I love the precise little points on the petals.

Gentle

Quiet

Intelligent

Sharp

Precise

Witty

Captain Samuel Sharpe Pocklington with His Wife, Pleasance, and possibly His Sister, Frances

 

West Building, Main Floor—Gallery 61

 

•Date: 1769

•Medium: Oil on Canvas

•Dimensions:

oOverall: 100.2 × 126.6 cm (39 7/16 × 49 13/16 in.)

oFramed: 120.7 × 146.4 × 7.6 cm (47½ × 57⅝ × 3 in.)

•Credit Line: Gift of Mrs. Charles S. Carstairs in memory of her husband, Charles Stewart Carstairs

•Accession Number: 1952.9.4

•Artists/Makers:

oArtist: George Stubbs, British, 1724-1806

 

Overview

 

Captain Pocklington, who wears the uniform of the Scots Guard, retired from the third regiment in 1769, the same year that Stubbs painted this group portrait. Seated on the bench is the captain’s wife, Pleasance, who is probably wearing bridal clothes. The woman standing behind Pleasance is presumably Pocklington’s sister, Frances.

 

Stubbs’ fame is based on his precise and naturalistic depictions of animals, primarily horses, even in paintings such as this that are ostensibly about human matters. Stubbs lived in a world fascinated with scientific inquiry; he himself actually performed dissections of animals to fully understand their anatomy.

 

Stubbs’ interest in the structure and complexity of living things led him to adopt a working style in which he first painted the individual figures and then completed the background and secondary details. The subjects are arranged in a friezelike pattern against the darker, more muted shades of the massive tree and fanciful landscape. Stubbs was not invited to exhibit at the Royal Academy because he had been labeled as a horse painter, and his popularity sank even lower during the romantic era. Now in an age that looks back on pioneers such as Stubbs with fascination and respect, his stature as an artist has greatly increased.

 

Inscription

 

•Lower Right: Geo: Stubbs / pinxit 1769

 

Provenance

 

Painted for Samuel Sharpe Pocklington [d. 1781], Chelsworth Hall, Suffolk; by descent through his elder son, Colonel Sir Robert Pocklington, who married Catherine Blagrave, to John Blagrave, Calcot Park, Berkshire; (sale, Messrs. Foster, London, 28 June 1911, no. 102); purchased by Francis Howard for (M. Knoedler & Co., New York, London, and Paris); purchased by 1913 by Charles Stewart Carstairs [1865-1928], London; by inheritance to his wife, Mrs. Charles S. Carstairs [née Elizabeth Stebbins, d. 1949], London;[1] bequest 1952 to NGA.

 

[1] According to a letter (copy in NGA curatorial files) from Mrs. Carstairs to David Finley, 15 November 1947, the painting never left England, and always hung in the Carstairs house in London. Charles S. Carstairs was the director of Knoedler’s London branch. Mrs. Carstairs’ maiden name is provided in a letter of 13 February 1995 from Dr. Lorne Campbell, of the National Gallery, London, in NGA curatorial files.

 

Associated Names

 

•Blagrave, Catherine Frances

•Blagrave, John

•Carstairs, Charles S., Mrs.

•Carstairs, Charles Stewart

•Foster, Messrs.

•Howard, F.

•Knoedler & Company, M.

•Pocklington, Robert, Colonel Sir

•Pocklington, Samuel Sharpe

 

Exhibition History

 

•1927—Meisterwerke englischer Malerei aus drei Jahrhunderten, Secession, Vienna, 1927, no. 54, repro.

•1930—English Conversation Pieces, Sir Philip Sassoon’s, 45 Park Lane, London, 1930, no. 47 (souvenir, 49, repro.).

•1934—British Art, Royal Academy of Arts, London, 1934, no. 395 (commemorative catalogue, no. 165, repro.).

•1936—Loan to display with the permanent collection, Tate Gallery, London, 1936-1947.

•1984—George Stubbs 1724-1806, Tate Gallery, London; Yale Center for British Art, New Haven, 1984-1985, no. 107, color repro., color detail, (catalogue by Judy Egerton).

