolved from the ancestral chelicerates, which were marine animals. The cladogram on the right is based on J. W. Shultz' analysis (2007). Other views include proposals that: scorpions are more closely related to the extinct marine scorpion-like eurypterids than to spiders; spiders and Amblypygi are a monophyletic group. The appearance of several multi-way branchings in the tree on the right shows that there are still uncertainties about relationships between the groups involved.
Arachnids lack some features of other chelicerates, including backward-pointing mouths and gnathobases ("jaw bases") at the bases of their legs; both of these features are part of the ancestral arthropod feeding system. Instead, they have mouths that point forwards and downwards, and all have some means of breathing air. Spiders (Araneae) are distinguished from other arachnid groups by several characteristics, including spinnerets and, in males, pedipalps that are specially adapted for sperm transfer.
TAXONOMY
Spiders are divided into two suborders, Mesothelae and Opisthothelae, of which the latter contains two infraorders, Mygalomorphae and Araneomorphae. Nearly 46,000 living species of spiders (order Araneae) have been identified and are currently grouped into about 114 families and about 4,000 genera by arachnologists.
WIKIPEDIA
3D Printed Orthopedic Implants Market Global Trends, Market Share, Industry Size, Growth, Opportunities, and Market Forecast 2019 to 2026
Development of metal printing technologies, 510(k) clearance from the FDA (the US Food and Drug Administration), rise in orthopaedic disorders, development of 3D printed orthopaedic devices are factors promoting 3D printed orthopaedic implant market. The National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority i.e. NPPA’s recent view on margins of trade and cap prices is encouraging the 3D printed orthopaedic implants rigorous research and innovative findings activities. One of such promising results is that of dual mobility orthopaedic implants where patients with successful implants observed no or zero dislocation for at least 3 years post implants. Additionally, the approvals of robotic surgery systems for orthopaedic implants from the FDA is positively fortifying the investments by market players to provide advanced technological assistance during the implant procedures.
These factors serve as indicators that the global 3D printed orthopaedic implant market will strike a substantial CAGR during the forecast period from 2019-2026.
3D Printed Orthopedic Implant Market Restraints
Although the 3D printed orthopedic implants tend to be near perfect and precisely non-invasive due to use of artificial intelligence, they tend to be highly expensive. Reducing the prices for widely required implants like knee, shoulder and hip remains on the top health care agenda for the governments and medical associations across the world. The implant and surgical guides need to be used correctly to ensure complex 3d implants provide desired comfort and results. However very few market players provide assistance to the surgical teams post sales of personalised implant kit.
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Global 3D Printed Orthopedic Implant Market, by Implant Type
• Cranial/Facial Implant
• Spinal Implant
• Hip Implants
• Knee Implants
• Extremities Implants
Knee implants are a widespread practice due increase in the number of orthopaedic issues, rheumatic arthritis and ageing population. Hence knee implants are anticipated to grow at a healthy CAGR during the forecast period, followed by the hip implants.
Global 3D Printed Orthopedic Implant Market, by Material Type
• Metal
• Polymer
• Plastic
Implant material type segmentation is majorly dominated by metal segment, as titanium and calcium phosphate remain primary materials used in building regenerative implants for knees, spine hip and so on. The newer 3D printing technologies are facilitating innovative use of polymers along with bioactive materials that are anticipated to abode the global 3D printed orthopaedic implant surgeries at medical breakthrough horizons in coming years.
Global 3D Printed Orthopedic Implant Market, by End-User
• Hospital
• Outpatient Centres
• Ambulatory Surgical Centres
• Orthopedic Clinics
Global 3D Printed Orthopedic Implant Market, by Region:
• Europe
• North America
• APAC
• Latin America
• Rest of The World
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Competitive Landscape:
• Tier 1 players- established companies in the market with a major market share
• Tier 2 players
• Emerging players which are growing rapidly
• New Entrants
FutureWise Takeaways
• Growth prospects
• SWOT analysis
• Key trends
• Key data-points affecting market growth
Objectives of the Study:
• To provide with an exhaustive analysis on 3D printed orthopaedic implants market by implant type, material, end-user and region
• To cater comprehensive information on factors impacting market growth (drivers, restraints, opportunities, and industry-specific restraints)
• To evaluate and forecast micro-markets and the overall market
• To predict the market size, in key regions (along with countries)—North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, and the Middle East
• To record evaluate and competitive landscape mapping- product launches, technological advancements, mergers and expansions
• Profiling of companies to evaluate their market shares, strategies, financials and core competencies
• To predict the market size, in key regions (along with countries)— North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America and Middle East & Africa
• To record evaluate and competitive landscape mapping- product launches, technological advancements, mergers and expansions
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Shakhrisabz is, above all, associated with the Ak-Saray palace. Many amazing legends are linked with the history of the palace's construction. According to one of them, Timur began to think of building a magnificent edifice, summoned an architect and set out his objective. After listening to the ruler, the architect asked to be allowed into the state exchequer. When permission was granted, the craftsman started to make foundation blocks from clay mixed with gold in full view of Timur.
