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I swear that car was moving away so fast that it seemed even more red than it actually is!
Heavily inspired by The Igzer's conceptual Tiny Turbos.
The twin galaxies NGC 4496A and NGC 4496B dominate the frame in this image from the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope. Both galaxies lie in the constellation Virgo, but despite appearing side-by-side in this image they are at vastly different distances from both Earth and one another. NGC 4496A is 47 million light-years from Earth while NGC 4496B is 212 million light-years away. The enormous distances between the two galaxies mean that the two are not interacting, and only appear to overlap because of a chance alignment.
Chance galactic alignments such as this provide astronomers with the opportunity to delve into the distribution of dust in these galaxies. Galactic dust – the dark tendrils threading through both NGC 4496A and NGC 4496B – adds to the beauty of astronomical images, but it also complicates astronomers’ observations. Dust in the universe tends to scatter and absorb blue light, making stars seem dimmer and redder in a process called “reddening.” Reddening due to dust is different from redshift, which is due to the expansion of space itself. By carefully measuring how dust in the foreground galaxy affects starlight from the background galaxy, astronomers can map the dust in the foreground galaxy’s spiral arms. The resulting “dust maps” help astronomers calibrate measurements of everything from cosmological distances to the types of stars populating these galaxies.
Image Credit: ESA/Hubble & NASA, T. Boeker, B. Holwerda, Dark Energy Survey, Department of Energy, Fermilab/Dark Energy Camera (DECam), Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory/NOIRLab/National Science Foundation/Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Sloan Digital Sky Survey; Acknowledgment: R. Colombari
#NASA #NASAMarshall #Hubble #nebula #star
Just a cool spiral galaxy with some intense tidal disruption going on.
Data from the following proposal is used to create this image:
Establishing HST's Low Redshift Archive of Interacting Systems
All channels: ACS/WFC F606W
North is 32.0° clockwise from up.
Il Quintetto di Stephan è un gruppo di 5 galassie nella costellazione di Pegaso, con magnitudine apparente tra 12.6 e 13.9; venne scoperto nel 1877 dall'astronomo francese Édouard Stephan all'osservatorio di Marsiglia.
Dall'immagine è evidente l'interazione tra le 5 galassie: in realtà dall'analisi dei redshifts è emerso che la galassia azzurra sulla destra - catalogata come NGC 7320 - si troverebbe ad una distanza di 32 milioni di anni luce, mentre le altre quattro galassie si troverebbero ad una distanza compresa tra i 280 e 340 milioni di anni luce.
NGC 7320 apparirebbe quindi all'interno del Quintetto solo per un effetto di prospettiva.
Su tutta l'immagine è visibile una debole nebulosità biancastra di poco più luminosa del fondo cielo: si tratta della IFN (Integrated Flux Nebula), appartenente alla nostra Galassia.
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Stephan's Quintet is a group of five galaxies in the constellation Pegasus, with apparent magnitudes between 12.6 and 13.9; it was discovered in 1877 by the French astronomer Édouard Stephan at the Marseille Observatory (France). The Stephan Quintet galaxies are not really connected to each other: according to redshift values measured, the blue galaxy on the right - named NGC 7320 - could be 32 million light-years away from us, while the other four are at distances between 280 and 340 million light-years. NGC 7320 would therefore appear inside the Quintet only as a matter of perspective.
On all the image it is visible a faint nebulosity, slightly brighter that the sky background: it is the IFN (Integrated Flux Nebula), belonging to our galaxy.
Technical data
GSO RC12 Truss - Aperture 304mm, focal lenght 2432mm, f/8
Mount 10Micron GM2000 HPSII
Camera ZWO ASI 2600 MM Pro with filter wheel 7 positions
Filters Astrodon Gen2 E-Serie Tru-Balance 50mm unmounted LRGB
Guiding system ZWO OAG-L with guide camera ASI 174MM
Exposure details:
L 54x300", R 18x300", G 18x300", B 18x300" all in bin3 -15C
Total integration time: 9h
Acquisition: Voyager, PHD2
Processing: Pixinsight 1.8, Photoshop CS5, StarXTerminator, NoiseXTerminator, BlurXTerminator
SQM-L: 21.1
Location: Promiod (Aosta Valley, Italy), own remote observatory
Date 10/11 September 2023
The 1.2-m diameter main mirror of ESA’s Euclid mission to unveil the dark Universe, seen during assembly, integration and testing. Using this mirror, the spacecraft will map the 3D distribution of billions of galaxies up to 10 billion light years away – looking beyond the Milky Way galaxy to image around a third of the observable Universe. By revealing the Universe’s large-scale structure, and its pattern of expansion, the mission will cast light on the mysterious dark energy and dark matter making up 95% of the cosmos.
All six of Euclid’s ‘Korsch configuration’ mirrors, plus the telescope itself – comprising more than 30 parts as well as the mirrors – as well as the more than 10 parts making up the mission’s Near Infrared Spectrometer and Photometer and the optical bench that surrounds them are all made from the same material: not glass, but a ceramic only found naturally in space.
Silicon carbide (SiC) is one of the hardest materials known, used to make cutting tools, high-performance brakes and even bulletproof vests, while being much lighter than glass. It is similar to a metal in having high thermal conductivity but unlike metals can undergo extreme temperature shifts without deforming – making it very attractive for space-based astronomy.
SiC is relatively common in space – formed from the combination of silicon and carbon in the absence of oxygen – and small amounts of it have been found within meteorites. On Earth it was first synthesised as an artificial diamond substitute.
Realising its potential for space, ESA and Airbus (developing Euclid’s payload module) entered into a long-term technical collaboration with French company Mersen Boostec, born out of a terrestrial firm which previously manufactured SiC bearings and seals for industrial pumps. The company made the 3.5-m diameter main mirror for ESA’s Herschel spacecraft – which when the mission launched in 2009 was then the largest telescope mirror flown to space – and went on to produce mirrors and optical supports for Rosetta, Gaia, the James Webb Space Telescope and now Euclid.