•2004—Stubbs & The Horse, Kimbell Art Museum, Fort Worth; The Walters Art Museum, Baltimore; The National Gallery, London, 2004-2005, no. 58, fig. 61.

 

Technical Summary

 

The medium-weight canvas is plain woven; it has been lined, but the tacking margins still survive intact. The lining and nonoriginal stretcher may be over one hundred years old; fabrics were mounted on the new stretcher slightly off center, so that original paint extends slightly onto the top edge of the stretcher and about half an inch of overpainted ground appears along the bottom edge. The ground is grayish white, of moderate thickness. The painting is executed smoothly, fluidly, and fairly thickly, with low impasto. Visible to the naked eye is an old, horizontal, retouched tear about 10 cm. long extending in from the right edge slightly above the rocks. The overall craquelure was inpainted in 1984; the abrasion in the horse’s rump and in the dark foliage above the horse’s tail was glazed over at the same time; although the original and lining fabrics are somewhat fragile, the restoration of 1984 did not include relining. The synthetic varnish has not discolored.

 

Bibliography

 

•1960—Cooke, Hereward Lester. British Painting in the National Gallery of Art. Washington, D.C., 1960 (Booklet Number Eight in Ten Schools of Painting in the National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.): 24, color repro., as Colonel Pocklington with His Sisters.

•1962—Cairns, Huntington, and John Walker, eds. Treasures from the National Gallery of Art. New York, 1962: 126, color repro., as Colonel Pocklington with His Sisters.

•1963—Walker, John. National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. New York, 1963 (reprinted 1964 in French, German, and Spanish): 319, repro., as Colonel Pocklington with His Sisters.

•1965—Summary Catalogue of European Paintings and Sculpture. National Gallery of Art, Washington, 1965: 126, as Colonel Pocklington with His Sisters.

•1966—Cairns, Huntington, and John Walker, eds. A Pageant of Painting from the National Gallery of Art. 2 vols. New York, 1966: 2:356, color repro., as Colonel Pocklington and His Sisters.

•1968—European Paintings and Sculpture, Illustrations. National Gallery of Art, Washington, 1968: 112, repro., as Colonel Pocklington with His Sisters.

•1971—Praz, Mario. Conversation Pieces. London, 1971: 134, color cover and color fig. 95.

•1971—Taylor, Basil. Stubbs. London, 1971: 37-38, pls. 57-59.

•1975—European Paintings: An Illustrated Summary Catalogue. National Gallery of Art, Washington, 1975: 334, repro., as Colonel Pocklington with His Sisters.

•1975—Walker, John. National Gallery of Art, Washington. New York, 1975: no. 529, color repro.

•1979—Watson, Ross. The National Gallery of Art, Washington. New York, 1979: 92, pl. 79.

•1984—Walker, John. National Gallery of Art, Washington. Rev. ed. New York, 1984: 368, no. 516, color repro., as Colonel Pocklington and His Sisters.

•1985—European Paintings: An Illustrated Catalogue. National Gallery of Art, Washington, 1985: 384, repro.

•1992—Hayes, John. British Paintings of the Sixteenth through Nineteenth Centuries. The Collections of the National Gallery of Art Systematic Catalogue. Washington, D.C., 1992: 259-261, color repro. 260.

•1992—National Gallery of Art, Washington. National Gallery of Art, Washington, 1992: 144, repro.

•2004—Hand, John Oliver. National Gallery of Art: Master Paintings from the Collection. Washington and New York, 2004: 282-283, no. 230, color repro.