Seeing that the ruler remained impassive, he broke up the blocks and returned the gold to the exchequer. When Timur asked: "Why did you do that?" the architect replied: "So as to make sure of your determination to embark on constructing a building that requires vast expenditure." A second legend recounts that, after the main building work had been completed, Timur began to tell the craftsmen to hurry up and finish the decorative facing of the palace. But they were in no hurry to cover the building with majolica and mosaic. When the angry ruler ordered the chief architect to be brought before him, it emerged that had vanished after hanging a chain in the centre of the palace's main arch. Since no other craftsman of equal stature could be found, the building remained unfinished. Some time later, however, the architect suddenly appeared and, after making sure that the chain on the entrance arch was now considerably lower, embarked on decorating the building.
When Timur demanded an explanation of his strange flight and sudden reappearance, the architect replied: "I dared not disobey my sovereign's command, but I could not carry it out either. Stern punishment awaited me in either case, since such a majestic building had to settle and bed down firmly in the ground, otherwise all the decoration on it would be destroyed." The great ruler appreciated the craftsman's wisdom and resourcefulness.
The palace building in Shahrisabz took over a quarter of a century to construct. The Spanish ambassador, Ruy Gonzalez de Clavijo, who passed through Shahrisabz in 1404 on his way to the court of Timur in Samarkand, was astounded and charmed by the architectural miracle, and he left a detailed description of it, noting, however, that the splendid artistic decoration of the palace was still unfinished. The overall layout, scale and artistic appearance of Ak-Saray can be reconstituted from the descriptions of contemporaries and eyewitnesses, as well as from the results of archaeological excavation at the site. According to written accounts, the palace consisted of several stately, living or service quarters, grouped around separate courtyards.
The overall scale of the palace is impressive: the main courtyard alone, which has been reconstituted from the micro relief, was 120 - 125 m wide and 240 - 250 m long. The size of the other courtyards and of the outer perimeter of the palace has not been reconstructed owing to severe disturbance of the micro relief in the 15th - 16th centuries. Calculation of the proportions of the surviving elements of the site makes it fairly certain that the height of the main portal reached 70 m. It was topped by arched pinnacles (ko'ngra), while corner towers on a multifaceted pedestal were at least 80 m high. The main entrance portal was 50 m wide, and the arch had the largest span, 22.5 m, in Central Asia.
The architectural decor, featuring a wide variety of designs and colours, is particularly noteworthy in the artistic appearance of Ak-Saray. When using various techniques, however, the craftsmen bore in mind that the palace's main portal faced north, towards the capital, Samarkand. Given the poor light, the architects used only flat segmentation here and hence a continuous decorative treatment. The use of brick mosaic work, mainly dark and light blue in colour, forming large geometrical and epigraphic designs on a background of polished building brick, gives the portal a special softness of colour and an air of grand mystery.
The various mosaic and majolica work in the niche of the portal is particularly refined and highly coloured. The delicately executed ornamentation incorporates exquisite calligraphic inscriptions of mainly Koranic content, although secular ones are found too. In the midst of the decorative facing, an inscription has survived, giving the date of completion, 798 (1395 - 1396), and the name of the craftsman, Muhammad Yusuf Tebrizi (from the Azeri city of Tabriz). According to Clavijo, who visited Ak-Saray, "in this palace was a very long entrance and a very high portal, and by the entrance, to right and left, were brick arches covered with tiles painted with various designs. Beneath these arches was what looked like small rooms without doors, and the floor inside them was covered with tiles. This was done so that people could sit there when the king was present. Beyond this was another door and after that a large courtyard, paved with white slabs and surrounded by richly decorated galleries. In the middle of the courtyard was a large pool. The courtyard was some 300 paces wide, and it gave access to a large house, in which was a very high and wide door, decorated with gold, azure and tiles of very fine workmanship. In the middle, above the door, a lion was depicted, lying in the sun, and exactly the same picture was to be found at the edges. This was the device of the king of Samarkand. After this, the envoys were taken to look at the chamber that the king had appointed for sitting and feasting with his wives, very spacious and luxurious. Before it was a large garden with many shady and assorted fruit trees. Inside it were many pools and artfully sited meadows. By the entrance to this garden there was such a vast space that many people could have enjoyed themselves sitting there in the summertime beside the water and beneath the shade of the trees. The workmanship in the palace is so luxurious that, in order to describe everything well, one has to go and examine it a little at a time."
