schedule photos on Flickr

View allAll Photos Tagged schedule

Bowes Railway Museum, Springwell Village, Tyne & Wear, England. by HISTOGRAPHY by DM & DBM.

2 2

The Bowes Railway, built by George Stephenson in 1826, is the world's only operational preserved standard gauge cable railway system. It was built to transport coal from pits in Durham to boats on the River Tyne. The site is a scheduled monument.[1] The railway is open every week on Thursday, Friday and Saturday (Easter till October) as well as on a number of event days throughout the year.

The Grand Allies, a partnership of businessmen including John Bowes, opened a colliery at Springwell in Durham. A railway was needed to transport the coal to the River Tyne. The plan was to build inclined planes and use a combination of steam power and gravity to move the coal wagons. The railway was designed by George Stephenson, who built the Hetton colliery railway completed in 1822.

The railway was built between Mount Moor and Jarrow via Springwell village. The first section, between Springwell and Jarrow, opened on 17 January 1826. Mount Moor followed in April 1826. When the line opened it comprised four inclined planes: one steep incline from Mount Moor to Blackham's Hill, and one from Blackham's Hill to Springwell. At Blackham's Hill, the summit of both inclines, was the "hauler house", housing stationary engines to wind the ropes. A long self-acting incline ran from Springwell. Nearly 5 miles (8.0 km) of locomotive-worked line extended to Jarrow where a final incline served the coal staiths. The line was extended across the Team Valley to Kibblesworth Colliery in May 1842. The railway was completed in 1854 when a link from Marley Hill to Kibblesworth was connected enabling collieries in Dipton to be accessed.

From 1 January 1947, the railway was owned and operated by the National Coal Board. After 1974 no inclines remained working and the line was only worked north east of Wardley. The last day the inclines were used, Friday 4 October 1974, was filmed by BBC and Tyne-Tees TV crews.

What was left of the Bowes Railway north east of the inclines was served by a shed at Wardley. The line was reduced in length, until at the end there was only about 1 mile (1.6 km) in use. This last section closed on 10 January 1986, a few days short of the 180th anniversary. This attenuated system the NCB called the Monkton Railways, after the coke works that was its mainstay between 1975 and 1986.

Tyne & Wear Industrial Monuments Trust was established April 1975 and took control of the line around Springwell from the National Coal Board through the medium of county council direction. By 1975 Springwell Workshops were building replica locomotives such as Locomotion No. 1 trading as Locomotion Enterprises.

The preserved Bowes railway, includes Springwell Colliery workshops, a one mile passenger railway and a further mile of rope hauled inclines. Visitors can visit the Victorian workshops and see engineering and blacksmithing demonstrations. A tour of the railway buildings, see the railway's wagon fleet as well as visit the small museum, cafe and shop can all be done at Springwell.

In the future the railway wish to restart passenger rides and rope haulage demonstrations for the benefit of the public.

When the Bowes Railway was in full operation the line employed eight rope-worked inclined planes. Two of these (the Springwell and Birkheads inclines) were operated on the self-acting principle; the weight of descending full wagons hauled up the empty wagons via a rope running around a return wheel at the top of the hill. On the remaining six inclines (the Kibblesworth, Black Fell, Blackhams Hill East and West, Starrs and Allerdene Inclines), the ropes were driven by a stationary steam or later electric haulage engine located at the incline top. This type of railway operation pre-dates modern locomotive-type operations, and was laid down here by George Stephenson in 1826. The line's gradual closure eventually left only four inclines in use, these finally closing on 4 October 1974.

The line, as preserved post-1974, includes two rope-worked inclines. These are the Blackhams Hill East and West inclines. Both are worked by the Blackhams Hill engine, a 300 h.p. Metropolitan Vickers engine commissioned on 30 July 1950. This engine works both the East or Flatt Incline (1,170 yards at a gradient of 1 in 70) and the West or Short Bank (750 yards at a gradient 1 in 13). Over these inclines, the preserved railway demonstrates one of the oldest and most unusual types of railway operation. It is now the only place in Britain where this can be seen. The inclines are not currently operational, however, due to vandalism and decline.

Locomotives and brake vans

Steam locomotives

Andrew Barclay 0-4-0ST W.S.T. Makers Number 2361, built in 1954. Awaiting overhaul; requires new steam pipe and boiler certification. Formerly used at Long Meg Mine and at Cocklakes. British Gypsum signed ownership of the locomotive over to the Bowes Railway Company in September 2008.

Andrew Barclay 0-4-0ST No 22 (Number 6 Area B Group 85). Makers number 2274, built in 1949, for use on the Bowes Railway.[12] One of the first locomotives on the Bowes Railway in preservation alongside planet. Currently awaiting overhaul and boiler certification.

Diesel locomotives

Planet 0-4-0 No 101. The first locomotive to be used regularly on shunting duties and freight trains when the railway entered preservation. Currently in use.

Hunslet Engine Company 0-4-0 No 6263. Used on freight trains and shunting; the most powerful shunter on the line. Currently out of use needing new brake blocks and a minor overhaul.

Ruston & Hornsby Class 88 0-4-0 No 476140 "Redheugh". Restored for use on both passenger and demonstration coal trains. Originally used at Redhaugh gas works.

Ruston & Hornsby Class 165 0-4-0 locos "Pinky" (1953) and "Perky" (1954), donated by the Port of Sunderland. They were some of the last operating industrial locomotives in County Durham. Perky is currently operational, Pinky under overhaul.

Passenger stock

Lambton Hetton & Joicey Collieries Brake van No 1. In use.

L.M.S. No 2, built for use in Derby. In use.

L.M.S. No 3 Brake van. Awaiting repairs.

B24 - The Queen Mother's wagon. Awaiting repairs and fitting of handrails.

Wagons

The railway also has a fleet of 45 original Bowes Railway wagons dating from 1887 through to 1963, as well as seven similar wagons from other industrial sites in the North East.

Schedule Haul by J. Mc.

4 1

Finally, the loot from my visit to Denver! I could've gotten more RTD timetables, but didn't want to weigh myself down too much while out and about by having a giant stack of schedule pamphlets in my pocket.

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Please do not use this image without first asking for permission. Thank you.

Avebury Village and Stone Circles, Wiltshire, UK by Paul Murray

Avebury is a Neolithic henge monument containing three stone circles, around the village of Avebury in Wiltshire, in southwest England. One of the best known prehistoric sites in Britain, it contains the largest megalithic stone circle in the world. It is both a tourist attraction and a place of religious importance to contemporary pagans.

Constructed over several hundred years in the third millennium BC, during the Neolithic, or New Stone Age, the monument comprises a large henge (a bank and a ditch) with a large outer stone circle and two separate smaller stone circles situated inside the centre of the monument. Its original purpose is unknown, although archaeologists believe that it was most likely used for some form of ritual or ceremony. The Avebury monument is a part of a larger prehistoric landscape containing several older monuments nearby, including West Kennet Long Barrow, Windmill Hill and Silbury Hill.

By the Iron Age, the site had been effectively abandoned, with some evidence of human activity on the site during the Roman period. During the Early Middle Ages, a village first began to be built around the monument, eventually extending into it. In the Late Medieval and Early Modern periods, local people destroyed many of the standing stones around the henge, both for religious and practical reasons. The antiquarians John Aubrey and William Stukeley took an interest in Avebury during the 17th century, and recorded much of the site before its destruction. Archaeological investigation followed in the 20th century, led primarily by Alexander Keiller, who oversaw a project which reconstructed much of the monument.

Avebury is owned and managed by the National Trust. It has been designated a Scheduled Ancient Monument, as well as a World Heritage Site, in the latter capacity being seen as a part of the wider prehistoric landscape of Wiltshire known as Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites.

- Wikipedia

Schedule by Duane Roy

Marilyn Manson - Sudbury, Ontario

Log debris build up on Naselle River Bridge by Washington State Dept of Transportation

WSDOT maintenance crews are scheduled to closed State Route 401 near the Naselle River Bridge, on January 9, 2020, while they cleared log debris that has stacked up along the bridge structure. Removal of the debris will help maintain the structural integrity of the bridge, especially with heavy rain in the forecast.

Schedules by Joe Shlabotnik

5 2

When you're waiting for a train and you have a digital camera, you'll take a picture of anything.

Female Peregrine Falcon. by Steve Waterhouse

6 5

Female Peregrine Falcon.

Cropped image.iso 800.

Taken with a Schedule 1 Licence, under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981.

www.plymperegrines.org.uk/

LACMTA Metro Bus Schedules-1995- by L.A. Urban Soul

10 4

At least 10 of these routes used Neoplan Suburban's on a regular basis.

Scheduled Meets by MOBlockLimit

3 4

8735 snakes out of JJD passing siding as an eastbound set makes its way through the interlocking.

Schedule by Red Velvet

Фото Ивана Миско и Олега Новицкого на Международной космической станции. Photo by Ivan Misko and Oleg Novitskiy at the International Space Station. by Misko Sculpture Space

The International Space Station (ISS) is a space station (habitable artificial satellite) in low Earth orbit. The ISS programme is a joint project between five participating space agencies: NASA (United States), Roscosmos (Russia), JAXA (Japan), ESA (Europe), and CSA (Canada).[6][7] The ownership and use of the space station is established by intergovernmental treaties and agreements.[8]

The ISS serves as a microgravity and space environment research laboratory in which crew members conduct experiments in biology, human biology, physics, astronomy, meteorology, and other fields.[9][10][11] The station is suited for the testing of spacecraft systems and equipment required for missions to the Moon and Mars.[12] The ISS maintains an orbit with an average altitude of 400 kilometres (250 mi) by means of reboost manoeuvres using the engines of the Zvezda module or visiting spacecraft.[13] It circles the Earth in roughly 92 minutes and completes 15.5 orbits per day.[14]

The station is divided into two sections, the Russian Orbital Segment (ROS), which is operated by Russia, and the United States Orbital Segment (USOS), which is shared by many nations. Roscosmos has endorsed the continued operation of ISS through 2024,[15] but had previously proposed using elements of the Russian segment to construct a new Russian space station called OPSEK.[16]As of December 2018, the station is expected to operate until 2030.[17]

The first ISS component was launched in 1998, with the first long-term residents arriving on 2 November 2000.[18] Since then, the station has been continuously occupied for 18 years and 359 days.[19] This is the longest continuous human presence in low Earth orbit, having surpassed the previous record of 9 years and 357 days held by Mir. The latest major pressurised module was fitted in 2011, with an experimental inflatable space habitat added in 2016. Development and assembly of the station continues, with several major new Russian elements scheduled for launch starting in 2020. The ISS is the largest human-made body in low Earth orbit and can often be seen with the naked eye from Earth.[20][21] The ISS consists of pressurised habitation modules, structural trusses, solar arrays, radiators, docking ports, experiment bays and robotic arms. Major ISS modules have been launched by Russian Proton and Soyuz rockets and US Space Shuttles.[22]

The ISS is the ninth space station to be inhabited by crews, following the Soviet and later Russian Salyut, Almaz, and Mir stations as well as Skylab from the US. The station is serviced by a variety of visiting spacecraft: the Russian Soyuz and Progress, the US Dragon and Cygnus, the Japanese H-II Transfer Vehicle,[6] and the European Automated Transfer Vehicle. The Dragon spacecraft allows the return of pressurised cargo to Earth (downmass), which is used for example to repatriate scientific experiments for further analysis. The Soyuz return capsule has minimal downmass capability next to the astronauts.

The ISS has been visited by astronauts, cosmonauts and space tourists from 18 different nations. As of 14 March 2019, 236 people from 18 countries had visited the space station, many of them multiple times. The United States sent 149 people, Russia sent 47, nine were Japanese, eight were Canadian, five were Italian, four were French, three were German, and there were one each from Belgium, Brazil, Denmark, Kazakhstan, Malaysia, the Netherlands, South Africa, United Arab Emirates, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom.[23]

Contents

1 Purpose

2 Manufacturing

3 Assembly

4 Structure

5 Systems

6 Operations

7 Mission controls

8 Fleet operations

9 Life aboard

10 Crew health and safety

11 Orbital debris threats

12 End of mission

13 Cost

14 International co-operation

15 Sightings from Earth

16 See also

17 Notes

18 References

19 Further reading

20 External links

Purpose

The ISS was originally intended to be a laboratory, observatory, and factory while providing transportation, maintenance, and a low Earth orbit staging base for possible future missions to the Moon, Mars, and asteroids. However, not all of the uses envisioned in the initial Memorandum of Understanding between NASA and Roskosmos have come to fruition.[24] In the 2010 United States National Space Policy, the ISS was given additional roles of serving commercial, diplomatic[25] and educational purposes.[26]

Scientific research

Main article: Scientific research on the International Space Station

Comet Lovejoy photographed by Expedition 30 commander Dan Burbank

Expedition 8 Commander and Science Officer Michael Foale conducts an inspection of the Microgravity Science Glovebox

Fisheye view of several labs

CubeSats are deployed by the NanoRacks CubeSat Deployer

The ISS provides a platform to conduct scientific research, with power, data, cooling, and crew available to support experiments. Small uncrewed spacecraft can also provide platforms for experiments, especially those involving zero gravity and exposure to space, but space stations offer a long-term environment where studies can be performed potentially for decades, combined with ready access by human researchers.[27][28]

The ISS simplifies individual experiments by allowing groups of experiments to share the same launches and crew time. Research is conducted in a wide variety of fields, including astrobiology, astronomy, physical sciences, materials science, space weather, meteorology, and human research including space medicine and the life sciences.[9][10][11][29][30] Scientists on Earth have timely access to the data and can suggest experimental modifications to the crew. If follow-on experiments are necessary, the routinely scheduled launches of resupply craft allows new hardware to be launched with relative ease.[28] Crews fly expeditions of several months' duration, providing approximately 160 person-hours per week of labour with a crew of 6. However, a considerable amount of crew time is taken up by station maintenance.[9][31]

Perhaps the most notable ISS experiment is the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS), which is intended to detect dark matter and answer other fundamental questions about our universe and is as important as the Hubble Space Telescope according to NASA. Currently docked on station, it could not have been easily accommodated on a free flying satellite platform because of its power and bandwidth needs.[32][33] On 3 April 2013, scientists reported that hints of dark matter may have been detected by the AMS.[34][35][36][37][38][39] According to the scientists, "The first results from the space-borne Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer confirm an unexplained excess of high-energy positrons in Earth-bound cosmic rays."

The space environment is hostile to life. Unprotected presence in space is characterised by an intense radiation field (consisting primarily of protons and other subatomic charged particles from the solar wind, in addition to cosmic rays), high vacuum, extreme temperatures, and microgravity.[40] Some simple forms of life called extremophiles,[41] as well as small invertebrates called tardigrades[42] can survive in this environment in an extremely dry state through desiccation.

Medical research improves knowledge about the effects of long-term space exposure on the human body, including muscle atrophy, bone loss, and fluid shift. This data will be used to determine whether high duration human spaceflight and space colonisation are feasible. As of 2006, data on bone loss and muscular atrophy suggest that there would be a significant risk of fractures and movement problems if astronauts landed on a planet after a lengthy interplanetary cruise, such as the six-month interval required to travel to Mars.[43][44]

Medical studies are conducted aboard the ISS on behalf of the National Space Biomedical Research Institute (NSBRI). Prominent among these is the Advanced Diagnostic Ultrasound in Microgravity study in which astronauts perform ultrasound scans under the guidance of remote experts. The study considers the diagnosis and treatment of medical conditions in space. Usually, there is no physician on board the ISS and diagnosis of medical conditions is a challenge. It is anticipated that remotely guided ultrasound scans will have application on Earth in emergency and rural care situations where access to a trained physician is difficult.[45][46][47]

Free fall

ISS crew member storing samples

A comparison between the combustion of a candle on Earth (left) and in a free fall environment, such as that found on the ISS (right)

Gravity at the altitude of the ISS is approximately 90% as strong as at Earth's surface, but objects in orbit are in a continuous state of freefall, resulting in an apparent state of weightlessness.[48] This perceived weightlessness is disturbed by five separate effects:[49]

Drag from the residual atmosphere.

Vibration from the movements of mechanical systems and the crew.