  

From British Paintings of the Sixteenth through Nineteenth Centuries:

 

1952.9.4 (1047)

 

Captain Samuel Sharpe Pocklington with His Wife, Pleasance, and His Sister (?), Frances

 

•1769

•Oil on Canvas, 100.2 × 126.6 (39½ × 49⅞)

•Gift of Mrs. Charles S. Carstairs in memory of her husband, Charles Stewart Carstairs

 

Inscriptions

 

•Signed and Dated at Lower Right: Geo: Stubbs/pinxit 1769

 

Technical Notes

 

The medium-weight canvas is plain woven; it has been lined, but the tacking margins still survive intact. The lining and nonoriginal stretcher may be over one hundred years old; fabrics were mounted on the new stretcher slightly off center, so that original paint extends slightly onto the top edge of the stretcher and about half an inch of overpainted ground appears along the bottom edge. The ground is grayish white, of moderate thickness. The painting is executed smoothly, fluidly, and fairly thickly, with low impasto. Visible to the naked eye is an old, horizontal, retouched tear about 10 cm. long extending in from the right edge slightly above the rocks. The overall craquelure was inpainted in 1984; the abrasion in the horse’s rump and in the dark foliage above the horse’s tail was glazed over at the same time; although the original and lining fabrics are somewhat fragile, the restoration of 1984 did not include relining. The synthetic varnish has not discolored.

 

Provenance

 

Painted for Samuel Sharpe Pocklington [d. 1781], Chelsworth Hall, Suffolk; by descent through his elder son, Colonel Sir Robert Pocklington, who married Catherine Blagrave, to John Blagrave, Calcot Park, Berkshire (sale, Messrs. Foster, London, 28 June 1911, no. 102), bought by (Francis Howard for M. Knoedler & Co.), New York, from whom it was purchased by 1913 by Charles Stewart Carstairs [d. 1928], Lockport, New York; passed to Mrs. Charles S. Carstairs [d. 1949], New York.

 

Exhibitions:

 

Meisterwerke Englischer Malerei aus drei Jahrhunderten, Secession, Vienna, 1927, no. 54, repro. English Conversation Pieces, Sir Philip Sassoon’s, 45 Park Lane, London, 1930, no. 47 (illustrated souvenir, repro. 49). British Art, Royal Academy of Arts, London, 1934, no. 395 (commemorative catalogue, no. 165, repro.). Long-term loan, Tate Gallery, London, 1936-1947. George Stubbs 1724-1806, Tate Gallery, London; Yale Center for British Art, New Haven, 1984-1985, no. 107, color repro., color detail.

 

The traditional identification of the sitters as Colonel Pocklington and his sisters, first recorded in the catalogue of the Blagrave sale in 1911, has recently been corrected by Egerton.1 The principal sitters are Captain Samuel Sharpe, who assumed the name and arms of Pocklington on his marriage in 1769, and his wife, Pleasance Pykarell, who had changed her name to Pocklington as a condition of inheriting the manor of Chelsworth, Suffolk, from her cousin, Robert Pocklington. The identity of the lady on the left has not been established; Egerton has suggested that she may be Samuel’s unmarried sister, Frances.

 

The picture is a marriage portrait. Pleasance is dressed in her white wedding gown and is offering a posy of flowers to her husband’s horse. Samuel, standing elegantly cross legged, is wearing the uniform of the Third Foot (later the Scots) Guards, in which he had served since 1760 and from which he seems to have resigned shortly after his marriage.

 

As so often with Stubbs, the figures and horse are contained within a gentle, rhythmical, horizontal design, equally characteristically echoed and continued in a further plane by the dark trees that fill the picture surface—what Praz calls a “screen of foliage.”2 The background is generalized and softly handled. The whole composition has an air of artificiality, underlined by Pleasance’s pose; the Melbourne and Milbanke Families3 in the National Gallery, London, of the same period, 1769 to 1770, with its very similar background, is even more artificial in its arrangement. Taylor has described the work as “conceived, perhaps with a deliberate professional intention, in the spirit of” Reynolds’ informal portrait group of Henry Fane and his guardians (The Metropolitan Museum of Art) of three years earlier, Stubbs perhaps “hoping for opportunities to work on the larger scale expected from the leading portraitists of the Royal Academy.”4

 

Notes

 

1.Egerton 1984, no. 107.

2.Praz1971,134.