The Ak-Saray palace is a grandiose piece of civil architecture, and not just by Central Asian standards. Historical tradition ascribes the destruction of the majestic edifice to Abdullakhan, who, during one of the sieges of un-subdued Shahrisabz, is supposed to have ordered the splendid structures of Timur and his descendants to be demolished. Be that as it may, of the once luxurious royal palace only the pillars and part of the arch of the main portal remained by the second half of the 18th century.
(www.adgorithms.c(www.adgorithms.com) - om) - The major benefit of performance advertising is that your product can be seen the second it has gone online.
"Evaluating Superpixels in Video: Metrics Beyond Figure-Ground Segmentation", by Peer Neubert and Peter Protzel
Day 3, Session 06. Wednesday 11th September
This times the noted dissertation segments sequences. Get ready for the wise words and a nice cake! The event is open everyone. :)
(The reflection of the the photo capturer can be seen in this picture.)
The segmentation between the archway stones is not showing. I will either have to increase the space between them or increase the render quality.
This monument, like the court tomb in Laraghirril, which lies 1.5km to the W, stands in the relatively low-lying plain of good agricultural land stretching from Trawbreaga Bay on the W side of the Inishowen peninsula to Tremone Bay on its NE flank.
The monument, orientated approximately E-W, has been considerably damaged. It consists of the ruins of an unroofed segmented gallery, now almost 10m in overall length, set in a long mound. According to R.S. Young (1897), the gallery had been covered by a cairn of earth and rubble until it was exposed by the tenant when searching for stones. There are a considerable number of sizeable slabs and variously sized fragments of others lying at the site, particularly at the eastern end of the gallery. These are not shown on the plan. According to local information, dynamite was used to dislodge stones from the structure in the early part of the 20th century. Boreholes visible in three of the larger blocks of stone seem to confirm this.
The mound measures c. 30m E-W and narrows from c. 13m at the W to 10m close to its E end. It reaches a maximum height of c. 1m. Apart from spreads of stone near the gallery, it is largely grass grown. In 1982, when the plan published here was made, an extensive dump of material derived from field clearance obscured the western end of the mound. Since then similar material has been dumped in smaller amounts at other points adjacent to or on the perimeter of the mound.
The gallery appears to have consisted of at least three chambers. That at the E is largely destroyed, and all that survives are three orthostats of its northern side. The easternmost of these is 0.6m in exposed height. The second rises 0.4m above the top of the first. The third lies 0.6m W of and is 0.25m taller than the second. It partly overlaps the segmentation between the eastern and middle chambers. This segmentation is marked by a jamb placed longitudinally inside the line of the N side of the gallery, with an inclined sillstone set at right angles to its E end. The jamb is 0.8m high and rises 0.45m above the sill. There is sufficient space between the end of the sillstone and the S side of the gallery to accommodate a second jamb.
The middle chamber is c. 3.5m long and 1.7m wide. Three orthostats form each side. On the N side the easternmost orthostat and the stone next to it are the same height as the segmenting jamb already described, but both may originally have been taller, as they appear to be broken. The third orthostat on this side is a tall pillar-like stone that rises 0.6m above the other two. The heights of the orthostats on the S side of this chamber from E to W are 0.95m, 0.7m and 1.2m. A displaced slab (not on plan) lies to the S of this chamber.
The jambs dividing the middle chamber from the western chamber are set longitudinally inside the gallery walls. These are 0.8m apart but are only partly opposite each other. The southern one is 1.6m high. The northern one leans southward across the gallery and if upright would be the same height as the southern. The sole surviving sidestone of the western chamber adjoins the leaning jamb. It is 0.9m high. A large displaced slab, measuring at least 1.7m by 1.6m and 0.4m thick, lies across this ruined chamber. Its southern end rests on a stone protruding at an angle from the cairn material exposed here. Approximately 1.5m WSW of this is a firmly set stone 0.6m high. The status of these two stones is not clear. According to 'Maghtochair' (1867, 15), a large roofstone then covered one of the three chambers, but he did not specify which one. The large roofstone is also mentioned in an OS Name Book of 1848.