“Gaia’s monolithic rectangular main mirror had a wider diameter at 1.5 m across, but Euclid’s main mirror represents our company’s largest made-in-one circular mirror,” explains engineer Florent Mallet of Mersen Boostec.
The company's SiC Product Line Director, Jérôme Lavenac, adds: “We’re proud of our contribution to Europe’s latest space astronomy mission, which will lead to major advances in fundamental physics.”
The main mirror’s manufacturing process began with SiC powder which was squeezed into a solid but soft circular block which was then precisely shaped using a computer-guided milling machine. The next step was ‘sintering’ or baking it in a 2100°C oven. The resulting hard ceramic was then coated with additional SiC using chemical deposition, to fill in any residual pores, to a thickness of a few tenths of a millimetre. The mirror was then ground slightly before being passed to the Safran-Reosc company for polishing and silver coating. The final mirror shape is accurate to nine millionths of a millimetre under Earth gravity.
Both of Euclid’s instruments will make use of this mirror plus its five smaller ones. Euclid’s VISible instrument (VIS) takes very sharp images of galaxies in visible light over a much larger fraction of sky than would be possible from the ground. VIS works alongside the Near Infrared Spectrometer and Photometer (NISP). NISP sifts infrared light coming from these galaxies to derive key data, including their speed of outward expansion – measuring their ‘redshift’, on the same principle as a police radar gun, which will in turn allow astronomers to infer the expansion history of the Universe.
Credit: Airbus
A silhouette of me looking at the Milky Way from the Fish River Canyon in Namibia. I know the correct grammar is "The Milky Way and I", but that sounds far too impersonal to describe the awe and wonder that you experience standing under the stars in the Desert.
This single 5 second exposure "beginner astro-photo" has special significance as it was one of my first Astophotography images that rekindled my lifelong interest in Astronomy and Astrophysics. Technical imperfections and all (which I decided to keep unfixed for sentimental reasons), this single short exposure was one of the catalysts that made me embark on a personal lifelong learning adventure in an attempt to better understand our place in the Cosmos.
I got my first small Telescope soon after I took this photo. Feel free to visit my Astrophotography Gallery with a collection of old and new images of the observable Universe, on my journey of discovery.
"Not all those who wander are lost." - J. R. R. Tolkien.
“I have loved the stars too fondly to be fearful of the night.” - Sarah Williams.
About the Milky Way, and Earth's place within it:
The Milky Way Galaxy is estimated to have over 400 billion stars. Stars are suns, and just like in our Solar System, many of the stars have planets with moons orbiting them. Our sun is a middle aged Yellow Dwarf star, located in the Orion Arm (or Orion Spur) of the Milky Way Galaxy. It’s a minor side spiral arm, located between two larger arms of the Milky Way Galaxy's spiral. The Milky Way is merely one mid-sized barred spiral Galaxy, amongst over 100 billion other Galaxies in the observable Universe. When we look up at the night sky from Earth, we see a glimpse of the Carina-Sagittarius Arm of the Milky Way Galaxy. It takes about 250 million years for the Milky Way Galaxy's spiral arms to complete one rotation.
The size, distance and age of the Universe is far beyond human comprehension. The known Universe is estimated to contain over One Billion Trillion stars.
1 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Astrometry info for this photo:
nova.astrometry.net/user_images/774720#annotated
Click on this link to view an image that illustrates ''our Solar System's position within the Milky Way Galaxy''.
Consult Google & Wikipedia for more information and other interesting facts.
Martin Heigan
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The star nicknamed Earendel (indicated here with an arrow) is positioned along a ripple in spacetime that gives it extreme magnification, allowing it to emerge into view from its host galaxy, which appears as a red smear across the sky. The whole scene is viewed through the distorted lens created by a massive galaxy cluster in the intervening space, which allows the galaxy's features to be seen, but also warps their appearance—an effect astronomers call gravitational lensing. The red dots on either side of Earendel are one star cluster that is mirrored on either side of the ripple, a result of the gravitational lensing distortion. The entire galaxy, called the Sunrise Arc, appears three times, and knots along its length are more mirrored star clusters. Earendel's unique position right along the line of most extreme magnification allows it to be detected, even though it is not a cluster.
With this observation, the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope has established an extraordinary new benchmark: detecting the light of a star that existed within the first billion years after the Universe’s birth in the Big Bang (at a redshift of 6.2) — the most distant individual star ever seen. This sets up a major target for the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope in its first year.
Learn more here.
Credits: NASA, ESA, B. Welch (JHU), D. Coe (STScI), A. Pagan (STScI); CC BY 4.0
This NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope image features the galaxy LRG-3-817, also known as SDSS J090122.37+181432.3. The galaxy, its image distorted by the effects of gravitational lensing, appears as a long arc to the left of the central galaxy cluster.
Gravitational lensing occurs when a large distribution of matter, such as a galaxy cluster, sits between Earth and a distant light source. As space is warped by massive objects, the light from the distant object bends as it travels to us and we see a distorted image of it. This effect was first predicted by Einstein’s general theory of relativity.
Strong gravitational lenses provide an opportunity for studying properties of distant galaxies, since Hubble can resolve details within the multiple arcs that are one of the main results of gravitational lensing. An important consequence of lensing distortion is magnification, allowing us to observe objects that would otherwise be too far away and too faint to be seen. Hubble makes use of this magnification effect to study objects beyond those normally detectable with the sensitivity of its 2.4-meter-diameter primary mirror, showing us the most distant galaxies humanity has ever encountered.
This lensed galaxy was found as part of the Sloan Bright Arcs Survey, which discovered some of the brightest gravitationally lensed high-redshift galaxies in the night sky.
Credit: ESA/Hubble & NASA, S. Allam et al.