3.Taylor 1971, pl. 55.

4.Taylor 1971, 38 ; the Reynolds is reproduced in Ellis K. Waterhouse, Reynolds (London, 1941), pl. 117.

 

References

 

•1971—Praz, Mario. Conversation Pieces. London, 1971:134, color cover and color fig. 95.

•1971—Taylor 1971: 37-38, pls. 57-59.

•1976—Walker 1976: no. 529, color repro.

•1984—Egerton 1984: no. 107, color repro., color detail.

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Autism spectrum disorder[a] (ASD), or simply autism, is a neurodevelopmental disorder "characterized by persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction across multiple contexts" and "restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities".[11] Sensory abnormalities are also included in the diagnostic manuals. Common associated traits such as motor coordination impairment are typical of the condition but not required for diagnosis. A formal diagnosis requires that symptoms cause significant impairment in multiple functional domains, in addition to being atypical or excessive for the person's age and sociocultural context.[12][13]

 

Autism is a spectrum disorder, meaning it manifests in various ways, with its severity and support needs varying widely across different autistic people.[12][13][14] For example, some autistic people are nonverbal, while others have proficient spoken language. Furthermore, the spectrum is multi-dimensional and not all dimensions have been identified as of 2024.[15][16]

 

Public health authorities and guideline developers classify autism as a neurodevelopmental disorder,[12][17][13][18][19] but the autism rights movement (and some researchers) disagree with the classification. From the latter point of view, autistic people may be diagnosed with a disability, but that disability may be rooted in the structures of a society rather than the person.[20][21][22] On the contrary, other scientists argue that autism impairs functioning in many ways that are inherent to the disorder itself and unrelated to society.[23][24] The neurodiversity perspective has led to significant controversy among those who are autistic and advocates, practitioners, and charities.[25][26]

 

The precise causes of autism are unknown in most individual cases. Research shows that the disorder is highly heritable and polygenic, and neurobiological risks from the environment are also relevant.[27][28][29] Boys are also significantly far more frequently diagnosed than girls.[30]

 

Autism frequently co-occurs with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), epilepsy, and intellectual disability.[31][32][33] Disagreements persist about what should be part of the diagnosis, whether there are meaningful subtypes or stages of autism,[34] and the significance of autism-associated traits in the wider population.[35][36]

 

The combination of broader criteria, increased awareness, and the potential increase of actual prevalence has led to considerably increased estimates of autism prevalence since the 1990s.[37][38] The WHO estimates about 1 in 100 children had autism between 2012 and 2021, as that was the average estimate in studies during that period, with a trend of increasing prevalence over time.[b][9][10] This increasing prevalence has contributed to the myth perpetuated by anti-vaccine activists that autism is caused by vaccines.[39]

 

There is no known cure for autism, and some advocates dispute the need to find one.[40][41] Interventions such as applied behavior analysis (ABA), speech therapy, and occupational therapy can help these children gain self-care, social, and language skills.[42][43] Guidelines from the Centres for Disease Control (CDC), and European Society for Child & Adolescent Psychiatry endorse the use of ABA on the grounds that it reduces symptoms impairing daily functioning and quality of life,[42][44] but the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence cites a lack of high-quality evidence to support its use.[45] Additionally, some in the autism rights movement oppose its application due to a perception that it emphasises normalisation.[46][47][48] No medication has been shown to reduce ASD's core symptoms,[44] but some can alleviate comorbid issues.[49][50][51]

 

Classification

Spectrum model

Before the DSM-5 (2013) and ICD-11 (2022) diagnostic manuals were adopted, ASD was found under the diagnostic category pervasive developmental disorder. The previous system relied on a set of closely related and overlapping diagnoses such as Asperger syndrome and the syndrome formerly known as Kanner syndrome. This created unclear boundaries between the terms, so for the DSM-5 and ICD-11, a spectrum approach was taken. The new system is also more restrictive, meaning fewer people qualify for diagnosis.[52]

 

The DSM-5 and ICD-11 use different categorization tools to define this spectrum. DSM-5 uses a "level" system, which ranks how in need of support the patient is, level 1 being the mildest and level 3 the severest,[53] while the ICD-11 system has two axes, intellectual impairment and language impairment,[54] as these are seen as the most crucial factors.