Whether there were more than the three chambers now apparent in the gallery cannot be established, nor is it known at which end the entrance lay.
The above description was published in the 'Survey of the Megalithic Tombs of Ireland. Volume VI, County Donegal.' Compiled by: Eamon Cody.
20. November 2019, Jugendstilhörsaal der MedUni Wien
“Multiparametic Diagnostics and Theranostics of Tumors”
Fabian Kiessling, Universitätsklinikum Aachen
Abstract:
Significant advances have been achieved in elucidating molecular regulations of cancer and numerous disease-related markers were identified. Additionally, imaging technologies steadily improved and are providing detailed insight into tissues’ morphology, function and molecular regulation. However, there is still a need to identify and quantify the most relevant information and to bring it into a mechanistic context.
In the first part of my talk, I present advanced imaging strategies to characterize tumors by assessing various “hallmarks of cancer” using non-invasive imaging and to assess therapy responses. In this context, I will discuss novel computer applications to improve data processing, lesion detection and segmentation as well as radiomic image analysis. However, taking a study on hepatocellular carcinoma therapy with a multispecific tyrosine kinase inhibitor as an example, I will also show that correlative analyses do not always lead to correct conclusions on biological mechanisms and that the interconnection and impact of the observed changes need to be understood.
The second part of my talk will be dedicated to drug delivery. Here, I will show how imaging can be used to improve the preselection of patients to therapies and discuss the value of nanomedicines and active targeting. Furthermore, I will highlight the potential of ultrasound mediated theranostics to overcome biological barriers and to improve tumor perfusion.
(c) MedUni Wien / Kovic
1/20/07
Boulevard Park, Seattle, Washington, U.S.A.
What makes this a nematode is the lack of segmentation that is in worms like earthworms. They're basically tubes.
20. November 2019, Jugendstilhörsaal der MedUni Wien
“Multiparametic Diagnostics and Theranostics of Tumors”
Fabian Kiessling, Universitätsklinikum Aachen
Abstract:
Significant advances have been achieved in elucidating molecular regulations of cancer and numerous disease-related markers were identified. Additionally, imaging technologies steadily improved and are providing detailed insight into tissues’ morphology, function and molecular regulation. However, there is still a need to identify and quantify the most relevant information and to bring it into a mechanistic context.
In the first part of my talk, I present advanced imaging strategies to characterize tumors by assessing various “hallmarks of cancer” using non-invasive imaging and to assess therapy responses. In this context, I will discuss novel computer applications to improve data processing, lesion detection and segmentation as well as radiomic image analysis. However, taking a study on hepatocellular carcinoma therapy with a multispecific tyrosine kinase inhibitor as an example, I will also show that correlative analyses do not always lead to correct conclusions on biological mechanisms and that the interconnection and impact of the observed changes need to be understood.
The second part of my talk will be dedicated to drug delivery. Here, I will show how imaging can be used to improve the preselection of patients to therapies and discuss the value of nanomedicines and active targeting. Furthermore, I will highlight the potential of ultrasound mediated theranostics to overcome biological barriers and to improve tumor perfusion.
(c) MedUni Wien / Kovic
20. November 2019, Jugendstilhörsaal der MedUni Wien
“Multiparametic Diagnostics and Theranostics of Tumors”
Fabian Kiessling, Universitätsklinikum Aachen
Abstract:
Significant advances have been achieved in elucidating molecular regulations of cancer and numerous disease-related markers were identified. Additionally, imaging technologies steadily improved and are providing detailed insight into tissues’ morphology, function and molecular regulation. However, there is still a need to identify and quantify the most relevant information and to bring it into a mechanistic context.
In the first part of my talk, I present advanced imaging strategies to characterize tumors by assessing various “hallmarks of cancer” using non-invasive imaging and to assess therapy responses. In this context, I will discuss novel computer applications to improve data processing, lesion detection and segmentation as well as radiomic image analysis. However, taking a study on hepatocellular carcinoma therapy with a multispecific tyrosine kinase inhibitor as an example, I will also show that correlative analyses do not always lead to correct conclusions on biological mechanisms and that the interconnection and impact of the observed changes need to be understood.
The second part of my talk will be dedicated to drug delivery. Here, I will show how imaging can be used to improve the preselection of patients to therapies and discuss the value of nanomedicines and active targeting. Furthermore, I will highlight the potential of ultrasound mediated theranostics to overcome biological barriers and to improve tumor perfusion.