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center enables NASA’s mission through four scientific endeavors: Earth Science, Heliophysics, Solar System Exploration, and Astrophysics. Goddard plays a leading role in NASA’s accomplishments by contributing compelling scientific knowledge to advance the Agency’s mission.
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Sheldon costumed as Doppler Effect for a party: scenes from "The Big Bang Theory" (youtube)
Doppler effect: acoustics = redshift, blueshift optics!
Dopplereffekt: Akustik entspricht Rotverschiebung, Blauverschiebung: Optik.
Information about Austrian physicist and philosopher Ernst Mach: "wikipedia English" / "wikipedia Deutsch"
Notizen zu Antworten Frage 1 [Die Kosmologie als ein Pol der gegenwärtigen physikalischen Forschungsfront: Erläutere die Urknalltheorie und den Weg ihrer Durchsetzung bis zu den gegenwärtigen offenen Fragen! Notizen zur Beantwortung: Urknall: Begriff von Gamow. Erkenntnis: Kosmos expandiert (Rotverschiebung entspricht Dopplereffekt - dazugehörige Zeichnung und Formeln)]
Frage 3 [Radioaktivität: Wähle einige Beispiele für Erscheinungen der Radioaktivität aus und erläutere an ihnen grundlegende Begriffe und Gesetzmäßigkeiten!]
Note: Sehr Gut
Großer Dank meinem Physik Lehrer in den letzten 2 Schuljahren Herrn Prof. Weber (das Weberlein :-))) ) - nicht wegen der Note, sondern für die Schulung in kritischem Denken und die Wissensvermittlung, die Aufforderung immer Fragen zu stellen und die Beantwortung aller Fragen ....
Glas: Rosenthal Studio Linie Serie Papyrus Design Michael Boehm, Gravur am Fuß
Part of: "Weaving Diary Tapestry Aktion Tagebuch Teppich Tapisserie Tagebuch weben 365 days project 2: 2015 2016" 19. Februar 2016: Todestag Ernst Mach - timeline zeitliche Abfolge golden thread goldener Faden: 1. 1. - 17. 1.. red thread roter Faden 18. 1. - 9. 2., led lichterkette: ab 10. 2. Beginn Fastenzeit - Esoterik Entlarvung Lichtnahrungsprozess // blauer Zweigelt ist rot
Triptych 19. Februar 2016 #ostern #easter #lebensmittel #food #wein #wine #fasten #nahrung #nahrungsmittel #detail #morgen #abend #nacht #color #colour #farbe #färben #dye #cotton #baumwolle #wollefärben #pflanzenfarbe #pflanzenfärberei #färbepflanzen #line #linie #draughtsman #problem #stille #silence #improvisation #handwerk #weben #inhalt #form #aufzeichnen #loom #webstuhl #bau #construction #öffentlich #rede #einblick #anblick #weiß #white #work #arbeit #schaubild #linear #idee #konzept #überlegung #gedanke #unterlegung #private #privat #privateness #bilderzyklus #tapis #tapiz #tapistura #wandteppich #bildwirkerei #bildteppich #textilkunst #werkstatt #webatelier #carpet #teppich #rug #szene #scene #review #preview #heute #beobachtung #view #blick #hirn #gehirn #gehirnwindung #darm #spiegel #mirror #weben #gewebt #kette #schuss
After the link to the movie scene from Goldrush (1925): Charlie Chaplin eating his shoe, this time a link to Werner Herzog cooking and eating his shoe. (Werner Herzog löst eine Wette ein und ißt seinen Schuh / youtube)
Plakat Ausstellung 2009 "Brus Muehl Schwarzkogler Nitsch . Der chirurgische Blick. Wiener Aktionismus Sammlung Konzett"
Glas: Rosenthal Studio Line, Serie: Papyrus Design Michael Boehm
Part of "Weaving Diary Tapestry Aktion Tagebuch Teppich Tapisserie Tagebuch weben 365 days project 2: 2015 2016" 19. Februar 2016 - timeline zeitliche Abfolge golden thread goldener Faden: 1. 1. - 17. 1.. red thread roter Faden18. 1. - 9. 2., led lichterkette: ab 10. 2. Fastenbeginn - Esoterik Entlarvung Lichtnahrungsprozess // "res noscenda note notiz sketch skizze material sammlung collection entwurf design entwurfarbeit überlegung gedanke brainstorming musterbogen schnittmuster zwischenbilanz bestandsaufnahme rückschau vorschau"
Diptych #food #essen #trinken #wein #wine #eat #fasten #audiotape #morgen #abend #nacht #color #colour #farbe #färben #dye #cotton #baumwolle #schafwolle #wollefärben #pflanzenfarbe #pflanzenfärberei #färbepflanzen #winter #leiermann #leier #line #linie #lineatur #warp #kette #tonband #draughtsman #problem #stille #silence #improvisation #raster #handwerk #haus #bauen #baustelle #hausbau #weben #leere #lehre #inhalt #form #aufzeichnen #loom #webstuhl #bau #construction #öffentlich #rede #einblick #anblick #weiß #white #work #arbeit #schaubild #linear #idee #konzept #überlegung #gedanke #hirn #gehirn #unterlegung #envelope #umschlag #kuvert #chrysalis #kokon #cocoon #private #privat #privateness #metapher #symbol #analogie #bilderzyklus #tapis #tapiz #tapistura #wandteppich #bildwirkerei #bildteppich #textilkunst #werkstatt #webatelier #küche #kitchen #carpet #teppich #rug #szene #scene #review #preview #heute #beobachtung #view #blick #hirn #gehirn #gehirnwindung #darm
The seven galaxies highlighted in this image from the NASA/ESA/CSA Telescope have been confirmed to be at a distance that astronomers refer to as redshift 7.9, which correlates to 650 million years after the big bang. This makes them the earliest galaxies yet to be spectroscopically confirmed as part of a developing cluster.