 

Autism is currently defined as a highly variable neurodevelopmental disorder[55] that is generally thought to cover a broad and deep spectrum, manifesting very differently from one person to another. Some have high support needs, may be nonspeaking, and experience developmental delays; this is more likely with other co-existing diagnoses. Others have relatively low support needs; they may have more typical speech-language and intellectual skills but atypical social/conversation skills, narrowly focused interests, and wordy, pedantic communication.[56] They may still require significant support in some areas of their lives. The spectrum model should not be understood as a continuum running from mild to severe, but instead means that autism can present very differently in each person.[57] How it presents in a person can depend on context, and may vary over time.[58]

 

While the DSM and ICD greatly influence each other, there are also differences. For example, Rett syndrome was included in ASD in the DSM-5, but in the ICD-11 it was excluded and placed in the chapter on Developmental Anomalies. The ICD and the DSM change over time, and there has been collaborative work toward a convergence of the two since 1980 (when DSM-III was published and ICD-9 was current), including more rigorous biological assessment—in place of historical experience—and a simplification of the classification system.[59][60][61][62]

 

As of 2023, empirical and theoretical research is leading to a growing consensus among researchers that the established ASD criteria are ineffective descriptors of autism as a whole, and that alternative research approaches must be encouraged, such as going back to autism prototypes, exploring new causal models of autism, or developing transdiagnostic endophenotypes.[63] Proposed alternatives to the current disorder-focused spectrum model deconstruct autism into at least two separate phenomena: (1) a non-pathological spectrum of behavioral traits in the population,[64][65] and (2) the neuropathological burden of rare genetic mutations and environmental risk factors potentially leading to neurodevelopmental and psychological disorders,[64][65] (3) governed by an individual's cognitive ability to compensate.[64]

 

ICD

The World Health Organization's International Classification of Diseases (11th revision), ICD-11, was released in June 2018 and came into full effect as of January 2022.[66][59] It describes ASD as follows:[67]

 

Autism spectrum disorder is characterised by persistent deficits in the ability to initiate and to sustain reciprocal social interaction and social communication, and by a range of restricted, repetitive, and inflexible patterns of behaviour, interests or activities that are clearly atypical or excessive for the individual's age and sociocultural context. The onset of the disorder occurs during the developmental period, typically in early childhood, but symptoms may not become fully manifest until later, when social demands exceed limited capacities. Deficits are sufficiently severe to cause impairment in personal, family, social, educational, occupational or other important areas of functioning and are usually a pervasive feature of the individual's functioning observable in all settings, although they may vary according to social, educational, or other context. Individuals along the spectrum exhibit a full range of intellectual functioning and language abilities.

 

— ICD-11, chapter 6, section A02

ICD-11 was produced by professionals from 55 countries out of the 90 involved and is the most widely used reference worldwide.

 

DSM

The American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR), released in 2022, is the current version of the DSM. It is the predominant mental health diagnostic system used in the United States and Canada, and is often used in Anglophone countries.

 

Its fifth edition, DSM-5, released in May 2013, was the first to define ASD as a single diagnosis,[68] which is still the case in the DSM-5-TR.[69] ASD encompasses previous diagnoses, including the four traditional diagnoses of autism—classic autism, Asperger syndrome, childhood disintegrative disorder, and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS)—and the range of diagnoses that included the word "autism".[70] Rather than distinguishing among these diagnoses, the DSM-5 and DSM-5-TR adopt a dimensional approach with one diagnostic category for disorders that fall under the autism spectrum umbrella. Within that category, the DSM-5 and the DSM include a framework that differentiates each person by dimensions of symptom severity, as well as by associated features (i.e., the presence of other disorders or factors that likely contribute to the symptoms, other neurodevelopmental or mental disorders, intellectual disability, or language impairment).[69] The symptom domains are (a) social communication and (b) restricted, repetitive behaviors, and there is the option of specifying a separate severity—the negative effect of the symptoms on the person—for each domain, rather than just overall severity.[71] Before the DSM-5, the DSM separated social deficits and communication deficits into two domains.[72] Further, the DSM-5 changed to an onset age in the early developmental period, with a note that symptoms may manifest later when social demands exceed capabilities, rather than the previous, more restricted three years of age.[73] These changes remain in the DSM-5-TR.[69]