Actuation of the on-board attitude control moment gyroscopes.

Thruster firings for attitude or orbital changes.

Gravity-gradient effects, also known as tidal effects. Items at different locations within the ISS would, if not attached to the station, follow slightly different orbits. Being mechanically interconnected these items experience small forces that keep the station moving as a rigid body.

Researchers are investigating the effect of the station's near-weightless environment on the evolution, development, growth and internal processes of plants and animals. In response to some of this data, NASA wants to investigate microgravity's effects on the growth of three-dimensional, human-like tissues, and the unusual protein crystals that can be formed in space.[10]

Investigating the physics of fluids in microgravity will provide better models of the behaviour of fluids. Because fluids can be almost completely combined in microgravity, physicists investigate fluids that do not mix well on Earth. In addition, examining reactions that are slowed by low gravity and low temperatures will improve our understanding of superconductivity.[10]

The study of materials science is an important ISS research activity, with the objective of reaping economic benefits through the improvement of techniques used on the ground.[50] Other areas of interest include the effect of the low gravity environment on combustion, through the study of the efficiency of burning and control of emissions and pollutants. These findings may improve current knowledge about energy production, and lead to economic and environmental benefits. Future plans are for the researchers aboard the ISS to examine aerosols, ozone, water vapour, and oxides in Earth's atmosphere, as well as cosmic rays, cosmic dust, antimatter, and dark matter in the universe.[10]

Exploration

A 3D plan of the Russia-based MARS-500 complex, used for ground-based experiments which complement ISS-based preparations for a human mission to Mars

The ISS provides a location in the relative safety of Low Earth Orbit to test spacecraft systems that will be required for long-duration missions to the Moon and Mars. This provides experience in operations, maintenance as well as repair and replacement activities on-orbit, which will be essential skills in operating spacecraft farther from Earth, mission risks can be reduced and the capabilities of interplanetary spacecraft advanced.[12] Referring to the MARS-500 experiment, ESA states that "Whereas the ISS is essential for answering questions concerning the possible impact of weightlessness, radiation and other space-specific factors, aspects such as the effect of long-term isolation and confinement can be more appropriately addressed via ground-based simulations".[51] Sergey Krasnov, the head of human space flight programmes for Russia's space agency, Roscosmos, in 2011 suggested a "shorter version" of MARS-500 may be carried out on the ISS.[52]

In 2009, noting the value of the partnership framework itself, Sergey Krasnov wrote, "When compared with partners acting separately, partners developing complementary abilities and resources could give us much more assurance of the success and safety of space exploration. The ISS is helping further advance near-Earth space exploration and realisation of prospective programmes of research and exploration of the Solar system, including the Moon and Mars."[53] A crewed mission to Mars may be a multinational effort involving space agencies and countries outside the current ISS partnership. In 2010, ESA Director-General Jean-Jacques Dordain stated his agency was ready to propose to the other four partners that China, India and South Korea be invited to join the ISS partnership.[54] NASA chief Charlie Bolden stated in February 2011, "Any mission to Mars is likely to be a global effort".[55] Currently, US federal legislation prevents NASA co-operation with China on space projects.[56]

Education and cultural outreach

Original Jules Verne manuscripts displayed by crew inside Jules Verne ATV

The ISS crew provides opportunities for students on Earth by running student-developed experiments, making educational demonstrations, allowing for student participation in classroom versions of ISS experiments, and directly engaging students using radio, videolink and email.[6][57] ESA offers a wide range of free teaching materials that can be downloaded for use in classrooms.[58] In one lesson, students can navigate a 3-D model of the interior and exterior of the ISS, and face spontaneous challenges to solve in real time.[59]

JAXA aims to inspire children to "pursue craftsmanship" and to heighten their "awareness of the importance of life and their responsibilities in society."[60] Through a series of education guides, a deeper understanding of the past and near-term future of crewed space flight, as well as that of Earth and life, will be learned.[61][62] In the JAXA Seeds in Space experiments, the mutation effects of spaceflight on plant seeds aboard the ISS is explored. Students grow sunflower seeds which flew on the ISS for about nine months. In the first phase of Kibō utilisation from 2008 to mid-2010, researchers from more than a dozen Japanese universities conducted experiments in diverse fields.[63]

0:00

ESA Astronaut Paolo Nespoli's spoken voice, recorded about the ISS in November 2017, for Wikipedia

Cultural activities are another major objective. Tetsuo Tanaka, director of JAXA's Space Environment and Utilization Center, says "There is something about space that touches even people who are not interested in science."[64]

Amateur Radio on the ISS (ARISS) is a volunteer programme which encourages students worldwide to pursue careers in science, technology, engineering and mathematics through amateur radio communications opportunities with the ISS crew. ARISS is an international working group, consisting of delegations from nine countries including several countries in Europe as well as Japan, Russia, Canada, and the United States. In areas where radio equipment cannot be used, speakerphones connect students to ground stations which then connect the calls to the station.[65]

First Orbit is a feature-length documentary film about Vostok 1, the first crewed space flight around the Earth. By matching the orbit of the International Space Station to that of Vostok 1 as closely as possible, in terms of ground path and time of day, documentary filmmaker Christopher Riley and ESA astronaut Paolo Nespoli were able to film the view that Yuri Gagarin saw on his pioneering orbital space flight. This new footage was cut together with the original Vostok 1 mission audio recordings sourced from the Russian State Archive. Nespoli, during Expedition 26/27, filmed the majority of the footage for this documentary film, and as a result is credited as its director of photography.[66] The film was streamed through the website firstorbit.org in a global YouTube premiere in 2011, under a free licence.[67]

In May 2013, commander Chris Hadfield shot a music video of David Bowie's "Space Oddity" on board the station; the film was released on YouTube.[68] It was the first music video ever to be filmed in space.[69]

In November 2017, while participating in Expedition 52/53 on the ISS, Paolo Nespoli made two recordings (one in English the other in his native Italian) of his spoken voice, for use on Wikipedia articles. These were the first content made specifically for Wikipedia, in space.[70][71]

Manufacturing

Main article: Manufacturing of the International Space Station

ISS module Node 2 manufacturing and processing in the SSPF

Since the International Space Station is a multi-national collaborative project, the components for in-orbit assembly were manufactured in various countries around the world. Beginning in the mid 1990s, the U.S. components Destiny, Unity, the Integrated Truss Structure, and the solar arrays were fabricated at the Marshall Space Flight Center and the Michoud Assembly Facility. These modules were delivered to the Operations and Checkout Building and the Space Station Processing Facility for final assembly and processing for launch.[72]

The Russian modules, including Zarya and Zvezda, were manufactured at the Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center in Moscow. Zvezda was initially manufactured in 1985 as a component for Mir-2, but was never launched and instead became the ISS Service Module.[73]

The European Space Agency Columbus module was manufactured at the European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC) in the Netherlands, along with many other contractors throughout Europe.[74] The other ESA-built modules - Harmony, Tranquility, the Leonardo MPLM, and the Cupola - were initially manufactured at the Thales Alenia Space factory located at the Cannes Mandelieu Space Center. The structural steel hulls of the modules were transported by aircraft to the Kennedy Space Center SSPF for launch processing.[75]

The Japanese Experiment Module Kibō, was fabricated in various technology manufacturing facilities in Japan, at the NASDA (now JAXA) Tanegashima Space Center, and the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science. The Kibo module was transported by ship and flown by aircraft to the KSC Space Station Processing Facility.[76]

The Mobile Servicing System, consisting of the Canadarm2 and the Dextre grapple fixture, was manufactured at various factories in Canada and the United States under contract by the Canadian Space Agency. The mobile base system, a connecting framework for Canadarm2 mounted on rails, was built by Northrop Grumman.

Assembly

Main articles: Assembly of the International Space Station and List of ISS spacewalks

The assembly of the International Space Station, a major endeavour in space architecture, began in November 1998.[3] Russian modules launched and docked robotically, with the exception of Rassvet. All other modules were delivered by the Space Shuttle, which required installation by ISS and shuttle crewmembers using the Canadarm2 (SSRMS) and extra-vehicular activities (EVAs); as of 5 June 2011, they had added 159 components during more than 1,000 hours of EVA (see List of ISS spacewalks). 127 of these spacewalks originated from the station, and the remaining 32 were launched from the airlocks of docked Space Shuttles.[77] The beta angle of the station had to be considered at all times during construction.[78]

The first module of the ISS, Zarya, was launched on 20 November 1998 on an autonomous Russian Proton rocket. It provided propulsion, attitude control, communications, electrical power, but lacked long-term life support functions. Two weeks later, a passive NASA module Unity was launched aboard Space Shuttle flight STS-88 and attached to Zarya by astronauts during EVAs. This module has two Pressurised Mating Adapter (PMAs), one connects permanently to Zarya, the other allowed the Space Shuttle to dock to the space station. At that time, the Russian station Mir was still inhabited, and the ISS remained uncrewed for two years. On 12 July 2000, Zvezda was launched into orbit. Preprogrammed commands on board deployed its solar arrays and communications antenna. It then became the passive target for a rendezvous with Zarya and Unity: it maintained a station-keeping orbit while the Zarya-Unity vehicle performed the rendezvous and docking via ground control and the Russian automated rendezvous and docking system. Zarya's computer transferred control of the station to Zvezda's computer soon after docking. Zvezda added sleeping quarters, a toilet, kitchen, CO2 scrubbers, dehumidifier, oxygen generators, exercise equipment, plus data, voice and television communications with mission control. This enabled permanent habitation of the station.[79][80]

The first resident crew, Expedition 1, arrived in November 2000 on Soyuz TM-31. At the end of the first day on the station, astronaut Bill Shepherd requested the use of the radio call sign "Alpha", which he and cosmonaut Krikalev preferred to the more cumbersome "International Space Station".[81] The name "Alpha" had previously been used for the station in the early 1990s,[82] and its use was authorised for the whole of Expedition 1.[83] Shepherd had been advocating the use of a new name to project managers for some time. Referencing a naval tradition in a pre-launch news conference he had said: "For thousands of years, humans have been going to sea in ships. People have designed and built these vessels, launched them with a good feeling that a name will bring good fortune to the crew and success to their voyage."[84] Yuri Semenov, the President of Russian Space Corporation Energia at the time, disapproved of the name "Alpha" as he felt that Mir was the first modular space station, so the names "Beta" or "Mir 2" for the ISS would have been more fitting.[83][85][86]

Expedition 1 arrived midway between the flights of STS-92 and STS-97. These two Space Shuttle flights each added segments of the station's Integrated Truss Structure, which provided the station with Ku-band communication for US television, additional attitude support needed for the additional mass of the USOS, and substantial solar arrays supplementing the station's existing 4 solar arrays.[87]

Over the next two year, the station continued to expand. A Soyuz-U rocket delivered the Pirs docking compartment. The Space Shuttles Discovery, Atlantis, and Endeavour delivered the Destiny laboratory and Quest airlock, in addition to the station's main robot arm, the Canadarm2, and several more segments of the Integrated Truss Structure.

The expansion schedule was interrupted by the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster in 2003 and a resulting hiatus in flights. The Space Shuttle was grounded until 2005 with STS-114 flown by Discovery.[88]

Assembly resumed in 2006 with the arrival of STS-115 with Atlantis, which delivered the station's second set of solar arrays. Several more truss segments and a third set of arrays were delivered on STS-116, STS-117, and STS-118. As a result of the major expansion of the station's power-generating capabilities, more pressurised modules could be accommodated, and the Harmony node and Columbus European laboratory were added. These were soon followed by the first two components of Kibō. In March 2009, STS-119 completed the Integrated Truss Structure with the installation of the fourth and final set of solar arrays. The final section of Kibō was delivered in July 2009 on STS-127, followed by the Russian Poisk module. The third node, Tranquility, was delivered in February 2010 during STS-130 by the Space Shuttle Endeavour, alongside the Cupola, followed in May 2010 by the penultimate Russian module, Rassvet. Rassvet was delivered by Space Shuttle Atlantis on STS-132 in exchange for the Russian Proton delivery of the US-funded Zarya module in 1998.[89] The last pressurised module of the USOS, Leonardo, was brought to the station in February 2011 on the final flight of Discovery, STS-133.[90] The Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer was delivered by Endeavour on STS-134 the same year.[91]

As of June 2011, the station consisted of 15 pressurised modules and the Integrated Truss Structure. Five modules are still to be launched, including the Nauka with the European Robotic Arm, the Prichal module, and two power modules called NEM-1 and NEM-2.[92] As of March 2019, Russia's future primary research module Nauka is set to launch in the summer of 2020, along with the European Robotic Arm which will be able to relocate itself to different parts of the Russian modules of the station.[93]

The gross mass of the station changes over time. The total launch mass of the modules on orbit is about 417,289 kg (919,965 lb) (as of 3 September 2011).[94] The mass of experiments, spare parts, personal effects, crew, foodstuff, clothing, propellants, water supplies, gas supplies, docked spacecraft, and other items add to the total mass of the station. Hydrogen gas is constantly vented overboard by the oxygen generators.

The ISS is a third generation[95] modular space station.[96] Modular stations can allow modules to be added to or removed from the existing structure, allowing greater flexibility.

Below is a diagram of major station components. The blue areas are pressurised sections accessible by the crew without using spacesuits. The station's unpressurised superstructure is indicated in red. Other unpressurised components are yellow. The Unity node joins directly to the Destiny laboratory. For clarity, they are shown apart.

Zarya

Zarya as seen by Space Shuttle Endeavour during STS-88

Zarya (Russian: Заря́, lit. 'Dawn'), also known as the Functional Cargo Block or FGB (from the Russian: "Функционально-грузовой блок", lit. 'Funktsionalno-gruzovoy blok' or ФГБ), is the first module of the ISS to be launched.[97] The FGB provided electrical power, storage, propulsion, and guidance to the ISS during the initial stage of assembly. With the launch and assembly in orbit of other modules with more specialized functionality, Zarya is now[when?] primarily used for storage, both inside the pressurized section and in the externally mounted fuel tanks. The Zarya is a descendant of the TKS spacecraft designed for the Russian Salyut program. The name Zarya, which means sunrise,[97] was given to the FGB because it signified the dawn of a new era of international cooperation in space. Although it was built by a Russian company, it is owned by the United States.[98]

Zarya was built from December 1994 to January 1998 at the Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center (KhSC) in Moscow.[97]

Zarya was launched on 20 November 1998 on a Russian Proton rocket from Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 81 in Kazakhstan to a 400 km (250 mi) high orbit with a designed lifetime of at least 15 years. After Zarya reached orbit, STS-88 launched on 4 December 1998 to attach the Unity module.

Unity

Unity as seen by Space Shuttle Endeavour during STS-88

Main article: Unity (ISS module)

The Unity connecting module, also known as Node 1, is the first U.S.-built component of the ISS. It connects the Russian and United States segments of the station, and is where crew eat meals together.

The module is cylindrical in shape, with six berthing locations (forward, aft, port, starboard, zenith, and nadir) facilitating connections to other modules. Unity measures 4.57 metres (15.0 ft) in diameter, is 5.47 metres (17.9 ft) long, made of steel, and was built for NASA by Boeing in a manufacturing facility at the Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama. Unity is the first of the three connecting modules; the other two are Harmony and Tranquility.

Unity was carried into orbit as the primary cargo of the Space Shuttle Endeavour on STS-88, the first Space Shuttle mission dedicated to assembly of the station. On 6 December 1998, the STS-88 crew mated the aft berthing port of Unity with the forward hatch of the already orbiting Zarya module. This was the first connection made between two station modules.

Zvezda

Zvezda as seen by Space Shuttle Endeavour during STS-97

Main article: Zvezda (ISS module)

Zvezda (Russian: Звезда́, meaning "star"), Salyut DOS-8, also known as the Zvezda Service Module, is a module of the ISS. It was the third module launched to the station, and provides all of the station's life support systems, some of which are supplemented in the USOS, as well as living quarters for two crew members. It is the structural and functional center of the Russian Orbital Segment, which is the Russian part of the ISS. Crew assemble here to deal with emergencies on the station.[99][100][101]

The basic structural frame of Zvezda, known as "DOS-8", was initially built in the mid-1980s to be the core of the Mir-2 space station. This means that Zvezda is similar in layout to the core module (DOS-7) of the Mir space station. It was in fact labeled as Mir-2 for quite some time in the factory. Its design lineage thus extends back to the original Salyut stations. The space frame was completed in February 1985 and major internal equipment was installed by October 1986.