The seven galaxies confirmed by Webb were first established as candidates for observation using data from the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope’s Frontier Fields program. The program dedicated Hubble time to observations using gravitational lensing, to observe very distant galaxies in detail. However, because Hubble cannot detect light beyond near-infrared, there is only so much detail it can see. Webb picked up the investigation, focusing on the galaxies scouted by Hubble and gathering detailed spectroscopic data in addition to imagery.
Astronomers used Webb's Near-Infrared Spectrograph (NIRSpec) instrument to precisely measure the distances and determine that the galaxies are part of a developing cluster. Galaxy YD4, previously estimated to be at a further distance based on imaging data alone, was able to be more accurately placed at the same redshift as the other galaxies. Before Webb, astronomers did not have high resolution imaging or spectral infrared data available to do this type of science.
At extreme distances, astronomers use the redshift reference to account for the fact that, as the universe expands, wavelengths of light are stretched and “shifted” to redder wavelengths, which are longer. Shorter wavelengths, for example ultraviolet and X-ray, are toward the bluer end of the electromagnetic spectrum. So extreme distances in the early universe are referenced by how much the light emitted there has been shifted as it travelled through space to be detected by a telescope.
The results have been published in the Astrophysical Journal Letters.
More information
Webb is the largest, most powerful telescope ever launched into space. Under an international collaboration agreement, ESA provided the telescope’s launch service, using the Ariane 5 launch vehicle. Working with partners, ESA was responsible for the development and qualification of Ariane 5 adaptations for the Webb mission and for the procurement of the launch service by Arianespace. ESA also provided the workhorse spectrograph NIRSpec and 50% of the mid-infrared instrument MIRI, which was designed and built by a consortium of nationally funded European Institutes (The MIRI European Consortium) in partnership with JPL and the University of Arizona.
Webb is an international partnership between NASA, ESA and the Canadian Space Agency (CSA).
Credits: NASA, ESA, CSA, T. Morishita (IPAC), A. Pagan (STScI)
Messier 104, or NGC 4594, is also known as the Sombrero Galaxy. When you look at it, you can certainly understand why. I remember first seeing this in an astronomy textbook back in the 80s. It was a black-and-white photo, but it was so cool. That book is still on my bookshelf. However, revisiting that image is impressive in many ways. First, it stirs my interest in the universe and all its treasures. It reminds me that we have come such a long way in a relatively short time frame. With very modest equipment, amateurs can produce such beautiful renditions of these stellar objects.
The Sombrero Galaxy is an unbarred spiral galaxy located in the Virgo constellation. It’s very bright, with an apparent magnitude of 9.98 and is 29.3 light years from us. You can see this object from a dark location with a simple pair of binoculars. A larger instrument around a 10 to 12-inch scope will reveal the dark dust lane.
That dark dust lane crosses in front of the galaxy, forming a symmetrical ring around the bulge. The ring contains most of the cold hydrogen gas and dust of Messier 104, and is the primary site of starburst activity in this galaxy.
The galaxy is receding from us at an incredible speed of 1024 km/s. The American astronomer Vesto Slipher first measured the recession velocity at the Lowell Observatory in 1912. It was the largest redshift ever measured in a galaxy at that time.
When I first combined the data to create a colour component of the image using separate Red, Green, and Blue filters, it was striking how red/brown this area is. The halo is massive and extends away from the galaxy for some distance. But it definitely has a dirty brown look about it. That dirty brown was something I wanted to retain and convey in this rendition. My other goal was to try and reveal any structure within the massive halo, if possible. Performing an initial stretch of the raw data, the galaxy is hidden in an enormous ball of light. There is little to see of the galaxy itself other than that signature bold dark symmetrical ring. Fortunately, many image-processing software packages exist that can help us look further into the great ball of light and reveal just a little more structure. The final goal what to present and preserve that massive halo, to have that through the eyepiece feel about it. Highlighting the bright halo slowly decaying only to blend into space while still revealing the inner features of the galaxy.
Hopefully, the object retains a natural appearance. With any luck, I hope it looks like you rolled down the window in your space cruiser and took a happy snap of a galaxy through the portal. I think that would be the greatest compliment any astrophotographer could receive. The final image is a crop from a full frame, as the target is not that large in a small scope. If you look carefully, one or two tiny galaxies may be hidden within the glow. The Sombrero Galaxy’s vast halo may extend for 10,000 light years beyond the spiral structure.
Instruments Used:
10 Inch RCOS fl 9.1
Astro Physics AP-900 Mount
SBIG STL 11000m
FLI Filter Wheel
Astrodon Lum, Red, Green, Blue Filters
Exposure Details
Lum 79 X 900 seconds
Blue 11 X 900 seconds
Green 12 X 900 seconds
Red 17 X 900 seconds
Total Time: 29.75 Hours
Thanks for looking
Seen here in incredible detail, thanks to the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope, is the starburst galaxy formally known as PLCK G045.1+61.1. The galaxy, which appears as multiple reddish dots near the center of the image, is being gravitationally lensed by a cluster of closer galaxies, also seen in the image.
Gravitational lensing occurs when a large distribution of matter, such as a galaxy cluster, sits between Earth and a distant light source. As space is warped by massive objects, the light from the distant object bends as it travels to us, creating stretched, magnified and sometimes multiple images of the lensed object. This effect was first predicted by Einstein’s general theory of relativity.
From 2009 to 2013, the European Space Agency’s Planck space observatory captured multiple all-sky surveys. In the course of these surveys, with complementary observations by the Herschel Space Observatory, Planck discovered some of the brightest gravitationally lensed, high-redshift galaxies in the night sky.
It was during the study of these Planck-Herschel selected sources using Hubble that the optical starlight emitted from this ultra-bright galaxy was found.
Image credit: ESA/Hubble & NASA, B. Frye
Data from the following proposal is used to create this image:
Establishing HST's Low Redshift Archive of Interacting Systems
All channels: ACS/WFC F606W
Luminosity: ACS/WFC F606W
Red: PanSTARRS z
Green: PanSTARRS i
Blue: PanSTARRS g
North is 1.81° clockwise from up.