 

Signs and symptoms

See also: Outline of autism

Pre-diagnosis

For many autistic people, characteristics first appear during infancy or childhood and follow a steady course without remission (different developmental timelines are described in more detail below).[74] Autistic people may be severely impaired in some respects but average, or even superior, in others.[75][76][77]

 

Clinicians consider assessment for ASD when a patient shows:

 

Regular difficulties in social interaction or communication

Restricted or repetitive behaviors (often called "stimming")

Resistance to changes or restricted interests

These features are typically assessed with the following, when appropriate:

 

Problems in obtaining or sustaining employment or education

Difficulties in initiating or sustaining social relationships

Connections with mental health or learning disability services

A history of neurodevelopmental conditions (including learning disabilities and ADHD) or mental health conditions[78][79]

There are many signs associated with autism; the presentation varies widely. Common signs and symptoms include:[80][81]

 

Abnormalities in eye contact

Little or no babbling as an infant

Not showing interest in indicated objects

Delayed language skills (e.g., having a smaller vocabulary than peers or difficulty expressing themselves in words)

Reduced interest in other children or caretakers, possibly with more interest in objects

Difficulty playing reciprocal games (e.g., peek-a-boo)

Hyper- or hypo-sensitivity to or unusual response to the smell, texture, sound, taste, or appearance of things

Resistance to changes in routine

Repetitive, limited, or otherwise unusual usage of toys (e.g., lining up toys)

Repetition of words or phrases, including echolalia

Repetitive motions or movements, including stimming

Broader autism phenotype

The broader autism phenotype describes people who may not have ASD but do have autistic traits, such as abnormalities in eye contact and stimming.[82]

  

In 1996, American academic Temple Grandin published Emergence: Labeled Autistic, describing her life experiences as an autistic person.

Social and communication skills

According to the medical model, autistic people experience social communications impairments. Until 2013, deficits in social function and communication were considered two separate symptom domains.[83] The current social communication domain criteria for autism diagnosis require people to have deficits across three social skills: social-emotional reciprocity, nonverbal communication, and developing and sustaining relationships.[69]

 

A deficit-based view predicts that autistic–autistic interaction would be less effective than autistic–non-autistic interactions or even non-functional.[84] But recent research has found that autistic–autistic interactions are as effective in information transfer as interactions between non-autistics are, and that communication breaks down only between autistics and non-autistics.[84][85] Also contrary to social cognitive deficit interpretations, recent (2019) research recorded similar social cognitive performances in autistic and non-autistic adults, with both of them rating autistic individuals less favorably than non-autistic individuals; however, autistic individuals showed more interest in engaging with autistic people than non-autistic people did, and learning of a person's ASD diagnosis did not influence their interest level.[86]

 

Thus, there has been a recent shift to acknowledge that autistic people may simply respond and behave differently than people without ASD.[87] So far, research has identified two unconventional features by which autistic people create shared understanding (intersubjectivity): "a generous assumption of common ground that, when understood, led to rapid rapport, and, when not understood, resulted in potentially disruptive utterances; and a low demand for coordination that ameliorated many challenges associated with disruptive turns."[85] Autistic interests, and thus conversational topics, seem to be largely driven by an intense interest in specific topics (monotropism).[88][89]

 