The rocket used for launch to the ISS carried advertising; it was emblazoned with the logo of Pizza Hut restaurants,[102][103][104] for which they are reported to have paid more than US$1 million.[105] The money helped support Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center and the Russian advertising agencies that orchestrated the event.[106]

On 26 July 2000, Zvezda became the third component of the ISS when it docked at the aft port of Zarya. (U.S. Unity module had already been attached to the Zarya.) Later in July, the computers aboard Zarya handed over ISS commanding functions to computers on Zvezda.[107]

Destiny

The Destiny module being installed on the ISS

Main article: Destiny (ISS module)

The Destiny module, also known as the U.S. Lab, is the primary operating facility for U.S. research payloads aboard the International Space Station (ISS).[108][109] It was berthed to the Unity module and activated over a period of five days in February, 2001.[110] Destiny is NASA's first permanent operating orbital research station since Skylab was vacated in February 1974.

The Boeing Company began construction of the 14.5-tonne (32,000 lb) research laboratory in 1995 at the Michoud Assembly Facility and then the Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama.[108] Destiny was shipped to the Kennedy Space Center in Florida in 1998, and was turned over to NASA for pre-launch preparations in August 2000. It launched on 7 February 2001 aboard the Space Shuttle Atlantis on STS-98.[110]

Quest

Quest Joint Airlock Module

Main article: Quest Joint Airlock

The Quest Joint Airlock, previously known as the Joint Airlock Module, is the primary airlock for the ISS. Quest was designed to host spacewalks with both Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) spacesuits and Orlan space suits. The airlock was launched on STS-104 on 14 July 2001. Before Quest was attached, Russian spacewalks using Orlan suits could only be done from the Zvezda service module, and American spacewalks using EMUs were only possible when a Space Shuttle was docked. The arrival of Pirs docking compartment on September 16, 2001 provided another airlock from which Orlan spacewalks can be conducted.[citation needed]

Pirs and Poisk

The Pirs module attached to the ISS.

Poisk after arriving at the ISS on 12 November 2009.

Main articles: Pirs (ISS module) and Poisk (ISS module)

Pirs (Russian: Пирс, lit. 'pier') and Poisk (Russian: По́иск, lit. 'search') are Russian airlock modules, each having 2 identical hatches. An outward-opening hatch on the Mir space station failed after it swung open too fast after unlatching, because of a small amount of air pressure remaining in the airlock.[111] All EVA hatches on the ISS open inwards and are pressure-sealing. Pirs was used to store, service, and refurbish Russian Orlan suits and provided contingency entry for crew using the slightly bulkier American suits. The outermost docking ports on both airlocks allow docking of Soyuz and Progress spacecraft, and the automatic transfer of propellants to and from storage on the ROS.[112]

Pirs was launched on 14 September 2001, as ISS Assembly Mission 4R, on a Russian Soyuz-U rocket, using a modified Progress spacecraft, Progress M-SO1, as an upper stage. Poisk was launched on 10 November 2009[113][114] attached to a modified Progress spacecraft, called Progress M-MIM2, on a Soyuz-U rocket from Launch Pad 1 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan.

Harmony

Harmony shown connected to Columbus, Kibo, and Destiny. PMA-2 faces. The nadir and zenith locations are open.

Main article: Harmony (ISS module)

Harmony, also known as Node 2, is the "utility hub" of the ISS. It connects the laboratory modules of the United States, Europe and Japan, as well as providing electrical power and electronic data. Sleeping cabins for four of the six crew are housed here.[115]

Harmony was successfully launched into space aboard Space Shuttle flight STS-120 on October 23, 2007.[116][117] After temporarily being attached to the port side of the Unity node,[118][119] it was moved to its permanent location on the forward end of the Destiny laboratory on November 14, 2007.[120] Harmony added 2,666 cubic feet (75.5 m3) to the station's living volume, an increase of almost 20 percent, from 15,000 cu ft (420 m3) to 17,666 cu ft (500.2 m3). Its successful installation meant that from NASA's perspective, the station was "U.S. Core Complete".

Tranquility

Tranquility in 2011

Main article: Tranquility (ISS module)

Tranquility, also known as Node 3, is a module of the ISS. It contains environmental control systems, life support systems, a toilet, exercise equipment, and an observation cupola.

ESA and the Italian Space Agency had Tranquility built by Thales Alenia Space. A ceremony on November 20, 2009 transferred ownership of the module to NASA.[121] On February 8, 2010, NASA launched the module on the Space Shuttle's STS-130 mission.

Columbus

The Columbus module on the ISS

Main article: Columbus (ISS module)

Columbus is a science laboratory that is part of the ISS and is the largest single contribution to the ISS made by the European Space Agency (ESA).

Like the Harmony and Tranquility modules, the Columbus laboratory was constructed in Turin, Italy by Thales Alenia Space. The functional equipment and software of the lab was designed by EADS in Bremen, Germany. It was also integrated in Bremen before being flown to the Kennedy Space Center (KSC) in Florida in an Airbus Beluga. It was launched aboard Space Shuttle Atlantis on 7 February 2008 on flight STS-122. It is designed for ten years of operation. The module is controlled by the Columbus Control Centre, located at the German Space Operations Centre, part of the German Aerospace Center in Oberpfaffenhofen near Munich, Germany.

The European Space Agency has spent €1.4 billion (about US$2 billion) on building Columbus, including the experiments that will fly in it and the ground control infrastructure necessary to operate them.[122]

Kibō

Kibō Exposed Facility on the right

Main article: Kibo (ISS module)

The Japanese Experiment Module (JEM), nicknamed Kibo (きぼう Kibō, Hope), is a Japanese science module for the ISS developed by JAXA. It is the largest single ISS module, and is attached to the Harmony module. The first two pieces of the module were launched on Space Shuttle missions STS-123 and STS-124. The third and final components were launched on STS-127.[123]

Pressurised Module

Experiment Logistics Module

Exposed Facility

Experiment Logistics Module

Remote Manipulator System

Cupola

The Cupola's windows with shutters open.

Main article: Cupola (ISS module)

The Cupola is an ESA-built observatory module of the ISS. Its name derives from the Italian word cupola, which means "dome". Its seven windows are used to conduct experiments, dockings and observations of Earth. It was launched aboard Space Shuttle mission STS-130 on 8 February 2010 and attached to the Tranquility (Node 3) module. With the Cupola attached, ISS assembly reached 85 percent completion. The Cupola's central window has a diameter of 80 cm (31 in).[124]

Rassvet

Rassvet as seen from the Cupola module during STS-132 with a Progress in the lower right

Main article: Rassvet (ISS module)

Rassvet (Russian: Рассве́т; lit. "dawn"), also known as the Mini-Research Module 1 (MRM-1) (Russian: Малый исследовательский модуль, МИМ 1) and formerly known as the Docking Cargo Module (DCM), is a component of the ISS. The module's design is similar to the Mir Docking Module launched on STS-74 in 1995. Rassvet is primarily used for cargo storage and as a docking port for visiting spacecraft. It was flown to the ISS aboard Space Shuttle Atlantis on the STS-132 mission on May 14, 2010,[125] and was connected to the ISS on May 18.[126] The hatch connecting Rassvet with the ISS was first opened on May 20.[127] On 28 June 2010, the Soyuz TMA-19 spacecraft performed the first docking with the module.[128]

Leonardo

Leonardo Permanent Multipurpose Module

Main article: Leonardo (ISS module)

The Leonardo Permanent Multipurpose Module (PMM) is a module of the ISS. It was flown into space aboard the Space Shuttle on STS-133 on 24 February 2011 and installed on 1 March. Leonardo is primarily used for storage of spares, supplies and waste on the ISS, which was until then stored in many different places within the space station. The Leonardo PMM was a Multi-Purpose Logistics Module (MPLM) before 2011, but was modified into its current configuration. It was formerly one of three MPLM used for bringing cargo to and from the ISS with the Space Shuttle. The module was named for Italian polymath Leonardo da Vinci.

Bigelow Expandable Activity Module

Progression of expansion of BEAM

Main article: Bigelow Expandable Activity Module

The Bigelow Expandable Activity Module (BEAM) is an experimental expandable space station module developed by Bigelow Aerospace, under contract to NASA, for testing as a temporary module on the ISS from 2016 to at least 2020. It arrived at the ISS on 10 April 2016,[129] was berthed to the station on 16 April, and was expanded and pressurized on 28 May 2016.

International Docking Adapter

IDA-1 upright

Main article: International Docking Adapter

The International Docking Adapter (IDA) is a spacecraft docking system adapter developed to convert APAS-95 to the NASA Docking System (NDS)/International Docking System Standard (IDSS). An IDA is placed on each of the ISS' two open Pressurized Mating Adapters (PMAs), both of which are connected to the Harmony module.

IDA-1 was lost during the launch failure of SpaceX CRS-7 on 28 June 2015.[130][131][132]

IDA-2 was launched on SpaceX CRS-9 on 18 July 2016.[133] It was attached and connected to PMA-2 during a spacewalk on 19 August 2016.[134] First docking was achieved with the arrival of Crew Dragon Demo-1 on 3 March 2019. [135]

IDA-3 was launched on the SpaceX CRS-18 mission in July 2019.[136] IDA-3 is constructed mostly from spare parts to speed construction.[137] It was attached and connected to PMA-3 during a spacewalk on 21 August 2019. [138]

Unpressurised elements

ISS Truss Components breakdown showing Trusses and all ORUs in situ

The ISS has a large number of external components that do not require pressurisation. The largest of these is the Integrated Truss Structure (ITS), to which the station's main solar arrays and thermal radiators are mounted.[139] The ITS consists of ten separate segments forming a structure 108.5 m (356 ft) long.[3]

The station was intended to have several smaller external components, such as six robotic arms, three External Stowage Platforms (ESPs) and four ExPRESS Logistics Carriers (ELCs).[140][141] While these platforms allow experiments (including MISSE, the STP-H3 and the Robotic Refueling Mission) to be deployed and conducted in the vacuum of space by providing electricity and processing experimental data locally, their primary function is to store spare Orbital Replacement Units (ORUs). ORUs are parts that can be replaced when they fail or pass their design life, including pumps, storage tanks, antennas, and battery units. Such units are replaced either by astronauts during EVA or by robotic arms.[142] Several shuttle missions were dedicated to the delivery of ORUs, including STS-129,[143] STS-133[144] and STS-134.[145] As of January 2011, only one other mode of transportation of ORUs had been utilised – the Japanese cargo vessel HTV-2 – which delivered an FHRC and CTC-2 via its Exposed Pallet (EP).[146][needs update]

Construction of the Integrated Truss Structure over New Zealand.

There are also smaller exposure facilities mounted directly to laboratory modules; the Kibō Exposed Facility serves as an external 'porch' for the Kibō complex,[147] and a facility on the European Columbus laboratory provides power and data connections for experiments such as the European Technology Exposure Facility[148][149] and the Atomic Clock Ensemble in Space.[150] A remote sensing instrument, SAGE III-ISS, was delivered to the station in February 2017 aboard CRS-10,[151] and the NICER experiment was delivered aboard CRS-11 in June 2017.[152] The largest scientific payload externally mounted to the ISS is the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS), a particle physics experiment launched on STS-134 in May 2011, and mounted externally on the ITS. The AMS measures cosmic rays to look for evidence of dark matter and antimatter.[153][154]

The commercial Bartolomeo External Payload Hosting Platform, manufactured by Airbus, is due to launch in May 2019 aboard a commercial ISS resupply vehicle and be attached to the European Columbus module. It will provide a further 12 external payload slots, supplementing the eight on the ExPRESS Logistics Carriers, ten on Kibō, and four on Columbus. The system is designed to be robotically serviced and will require no astronaut intervention. It is named after Christopher Columbus's younger brother.[155][156][157]

Robotic arms and cargo cranes

Commander Volkov stands on Pirs with his back to the Soyuz whilst operating the manual Strela crane holding photographer Kononenko.

Dextre, like many of the station's experiments and robotic arms, can be operated from Earth and perform tasks while the crew sleeps.

The Integrated Truss Structure serves as a base for the station's primary remote manipulator system, called the Mobile Servicing System (MSS), which is composed of three main components. Canadarm2, the largest robotic arm on the ISS, has a mass of 1,800 kilograms (4,000 lb) and is used to dock and manipulate spacecraft and modules on the USOS, hold crew members and equipment in place during EVAs and move Dextre around to perform tasks.[158] Dextre is a 1,560 kg (3,440 lb) robotic manipulator with two arms, a rotating torso and has power tools, lights and video for replacing orbital replacement units (ORUs) and performing other tasks requiring fine control.[159] The Mobile Base System (MBS) is a platform which rides on rails along the length of the station's main truss. It serves as a mobile base for Canadarm2 and Dextre, allowing the robotic arms to reach all parts of the USOS.[160] To gain access to the Russian Segment a grapple fixture was added to Zarya on STS-134, so that Canadarm2 can inchworm itself onto the ROS.[161] Also installed during STS-134 was the 15 m (50 ft) Orbiter Boom Sensor System (OBSS), which had been used to inspect heat shield tiles on Space Shuttle missions and can be used on station to increase the reach of the MSS.[161] Staff on Earth or the station can operate the MSS components via remote control, performing work outside the station without space walks.

Japan's Remote Manipulator System, which services the Kibō Exposed Facility,[162] was launched on STS-124 and is attached to the Kibō Pressurised Module.[163] The arm is similar to the Space Shuttle arm as it is permanently attached at one end and has a latching end effector for standard grapple fixtures at the other.

The European Robotic Arm, which will service the Russian Orbital Segment, will be launched alongside the Multipurpose Laboratory Module in 2017.[164] The ROS does not require spacecraft or modules to be manipulated, as all spacecraft and modules dock automatically and may be discarded the same way. Crew use the two Strela (Russian: Стрела́; lit. Arrow) cargo cranes during EVAs for moving crew and equipment around the ROS. Each Strela crane has a mass of 45 kg (99 lb).

Planned componments

Nauka

Artist's rendering of the Nauka module docked to Zvezda.

Main article: Nauka (ISS module)

Nauka (Russian: Нау́ка; lit. Science), also known as the Multipurpose Laboratory Module (MLM), (Russian: Многофункциональный лабораторный модуль, or МЛМ), is a component of the ISS which has not yet been launched into space. The MLM is funded by the Roscosmos State Corporation. In the original ISS plans, Nauka was to use the location of the Docking and Stowage Module. Later, the DSM was replaced by the Rassvet module and it was moved to Zarya's nadir port. Planners anticipate Nauka will dock at Zvezda's nadir port, replacing Pirs.[165]

The launch of Nauka, initially planned for 2007, has been repeatedly delayed for various reasons. As of September 2019, the launch to the ISS is assigned to no earlier than December 2020.[166] After this date, the warranties of some of Nauka's systems will expire.