(c) MedUni Wien / Kovic
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Photo by Vicki Rogers
Some sandstone in the Santa Cruz Mountains have variable levels of calcium carbonate segmentation resulting is certain parts being softer than others. The heavy rainfalls in our mountains contain carbon dioxide from the air which seeps into the sandstone and dissolves the softer areas of calcium carbonate holding the sand grains in place. During our dry season (we do have a short one,) the calcium carbonate is drawn to the rock's surface forming a deposit that resists erosion. This leaves the uncemented sand below to crumble away. The resulting caves and honeycomb formations are called tafoni.
There are three areas in the Santa Cruz Mountains, all off of Skyline Boulevard (Highway 35,) that are particularly known for their tafoni. The most well known is at Castle Rock State Park. The sandstone here is hard enough that climbing is allowed and on 80-foot high sandstone outcropping is particularly popular.
Across Skyline Boulevard from Castle Rock in Sanborn County Park their is Summit Rock. With an elevation of 3076 feet you can take in the tafoni along with a nice panorama view of the Silicon Valley. On the down side, there is some graffiti on Summit Rock probable. The county parks just aren't as well policed as state parks and the hike is short enough that slobs can find their way to deface this natural beauty.
The third area of noted tafoni is located in the El Corte de Madera Creek Open Space Preserve between Highway 92 and Woodside Road at Skegg's Point Caltrans Rest Stop. The rock is only 2.5 mile hike from Highway 35. However, the bad guys haven't discovered this area yet so please only tell your responsible friends. There are 33 miles of multi-use trains within this 2,821-acre preserve. The preserve was established to protect the headwaters of the San Gregorio Creek watershed that is critical habitat for steelhead trout and coho salmon. Therefore, certain trails have been closed to the public to enable restoration. Failure of visitors to respect these closures could easily result in the entire preserve being closed to the public. The sandstone at El Corte de Madera Creek is softer and more fragile than at places such as Castle Rock and climbing is not allowed here. The up side of the rock being more fragile is that the tafoni is more spectacular. So, we highly recommend this preserve to our responsible flickr photographer friends. The light at the sandstone is very filtered and I really needed to carry a sturdier tripod (I normally just have a Trekpod) and a strong external flash for flash fill. Next time I'm bringing these items along.
If societies are to thrive, not just survive, there must be a set of common values that undergird social and governmental interactions. Values are often derived from religion, yet there is deep misunderstanding among and between people of different faith (and no faith) backgrounds, which can threaten the social cohesion of communities. Our times suggest that values may not be common—within or across groups—and that religions are being manipulated (sometimes by governments) for the benefit of majority groups. This has led towards increased segmentation and polarization in societies, which has been exploited by those seeking to foment division.
Property of the Aspen Institute / Photo Credit: Laurence Genon
20. November 2019, Jugendstilhörsaal der MedUni Wien
“Multiparametic Diagnostics and Theranostics of Tumors”
Fabian Kiessling, Universitätsklinikum Aachen
Abstract:
Significant advances have been achieved in elucidating molecular regulations of cancer and numerous disease-related markers were identified. Additionally, imaging technologies steadily improved and are providing detailed insight into tissues’ morphology, function and molecular regulation. However, there is still a need to identify and quantify the most relevant information and to bring it into a mechanistic context.
In the first part of my talk, I present advanced imaging strategies to characterize tumors by assessing various “hallmarks of cancer” using non-invasive imaging and to assess therapy responses. In this context, I will discuss novel computer applications to improve data processing, lesion detection and segmentation as well as radiomic image analysis. However, taking a study on hepatocellular carcinoma therapy with a multispecific tyrosine kinase inhibitor as an example, I will also show that correlative analyses do not always lead to correct conclusions on biological mechanisms and that the interconnection and impact of the observed changes need to be understood.
The second part of my talk will be dedicated to drug delivery. Here, I will show how imaging can be used to improve the preselection of patients to therapies and discuss the value of nanomedicines and active targeting. Furthermore, I will highlight the potential of ultrasound mediated theranostics to overcome biological barriers and to improve tumor perfusion.
(c) MedUni Wien / Kovic
Indiana is a U.S. state located in the midwestern and Great Lakes regions of North America. Indiana is the 38th largest by area and the 16th most populous of the 50 United States. Indiana is the least extensive state in the contiguous United States west of the Appalachian Mountains. Its capital and largest city is Indianapolis. Indiana was admitted to the United States as the 19th U.S. state on December 11, 1816.