Historically, autistic children were said to be delayed in developing a theory of mind, and the empathizing–systemizing theory has argued that while autistic people have compassion (affective empathy) for others with similar presentation of symptoms, they have limited, though not necessarily absent, cognitive empathy.[90] This may present as social naïvety,[91] lower than average intuitive perception of the utility or meaning of body language, social reciprocity,[92] or social expectations, including the habitus, social cues, and some aspects of sarcasm,[93] which to some degree may also be due to comorbid alexithymia.[94] But recent research has increasingly questioned these findings, as the "double empathy problem" theory (2012) argues that there is a lack of mutual understanding and empathy between both non-autistic persons and autistic individuals.[95][96][97][98][99]

 

As communication is bidirectional,[100] research on communication difficulties has since also begun to study non-autistic behavior, with researcher Catherine Crompton writing in 2020 that non-autistic people "struggle to identify autistic mental states, identify autistic facial expressions, overestimate autistic egocentricity, and are less willing to socially interact with autistic people. Thus, although non-autistic people are generally characterised as socially skilled, these skills may not be functional or effectively applied when interacting with autistic people."[84] Any previously observed communication deficits of autistic people may thus have been constructed through a neurotypical bias in autism research, which has come to be scrutinized for "dehumanization, objectification, and stigmatization".[101] Recent research has proposed that autistics' lack of readability and a neurotypical lack of effort to interpret atypical signals may cause a negative interaction loop, increasingly driving both groups apart into two distinct groups with different social interaction styles.[100]

 

Differences in verbal communication begin to be noticeable in childhood, as many autistic children develop language skills at an uneven pace. Verbal communication may be delayed or never developed (nonverbal autism), while reading ability may be present before school age (hyperlexia).[102][103] Reduced joint attention seem to distinguish autistic from non-autistic infants.[104] Infants may show delayed onset of babbling, unusual gestures, diminished responsiveness, and vocal patterns that are not synchronized with the caregiver. In the second and third years, autistic children may have less frequent and less diverse babbling, consonants, words, and word combinations; their gestures are less often integrated with words. Autistic children are less likely to make requests or share experiences and are more likely to simply repeat others' words (echolalia).[105] The CDC estimated in 2015 that around 40% of autistic children do not speak at all.[106] Autistic adults' verbal communication skills largely depend on when and how well speech is acquired during childhood.[102]

 

Autistic people display atypical nonverbal behaviors or show differences in nonverbal communication. They may make infrequent eye contact, even when called by name, or avoid it altogether. This may be due to the high amount of sensory input received when making eye contact.[107] Autistic people often recognize fewer emotions and their meaning from others' facial expressions, and may not respond with facial expressions expected by their non-autistic peers.[108][103] Temple Grandin, an autistic woman involved in autism activism, described her inability to understand neurotypicals' social communication as leaving her feeling "like an anthropologist on Mars".[109] Autistic people struggle to understand the social context and subtext of neurotypical conversational or printed situations, and form different conclusions about the content.[110] Autistic people may not control the volume of their voice in different social settings.[111] At least half of autistic children have atypical prosody.[111]

 

What may look like self-involvement or indifference to non-autistic people stems from autistic differences in recognizing how other people have their own personalities, perspectives, and interests.[110][112] Most published research focuses on the interpersonal relationship difficulties between autistic people and their non-autistic counterparts and how to solve them through teaching neurotypical social skills, but newer research has also evaluated what autistic people want from friendships, such as a sense of belonging and good mental health.[113][114] Children with ASD are more frequently involved in bullying situations than their non-autistic peers, and predominantly experience bullying as victims rather than perpetrators or victim-perpetrators, especially after controlling for comorbid psychopathology.[115] Prioritizing dependability and intimacy in friendships during adolescence, coupled with lowered friendship quantity and quality, often lead to increased loneliness in autistic people.[116] As they progress through life, autistic people observe and form a model of social patterns, and develop coping mechanisms, referred to as "masking",[117][118] which have recently been found to come with psychological costs and a higher increased risk of suicidality.[100]

 