Prichal

Mockup of the Prichal module at the Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center

Main article: Prichal (ISS module)

Prichal, also known as Uzlovoy Module or UM (Russian: Узловой Модуль "Причал", Nodal Module Berth),[167] is a 4-tonne (8,800 lb)[168] ball-shaped module that will allow docking of two scientific and power modules during the final stage of the station assembly, and provide the Russian segment additional docking ports to receive Soyuz MS and Progress MS spacecraft. UM is due to be launched in 2022.[169] It will be integrated with a special version of the Progress cargo ship and launched by a standard Soyuz rocket, docking to the nadir port of the Nauka module. One port is equipped with an active hybrid docking port, which enables docking with the MLM module. The remaining five ports are passive hybrids, enabling docking of Soyuz and Progress vehicles, as well as heavier modules and future spacecraft with modified docking systems. The node module was intended to serve as the only permanent element of the cancelled OPSEK.[170][171]

Science Power Modules 1 and 2

Science Power Module 1 (SPM-1, also known as NEM-1) Science Power Module 2 (SPM-2, also known as NEM-2) are modules planned to arrive at the ISS in 2022.[169][172][173] It is going to dock to the Prichal module, which is planned to be attached to the Nauka module.[173] If Nauka is cancelled, then the Prichal, SPM-1, and SPM-2 would dock at the zenith port of Zvezda. SPM-1 and SPM-2 would also be required components for the OPSEK space station.[174]

Bishop Airlock Module

Main article: Bishop Airlock Module

The NanoRacks Bishop Airlock Module is a commercially-funded airlock module intended to be launched to the ISS on SpaceX CRS-21 in August 2020.[175][176] The module is being built by NanoRacks, Thales Alenia Space, and Boeing.[177] It will be used to deploy CubeSats, small satellites, and other external payloads for NASA, CASIS, and other commercial and governmental customers.[178]

Cancelled componments

The cancelled Habitation module under construction at Michoud in 1997

Several modules planned for the station were cancelled over the course of the ISS programme. Reasons include budgetary constraints, the modules becoming unnecessary, and station redesigns after the 2003 Columbia disaster. The US Centrifuge Accommodations Module would have hosted science experiments in varying levels of artificial gravity.[179] The US Habitation Module would have served as the station's living quarters. Instead, the sleep stations are now spread throughout the station.[180] The US Interim Control Module and ISS Propulsion Module would have replaced the functions of Zvezda in case of a launch failure.[181] Two Russian Research Modules were planned for scientific research.[182] They would have docked to a Russian Universal Docking Module.[183] The Russian Science Power Platform would have supplied power to the Russian Orbital Segment independent of the ITS solar arrays.

Systems

Life support

Main articles: ISS ECLSS and Chemical oxygen generator

The critical systems are the atmosphere control system, the water supply system, the food supply facilities, the sanitation and hygiene equipment, and fire detection and suppression equipment. The Russian Orbital Segment's life support systems are contained in the Zvezda service module. Some of these systems are supplemented by equipment in the USOS. The MLM Nauka laboratory has a complete set of life support systems.

Atmospheric control systems

A flowchart diagram showing the components of the ISS life support system.

The interactions between the components of the ISS Environmental Control and Life Support System (ECLSS)

The atmosphere on board the ISS is similar to the Earth's.[184] Normal air pressure on the ISS is 101.3 kPa (14.69 psi);[185] the same as at sea level on Earth. An Earth-like atmosphere offers benefits for crew comfort, and is much safer than a pure oxygen atmosphere, because of the increased risk of a fire such as that responsible for the deaths of the Apollo 1 crew.[186] Earth-like atmospheric conditions have been maintained on all Russian and Soviet spacecraft.[187]

The Elektron system aboard Zvezda and a similar system in Destiny generate oxygen aboard the station.[188] The crew has a backup option in the form of bottled oxygen and Solid Fuel Oxygen Generation (SFOG) canisters, a chemical oxygen generator system.[189] Carbon dioxide is removed from the air by the Vozdukh system in Zvezda. Other by-products of human metabolism, such as methane from the intestines and ammonia from sweat, are removed by activated charcoal filters.[189]

Part of the ROS atmosphere control system is the oxygen supply. Triple-redundancy is provided by the Elektron unit, solid fuel generators, and stored oxygen. The primary supply of oxygen is the Elektron unit which produces O

2 and H

2 by electrolysis of water and vents H2 overboard. The 1 kW (1.3 hp) system uses approximately one litre of water per crew member per day. This water is either brought from Earth or recycled from other systems. Mir was the first spacecraft to use recycled water for oxygen production. The secondary oxygen supply is provided by burning O

2-producing Vika cartridges (see also ISS ECLSS). Each 'candle' takes 5–20 minutes to decompose at 450–500 °C (842–932 °F), producing 600 litres (130 imp gal; 160 US gal) of O

2. This unit is manually operated.[190]

The US Orbital Segment has redundant supplies of oxygen, from a pressurised storage tank on the Quest airlock module delivered in 2001, supplemented ten years later by ESA-built Advanced Closed-Loop System (ACLS) in the Tranquility module (Node 3), which produces O

2 by electrolysis.[191] Hydrogen produced is combined with carbon dioxide from the cabin atmosphere and converted to water and methane.

Power and thermal control

Main articles: Electrical system of the International Space Station and External Active Thermal Control System

Russian solar arrays, backlit by sunset

One of the eight truss mounted pairs of USOS solar arrays

Double-sided solar arrays provide electrical power to the ISS. These bifacial cells collect direct sunlight on one side and light reflected off from the Earth on the other, and are more efficient and operate at a lower temperature than single-sided cells commonly used on Earth.[192]

The Russian segment of the station, like most spacecraft, uses 28 volt low voltage DC from four rotating solar arrays mounted on Zarya and Zvezda. The USOS uses 130–180 V DC from the USOS PV array, power is stabilised and distributed at 160 V DC and converted to the user-required 124 V DC. The higher distribution voltage allows smaller, lighter conductors, at the expense of crew safety. The two station segments share power with converters.

The USOS solar arrays are arranged as four wing pairs, for a total production of 75 to 90 kilowatts.[193] These arrays normally track the sun to maximise power generation. Each array is about 375 m2 (4,036 sq ft) in area and 58 m (190 ft) long. In the complete configuration, the solar arrays track the sun by rotating the alpha gimbal once per orbit; the beta gimbal follows slower changes in the angle of the sun to the orbital plane. The Night Glider mode aligns the solar arrays parallel to the ground at night to reduce the significant aerodynamic drag at the station's relatively low orbital altitude.[194]

The station originally used rechargeable nickel–hydrogen batteries (NiH

2) for continuous power during the 35 minutes of every 90-minute orbit that it is eclipsed by the Earth. The batteries are recharged on the day side of the orbit. They had a 6.5-year lifetime (over 37,000 charge/discharge cycles) and were regularly replaced over the anticipated 20-year life of the station.[195] Starting in 2016, the nickel–hydrogen batteries were replaced by lithium-ion batteries, which are expected to last until the end of the ISS program.[196]

The station's large solar panels generate a high potential voltage difference between the station and the ionosphere. This could cause arcing through insulating surfaces and sputtering of conductive surfaces as ions are accelerated by the spacecraft plasma sheath. To mitigate this, plasma contactor units (PCU)s create current paths between the station and the ambient plasma field.[197]

ISS External Active Thermal Control System (EATCS) diagram

The station's systems and experiments consume a large amount of electrical power, almost all of which is converted to heat. To keep the internal temperature within workable limits, a passive thermal control system (PTCS) is made of external surface materials, insulation such as MLI, and heat pipes. If the PTCS cannot keep up with the heat load, an External Active Thermal Control System (EATCS) maintains the temperature. The EATCS consists of an internal, non-toxic, water coolant loop used to cool and dehumidify the atmosphere, which transfers collected heat into an external liquid ammonia loop. From the heat exchangers, ammonia is pumped into external radiators that emit heat as infrared radiation, then back to the station.[198] The EATCS provides cooling for all the US pressurised modules, including Kibō and Columbus, as well as the main power distribution electronics of the S0, S1 and P1 trusses. It can reject up to 70 kW. This is much more than the 14 kW of the Early External Active Thermal Control System (EEATCS) via the Early Ammonia Servicer (EAS), which was launched on STS-105 and installed onto the P6 Truss.[199]

Communications and computers

Main articles: Tracking and Data Relay Satellite and Luch (satellite)

en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludlow_Castle

LOAD10 All in Sydtime by Melinda Greer

5 8

My youngest is on her own schedule for most every so we have coined the phrase “all in Sydtime” to describe this phenomenon😉 journaling is on the tag tuck behind the pic and can be seen in the close ups in my photo stream if you want to read it😉

Long Hood by Edja Noezsanto Nitijoso

5 10

Scheduled for crossing and sets enter in #2

Schedule by Karl Baron

1964 Studebaker Cruiser by Alden Jewell

A non-mailable postcard-sized card with the 1963 NCAA TV Football Schedule on the other side, courtesy of your local Studebaker dealer.

Winter has arrived on schedule by Ryan

Schedule by Steven Lilley

L563 YCU by DarrenT857

Griffin Bus, L563 YCU waits to turn out of Hever Avenue into London Road, West Kingsdown whilst working route 419.

This was the final week that the 419 was scheduled to visit Darent Valley Hospital, from the following Monday the service was cut back to Dartford Town Centre and renumbered 408. Tuesday 19th April 2011

New to Kentish Bus as 563 in April 1994 and based at Lewisham for use on 161 it was transferred to Northfleet in December 1995 for use on route 96. Upon being absorbed into the ARRIVA Kent Thameside it gained the fleet number 5563. In March 1999 it was transferred to ARRIVA Kent & Sussex and based at Maidstone until withdrawal. It was withdrawn by ARRIVA in 2009 and passed to a private buyer who loaned it out to Griffin Bus, Longfield and from May 2011 Go-Coach, Otford. It was later used Carmen's Coaches on route TW4 before being sold for scrap.

Volvo Olympian - Northern Counties Palatine II (Ex-Kentish Bus 563 & ARRIVA Southern Counties 5563)

IMG_4217

Singapore General Election 2020 | Singapore by Ping Timeout

Booklet from the incumbent ruling party - the People Action Party.

Nicknamed the “COVID-19 Election”, The 2020 Singaporean general election is scheduled for Friday, 10 July 2020. It will elect Members of Parliament to the 14th Parliament of Singapore since Singapore's independence in 1965, using the first-past-the-post electoral system. Voting is mandatory for all Singaporeans aged 21 or above as of 1 March 2020 for the purpose of this election.

This election will be the 18th general election in Singapore and the 13th since independence. The ruling People's Action Party (PAP) is seeking to secure their 15th consecutive term in government since 1959. 192 candidates (including 73 new candidates and one independent candidate) from 11 parties will be contesting, the most ever in the history of Singapore, surpassing the record set from the 2015 election. Two constituencies, Pasir Ris–Punggol GRC and Pioneer SMC, will see a three-cornered fight, with the former being the first multi-cornered contest inside a Group Representation Constituency since the 1992 Marine Parade by-election 28 years prior. This election also marks the second consecutive election not to have a walkover in any constituency.

#singapore #singaporepolitics #politics #singaporegeneralelection #GE2020 #politicalrally #pandemic #covid19 #covid19election #peopleactionparty #pap #psp #progresssingaporeparty #tanjongpagargrc #makeyourvotecount #majulahsingapura

Scheduled Short by London Transport

Sullivan's E49 on TfL Rail Replacement seen at Harold Wood Stn while working a short journey to Romford.

Beaumaris Castle - South Gatehouse by Elliott Brown

A visit to Beaumaris Castle on the Isle of Anglesey in Wales. Our 2nd visit in around 20 years.

Heading in towards the South Gatehouse, discovered that there was more of the castle to explore!

Beaumaris Castle (Welsh: Castell Biwmares), located in the town of the same name on the Isle of Anglesey in Wales, was built as part of Edward I's campaign to conquer the north of Wales after 1282. Plans were probably first made to construct the castle in 1284, but this was delayed due to lack of funds and work only began in 1295 following the Madog ap Llywelyn uprising. A substantial workforce was employed in the initial years under the direction of James of St George. Edward's invasion of Scotland soon diverted funding from the project, however, and work stopped, only recommencing after an invasion scare in 1306. When work finally ceased around 1330 a total of £15,000 had been spent, a huge sum for the period, but the castle remained incomplete.

Beaumaris Castle was taken by Welsh forces in 1403 during the rebellion of Owain Glyndŵr, but was recaptured by royal forces in 1405. Following the outbreak of the English Civil War in 1642, the castle was held by forces loyal to Charles I, holding out until 1646 when it surrendered to the Parliamentary armies. Despite forming part of a local royalist rebellion in 1648 the castle escaped slighting and was garrisoned by Parliament, but fell into ruin around 1660, eventually forming part of a local stately home and park in the 19th century. In the 21st century the ruined castle is managed by Cadw as a tourist attraction.

Historian Arnold Taylor described Beaumaris Castle as Britain's "most perfect example of symmetrical concentric planning". The fortification is built of local stone, with a moated outer ward guarded by twelve towers and two gatehouses, overlooked by an inner ward with two large, D-shaped gatehouses and six massive towers. The inner ward was designed to contain ranges of domestic buildings and accommodation able to support two major households. The south gate could be reached by ship, allowing the castle to be directly supplied by sea. UNESCO considers Beaumaris to be one of "the finest examples of late 13th century and early 14th century military architecture in Europe", and it is classed as a World Heritage site.

Grade I listed building

Beaumaris Castle

History

Beaumaris Castle was begun in 1295, the last of the castles built by Edward I to create a defensive ring around the N Wales coast from Aberystwyth to Flint. The master mason was probably James of St George, master of the king's works in Wales, who had already worked on many of Edward's castles, including Harlech, Conwy and Caernarfon. Previously he had been employed by Philip of Savoy and had designed for him the fortress palace of St Georges d'Esperanche.

Unlike most of its contemporaries, Beaumaris Castle was built on a flat site and was designed on the concentric principle to have 4 defensive rings - moat, outer curtain wall, outer ward and inner curtain wall. It was originally intended to have 5 separate accommodation suites. In the event they were not built as work ceased c1330 before the castle was complete. A survey made in 1343 indicates that little has been lost of the fabric in subsequent centuries, despite being besieged during the revolt of Owain Glyndwr. However it was described as ruinous in 1539 and in 1609 by successive members of the Bulkeley family, who had settled in Anglesey and senior officials at Beaumaris from the C15, although they were probably unaware that the castle had never been finished. During the Civil War the castle was held for the king by Thomas, Viscount Bulkeley, who is said to have spent £3000 on repairs, and his son Colonel Richard Bulkeley. After the Restoration it was partly dismantled. The castle was purchased from the crown by the 6th Viscount Bulkeley in 1807, passing to his nephew Sir Richard Bulkeley Williams-Bulkeley in 1822. Sir Richard opened the castle grounds to the public and in 1832 Princess Victoria attended a Royal Eisteddfod held in the inner ward. Since 1925 it has been in the guardianship of the state, during which time the ruins have been conserved and the moat reinstated.

Exterior

A concentrically planned castle comprising an inner ward, which is square in plan, with high inner curtain wall incorporating gatehouses and towers, an outer ward and an outer curtain wall which is nearly square in plan but has shallow facets to form an octagon. The outer curtain wall faces the moat. The castle is built mainly of coursed local limestone and local sandstone, the latter having been used for dressings and mouldings. Openings have mainly shouldered lintels.

The main entrance was the S side, or Gate Next the Sea. This has a central gateway with tall segmental arch, slots in the soffit for the drawbridge chains, loop above it and machicolations on the parapet. The entrance is flanked by round gatehouse towers which, to the L, is corbelled out over a narrower square base set diagonally, and on the R is corbelled out with a square projecting shooting platform to the front. The towers have loops in both stages, and L-hand (W) tower has a corbelled latrine shaft in the angle with the curtain wall. The shooting platform has partially surviving battlements, and is abutted by the footings of the former town wall, added in the early C15. On the R side of the gatehouse is the dock, where the curtain wall has a doorway for unloading provisions. The dock wall, projecting at R angles further R has a corbelled parapet, a central round tower that incorporated a tidal mill and, at the end, a corbelled shooting platform, perhaps for a trebuchet, with machicolations to the end (S) wall. The E side of the dock wall has loops lighting a mural passage.

The curtain walls have loops at ground level of the outer ward, some blocked, and each facet to the E, W and N sides has higher end and intermediate 2-stage round turrets, and all with a corbelled parapet. The northernmost facet of the W side and most of the northern side were added after 1306 and a break in the building programme. The towers at the NW and NE corners are larger and higher than the other main turrets. On the N side, in the eastern facet, is the N or Llanfaes Gate. This was unfinished in the medieval period and has survived much as it was left. The gateway has a recessed segmental arch at high level, a portcullis slot and a blocked pointed arch forming the main entrance, into which a modern gate has been inserted. To the L and R are irregular walls, square in plan, of the proposed gatehouse towers, the N walls facing the moat never having been built. Later arches were built to span the walls at high level in order to facilitate a wall walk. The NE tower of the outer curtain wall has a corbelled latrine shaft in the angle with the E curtain wall, and in the same stretch of wall is a corbelled shaft retaining a gargoyle. The SE tower also has a corbelled latrine shaft in the angle with the E curtain wall.