Before it became a territory, varying cultures of indigenous peoples and historic Native Americans inhabited Indiana for thousands of years. Since its founding as a territory, settlement patterns in Indiana have reflected regional cultural segmentation present in the Eastern United States; the state's northernmost tier was settled primarily by people from New England and New York, Central Indiana by migrants from the Mid-Atlantic states and from adjacent Ohio, and Southern Indiana by settlers from the Southern states, particularly Kentucky and Tennessee.
Indiana has a diverse economy with a gross state product of $214 billion in 2005. Indiana has several metropolitan areas with populations greater than 100,000 and a number of smaller industrial cities and towns. Indiana is home to several major sports teams and athletic events including the NFL's Indianapolis Colts, the NBA's Indiana Pacers, the WNBA’s Indiana Fever, and the Indianapolis 500 and Brickyard 400 motorsports races.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_...
20. November 2019, Jugendstilhörsaal der MedUni Wien
“Multiparametic Diagnostics and Theranostics of Tumors”
Fabian Kiessling, Universitätsklinikum Aachen
Abstract:
Significant advances have been achieved in elucidating molecular regulations of cancer and numerous disease-related markers were identified. Additionally, imaging technologies steadily improved and are providing detailed insight into tissues’ morphology, function and molecular regulation. However, there is still a need to identify and quantify the most relevant information and to bring it into a mechanistic context.
In the first part of my talk, I present advanced imaging strategies to characterize tumors by assessing various “hallmarks of cancer” using non-invasive imaging and to assess therapy responses. In this context, I will discuss novel computer applications to improve data processing, lesion detection and segmentation as well as radiomic image analysis. However, taking a study on hepatocellular carcinoma therapy with a multispecific tyrosine kinase inhibitor as an example, I will also show that correlative analyses do not always lead to correct conclusions on biological mechanisms and that the interconnection and impact of the observed changes need to be understood.
The second part of my talk will be dedicated to drug delivery. Here, I will show how imaging can be used to improve the preselection of patients to therapies and discuss the value of nanomedicines and active targeting. Furthermore, I will highlight the potential of ultrasound mediated theranostics to overcome biological barriers and to improve tumor perfusion.
(c) MedUni Wien / Kovic
I am utterly in awe of these creatures. Look at that body
segmentation, the layers of carapace on the segmented abdomen. It's
almost enough to make me believe in a divine being, crafting these
things out of clay. Very hairy clay.
Human resources officer choose employee standing out of the crowd. Select team leader concept. Gender discrimination in employees selection.
20. November 2019, Jugendstilhörsaal der MedUni Wien
“Multiparametic Diagnostics and Theranostics of Tumors”
Fabian Kiessling, Universitätsklinikum Aachen
Abstract:
Significant advances have been achieved in elucidating molecular regulations of cancer and numerous disease-related markers were identified. Additionally, imaging technologies steadily improved and are providing detailed insight into tissues’ morphology, function and molecular regulation. However, there is still a need to identify and quantify the most relevant information and to bring it into a mechanistic context.
In the first part of my talk, I present advanced imaging strategies to characterize tumors by assessing various “hallmarks of cancer” using non-invasive imaging and to assess therapy responses. In this context, I will discuss novel computer applications to improve data processing, lesion detection and segmentation as well as radiomic image analysis. However, taking a study on hepatocellular carcinoma therapy with a multispecific tyrosine kinase inhibitor as an example, I will also show that correlative analyses do not always lead to correct conclusions on biological mechanisms and that the interconnection and impact of the observed changes need to be understood.
The second part of my talk will be dedicated to drug delivery. Here, I will show how imaging can be used to improve the preselection of patients to therapies and discuss the value of nanomedicines and active targeting. Furthermore, I will highlight the potential of ultrasound mediated theranostics to overcome biological barriers and to improve tumor perfusion.
(c) MedUni Wien / Kovic
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Shakhrisabz is, above all, associated with the Ak-Saray palace. Many amazing legends are linked with the history of the palace's construction. According to one of them, Timur began to think of building a magnificent edifice, summoned an architect and set out his objective. After listening to the ruler, the architect asked to be allowed into the state exchequer. When permission was granted, the craftsman started to make foundation blocks from clay mixed with gold in full view of Timur.