NGC 7331 is an unbarred spiral galaxy about 40 million light-years away in the constellation Pegasus. NGC 7331 is the brightest member of the NGC 7331 Group of galaxies, also known as the Deer Lick Group. The other members of the group are the lenticular or unbarred spirals NGC 7335 and 7336, the barred spiral galaxy NGC 7337 and the elliptical galaxy NGC 7340. These galaxies lie at distances of approximately 332, 365, 348 and 294 million light years, respectively. In both visible light and infrared photos of NGC 7331, the core of the galaxy appears to be slightly off-center, with one side of the disk appearing to extend further away from the core than the opposite side.
In the lower left corner is Stephan’s Quintet, a visual grouping of five galaxies of which four form the first compact galaxy group ever discovered. These four galaxies in Stephan’s Quintet form a physical association, Hickson Compact Group 92, and will likely merge with each other. The fifth galaxy, NGC 7320, with a distinctive bluish color and spiral morphology has a redshift of only 0.002622 z. This places it at a mere 46.6 million light-years away or less than an eighth of the average distance of 380 million light-years for the other four galaxies according to the distance/acceleration interpretation of redshifts.
Telescope: 16″ f3.75 Dream Scope
Camera: FLI ML16803
Mount: ASA DDM85
Exposure: 9.5 hours (54x300s L + 3x20x300s RGB)
Acquisition: July – August 2019 – Processing: May 2021
Location: Southern Alps, France
more on delsaert.com/
This image highlights the location of the galaxy JADES-GS-z6 in a portion of an area of the sky known as GOODS-South, which was observed as part of the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey, or JADES.
This galaxy, along with others in this region, were part of a Webb study by an international team of astronomers, who observed the chemical signature of carbon-rich dust grains at redshift ~7. This is roughly equivalent to one billion years after the birth of the Universe. Similar observational signatures have been observed in the much more recent Universe, attributed to complex, carbon-based molecules known as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). It is not thought likely, however, that PAHs would have developed within the first billion years of cosmic time. Therefore, this observation suggests the exciting possibility that Webb may have observed a different species of carbon-based molecule: possibly minuscule graphite- or diamond-like grains produced by the earliest stars or supernovae. This observation suggests exciting avenues of investigation into both the production of cosmic dust and the earliest stellar populations in our Universe, and was made possible by Webb’s unprecedented sensitivity.
The team’s research indicates that this particular galaxy showed significant dust obscuration and has undergone substantial metal enrichment relative to galaxies with similar mass at the same redshift. The team also believes the galaxy's visible colour gradient may indicate a peculiar geometrical alignment of stars and dust.
In this image, blue, green, and red were assigned to Webb’s NIRCam (Near-Infrared Camera) data at 0.9, 1.15, and 1.5 microns; 2.0, 2.77, and 3.55 microns; and 3.56, 4.1, and 4.44 microns (F090W, F115W, and F150W; F200W, F277W, and F335M; and F356W, F410M, and F444W), respectively.
The galaxy is shown zoomed in on a region measuring roughly 1x1 arcseconds, which is a measure of angular distance on the sky. One arcsecond is equal to 1/3600 of one degree of arc (the full Moon has an angular diameter of about 0.5 degrees). The actual size of an object that covers one arcsecond on the sky depends on its distance from the telescope.
[Image description: The image shows a deep galaxy field, featuring thousands of galaxies of various shapes and sizes. A cutout indicates a particular galaxy, known as JADES-GS-z6, which was a research target for this result. It appears as a blurry smudge of blue, red and green.]
Credits: ESA/Webb, NASA, ESA, CSA, B. Robertson (UC Santa Cruz), B. Johnson (Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian), S. Tacchella (University of Cambridge, M. Rieke (Univ. of Arizona), D. Eisenstein (Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian), A. Pagan (STScI)
Seen here in incredible detail, thanks to the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope, is the starburst galaxy formally known as PLCK G045.1+61.1. The galaxy appears as multiple reddish dots near the center of the image and is being gravitationally lensed by a cluster of closer galaxies that are also visible in this image.
Gravitational lensing occurs when a large distribution of matter, such as a galaxy cluster, sits between Earth and a distant light source. As space is warped by massive objects, the light from the distant object bends as it travels to us. This effect was first predicted by Einstein’s general theory of relativity.
From 2009 to 2013, the European Space Agency’s Planck space observatory captured multiple all-sky surveys. In the course of these surveys, with complementary observations by the Herschel Space Observatory, Planck discovered some of the brightest gravitationally lensed high-redshift galaxies in the night sky.
It was during the study of these Planck-Herschel selected sources using Hubble that the optical starlight emitted from this ultra-bright galaxy was found.
Credits: ESA/Hubble & NASA, B. Frye; CC BY 4.0
NGC3628 è una galassia a spirale facente parte del famoso tripletto del Leone nella costellazione che porta lo stesso nome. Le sue compagne ben più visibili sono la m65 e m66.
E' stata scoperta da William Herschel nel lontano 1784 e la sua caratteristica più evidente è la notevole fascia oscura causata dalla polvere disposta lungo la parte esterna della spirale.
La galassia ha una distanza stimata di circa 38 milioni di anni luce basandosi sul redshift z del catalogo NED di 0.002812.