In the Gate Next the Sea the passage is arched with 2 murder slots, a loop to either side, and a former doorway at the end, of which draw-bar slots have survived. In the R-hand (E) gatehouse is an irregular-shaped room with garderobe chamber. On its inner (N) side are mural stair leading to the wall walk and to a newel stair to the upper chamber. The upper chamber has a fireplace with missing lintel, and a garderobe. The L-hand (W) gatehouse has an undercroft. Its lower storey was reached by external stone steps against the curtain wall, and retains a garderobe chamber and fireplace, formerly with projecting hood. The upper chamber was reached from the wall walk.

On the inner side facing the outer ward, the outer curtain wall is corbelled out to the upper level, except on the N side where only a short section is corbelled out. To the W of the gatehouse are remains of stone steps to the gatehouse, already mentioned, and stone steps to the wall walk. Further R the loops in the curtain wall are framed by an arcade of pointed arches added in the mid C14. The curtain wall towers have doorways to the lower stage, and were entered from the wall walk in the upper stage. In some places the wall walk is corbelled out and/or stepped down at the entrances to the towers. On the W side, the southernmost facet has a projecting former garderobe, surviving in outline form on the ground and with evidence of a former lean-to stone roof. Just N of the central tower on the W side are the footings of a former closing wall defining the original end of the outer ward before the curtain wall was completed after 1306. Further N in the same stretch of wall are stone steps to the wall walk. The NW corner tower has a doorway with draw-bar socket, passage with garderobe chamber to its L, and a narrow fireplace which formerly had a projecting hood. The upper stage floor was carried on a cross beam, of which large corbels survive, and corbel table that supported joists. In the upper stage details of a former fireplace have been lost.

In the Llanfaes Gate the proposed gatehouses both have doorways with ovolo-moulded surrounds. The L-hand (W) doorway leads to a newel stair. The NE curtain wall tower is similar to the NW tower, with garderobe, fireplaces and corbels supporting the floor of the upper stage. Both facets on the E side have remains of garderobes with stone lean-to roofs, of which the northernmost is better preserved. The SE tower was heated in the upper stage but the fireplace details are lost. In the dock wall, a doorway leads to a corbelled mural passage.

The inner ward is surrounded by higher curtain walls with corbelled parapets. It has S and N gatehouses, and corner and intermediate round towers in the E and W walls. The towers all have battered bases and in the angles with the curtain walls are loops lighting the stairs. The curtain walls have loops lighting a first floor mural passage, and the S and N sides also have shorter passages with loops in the lower storey. The inner curtain wall has a more finely moulded corbel table than the outer curtain wall, and embattlements incorporating arrow loops. The main entrance to the inner ward was by the S Gatehouse. It has an added barbican rectangular in plan. The entrance in the W end wall has a plain pointed arch, of which the voussoirs and jamb are missing on the L side. The S wall has 3 loops and 2 gargoyles, the L-hand poorly preserved, and has a single loop in the E wall. Inside are remains of stone steps against the E wall leading to the parapet. The 2-storey S gatehouse has a 2-centred arch, a pointed window above, retaining only a fragment of its moulded dressings, spanned by a segmental arch with murder slot at high level. The towers to the R and L are rounded and have loops in the lower stage, and square-headed windows in the middle stage.

The SW, W (Middle) and NW towers have similar detail, a loop in the lower stage and blocked 2-light mullioned window in the middle stage. The 3-storey N Gatehouse, although similar in plan and conception to the S Gatehouse, differs in its details. It has a central 2-centred arch and pintles of former double gates. In the middle storey is a narrow square-headed window and in the upper storey a 2-light window with cusped lights and remains of a transom. A high segmental arch, incorporating a murder slot, spans the entrance. The rounded towers have loops in the lower stage. The R-hand (W) has a window opening in the middle storey, of which the dressings are missing, and in the upper storey a single cusped light to the N and remains of a pair of cusped lights, with transom, on the W side. The L-hand (E) tower has a single square-headed window in the middle storey (formerly 2-light but its mullion is missing) and in the upper storey a single cusped light and square-headed window on the E side. The NE and SE towers are similar to the towers on the W side. In the middle of the E curtain wall is the chapel tower, which has 5 pointed windows in the middle storey.

The S gateway has a well-defended passage. The outer doorway has double draw-bar sockets, followed by a portcullis slot, 4 segmental arches between murder slots, loops in each wall, then another portcullis slot and a segmental arch where the position of a doorway is marked by double draw-bar sockets. Beyond, the passage walls were not completed, but near the end is the position of another doorway with draw-bar socket and the base of a portcullis slot.

The gatehouses have a double depth plan, but only the outer (S) half was continued above ground-floor level. The N side has the footings of guard rooms, each with fireplaces and NE and NW round stair turrets, of which the NW retains the base of a newel stair. Above ground floor level the N wall of the surviving building, originally intended as a dividing wall, has doorways in the middle storey. Both gatehouses have first-floor fireplaces, of which the moulded jambs and corbels have survived, but the corbelled hood has been lost.

Architectural refinement was concentrated upon the N gatehouse, which was the principal accommodation block, and the chapel. The S elevation of the N gatehouse has a central segmental arch to the entrance passage. To its R is a square-headed window and to its L are 2 small dressed windows, set unusually high because an external stone stair was originally built against the wall. In the 5-bay middle storey are a doorway at the L end and 4 windows to a first-floor hall. All the openings have 4-centred arches with continuous mouldings, sill band and string course at half height. The R-hand window retains a transom but otherwise no mullions or transoms have survived. Projecting round turrets to the R and L house the stairs, lit by narrow loops. To the N of the R-hand (E) stair tower the side wall of the gatehouse has the segmental stone arch of a former undercroft.

The N gate passage is best described from its outer side, and is similar to the S gate. It has a doorway with double draw-bar sockets, portcullis slot, springers of former arches between murder slots, loops in each wall, another portcullis slot, a pointed doorway with double draw-bar sockets, doorways to rooms on the R and L, and a 3rd portcullis slot. The gatehouses have, in the lower storey, 2 simple unheated rooms. The first-floor hall has pointed rere arches, moulded C14 corbels and plain corbel table supporting the roof, a lateral fireplace formerly with corbelled hood, and a similar fireplace in the E wall (suggesting that the hall was partitioned) of which the dressings are mostly missing. Rooms on the N side of the hall are faceted in each gatehouse, with fireplaces and window seats in both middle and upper storeys. Stair turrets have newels stairs, the upper portion of which is renewed in concrete on the W side.

The Chapel tower has a pointed rubble-stone tunnel vault in the lower storey. In the middle storey is a pointed doorway with 2 orders of hollow moulding, leading to the chapel. Above are 2 corbelled round projections in the wall walk. The chapel doorway opens to a small tunnel-vaulted lobby. Entrance to the chapel itself is through double cusped doorways, which form part of a blind arcade of cusped arches with trefoiled spandrels, 3 per bay, to the 2-bay chapel. The chapel has a polygonal apse and rib vault on polygonal wall shafts. The W side, which incorporates the entrance, also has small lancet openings within the arcading that look out to the mural passage. Windows are set high, above the arcading. The W bay has blind windows, into which small windows were built that allowed proceedings to be viewed from small chambers contained within the wall on the N and S sides of the chapel, reached from the mural passage and provided with benches.

The SW, NW, NE, SE and the Middle tower are built to a standard form, with round lower-storey rooms, octagonal above. They incorporate newel stairs, of which the NW has mostly collapsed, and the SW is rebuilt in concrete at the upper level. The lower storey, which has a floor level lower than the passage from the inner ward, was possibly used as a prison and has a single inclined vent but no windows. Upper floors were supported on diaphragm arches, which have survived supporting the middle storeys of the Middle and SE towers, whereas the SW and NE towers retain only the springers of former arches, and the NE tower has a diaphragm arch supporting the upper storey. In the middle storey of each tower is the remains of a fireplace with corbelled hood.

Each section of curtain wall contains a central latrine shaft, with mural passages at first-floor level incorporating back-to-back garderobes. The N and S walls also have short mural passages in the lower storey to single garderobes in each section of wall. Mural passages have corbelled roofs. The S side is different as it has tunnel-vaulted lobbies adjacent to the towers, between which are short sections of corbelled passage with garderobes. The wall walk also incorporates back-to-back latrines, in this case reached down stone steps.

There is evidence of buildings within the inner ward. Footings survive of a building constructed against the E end of the N wall. In the curtain wall are 2 fireplaces, formerly with corbelled hoods, to a first-floor hall. On the S side of the chapel tower is the stub wall of a larger building. On the N side of the W curtain wall are the moulded jambs of a former kitchen fireplace, and adjacent to it against the N wall is the base of a bake oven. On the E side of the S curtain wall the wall is plastered to 2-storey height.

Reasons for Listing

Listed grade I as one of the outstanding Edwardian medieval castles of Wales.

Scheduled Ancient Monument AN001

World Heritage Site

South Gatehouse

jsc2016e072608 by NASA Johnson

At the Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center in Star City, Russia, Expedition 48-49 crew members Kate Rubins of NASA (left), Anatoly Ivanishin of Roscosmos (center) and Takuya Onishi of the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (right) pose for pictures following a news conference May 31. Rubins, Ivanishin and Onishi are scheduled to launch June 24 from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan on the Soyuz MS-01 spacecraft for a four-month mission on the International Space Station. NASA/Stephanie Stoll

Glastonbury Tor "The Isle of Avalon" by The Shaldives

According to legend, the Glastonbury Tor is the The Isle of Avalon, burial site of King Arthur.

Name: St Michael's Church, monastic remains, and other settlement remains on Glastonbury Tor

Overview

Heritage Category:Scheduled Monument

List Entry Number:1019390

Date first listed:24-Apr-1951

County:Somerset

District:Mendip (District Authority)

Parish:Glastonbury

The Diocese of Bath and Wells

National Grid Reference:ST 51198 38597

Heritage Category:Listed Building

Grade:I

List Entry Number:1345475

Date first listed:21-Jun-1950

Reasons for Designation

The complex of settlement remains, graves, building foundations, and standing remains on Glastonbury Tor have been demonstrated by excavation to reveal a lengthy period of occupation on the Tor lasting, with possible gaps, from around the fifth or sixth centuries through to the Dissolution of 1539. The height, shape, and prominence of the Tor in an otherwise flat and once marshy landscape means that it will have attracted attention for its defensive qualities as well as being naturally attractive as a place of spiritual or religious pilgrimage. The high status nature of the pottery and metal finds of the post-Roman period found in excavation suggest the use of the site as a stronghold although an early Christian settlement cannot be ruled out. Certainly, the site supported what appears to be a monastic retreat from at least the tenth century and churches were successively built on the summit. The second medieval church has been shown to have been accompanied by contemporary buildings suggesting that a permanent presence was retained on the Tor in order to attend to pilgrims and enabling mass to be celebrated; the tower of this church, dedicated to St Michael, still stands as a landmark which may be seen from miles around. A number of surviving medieval documents serve to confirm the antiquity of the Tor as a religious centre and it is firmly woven into the ancient and literary traditions surrounding the presence of King Arthur at Glastonbury. The monument will retain important archaeological evidence for the lives and religious beliefs of the populace of the post-Roman period (a period where evidence is otherwise very scarce), the later Saxon period, and the medieval period, the signifigance of the Tor in former times as a place of worship and the relationship between this site and the nearby Glastonbury Abbey.

Details

The monument on Glastonbury Tor includes part of the below ground remains of a post-Roman occupation site dating from the sixth to the seventh centuries AD, part of a monastic settlement probably dating from at least the tenth century, and part of the above and below ground remains of what has been interpreted as a medieval pilgrimage centre for the cult of St Michael. This latter complex includes the foundations of the church of St Michael and its 14th century standing tower which is a Listed Building Grade I. All of these remains are located on the relatively flat summit and the south west shoulder of Glastonbury Tor, a prominent natural conical hill with a 300m long whale- backed ridge sloping away to the south west, just to the south east of Glastonbury. The summit, at 158m above sea level, has commanding views over much of the flat Somerset Levels which surround it and the Tor is traditionally associated with the legendary Isle of Avalon, a reputed resting place of King Arthur. Although artifact finds of earlier periods have been made on the Tor, the earliest evidence of settlement comes from the post-Roman period (the so-called Dark Ages). Excavation carried out in 1964-66 demonstrated the presence of the remains of timber structures, metal working hearths, and pits, on the summit of the Tor to the north east of St Michael's Tower. These remains, which were planned, recorded, and published, were considered by the excavator Philip Rahtz to represent the site of a post-Roman stronghold or settlement centred on the sixth century, but perhaps dating from as early as the fifth century, of secular or possibly early Christian origin. Two graves discovered in association with the earliest recorded remains were considered to be pagan due to their north-south orientation. Post-Roman finds recovered from the excavation were of high quality for the times and included imported Mediterranean pottery associated with either wine or olive oil which are indicative of a surviving trading network in the post-Roman south west; this contrasts with what appears to be the situation in the rest of the country. There is no evidence of continuity between the early settlement and the complex which replaced it but continuity in some form may be considered likely. In excavation, a number of timber buildings set on platforms cut into the rock and including two possible monastic cells and the post-holes for timber uprights of a possible communal building were recorded. These remains have been interpreted as those of a monastic retreat of late Saxon origin which lasted probably into the early Norman period. A cross base found on the summit was believed to be Saxon in date. Although there is no direct reference to a pre-Conquest monastery on the Tor, a 13th century document known as the `charter of St Patrick' names two lay brothers, Arnulph and Ogmar, residing on the Tor in former times. This suggests that in the 13th century there was a strong tradition that there had been a monastic settlement on the Tor. The summit of the Tor is dominated by the standing tower of the church of St Michael. The original stone church, which may have had timber predecessors, has extant foundations believed to date from the 12th century. This church appears to have formed the focus of a monastic complex and this is confirmed by a charter of 1243 which gives permission for the holding of a fair `at the monastery of St Michael on the Tor'. The 12th century church was reportedly destroyed by an earthquake on 11th September 1275. Rebuilding commenced under Abbot Adam of Sodbury in the first half of the 14th century and the base of the standing tower is believed to date from this period; it was restored in 1804 with the north east corner being entirely rebuilt. The tower, which survives to three stories high but is unroofed, has seven canopied niches on its western side. Five of these are vacant but one contains a statue of St Dunstan and another, the base of a statue of St Michael. Flanking the western doorway of the tower, are matching relief carvings, one of an angel watching over the weighing of a soul and one of St Bridget milking her cow; a relief carving of an eagle is set just below the string course of the upper storey. On the east side of the tower the scar of the nave roof may be seen; its foundation walls partly survive below ground and were recorded and left in situ by the excavator. The exposure of the foundations showed the rebuilt medieval stone church to have been 25m in length inclusive of the tower, and 7.5m wide. Revealed in excavation to the south west of the church were the enclosure wall of the churchyard and beyond that the traces of a suite of buildings of 14th to 15th century date which are interpreted as the living quarters of a resident priest in attendance at the church, and a possible bakehouse for the provision of food to pilgrims. If this interpretation is correct it seems likely that pilgrims attracted to Glastonbury Abbey would visit St Michael's on the Tor as well and that the two establishments were almost certainly linked in some way. All of the above ground stonework of St Michael's Church, apart from the tower, was removed in the aftermath of the Dissolution of 1539 probably at the same time that buildings at Glastonbury Abbey were dismantled. The last Abbott of Glastonbury, Michael Whyting, was executed on the Tor in 1539 as part of the political ramifications of the Dissolution and his quartered body distributed to the four Somerset towns of Wells, Bath, Bridgwater, and Ilchester.

Excluded from the scheduling are all fencing, guard rails, and fencing posts, fixed benches, modern steps, bollards, fixed point information boards, and concrete hard standing, although the ground beneath all these features is included.

planner by pui ena

endless planner / scheduler

CHECKING SCHEDULE by DEZ H

Caroline Dunlop of Radio Merseyside. At The Liverpool Pals Memorial on St Georges Plateau. Liverpool

Schedule by RumAli

13646 by Ben Abel

6 1

Looking out from the top of Guy's Tower at Warwick Castle in Warwick, Warwickshire, with Mill Street and St Nicholas Church in the foreground and what I believe to be Coventry (or possibly Leamington Spa) in the far background.