Seeing that the ruler remained impassive, he broke up the blocks and returned the gold to the exchequer. When Timur asked: "Why did you do that?" the architect replied: "So as to make sure of your determination to embark on constructing a building that requires vast expenditure." A second legend recounts that, after the main building work had been completed, Timur began to tell the craftsmen to hurry up and finish the decorative facing of the palace. But they were in no hurry to cover the building with majolica and mosaic. When the angry ruler ordered the chief architect to be brought before him, it emerged that had vanished after hanging a chain in the centre of the palace's main arch. Since no other craftsman of equal stature could be found, the building remained unfinished. Some time later, however, the architect suddenly appeared and, after making sure that the chain on the entrance arch was now considerably lower, embarked on decorating the building.
When Timur demanded an explanation of his strange flight and sudden reappearance, the architect replied: "I dared not disobey my sovereign's command, but I could not carry it out either. Stern punishment awaited me in either case, since such a majestic building had to settle and bed down firmly in the ground, otherwise all the decoration on it would be destroyed." The great ruler appreciated the craftsman's wisdom and resourcefulness.
The palace building in Shahrisabz took over a quarter of a century to construct. The Spanish ambassador, Ruy Gonzalez de Clavijo, who passed through Shahrisabz in 1404 on his way to the court of Timur in Samarkand, was astounded and charmed by the architectural miracle, and he left a detailed description of it, noting, however, that the splendid artistic decoration of the palace was still unfinished. The overall layout, scale and artistic appearance of Ak-Saray can be reconstituted from the descriptions of contemporaries and eyewitnesses, as well as from the results of archaeological excavation at the site. According to written accounts, the palace consisted of several stately, living or service quarters, grouped around separate courtyards.
The overall scale of the palace is impressive: the main courtyard alone, which has been reconstituted from the micro relief, was 120 - 125 m wide and 240 - 250 m long. The size of the other courtyards and of the outer perimeter of the palace has not been reconstructed owing to severe disturbance of the micro relief in the 15th - 16th centuries. Calculation of the proportions of the surviving elements of the site makes it fairly certain that the height of the main portal reached 70 m. It was topped by arched pinnacles (ko'ngra), while corner towers on a multifaceted pedestal were at least 80 m high. The main entrance portal was 50 m wide, and the arch had the largest span, 22.5 m, in Central Asia.
The architectural decor, featuring a wide variety of designs and colours, is particularly noteworthy in the artistic appearance of Ak-Saray. When using various techniques, however, the craftsmen bore in mind that the palace's main portal faced north, towards the capital, Samarkand. Given the poor light, the architects used only flat segmentation here and hence a continuous decorative treatment. The use of brick mosaic work, mainly dark and light blue in colour, forming large geometrical and epigraphic designs on a background of polished building brick, gives the portal a special softness of colour and an air of grand mystery.
The various mosaic and majolica work in the niche of the portal is particularly refined and highly coloured. The delicately executed ornamentation incorporates exquisite calligraphic inscriptions of mainly Koranic content, although secular ones are found too. In the midst of the decorative facing, an inscription has survived, giving the date of completion, 798 (1395 - 1396), and the name of the craftsman, Muhammad Yusuf Tebrizi (from the Azeri city of Tabriz). According to Clavijo, who visited Ak-Saray, "in this palace was a very long entrance and a very high portal, and by the entrance, to right and left, were brick arches covered with tiles painted with various designs. Beneath these arches was what looked like small rooms without doors, and the floor inside them was covered with tiles. This was done so that people could sit there when the king was present. Beyond this was another door and after that a large courtyard, paved with white slabs and surrounded by richly decorated galleries. In the middle of the courtyard was a large pool. The courtyard was some 300 paces wide, and it gave access to a large house, in which was a very high and wide door, decorated with gold, azure and tiles of very fine workmanship. In the middle, above the door, a lion was depicted, lying in the sun, and exactly the same picture was to be found at the edges. This was the device of the king of Samarkand. After this, the envoys were taken to look at the chamber that the king had appointed for sitting and feasting with his wives, very spacious and luxurious. Before it was a large garden with many shady and assorted fruit trees. Inside it were many pools and artfully sited meadows. By the entrance to this garden there was such a vast space that many people could have enjoyed themselves sitting there in the summertime beside the water and beneath the shade of the trees. The workmanship in the palace is so luxurious that, in order to describe everything well, one has to go and examine it a little at a time."
The Ak-Saray palace is a grandiose piece of civil architecture, and not just by Central Asian standards. Historical tradition ascribes the destruction of the majestic edifice to Abdullakhan, who, during one of the sieges of un-subdued Shahrisabz, is supposed to have ordered the splendid structures of Timur and his descendants to be demolished. Be that as it may, of the once luxurious royal palace only the pillars and part of the arch of the main portal remained by the second half of the 18th century.