Fotografia scattata con l'osservatorio personale 3zObservatory insieme all'amico Giorgio Mazzacurati nel periodo che va dagli ultimi giorni di marzo ai primi di giugno 2019 con una lunga pausa a causa del maltempo. Composizione LRGB circa 10 ore di integrazione a bin2
Strumentazione:
RC12GSO su EQ8
CCD G24000-Baader Filter LRGB
39x600s L
15x600s per R, 15x600 per G e 15x600 per il B
Elaborazione tramite Pixinsight/Photoshop
NGC 4151 (right) is a spiral galaxy in the constellation of Canes Venatici. NGC 4151 is a bit odd. It has far-flung and faint spiral arms, but also a brighter ring of stars and gas closer to the center. The ring is blue, indicating the presence of lots of hot, young, massive stars. In the center is a massive black hole. The distance of NGC 4151 has been studied a lot recently. Most catalogs list it as roughly 40 million light-years away. But a paper from 2014 shows that it’s much farther than that: 62 million light-years. The new study used a new technique, called echo mapping: When matter falls into the black hole, it’s not always a smooth flow. A star can fall in, or a big clump of material. When that happens, a flare of high-energy light is emitted. This can light up the disk of material around the black hole, but there’s a delay in how long it takes the disk to brighten because of the huge distances involved; it takes time for the light to reach it. By carefully measuring the time it takes for the disk to respond to a flare, and comparing that with the measured size of the disk, the distance to the galaxy can be found. The old measurements are based on the galaxy’s redshift, and that can be misleading for nearby galaxies (if it’s in a cluster, for example, it can be moving rapidly and mess up the redshift measurements). Apparently, something like that is the case here, and NGC 4151 is half again farther away than we thought.
The small spiral to the bottom left of 4151 is NGC 4156. Notice as well the tidal tail pointing left.
NGC 4145 (left) is a barred spiral galaxy at a distance of 68 million light-years from the Earth. The galaxy has little star formation, except on its outer edges. Due to the loss of energy that occurs without star formation, some astronomers predict that the galaxy will degenerate into a lenticular galaxy in the near future.
Telescope: 16″ f3.75 Dream Scope
Camera: FLI ML16803
Mount: ASA DDM85
Exposure: 5 hours (36x300s L + 3x8x300s RGB)
Date: March 2022
Location: Southern Alps, France
M82 (NGC 3034, aussi connu sous le nom de galaxie du Cigare) est une galaxie spirale située dans la constellation de la Grande Ourse.
À ce jour, plus d'une vingtaine de mesures non basées sur le décalage vers le rouge (redshift) donnent une distance de 3,835 ± 0,730 Mpc (∼12,5 millions d'a.l.). Puisque M82 est trop rapprochée de la Voie lactée, on ne peut employer la valeur du décalage vers le rouge pour déterminer sa distance.
Materiels :
Newton Vixen R200SS + red TS0.95X
Monture Ioptron CEM120
Camera ASI533Mono
Filtres Antlia
Antlia Blue Pro: 40×120″(1h 20′) -10°C bin 1×1
Antlia Green Pro: 40×120″(1h 20′) -10°C bin 1×1
Antlia Lum Pro: 167×180″(8h 21′) -10°C bin 1×1
Antlia Red Pro: 40×120″(1h 20′) -10°C bin 1×1
Intégration:
12h 21
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Fatpacks Include:
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ANATOMY | BELLEZA | CZ SLIM | KARIO FIT & FLEX |
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Messier 106 (M106, also known as NGC 4258) is a spiral galaxy in the constellation Canes Venatici and is approximately 23.7 million light years from Earth. The galaxy is thought to contain 400 billion stars.
Observation data (J2000 epoch)
Constellation: Canes Venatici
Right ascension: 12h 18m 57.5s
Declination: +47° 18′ 14″[1]
Redshift: 448 ± 3 km/s
Distance: 23.7 ± 1.5 Mly
Apparent magnitude (V): 8.4
Size: 135,000 ly (in diameter)
Apparent size (V): 18′.6 × 7′.2
Tech Specs: Sky-Watcher Esprit 120ED Telescope, ZWO AS2600mc-Pro running at -10C, Celestron CGEM-DX mount, two panel mosaic each 54 x 60 second guided exposures, focused with a ZWO EAF, controlled with a ZWO ASIAir Pro. Processed using PixInsight. Image Date: November 22, 2022. Location: The Dark Side Observatory (W59), Weatherly, PA, USA (Bortle Class 4).
The NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope has established an extraordinary new benchmark: detecting the light of a star that existed within the first billion years after the Universe’s birth in the Big Bang (at a redshift of 6.2) — the most distant individual star ever seen. This sets up a major target for the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope in its first year
This find is a huge leap back in time compared to the previous single-star record holder; detected by Hubble in 2018. That star existed when the universe was about 4 billion years old, or 30 percent of its current age, at a time that astronomers refer to as “redshift 1.5.” Scientists use the word “redshift” because as the Universe expands, light from distant objects is stretched or “shifted” to longer, redder wavelengths as it travels toward us.
But the newly detected star is so far away that its light has taken 12.9 billion years to reach Earth, appearing to us as it did when the universe was only 7 percent of its current age, at redshift 6.2. The smallest objects previously seen at such a great distance are clusters of stars, embedded inside early galaxies.
Thanks to the rare alignment with the magnifying galaxy cluster, the star Earendel appears directly on, or extremely close to, a ripple in the fabric of space. This ripple, which is known in optics as a “caustic,” provides maximum magnification and brightening. The effect is analogous to the rippled surface of a swimming pool creating patterns of bright light on the bottom of the pool on a sunny day. The ripples on the surface act as lenses and focus sunlight to maximum brightness on the pool floor.
This caustic causes the star Earendel to pop out from the general glow of its home galaxy. Its brightness is magnified a thousandfold or more. At this point astronomers are not able to determine whether Earendel is a binary star, but most massive stars do have at least one smaller companion star.
Astronomers expect that Earendel will remain highly magnified for years to come. It will be observed by the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope later in 2022. Webb’s high sensitivity to infrared light is needed to learn more about Earendel, because its light is stretched (redshifted) to longer infrared wavelengths by the expansion of the Universe.
Check the annotated version of this image here.
Credits: NASA, ESA, B. Welch (JHU), D. Coe (STScI), A. Pagan (STScI); CC BY 4.0
In physics, redshift happens when light or other electromagnetic radiation from an object moving away from the observer is increased in wavelength, or shifted to the red end of the spectrum.