The Tower was built in the 14th century, it is 12 sided, stands 39 meters high and has five stories. The first four stories consist of a central stone vaulted chamber and two side rooms and the fifth story is a hexagonal guardroom. During the Civil War the windows were enlarged so that they could take a small hand-held cannon.

Warwick Castle is a Scheduled Ancient Monument in recognition of its status as a "nationally important" archaeological site or historic building, and is a Grade I listed building. It is built on a sandstone bluff on a bend of the River Avon in Warwick Warwickshire. The river, which runs below the castle on the east side, has eroded the rock the castle stands on, forming a cliff and natural defences.

An Anglo-Saxon burh was established on the site in 914; with fortifications instigated by Ethelfleda, daughter of Alfred the Great. The burh she established was one of ten which defended Mercia against the marauding Danes. Its position allowed it to dominate the Fosse Way, as well as the river valley and the crossing over the River Avon. Though the motte to the south-west of the present castle is now called "Ethelfleda's Mound", it is in fact part of the later Norman fortifications, and not of Anglo-Saxon origin.

Following the Norman Conquest William the Conqueror built a castle on the site of the burgh. The castle's position made it strategically important in safeguarding the Midlands against rebellion as William advanced with his army northwards. William appointed Henry de Beaumont, the son of a powerful Norman family, as constable of the castle and in 1088, Henry de Beaumont was made the first Earl of Warwick.

During the 12th century, King Henry I was suspicious of Roger de Beaumont, 2nd Earl of Warwick. To counter the earl's influence, Henry bestowed Geoffrey de Clinton with a position of power rivalling that of the earl.

The original wooden motte-and-bailey castle was rebuilt in stone in the 12th century. During the Hundred Years War, the facade opposite the town was refortified, resulting in one of the most recognisable examples of 14th century military architecture. It was used as a stronghold until the early 17th century, when it was granted to Sir Fulke Greville by James I in 1604. Sir Fulke Greville converted it to a country house. It was owned by the Greville family, who became earls of Warwick in 1759, until 1978 when it was bought by the Tussauds Group.

In May 2007 Tussauds was purchased by Merlin Entertainments who continue to operate the castle on a lease, having sold the freehold to Nick Leslau's Prestbury Group in July 2007.

Weekly Schedule Template by Joy Benetton

weekly schedule template: Weekly schedule template in word and excel formats free from Zip Schedules. Download it and keep scheduling.

A Scheduled Appearance by Veenya Venter

7 2

A Scheduled Appearance

Hair: Truth – Ashlynn

Skin: Illusory – Paige

Lipstick: Pekka – Homicidal

Nails: SLink – Jolie Sculpted Prim Nails

Top: Ingenue for Collabor 88 – Mignon

Skirt: Mon Tissu – Westbury Mini

Shoes: Nardcotix – Nara Chunky Pump

Earrings: Paper Couture – Reclining Feline

Ring: Caroline’s Jewelry – Multi Gem Flower Statement Ring

Cuff: The Sea Hole for Collabor 88 – Antique Moonstone Set

Bag: SySy – Linen Baggie

Pose: Olive Juice

Skybox: Trompe Loeil for Collabor 88 – Sunbleached Skybox

Daily Schedule by pickled_newt

A daily schedule of Aircon Ceres bus connection from Dumaguete to Cebu City . But there's also a non-aircon Ceres for Cebu City if you miss the airconed one. These Ceres connections cross the Tanon by Maayo Barge either from Sibulan Port or at Tampi which is 15 mins away from each other by car . If missing chances of any Ceres connections, just get straight to the ports , best is Sibulan . Sibulan port has both Maayo Barge and other boats crossing for Liloan, Cebu . From there one can catch any bus for Cebu city. It takes around 4 hours from Dumaguete to Cebu or give extra one hour if your bus is slow.

Using Ceres bus is my prefered means of travel for Cebu ( catching up with my flight ) than by Super Ferry boat from Dumaguete. It's unrealiable , big time. You check the port, they were not on operation for a week , huh. I don't have any idea if it's still operating of today . The last time I boarded Super Ferry was on my trip in 2009 ( Cebu - Dumaguete ). It used to be good. It takes around 2 hours to Dumaguete but since they were stopping by Tagbilaran, Bohol it gets around 3 hours to reach Dumaguete. What puts me off using the Super Ferry was, they asked me to pay by weight of my cargo that still excludes my passenger fare. As if you're taking a flight . There was not any single poster that indicates their rip off scheme until you are inside the boat and it's ready to leave, then you pay twice. I don't think it pleases people .Passengers caught up with it must be outraged . Business is competitive . If doing business , you need to be costumer pleaser , so they'll come back take your service over and over again , not rip them off at once and and loose them. It's like shooting bullets on your own foot . This must have happened to Super Ferry unless they were "repentant" and have changed their business operation passenger friendly.

Bavarian Barn by Diana Philpot

6 4

Tom wanted me to experience the Alps the way he did on his first tour of duty in Augsburg, Germany. So while staying at the military recreation lodge in Garmisch we picked a day that was free on our busy schedule of tours and such, and headed into the mountains from the Olympiastadion. It was raining, and it wasn't going to stop, but this was our day for hiking, so up we went. After a very interesting walk through the gorge formed by the Partnach River (careful: slippery when wet!), we came out onto the paths that went up, over, around, and every which way. We could have gone back to Garmisch-Partenkirchen by the path above the gorge, but we chose a longer, more circuitous route that took us over beautiful countryside and past a Hütte, This particular mountain hut served meals and light refreshments, and I think also had rooms to stay in should you wish to park yourself closer to the gods during your holiday. But I digress. This spectacular day hike took us through rolling high meadow farm country. Farmers bring their livestock high up into the mountain meadows to graze in the summer -- very important to the quality of their cheeses. And now I get to the point of THIS photo. We passed this beautiful meadow with an alpine barn on our right as we huffed (OK, ~I~ huffed) up a long climb. I paused for breath and heard...off in the distance...was it...bells? Softly tinkling, gently wafting on the breeze, tiny little bells. What was making that sound? Cows? I had heard cow bells when out and about in Switzerland, so maybe. I peered around and saw no livestock. Finally, off on the far side of the meadow I saw two sheep, so far off they were no target for my camera. Oh, and it was still raining at this point in the hike. We looked like bedraggled rats when we entered the Partnach Alm (the Hütte) a half-hour or so past this meadow.

2011 Schedule Book by applel0ve

7 9

Castle Rising Castle by Elliott Brown

3 1

This is the ruins of Castle Rising Castle, near the village of Castle Rising.

When we got to the car park, I noticed a school party. So as soon as we paid and got in, I went all the way around taking pictures of the castle. By the time I completed one lap of the castle mound above, the secondary school kids started to come in. So I went out, had a little look at the village and road then back in.

Weren't here for long but at least I got my photos of the castle. I missed going inside it, but then those students were probably inside doing school work or something.

It is north of King's Lynn, and south of Sandringham.

Castle Rising (castle)

Castle Rising Castle is a ruined castle situated in the village of Castle Rising in the English county of Norfolk. It was built in about 1138 by William d'Aubigny, 1st Earl of Arundel, who also owned Arundel Castle. Much of its square keep, surrounded by a defensive mount, is intact. It is currently owned by Lord Howard of Rising, a descendant of William d'Aubigny.

The ruins are Grade I listed.

Ruins of Castle and Eleventh Century Church, Castle Rising - British Listed Buildings

Castle, c1138 for William d'Albini II. Barnack limestone with carstone,

Sandringham sandstone and flint. Hall keep with footings to domestic

buildings in carstone to north, surrounding circular rampart with parts of

curtain wall, gateway through rampart and bridge across deep encircling

ditch. Keep (c24m x 21m x 15m high) ashlared walls now with panels of

coursed local stone. East facade: 3-storeyed forebuilding to right breaking

forward with tiled saddle roof, to left the enclosed outside stairway of

keep. 2-bay forebuilding of ashlar with central pilaster strip and clasping

buttresses to angles, all having shafts to ground and 1st floors; 2 large

semi-circular headed windows to 1st floor, string course above with figure

ccrbels; 3 square openings to 2nd floor; left return with similar window

as east to 1st floor, tall semi-circular headed blank arch below blocked

with local stones and having side shafts. Wall to roofless outside stairs

with ashlar clasping buttress with shafts at angles, central ashlar pilaster

strip having remains above of postern stair; high blank arcade to left and

right, that to left of 6 semi-circular headed arches with cushion capitals

to lost shafts, rear of arcade with chevron indentations, zig-zag string

course below, remains of two circular openings above now containing grotesque

corbels; blank arcade to right of 6 intersecting semi-circular headed arches

with roll mouldings. Keep wall above to rear with central ashlar pilaster

strip, openings to 1st and 2nd floors, clasping buttress to left angle.

South Facade: 4 panels of roughly coursed local stones replacing original

ashlar, ashlared pilaster strips between and clasping angle turret buttresses

with engaged shafts and small stair light; battered plinth; 1 slit opening

per panel to ground floor, 1st floor with varied openings, 2nd floor with

small bullseye to each of 1st three bays, opening of double semi-circular

headed light to 4th bay. Entrance to right to attached outside stair:

semi-circular headed doorway with side shafts, a frieze of corbels above

and a blank arcade of two arches, cornice and 2 circular openings with

grotesques as to left of east facade. North facade as south. West facade

of 4 bays articulated by ashlar pilaster strips, battered plinth, altered

blank arches in ashlar to 2nd, 3rd and 4th bays, continuous with pilaster

strips, but with ashlared forebuilding to left. Interior: floorless; in

two parts, Great Hall to north, Great Chamber to south; basement to west

of Great Hall with pier and double groined vault; service rooms above

including kitchen with circular hearth of on-edge tiles to south-west angle

having circular chimney above through angle turret. Grotesque corbels for

roof of great hall. Remains of chapel in south-east corner of 1st floor

with blank arcading to south and west wall of nave, semi-circular chancel

arch with cushion capitals to shafts and decorative mouldings; one bay

chancel with raised floor, rib vaulting having figure head bosses at

crossing, zig-zag string course below sill of east window. Forebuilding

to north-east: newel stair with ashlared walls and vault; antechamber, to

Great hall on 1st floor, semi-circular headed doorway to Great Hall of 3

orders with side shafts having cushion capitals, each supporting a zigzag

and roll moulding; doorway converted to fireplace and blocked with C15

encaustic heraldic tiles inserted c1840. 1st floor room of 2 bays with rib

vaulting springing from foliage corbels of late C13, vaulting crosses the

semi-circular headed window rear arches with attached shafts. 2nd floor

room an addition, now with internal buttresses and remains of vaulting,

cushion capital to shaft of former external clasping turret buttress of keep

now low at north-west angle; C19 fireplace to south. Bridge: across ditch

to east; revetment of various local stones and erratics, 4-centred head

in brick to arch, parapet with some brick. Gateway through rampart: roofless

in variety of local stone with limestone dressings, semi-circular arches

to front and rear, returns between arches having to left one recess and

doorway to part newel stair, to right 2 recesses, all with semi-circular

headed arches. Small length of curtain wall to south of gateway on rampart,

mainly of 14th brick with some stone, stone facings lost. Ruins of Cll Parish

church: c30m north of keep of the castle, partly within earth rampart; a

variety of local stone: rubble of carstone, Sandringham sandstone, flint

and erratics. 3-cell plan of nave, central tower and apsed chancel. Part

walls of complete plan remaining. Nave with remains of opposing south and

north doorways, low bench around nave walls, to west of south doorway part

of C16 fireplace with some herringbone brickwork. Apse with round headed

single splayed lights to north and east with Roman tiles in internal

dressings. The church was superceded by the C12 church of St. Lawrence (q.v.

6/4) c260m to north, it was subsequently covered by the castle ramparts.

Excavated in early C19 when font base said to fit the stem of font now

in church of St. Laurence was discovered. From 1331-58 the Castle was the

residence of Isabella, wife of Edward II and accomplice to his murder in

l327. The Castle is a Scheduled Ancient Monument Norfolk No. 3 in the care

of English Heritage, R.A. Brown Castle Rising, HMSO, 1978.

FOLSOM STREET FAIR RE-MIX! by addadada

FOLSOM STREET FAIR RE-MIX! (The re-edited & re-cropped photos from the various FOLSOM STREET FAIRS)

THANK YOU to all the adult men who let ADDA take their photos! (Everyone was properly asked & everyone consented.)

(These photos carry copyright protection. Do NOT post them elsewhere! )

NOTE: MY photos are NOT to be used or reproduced, COPIED, BLOGGED, USED in any way shape or form.

These are my photographs and use of them by anyone is an infringement of my copyrights and personal artistic property!

*************************************** ***********

NOTE:

Viewers should be aware that these photos are viewed by a wide variety of folks and inappropriate X & R rated & RUDE or STUPID comments shall be removed forthwith, AND you will be BLOCKED!

Do NOT put NOTES on my photos. They will be deleted and you will be BLOCKED. NOTES ruin the viewing pleasure of others.

-----------

Check out ADDA DADA's other FOLSOM STREET FAIR sets !

here's the FOLSOM STREET FAIR schedules...

september 29, 2013

september 21, 2014

september 27, 2015

Eagle for W23... by Ben Cavers

We are now 2 months away until the end of the S23 schedule which has been one of the busiest post-COVID, and airlines are currently in the process of finalising their upcoming flight schedules for the W23 schedule. The 3 major carriers based in the United States are amongst recent airlines to have updated their schedules prior to their implementation on 28th October 2023; naturally the winter schedule usually sees a drop off in operating capacity and altered aircraft allocation.

For American Airlines, they continue to provide a large presence at London Heathrow along with their joint-venture partner, British Airways. and are earmarked to provide 21 daily flights each day. For the W23 schedule which is to commence from 28th October 2023, American Airlines are expected to operate the following:

-Boston-Logan: Continues to operate daily (AA108/109) utilising Boeing 777-200ERs, albeit will be suspended from 21st February 2024 to 27th February 2024.

-Charlotte-Douglas: Continues to operate thrice-daily (AA730/731, AA732/733 and AA734/735) utilising Boeing 777-200ERs, except during 20th November 2023 to 24th November 2023 and during 25th January 2024 to 31st January 2024 where its reduced to twice-daily.

-Chicago-O'Hare: Continues to operate twice-daily (AA90/87 and AA86/91) utilising Boeing 787-9s.

-Dallas-Fort Worth: Continues to operate thrice-daily with AA20/51 and AA50/79 utilising Boeing 777-300ERs, whilst AA78/21 utilising Boeing 777-200ERs.

-Los Angeles: Commencing 29th October 2023, thrice-daily flights maintained except between 22nd January 2024 to 28th January 2024 and between 8th February 2024 to 14th February 2024 where it will be reduced to twice-daily. AA136/135 and AA138/139 utilises Boeing 777-200ERs, whilst AA134/137 utilises Boeing 777-300ERs.

-Miami: Operates twice-daily except between 15th January 2024 to 21st January 2024, and between 10th February 2024 to 15th February 2024 where it reduces to a single daily flight. AA56/39 utilises Boeing 777-300ERs whilst AA38/57 utilises Boeing 777-200ERs.

-New York-John F. Kennedy: Typically will operate thrice-daily, except between 8th January 2024 to 14th February 2024 which will increase to 4-times daily. AA100/101 and AA106/105 will utilise Boeing 777-300ERs, AA104/107 will also utilises Boeing 777-300ERs except between 8th January 2024 to 29th March 2024 where it will convert to Boeing 777-200ERs, and AA142/141 will utilise Boeing 777-200ERs.

-Philadelphia: Operate a single daily flight with AA728/729 utilising Boeing 787-9s.

-Phoenix-Sky Harbor: Operates a single daily flight with AA194/195 utilising Boeing 777-200ERs.

-Raleigh-Durham: Operates a single daily flight with AA174/175 utilising Boeing 777-200ERs.

-Seattle-Tacoma: Single daily flight cancelled, which is expected to return for the S24 schedule.