Learn how Veriflow's continuous network verification uses processes similar to those used by NASA's Mars rovers to keep your networks up and running. Request a live demo: www.veriflow.net/demo/
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Veriflow: Continuous Network Verification
Spirit and Opportunity the two Mars rovers launched in 2003 by NASA. Both
were expected to work for 90 Martian days. Spirit lasted 25 times its life expectancy and today Opportunity is still exploring the Red Planet.
How does NASA design its technology so successfully? One answer is formal verification, mathematical analysis of where to predict problems before takeoff. At Veriflow, our mission is to eliminate outages and vulnerabilities within networks. We use our own patented continuous network verification similar to NASA's processes but developed specifically for networks.
Veriflow deeply analyzes every device in your network infrastructure to create a predictive model of all possible network-wide data flows. Better flow checks that your network meets your segmentation policies to ensure multiple layers of defense, pinpointing any vulnerabilities that could be exploited. Veriflow ensures your critical applications are always online. So, when you change a configuration or upgrade devices it will identify any unintended consequences.
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Interactive visualization and search lets you rapidly isolate the root cause of any incident allowing response in minutes instead of hours or days. So, what does this all mean? Network engineers no longer need to rely on error-prone manual tests or take a risky wait-and-see approach by monitoring live flows.
Veriflow lets you predict your networks future by detecting vulnerabilities before they become outages or breaches and it gives you the confidence to make changes without worry. We call it continuous Network verification and it's exclusive to Veriflow.
Every business in every industry relies on its network connecting customers to your service is vital and we ensure that networks don't fail. Curiosity and Opportunity continue to send data back to earth. Their dependability is a testament to the power of verification.
At Veriflow we've developed the same mathematical principles to protect your business. Get in touch with us now for a live demo. www.veriflow.net/demo/
Contact us to see how Veriflow can protect your network.
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New command '-x_minimal_path' available for command line users of G'MIC.
It launches an interactive demo illustrating the use of minimal paths for image segmentation.
The use of 3D-printing in the development of a surgical training model for robot-assisted laparoscopic partial nephrectomy
Generated from a CT scan of a patient who had kidney cancer, this project used image segmentation and 3D-modelling software combined with 3D-printing technology to develop and evaluate an anatomically accurate, low-cost surgical training model of a kidney with a tumour. The model was made primarily from hydrogels, which are capable of simulating human tissues due to their capacity to hold large volumes of water.
There is an increasing incidence of kidney cancer within the UK and where possible surgeons will use a procedure known as a partial nephrectomy to treat it. This procedure removes only the part of the kidney affected by the tumour, which is done to preserve as much post-operative kidney function as possible while still removing the cancer. This procedure is very technically challenging and can only be performed by a few very skilled surgeons. The implications of developing this model are that trainee surgeons could access a low-cost means of learning and continually developing the skills required to perform a robot-assisted laparoscopic partial nephrectomy, which could ultimately generate a bigger pool of capable surgeons and thus widen access to the best available care for patients.
20. November 2019, Jugendstilhörsaal der MedUni Wien
“Multiparametic Diagnostics and Theranostics of Tumors”
Fabian Kiessling, Universitätsklinikum Aachen
Abstract:
Significant advances have been achieved in elucidating molecular regulations of cancer and numerous disease-related markers were identified. Additionally, imaging technologies steadily improved and are providing detailed insight into tissues’ morphology, function and molecular regulation. However, there is still a need to identify and quantify the most relevant information and to bring it into a mechanistic context.
In the first part of my talk, I present advanced imaging strategies to characterize tumors by assessing various “hallmarks of cancer” using non-invasive imaging and to assess therapy responses. In this context, I will discuss novel computer applications to improve data processing, lesion detection and segmentation as well as radiomic image analysis. However, taking a study on hepatocellular carcinoma therapy with a multispecific tyrosine kinase inhibitor as an example, I will also show that correlative analyses do not always lead to correct conclusions on biological mechanisms and that the interconnection and impact of the observed changes need to be understood.
The second part of my talk will be dedicated to drug delivery. Here, I will show how imaging can be used to improve the preselection of patients to therapies and discuss the value of nanomedicines and active targeting. Furthermore, I will highlight the potential of ultrasound mediated theranostics to overcome biological barriers and to improve tumor perfusion.
(c) MedUni Wien / Kovic