Issaquah, WA
What a challenging build! I built three quarters of this brute on the last day. Still it was a blast! Thanks to Simon for organizing this epic space event! And a big thanks to my brother Mark for his great job on the Photoshop! ;)
Stats: 105 studs long. 8lbs. crew of ten- www.flickr.com/photos/76437548@N04/15066934789/in/photost...
Enjoy! ~Bro Steven
This NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope image features the galaxy LRG-3-817, also known as SDSS J090122.37+181432.3. The galaxy, its image distorted by the effects of gravitational lensing, appears as a long arc to the left of the central galaxy cluster.
Gravitational lensing occurs when a large distribution of matter, such as a galaxy cluster, sits between Earth and a distant light source. As space is warped by massive objects, the light from the distant object bends as it travels to us and we see a distorted image of it. This effect was first predicted by Einstein’s general theory of relativity.
Strong gravitational lenses provide an opportunity for studying properties of distant galaxies, since Hubble can resolve details within the multiple arcs that are one of the main results of gravitational lensing. An important consequence of lensing distortion is magnification, allowing us to observe objects that would otherwise be too far away and too faint to be seen. Hubble makes use of this magnification effect to study objects beyond those normally detectable with the sensitivity of its 2.4-meter-diameter primary mirror, showing us the most distant galaxies humanity has ever encountered.
This lensed galaxy was found as part of the Sloan Bright Arcs Survey, which discovered some of the brightest gravitationally lensed high-redshift galaxies in the night sky.
Image Credit: ESA/Hubble & NASA, S. Allam et al.
#NASA #MarshallSpaceFlightCenter #MSFC #Marshall #HubbleSpaceTelescope #HST #astronomy #space #astrophysics #solarsystemandbeyond #gsfc #Goddard #GoddardSpaceFlightCenter #ESA #EuropeanSpaceAgency #galaxy
Messier 106 (M106, also known as NGC 4258) is a spiral galaxy in the constellation Canes Venatici and is approximately 23.7 million light years from Earth. The galaxy is thought to contain 400 billion stars.
Observation data (J2000 epoch)
Constellation: Canes Venatici
Right ascension: 12h 18m 57.5s
Declination: +47° 18′ 14″[1]
Redshift: 448 ± 3 km/s
Distance: 23.7 ± 1.5 Mly
Apparent magnitude (V): 8.4
Size: 135,000 ly (in diameter)
Apparent size (V): 18′.6 × 7′.2
Tech Specs: Orion 8" f/8 Ritchey-Chretien Astrograph Telescope, Celestron CGEM-DX pier mounted, ZWO ASI290MC and ASI071MC-Pro, ZWO AAPlus, ZWO EAF, 66 x 60 seconds at -10C plus darks and flats, processed using PixInsight and DSS. Image Date: January 26, 2022. Location: The Dark Side Observatory, Weatherly, PA, USA (Bortle Class 4).
NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope has established an extraordinary new benchmark: detecting the light of a star that existed within the first billion years after the universe’s birth in the big bang – the farthest individual star ever seen to date.
The find is a huge leap further back in time from the previous single-star record holder; detected by Hubble in 2018. That star existed when the universe was about 4 billion years old, or 30 percent of its current age, at a time that astronomers refer to as “redshift 1.5.” Scientists use the word “redshift” because as the universe expands, light from distant objects is stretched or “shifted” to longer, redder wavelengths as it travels toward us.
The newly detected star is so far away that its light has taken 12.9 billion years to reach Earth, appearing to us as it did when the universe was only 7 percent of its current age, at redshift 6.2. The smallest objects previously seen at such a great distance are clusters of stars, embedded inside early galaxies.
“We almost didn’t believe it at first, it was so much farther than the previous most-distant, highest redshift star,” said astronomer Brian Welch of the Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, lead author of the paper describing the discovery, which is published in the March 30 journal Nature. The discovery was made from data collected during Hubble’s RELICS (Reionization Lensing Cluster Survey) program, led by co-author Dan Coe at the Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI), also in Baltimore.
“Normally at these distances, entire galaxies look like small smudges, with the light from millions of stars blending together,” said Welch. “The galaxy hosting this star has been magnified and distorted by gravitational lensing into a long crescent that we named the Sunrise Arc.”
After studying the galaxy in detail, Welch determined that one feature is an extremely magnified star that he called Earendel, which means “morning star” in Old English. The discovery holds promise for opening up an uncharted era of very early star formation.
Upper left galaxy cluster creates a gravitational lens. Faint red arc bisects image (upper right to lower left). 3 bright spots in the arc, center one is Earendel. The spots on either side are mirrored images of a star cluster.
This detailed view highlights the star Earendel's position along a ripple in space-time (dotted line) that magnifies it and makes it possible for the star to be detected over such a great distance—nearly 13 billion light-years. Also indicated is a cluster of stars that is mirrored on either side of the line of magnification. The distortion and magnification are created by the mass of a huge galaxy cluster located in between Hubble and Earendel. The mass of the galaxy cluster is so great that it warps the fabric of space, and looking through that space is like looking through a magnifying glass—along the edge of the glass or lens, the appearance of things on the other side are warped as well as magnified.
Credits: Science: NASA, ESA, Brian Welch (JHU), Dan Coe (STScI); Image processing: NASA, ESA, Alyssa Pagan (STScI)
“Earendel existed so long ago that it may not have had all the same raw materials as the stars around us today,” Welch explained. “Studying Earendel will be a window into an era of the universe that we are unfamiliar with, but that led to everything we do know. It’s like we’ve been reading a really interesting book, but we started with the second chapter, and now we will have a chance to see how it all got started,” Welch said.
When Stars Align
The research team estimates that Earendel is at least 50 times the mass of our Sun and millions of times as bright, rivaling the most massive stars known. But even such a brilliant, very high-mass star would be impossible to see at such a great distance without the aid of natural magnification by a huge galaxy cluster, WHL0137-08, sitting between us and Earendel. The mass of the galaxy cluster warps the fabric of space, creating a powerful natural magnifying glass that distorts and greatly amplifies the light from distant objects behind it.