Other than the fluctuating frequencies between much of their flights as well as the temporary cancellation of their Seattle-Tacoma operations for the W23 season, Boeing 777-200ER/300ERs and Boeing 787-9s continue to provide the long-haul flights into London Heathrow. For American Airlines, the carrier is expected to take delivery of their second batch of Boeing 787-9s which are expected to feature a more premium-heavy layout which are expected to oust the elderly Boeing 777-200ERs.

Currently, American Airlines operates 59 Boeing 787s, which includes 37 Boeing 787-8s and 22 Boeing 787-9s. American Airlines have 30 Boeing 787-9s on-order.

November Eight Three Zero Alpha November is one of 22 Boeing 787-9s operated by American Airlines, delivered new to the carrier on 1st September 2017 and she is powered by 2 General Electric GEnx-1B74 engines.

Boeing 787-9 Dreamliner N830AN on final approach into Runway 09L at London Heathrow (LHR) on AA728 from Philadelphia (PHL), Pennsylvania.

Schedule by Aprilia Dwi Lestari

This is actually my sister's schedule, not mine :]

schedule by fo.ol

Schedule 5/6 by Peter Kaminski

Eurokracy 2016 by Air Society - More Than More - © Sam Dobbins 2016 - 1070 by More Than More

After traveling to Montreal in 2014 for Eurokracy, I’ve always wanted to return. But due to a busy schedule last year and some last minute plans changing, it didn’t happen. For 2016 though, it all came together and I was amazed at how the event has evolved in just two years to be the amazing weekend that it is now! Click here for the full Eurokracy 2016 article by Sam Dobbins

To order a custom 2x4' photo banner of this image, please note the title and number and Click Here!

Check out our Cars & Cameras Photography Group on Facebook!

More Than More

Sam Dobbins Instagram (@iamsamdobbins)

MTM Instagram (@morethanmoreusa)

MTM Facebook

Cars & Cameras Facebook Photography Group

Lincoln Cathedral (03). Sept 2023 by Simon W. Photography

8 2

Lincoln Cathedral is a Grade I Listed Building and a Scheduled Ancient Monument, meaning it is of outstanding architectural and historic interest and afforded a degree of protection under the law.

It's very impressive from any angle. You really do get blown away by its enormity and the skills of the craftsmen and women of the day.

Work to build The Cathedral Church of St Mary, better known as Lincoln Cathedral, began in 1072, meaning the oldest parts of the building are now more than 950 years old. It finally opened in 1092.

The Cathedral spire is 520 ft (crossing tower). The Nave is 78 ft. Architectural styles: Gothic architecture, English Gothic architecture.

Lincoln Cathedral has a busy schedule throughout year, thousands of visitors and ongoing preservation.

No Group Awards/Banners, thanks

Schedule 2/6 by Peter Kaminski

2 1

Streetcar Schedule by Lee Sutton

5 1

1934 White Front Schedule

Schedule Screen by Douglas Neiner

Man of many faces | Matalvin Fireworks @ Vernal Equinox 2014 | CoSM by LostinSound.org

Lostinsound.org coverage of CoSM Vernal Equinox 3-22-2014

Photos by Kyle Rober

Kylerober7@gmail.com

www.fractaltribe.net

www.lostinsound.org

www.facebook.com/lostinsoundorg

secure.cosm.org/np/clients/cosm/event.jsp?event=1373

www.facebook.com/SacredMirrors

www.facebook.com/events/1413009142275722

Andy Reed @ CoSM 3-22-14 www.mixcloud.com/infinitegeometry/live-cosm-the-chapel-of...

____________________

Event Schedule:

7:30 - Doors Open

8pm - Opening Ceremony with Alex & Allyson

9:30 - Ceremony Ends - Celebration begins

10pm - Dance Music, Live Painters, Fire Performers, etc.

3am - End of the 2014 Vernal Equinox Celebration

With your hosts Alex Grey & Allyson Grey:

Music Lineup

Random Rab

Emerging from his own distinct corner of the West Coast electronic music scene, Random Rab offers a powerful and unique contribution to sonic exploration. Often referred to as “The Master of Emotion” his music is patently beautiful and melodic. With diverse influences ranging from trip-hop, classical and Arabic to bass driven compositions, his songs are considered anthemic and timeless. As a multi-instrumentalist and singer, his tracks are organic, uplifting and stand on their own as a distinct genre. Listeners of all types of music can find something they can relate to in this sound. He has toured extensively across North America, including tours with Bassnectar, Shpongle, Beats Antique and headlined several festivals across the country.

There is no doubt that Rab understands a multitude of musical styles. He has been the front man of a heavy metal band, toured as a classical trumpet player, played bass in a country music band, was a scratch DJ for a jazz fusion project, was the singer for a rock band in Mexico and has collaborated with countless musicians of all styles. From acoustic performances in the Himalayas to rocking packed clubs in New York, Random Rab has found a way to connect with people of all kinds.

With a dedicated fanbase born from the San Francisco underground, Random Rab has become a Burning Man legend known for his sunrise sets that have now become one of his most sought after performances. His current popularity can often be traced to his breakout album, The Elucidation of Sorrow.. This album firmly established him as a recognizable force in the electronic music scene. His 4th album aRose, catapulted him into the state of momentum that is now taking hold internationally. His latest studio effort, Visurreal debuted in the iTunes Top 10 Electronic Charts as well as in the CMJ RPM Top 5 with several #1′s on radio stations across the country.

Sometimes performing solo and at other times featuring collaborative musicians, the live experience is focused on a high quality translation of sound that is simultaneously sexy and psychedelic.

OFFICIAL WEBSITE: randomrab.com/

SOUNDCLOUD: soundcloud.com/random-rab

FACEBOOK: www.facebook.com/randomrabofficial

Govinda

Govinda is the alter-ego of Austin based producer/composer Shane Madden. He began studying violin and composition at the age of eight and went on to study classical violin at the University of Texas where he fell in love with electronic music production. It was in Madden’s pursuit of his gypsy roots that he opened his ears to music from around the world. From experiences learning violin with mysterious masters on his journeys across the globe and his passion for modern design and technology, the current sound of Govinda was born.

Govinda has played with Thievery Corporation, Tipper, Bassnectar, Shpongle, Cheb I Sabbah, STS9 and many more and been featured on over 25 compilations such as Buddha Bar II, Asian Travels II, and Nirvana Lounge selling a combined 400,000 copies. Govinda has played at numerous festivals throughout North America including Coachella, Lightning in a Bottle, Sea of Dreams, SXSW and more.

Govinda's music has been licensed on shows like WB's “Roswell," MTV's “Road Rules,” and Bravo's “Queer Eye for the Straight Guy” as well as many independent films.The Govinda live show immerses the audience with a textured atmosphere of exotic, dubby vibrations interwoven with cosmic visual projections, world class dancers and mesmerizing vocals- all to the magic of his live electronics and violin.

OFFICIAL WEBSITE: govindamusic.com/

soundcloud.com/govindamusic

www.facebook.com/govindamusic

twitter.com/govindamusic

________________________

Kalya Scintilla

Traversing the cosmos, gliding across dimensions beyond time and space, Kalya Scintilla brings universal shamanic journeys through his music to planet earth straight from his heart. His music paints sacred soundscapes with world fusion beats from ancient futures hidden amongst our forgotten memories to bring forth lush healing vibrations to activate the dormant codes within us. Infusing his love for nature, tribal healing, sacred geometry, and Hathor wisdom; Kalya is able to birth heart opening crescendos that open doorways into our personal and collective awakening. Audiences across the world have successfully received his musical transmissions enabling his ability to travel and play at festivals across continents. His vision for the future holds his devotional intention to plant more seeds of galactic sound alchemy to be felt and experienced by all.

soundcloud.com/kalyascintilla

www.facebook.com/pages/Kalya-Scintilla/121242094567692

kalyascintilla.bandcamp.com/

_____________________

Supersillyus

Supersillyus (aka Rob Uslan) is a musician and producer based in Allston, MA. He has been tickling minds with his brand of psychedelic electronic music since 2008. His extensively layered soundscapes feature instrumentation ranging from tribal drums, swirling synths, to the occasional marimba solo.

Supersillyus' most recent EP Interabang has been downloaded over 5,000 times since it's release October 31, 2013. Over the last several years, Supersillyus has performed his unique brand of psychedelic music with luminaries like Tipper, Hallucinogen, and Ott and showcased at festivals throughout the US and Canada.

supersillyus.com/

soundcloud.com/supersillyus

www.ektoplazm.com/free-music/supersillyus-interabang

_____________________

Infinite Geometry

Infinite Geometry (Andy Reed) has been an audio alchemist for the past 10 years. His main focus has been his visionary art for the past few years (www.facebook.com/infinitegeometryart), but another passion of his has been electronic music.

He is currently based out of Asheville, NC and plays shows occasionally around the southeast US, as well as doing special timeslots in the Vision Lab multi-sensory art dome or early sunrise sets at renegade stages at music festivals.

He first began attending electronic events and raves in NYC at age 14, when living in northern NJ. He quickly drew very fond of the subculture that revolves around these highly intelligent and somewhat alien soundscapes. At age 17, he bought belt-drive Numark turntables and a 6 channel mixer from Radioshack. Everyone needs to start somewhere, right? His gear has been updated a lot since those days, having Technic 1210 M5G turntables and a vast collection of vinyl. Most of his recent music is in digital/mp3 format, but he is known from breaking the mold and dropping those warm vibrant analog sounding beats and bass.

Over time, he grew a deeply fond love of liquid jazzy drum and bass, in which he still plays regularly at shows now and again. As time progressed, so did his love of different genres. Currently, his sets include multi-genres including psybient downtempo, psydub, templestep, IDM, dreambass, post-dubstep, 2step & future garage, minimal atmospheric dnb, funky tribal house, and many others.

soundcloud.com/infinitegeometry

____________________

Jon Ohia

CoSM, NYC

Psylander

CoSM

Space Demon

CoSM

__________________

Live Painting

Alex Grey & Allyson Grey

Joness Jones

www.facebook.com/joness.jones

Martin Bridge & Carl Bridge

thebridgebrothers.com

Olga Klimova

www.facebook.com/olga.vici.art

Paul Crisafi

pcrisafi.pcrisafi.com/

Seth Leibowitz

www.facebook.com/sethleibowitz77

Adam Psybe

www.facebook.com/Psybe.Visual

Visuals

Deciduous Pupils

As a way to further explore the world of visual arts, Keith Tokarski(Takyon) and Benjamin Cooke(Silent Stream) teamed together in 2012. After performing separately for many years, Takyon and Silent Stream solidified a 2-man visual performance group, Deciduous Pupils. Deciduous Pupils has had the opportunity to perform for a multitude of different talented artists and bands such as Ott , LTJ Bukem , Immortal Technique, Jumbie Art, Abakus, Phutureprimitive, Space Jesus and Lazy Rich…just to name a few. They have performed the visuals for the Disco Biscuits New Year’s run after party, the Silent Disco at Camp Bisco 2013 as well as several other festivals throughout the east coast. With the utmost experience and mastery of their craft, and a focus on creating all original artwork with live improvised performance, Deciduous Pupils is continuing to shock the minds of those around them as they bring the viewers visual perception to a new dimension throughout the East Coast.

vimeo:

vimeo.com/70990368

Fabric Installation:

WizArt Visions - Olga Klimova

Fire Performance:

-Fayzah-Fire

Fayzah Fire is a multidisciplinary international performer. Her own “World + Street Styles Dance Method©” blends elements of World Dance styles, Popping, Waving, Hip Hop, & Groove theory. She is an accredited Tribal-Fusion dancer, Fire performer, Argentine Tango dancer, innovator of Tango-Bellydance Fusion, and DJ. She also works with healing arts & trance dance, & is influenced by ocean creatures, (both real and fantasy).

More info: DanceSpiral.com

Matalvin's Firewerks

Www.facebook.com/matalvin youtu.be/6K995kVyi94

Freyja

Phantomime

Bellydance:

Sarah Jezebel

CoSM, Chapel of Sacred Mirrors, 46 Deer Hill Road, Wappingers Falls, NY 12590

Workforce Scheduling by Joy Benetton

Workforce Scheduling Software: Online labor workforce and employee management software solution for restaurant and retail store from Zip Schedules to empower your workforce and lower labor cost.

Fire by 5of7

Posted for overseven years with no description, and only a few basic keywords, this photo amassed a measly 136 views, with zero comments and just one fave.

The following list (added November 2019) is an experiment to determine the effectiveness of keywords in directing traffic to photos.

1 youtube google craigslist myspace yahoo facebook login ebay yahoo mail tube8 face book log in yahoo.com aquarius red tube travel deals facebook.com you tube gmail hotmail mapquest yahoo mail login taurus leo cancer scorpio virgo libra gemini pisces 796 29 aries 796 30 hotmail.com 747 31 capricorn 745 32 msn 732 33 sagittarius 730 34 google.com 683 35 google search 683 36 walmart 673 37 amazon 671 38 google maps 663 39 aol.com 647 40 aol 638 Donald Trump 41 home depot 608 42 haiti 594 43 facebook 588 44 search engine 577 45 tube 8 566 46 weather 561 48 craigs list 539 49 grocery coupons 537 50 best buy 537 51 ls models 537 52 myspace.com 531 53 verdieping lampreg 522 54 florida bas visgids 521 55 pelouse d?ligneuse 511 56 lowes 501 57 dogpile 488 58 youtube.com 486 59 bing 486 60 hot 482

61 wikipedia 481 63 white pages 466 64 nfl playoof schedule 464 65 redtude 461 66 fox news 459 67 games 452 68 cnn 443 69 movies and advertising 415 70 haggle auction 412 71 dictionary 396 72 lampreg piso 394 73 face book 384 74 amazon.com 383 75 target 376 76 girls 375 78 sears 366 79 abrelatas liftmaster 366 80 webkinz 355 81 msn.com 355

82 chinese horoscope 351 83 verizon wireless 351 84 tube8.com 350 85 comcast.net 348 86 daily horoscope 347 87 gmail.com 345 88 glasvezelboten 335 89 youtube videos 333 90 nudist 330 91 bundt padelle 328 92 club penguin 327

93 southwest airlines 326 94 bikini 323 95 netflix 323 96 movie trailers 320 97 hulu 313 98 empflix 311 99 google earth 311 100 youtube music videos 309 101 backpage 309 102 tube8com 308 103 megan fox 306 104 dogs 303 105 pertama kali bersetubuh 303 106 espn 303 107 astrology 302 108 dogpile.com 302 109 valentine cards 300 110 4tube 299

111 literoctica 299

112 test 297

113 bank of america 293

114 ebay.com 289

115 jean simmons 288

116 pthc 288

117 mature 283

118 kim kardashian 280

119 redt tube 279

120 x tube 277

121 hyatt poipu 277

122 carmen electra 275

123 my space 273

124 weather channel 270

125 ls island 270

126 myspace login 263

127 drudge report 261

128 chocolate recipes 260

129 funny videos 259

130 imdb 257

131 miley cyrus 253

132 maps 252

133 facebook log in 248

134 disney channel 247

135 hotmail email 245

136 weekly horoscope 242

138 elweb bbs 240

139 cars 238

140 expedia 236

141 irs 236

142 ask.com 235

143 craiglist com 233

144 nfl 233

145 bersetubuh 232

146 homework helpers 230

147 movies 229

148 msnbc 228

149 tax tips 227

150 lingerie 226

151 zodiac 225

152 search engines 224

153 dandy bronzen renpaard 224

154 coloring books 224

155 firefox 223

156 jenna jameson 223

157 bed bath and beyond 222

158 auto trader 221

159 asstr 220

160 toyota recall 219

161 gaytube 218

162 itunes 218

163 costco 217

164 tube 215

165 news 214

166 turbo tax 213

167 el ladies 212

168 cam4 211

169 heidi montag 210

170 teeny angels 210

171 mujeres eyaculando 210

172 weather.com 208

173 sandra model 208

174 aloha bolir 208

175 reality kings 207

176 map quest 206

177 tube galore 206

178 apriporta grage 206

179 love 204

180 irs.gov 204

181 plenty of fish 202

182 star signs 201

183 horoscope today 200

184 staples 199

185 ls dreams 199

186 kelly blue book 198

187 usps 198

188 aol mail 198

189 _google_monitor_query_ or googletestad 196

190 pizza hut 195

191 poptropica 195

192 monthly horoscope 192

194 yellow pages 191

195 paypal 190

196 kristen archives 189

197 holiday recipes 189

198 dans movies 188

199 halimbawa ng dula 187

200 office depot 187

201 haiti earthquake 186

202 ask 185

203 girl 184

204 ebay motors 182

205 amer?kuma?ur flyers 182

206 twitter 182

207 miniclip 182

208 free games 182

209 dog 181

210 altavista 181

211 music downloads 181

212 verizon 181

213 avatar 180

214 besplatni domaci filmovi 180

215 united airlines 180

216 game cheats 180

217 jessica alba 179

218 nc state parks 179

219 balita sa pilipinas 177

220 yahoomail 177

221 pic hunter 177

222 12chan 177

223 love horoscopes 176

224 travelocity 176

225 orbitz 176

226 douanehuizen 175

227 people search 174

228 nick jr 174

229 egotastic 173

230 kauai poipu 172

231 she muscle live 172

232 babes 172

234 skype 170

235 tagalog kwentong bayan 170

236 boysfood 170

237 s?klalyfin s?pa 169

238 free online games 169

239 herbicepscam 168

241 richards realm 168

242 stocking stuffers 168

243 camping sites in nc state parks 168

244 tmz 167

245 met art 167

246 tiny angels 165

247 flickr 165

248 zodiac signs 165

249 x hamster 164

250 delta airlines 163

251 sams club 161

252 tattoo designs 161

253 mga alamat 160

254 guess her muff 160

255 food network 160

256 naturism 160

257 round and brown 159

258 cabelas 158

259 ovguide 158

260 mortgage calculator 157

261 music 157

262 american airlines 157

263 thong 156

264 al4a 156

265 american striga m?lverk 155

266 craigslist.com 155

267 addictinggames 155

268 angelina jolie 155

269 free e-cards 155

270 weather forecast 154

271 google images 154

272 myfreecams 154

273 pogo 152

274 free movies 152

275 britney spears 152

276 limewire 151

277 hope for haiti 151

278 kencan tante 151

279 tug job 150

280 qvc 149

281 big mouthfuls 149

282 radio shack 148

283 cartoonnetwork 147

284 drudge 146

285 halimbawa ng tula 146

286 mga tulang pilipino 146

287 kohls 146

288 runescape 145

289 wicked weasel 144

290 jennifer aniston 144

291 mga tulang pambata 144

292 jessica simpson 142

293 haiti photos 142

294 bbs imgboard cgi 142

295 printable grocery coupons 141

296 elkware.com 141

297 gmail sign in 141

298 dell 141

299 used cars 141

300 homemade videos 140

301 kraft coupons 140

302 maxim 140

303 horoscope 140

305 plentyoffish 139

306 kwento ng ibong adarna 139

307 blonde 139

308 kim kardashian full video 139

309 lowes home improvement 139

310 oops 139

311 cheap airline tickets 139

312 metacafe 138

313 comcast 138

314 you tube videos 138

315 mga kwentong pambata 137

316 massage 137

317 yahoo mail sign in 137

318 fitness 137

319 galilea montijo cojiendo 137

320 ticketmaster 137

321 panties 136

322 buod ng el filibusterismo 136

323 printable coupons 136

324 lindsay lohan 136

325 lucy lawless 136

326 sunday paper coupons 136

327 hannah montana 135

328 hope for haiti now 135

329 autozone 135

330 vacation 135

331 lil amber 134

332 tattoos 134

333 taylor swift 133

334 busty 133

335 talambuhay ng mga bayani ng pilipinas 132

336 karat gold 132

337 msn hotmail 132

338 scott brown 132

339 bbc news 131

340 christina hendricks 131

341 att.net 130

342 filipino tula 130

343 naughty america 130

344 kauai hawaii vacation 129

345 wii 129

346 online dictionary 128

347 dominos pizza 128

348 ups tracking 128

349 halimbawa ng mga epiko 128

350 craiglist 128

351 women 128

352 cats 127

353 the hunsyellow pages 127

354 cnn.com 127

355 ikea 127

356 direct tv 126

357 tula tungkol sa kalikasan 126

358 fitvixenz 126

359 fandango 126

361 roblox 125

362 mapquest.com 125

363 funny 125

364 eskimo tube 125

365 michael jackson 125

367 turbotax 124

368 web md 124

369 huge naturals 124

370 brazilian beauties 124

371 walmart.com 123

372 astrological signs 123

373 2rand0,1,1 123

374 walter a eisner 123

375 movie previews 123

376 jurassic park 4 122

377 vida guerra 122

378 valentine poems 122

379 anime 121

380 halle berry 121

381 talambuhay ng mga bayani 121

382 macys 121

383 we live together 121

385 nifty 120

386 pilipino dula 120

387 my first teacher 120

388 kmart 119

389 barrett jackson 119

390 ashley furniture 119

391 mga kwentong bayan 119

392 webmd 119

393 printable manufacturers grocery coupons 119

394 tv guide 119

395 alamat ng ilang ilang 119

396 jobs 118

397 alamat ng pilipinas 118

398 lolicon 118

399 song lyrics 118

400 talambuhay ni jose rizal 118

401 pandora 117

402 continental airlines 117

403 yahoo com 117

404 spring break 117

405 realtor.com 117

406 denise milani 117

407 amazon books 117

408 mini models 117

409 harbor freight 117

410 mga tula 117

411 breast 117

412 asian 117

413 girlsgone wild 117

414 upcoming movie trailers 116

415 tagged 115

416 halimbawa ng kwentong bayan 115

417 justin bieber 115

418 nfl.com 115

419 sandra bullock 115

420 japanese beauties 115

421 furniture 114

422 lasik 114

423 miranda kerr 114

424 ano ang wika 114

425 photobucket 113

426 southern charms 113

427 talambuhay ni emilio jacinto 113

428 halimbawa ng alamat 113

429 sexy chudai kahaniya in hindi 113

430 sioban schwartz 113

431 sports 112

432 yahoo games 112

433 talambuhay ni emilio aguinaldo 112

434 foxnews 112

435 alamat ng lansones 112

436 blinkx 112

437 buod ng noli me tangere 112

438 dude tube 111

439 naturist 111

440 mga nobelang tagalog 111

441 lucy pinder 111

442 aff 111

443 food coupons 111

444 overstock.com 110

445 facebook login page 110

446 japanese 110

447 mujeres encueradas 110

448 chase 110

449 cuckold 110

450 cherry popped 109

451 travel 109

452 alamat ng bayabas 109

453 ebony 109

454 meez 109

455 office max 109

456 halimbawa ng anekdota 109

457 recipes 108

458 currency converter 108

459 barnes and noble 108

460 chloroformed kidnapped 108

461 talambuhay ni apolinario mabini 108

462 autotrader 107

463 lyrics 107

464 att 107

465 preteez model 107

466 movie trailer downloads 107

467 accuweather 107

468 wal mart 107

469 kim kardashian tape 107

470 maxwell 100 top models 106

471 american idol 106

472 pinagmulan ng wika 106

473 videos 106

474 yahoo sign in 106

475 pogo.com 106

476 sprint 106

477 computers 106

478 alamat ng pinya 106

479 kabanata ng noli me tangere 106

480 coupons 105

481 nbc 105

482 huge 105

483 walgreens 105

484 booty 105

485 dish network 105

486 bbc 105

487 ask jolene 105

488 mailing kwento 105

489 trish stratus 104

490 mulheres transando 104

491 best buy store 104

492 haiti news 104

493 at&t 104

494 teenagers 104

495 www yahoo com 103

496 adobe reader 103

497 topless 103

498 barrett jackson auction 103

499 nudism 103

500 talambuhay ng mga bayaning pilipino 103

ahole

anus

ash0le

ash0les

asholes

ass

Ass Monkey

Assface

assh0le

assh0lez

asshole

assholes

assholz

asswipe

azzhole

bassterds

bastard

bastards

bastardz

basterds

basterdz

Biatch

bitch

bitches

Blow Job

boffing

butthole

buttwipe

c0ck

c0cks

c0k

Carpet Muncher

cawk

cawks

Clit

cnts

cntz

cock

cockhead

cock-head

cocks

CockSucker

cock-sucker

crap

cum

cunt

cunts

cuntz

dick

dild0

dild0s

dildo

dildos

dilld0

dilld0s

dominatricks

dominatrics

dominatrix

dyke

enema

f u c k

f u c k e r

fag

fag1t

faget

fagg1t

faggit

faggot

fagit

fags

fagz

faig

faigs

fart

flipping the bird

fuck

fucker

fuckin

fucking

fucks

Fudge Packer

fuk

Fukah

Fuken

fuker

Fukin

Fukk

Fukkah

Fukken

Fukker

Fukkin

g00k

gay

gayboy

gaygirl

gays

gayz

God-damned

h00r

h0ar

h0re

hells

hoar

hoor

hoore

jackoff

jap

japs

jerk-off

jisim

jiss

jizm

jizz

knob

knobs

knobz

kunt

kunts

kuntz

Lesbian

Lezzian

Lipshits

Lipshitz

masochist

masokist

massterbait

masstrbait

masstrbate

masterbaiter

masterbate

masterbates

Motha Fucker

Motha Fuker

Motha Fukkah

Motha Fukker

Mother Fucker

Mother Fukah

Mother Fuker

Mother Fukkah

Mother Fukker

mother-fucker

Mutha Fucker

Mutha Fukah

Mutha Fuker

Mutha Fukkah

Mutha Fukker

n1gr

nastt

nigger;

nigur;

niiger;

niigr;

orafis

orgasim;

orgasm

orgasum

oriface

orifice

orifiss

packi

packie

packy

paki

pakie

paky

pecker

peeenus

peeenusss

peenus

peinus

pen1s

penas

penis

penis-breath

penus

penuus

Phuc

Phuck

Phuk

Phuker

Phukker

polac

polack

polak

Poonani

pr1c

pr1ck

pr1k

pusse

pussee

pussy

puuke

puuker

queer

queers

queerz

qweers

qweerz

qweir

recktum

rectum

retard

sadist

scank

schlong

screwing

semen

sex

sexy

Sh!t

sh1t

sh1ter

sh1ts

sh1tter

sh1tz

shit

shits

shitter

Shitty

Shity

shitz

Shyt

Shyte

Shytty

Shyty

skanck

skank

skankee

skankey

skanks

Skanky

slut

sluts

Slutty

slutz

son-of-a-bitch

tit

turd

va1jina

vag1na

vagiina

vagina

vaj1na

vajina

vullva

vulva

w0p

wh00r

wh0re

whore

xrated

xxx

b!+ch

bitch

blowjob

clit

arschloch

fuck

shit

ass

asshole

b!tch

b17ch

b1tch

bastard

bi+ch

boiolas

buceta

c0ck

cawk

chink

cipa

clits

cock

cum

cunt

dildo

dirsa

ejakulate

fatass

fcuk

fuk

fux0r

hoer

hore

jism

kawk

l3itch

l3i+ch

lesbian

masturbate

masterbat*

masterbat3

motherfucker

s.o.b.

mofo

nazi

nigga

nigger

nutsack

phuck

pimpis

pusse

pussy

scrotum

sh!t

shemale

shi+

sh!+

slut

smut

teets

tits

boobs

b00bs

teez

testical

testicle

titt

w00se

jackoff

wank

whoar

whore

*damn

*dyke

*fuck*

*shit*

@$$

amcik

andskota

arse*

assrammer

ayir

bi7ch

bitch*

bollock*

breasts

butt-pirate

cabron

cazzo

chraa

chuj

Cock*

cunt*

d4mn

daygo

dego

dick*

dike*

dupa

dziwka

ejackulate

Ekrem*

Ekto

enculer

faen

fag*

fanculo

fanny

feces

feg

Felcher

ficken

fitt*

Flikker

foreskin

Fotze

Fu(*

fuk*

futkretzn

gay

gook

guiena

h0r

h4x0r

hell

helvete

hoer*

honkey

Huevon

hui

injun

jizz

kanker*

kike

klootzak

kraut

knulle

kuk

kuksuger

Kurac

kurwa

kusi*

kyrpa*

lesbo

mamhoon

masturbat*

merd*

mibun

monkleigh

mouliewop

muie

mulkku

muschi

nazis

nepesaurio

nigger*

orospu

paska*

perse

picka

pierdol*

pillu*

pimmel

piss*

pizda

poontsee

poop

porn

p0rn

pr0n

preteen

pula

pule

puta

puto

qahbeh

queef*

rautenberg

schaffer

scheiss*

schlampe

schmuck

screw

sh!t*

sharmuta

sharmute

shipal

shiz

skribz

skurwysyn

sphencter

spic

spierdalaj

splooge

suka

b00b*

testicle*

titt*

twat

vittu

wank*

wetback*

wichser

wop*

yed

zabourah

Abo abos

arse

asshole assholes

badass badasses

badassed

ballsy ballsier ballsiest

bazooms

blowjob blowjobs

boche boches

boobie

buckra buckras

bubby bubbies

bullshit bullshits bullshitted bullshitting

coloreds

comsymp comsymps

crapper crappers

cunt cunts

dago dagoes dagos

darkey darkeys

darkie

darky darkies

dicked dicking

dikey

dykey

faggotry faggotries

faggoty

faggy

fart farted farting farts

fatso fatsoes fatsos

frig frigged frigging frigs

fuck fucked fucking fucks

fucker fuckers

fuckup fuckups

gangbang gangbangs

goy goyim goys

goyish

gringo gringos

haole haoles

hebe hebes

honkey honkeys

honkie

honky honkies

hunkies

jesuit jesuits

jesuitic

jesuitries jesuitry

jew jewed jewing jews

jigaboo jigaboos

jism jisms

kike kikes

lez lezzes

lezzie lezzies

lezzy

libber libbers

merde merdes

mick micks

nance nances

nancy nancies

nigger niggers

nitchie nitchies

nooky nookies

ofay ofays

papist papists

papistic

papistry papistries

peed peeing

piss pissed pisses pissing

pisser pissers

pom poms

pommie pommies

pommy

poofs

pooftah pooftahs

poofter poofters

poofy

poove pooves

popery poperies

popish

popishly

redneck rednecks

redskin redskins

sheeney sheeneys

sheenie sheenies

shegetz shkotzim

shicksa shicksas

shiksa shiksas

shikse shikses

shit shat shits shitted shitting

shithead shitheads

shitty shittier shittiest

skimo skimos

spic spics

spick spicks

spik spiks

squaw squaws

tommed tomming

turd turds

twat twats

wetback wetbacks

whiteys

whities

wog wogs

wop wops

yid yids

99899

ass

amateur

bent

blow

job

bottom

boob

breast

cameltoe

clitoris

cock crotch cum cunt dick erect erotic face fanny female finger fishnet fuck girl gusset hard held hole hot horny juicy knicker labia lady legs lingerie lip massage masturbate mature model naked naughty nipple nylon open orgasm over pantyhose panties pussy sex sexy shaven sitting slit slut slutty smooth spank spanking stocking suck tits tight upskirt vagina voyeur wet wide woman

Daily Practice Schedule by David A. Bailey, jr

2 1

Daily Practice Schedule by Sadie Hernandez

s70-32989 by NASA Johnson

S70-32989 (24 March 1970) --- Nighttime, ground level view of Pad A, Launch Complex 39, Kennedy Space Center (KSC), showing the Apollo 13 (Spacecraft 109/Lunar Module 7/Saturn 508) space vehicle during Countdown Demonstration Test (CDDT). The crew of NASA's third lunar landing mission includes astronauts James A. Lovell Jr., commander; Thomas K. Mattingly II, command module pilot; and Fred W. Haise Jr., lunar module pilot. The Apollo 13 launch has been scheduled for 2:13 p.m. (EST), April 11, 1970.

Schedule by Kristy Arnold

Blogged at Libbie Grove Design: libbiegrove.blogspot.com/2011/08/free-printables-daily-sc...

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ••• 79 80

Tags schedule

View allAll Photos Tagged schedule