Thanks to the rare alignment with the magnifying galaxy cluster, the star Earendel appears directly on, or extremely close to, a ripple in the fabric of space. This ripple, which is defined in optics as a “caustic,” provides maximum magnification and brightening. The effect is analogous to the rippled surface of a swimming pool creating patterns of bright light on the bottom of the pool on a sunny day. The ripples on the surface act as lenses and focus sunlight to maximum brightness on the pool floor.
This caustic causes the star Earendel to pop out from the general glow of its home galaxy. Its brightness is magnified a thousandfold or more. At this point, astronomers are not able to determine if Earendel is a binary star, though most massive stars have at least one smaller companion star.
Confirmation with Webb
Astronomers expect that Earendel will remain highly magnified for years to come. It will be observed by NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope. Webb’s high sensitivity to infrared light is needed to learn more about Earendel, because its light is stretched (redshifted) to longer infrared wavelengths due to the universe’s expansion.
“With Webb we expect to confirm Earendel is indeed a star, as well as measure its brightness and temperature,” Coe said. These details will narrow down its type and stage in the stellar lifecycle. "We also expect to find the Sunrise Arc galaxy is lacking in heavy elements that form in subsequent generations of stars. This would suggest Earendel is a rare, massive metal-poor star,” Coe said.
Earendel’s composition will be of great interest for astronomers, because it formed before the universe was filled with the heavy elements produced by successive generations of massive stars. If follow-up studies find that Earendel is only made up of primordial hydrogen and helium, it would be the first evidence for the legendary Population III stars, which are hypothesized to be the very first stars born after the big bang. While the probability is small, Welch admits it is enticing all the same.
“With Webb, we may see stars even farther than Earendel, which would be incredibly exciting,” Welch said. “We’ll go as far back as we can. I would love to see Webb break Earendel’s distance record.”
The Hubble Space Telescope is a project of international cooperation between NASA and ESA (European Space Agency). NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, manages the telescope. The Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI) in Baltimore, Maryland, conducts Hubble science operations. STScI is operated for NASA by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy in Washington, D.C.
For more information: www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2022/record-broken-hubble-sp...
NGC 6769-6770-6771 form this superb triple system in the southern constellation of Pavo. It is also known as the Devil's Mask. The trio are 190 million light years away, and receding. Both NGC 6769 and NGC 6770 are receding at similar velocities of about 3800 km/s - a redshift just over 0.01, while NGC 6771 is receding at a slightly higher rate of 4200 km/s.
The central bulge in all three galaxies are of similar brightness. NGC 6771 has an interesting boxy shape which is indeed a rare occurrence among galaxies. It is unusual in that it has two comparatively straight dark lanes and a fainter arc that curves towards the third galaxy
Both NGC 6769 and NGC 6770 are spiral galaxies, yet very different. NGC 6769 has very tightly wound spiral arms, while NGC 6770 has two major spiral arms, one of which is fairly straight pointing towards the outer disc of NGC 6769. The blueish colour of the spiral arms indicate the presence of many star forming regions.
IC4845, a Barred Spiral Galaxy. Its angular size is 1.207’ 0.893’ (arcmin). Surprisingly, even with a modest instrument (25 cm), the galaxy presents remarkable fine details.
Exposure Details:
Lum 37X900 Bin1X1
Red 22X450 Bin2X2
Green 18X450 Bin2X2
Blue 15X450 Bin2X2
Total time 16.125 hours
Instruments Used:
10 Inch RCOS fl 9.1
Astro Physics AP-900 Mount
SBIG STL 11000m
FLI Filter Wheel
Astrodon Lum, Red, Green, Blue Filters
Software Used
CCDStack (calibration, alignment, data rejection, stacking)
Photoshop CS 6 (Image processing)
Thanks for looking
A couple of entwined galaxies proceeding with their mergence. The two tails appear to wrap all the way around the left side of the galaxies and connect back where that background spiral appears at the bottom of the image. They'd be off the left and bottom sides of the frame if you could see them, but the exposure wasn't quite long enough to capture such faint features.
This is part of a snapshot / gap filler program for Julianne Dalcanton involving the study of peculiar galaxies which HST had never observed before. Only one filter is available for each, so color must come from elsewhere. In this case, I used the PanSTARRS survey to quickly add some color. You can see that many of the fine details in the image are lacking distinctive colors due to the lower resolution of the color data.
All of the observations from this proposal are available immediately to the public, so it can be fun to poke around. In fact HST took this image only a few hours before I made this image, and less than 24 hours before I posted it here.
Here's a link to the proposal abstract:
Establishing HST's Low Redshift Archive of Interacting Systems
Luminosity: ACS/WFC F606W
Red: PanSTARRS z
Green: PanSTARRS i
Blue: PanSTARRS g
North is up.
These are the most distant galaxies from us (at about 12 million light years) that do not show redshift. The expansion of space, or Hubble flow, kicks in at about that distance for all galaxies. M81 (on the left) is gravitationally disturbing M82 (on the right). These tidal interactions have increased the star formation rate in M82, and we can see hydrogen streaming out of the center of that galaxy in response to the rapid star formation.
I've shot this pair from Joshua Tree and Death Valley, and probably a few other places. The RGB data is from 47 sub frames of various exposures lengths, but generally good quality. The Atik 314L+ color CCD in combination with the Hyperstar has done well there. But now I can add Hα from my driveway, so I did. An additional 15 5 min exposures with the Atik 414-EX and hydrogen alpha filter. Thank you to Light Vortex Astronomy for providing instructions on how to combine the data.
All images taken with a Celestron Edge HD 925 at f/2.3 with HyperStar. Preprocessing in Nebulosity; registration, stacking, combining data, and processing in PixInsight; final touches in Photoshop.