Restricted and repetitive behaviors

Sleeping boy beside a dozen or so toys arranged in a line

A young autistic boy who has arranged his toys in a row

ASD includes a wide variety of characteristics. Some of these include behavioral characteristics, which widely range from slow development of social and learning skills to difficulties creating connections with other people. Autistic people may experience these challenges with forming connections due to anxiety or depression, which they are more likely to experience, and as a result isolate themselves.[119][120]

 

Other behavioral characteristics include abnormal responses to sensations (such as sights, sounds, touch, taste and smell) and problems keeping a consistent speech rhythm. The latter problem influences social skills, leading to potential problems in understanding for interlocutors. Autistic people's behavioral characteristics typically influence development, language, and social competence. Their behavioral characteristics can be observed as perceptual disturbances, disturbances of development rate, relating, speech and language, and motility.[121]

 

The second core symptom of autism spectrum is a pattern of restricted and repetitive behaviors, activities, and interests. In order to be diagnosed with ASD under the DSM-5-TR, a person must have at least two of the following behaviors:[69][122]

  

An autistic boy arranging brads on a cork coaster

Repetitive behaviors – Repetitive behaviors such as rocking, hand flapping, finger flicking, head banging, or repeating phrases or sounds.[123] These behaviors may occur constantly or only when the person gets stressed, anxious, or upset. These behaviors are also known as stimming.

Resistance to change – A strict adherence to routines such as eating certain foods in a specific order or taking the same path to school every day.[123] The person may become distressed if there is a change or disruption to their routine.

Restricted interests – An excessive interest in a particular activity, topic, or hobby, and devoting all their attention to it. For example, young children might completely focus on things that spin and ignore everything else. Older children might try to learn everything about a single topic, such as the weather or sports, and perseverate or talk about it constantly.[123]

Sensory reactivity – An unusual reaction to certain sensory inputs, such as negative reaction to specific sounds or textures, fascination with lights or movements, or apparent indifference to pain or heat.[124]

Autistic people can display many forms of repetitive or restricted behavior, which the Repetitive Behavior Scale-Revised (RBS-R) categorizes as follows.[125]

 

Stereotyped behaviors: Repetitive movements, such as hand flapping, head rolling, or body rocking.

Compulsive behaviors: Time-consuming behaviors intended to reduce anxiety, that a person feels compelled to perform repeatedly or according to rigid rules, such as placing objects in a specific order, checking things, or handwashing.

Sameness: Resistance to change; for example, insisting that the furniture not be moved or refusing to be interrupted.

Ritualistic behavior: Unvarying pattern of daily activities, such as an unchanging menu or a dressing ritual. This is closely associated with sameness and an independent validation has suggested combining the two factors.[125]

Self-injurious behaviors: Behaviors such as eye-poking, skin-picking, hand-biting and head-banging.[104]

Self-injury and suicide

Self-injurious behaviors are relatively common in autistic people, and can include head-banging, self-cutting, self-biting, and hair-pulling.[126] Some of these can result in serious injury or death.[126] Autistic people are about three times as likely as non-autistic people to engage in self-injury.[127]

 

Theories about the cause of self-injurious behavior in children with developmental delay, including autistic children, include:[128]

 

Frequency or continuation of self-injurious behavior can be influenced by environmental factors (e.g., reward in return for halting self-injurious behavior). This theory does not apply to younger children with autism. There is some evidence that frequency of self-injurious behavior can be reduced by removing or modifying environmental factors that reinforce the behavior.[128]: 10–12 

Higher rates of self-injury are noted in socially isolated autistic people. Studies have shown that socialization skills are related factors to self-injurious behavior for autistic people.[129]

Self-injury could be a response to modulate pain perception when chronic pain or other health problems that cause pain are present.[128]: 12–13 

Abnormal basal ganglia connectivity may predispose to self-injurious behavior.[128]: 13 

Risk factors for self-harm and suicidality include circumstances that could affect anyone, such as mental health problems (e.g., anxiety disorder) and social problems (e.g., unemployment and social isolation), plus factors that affect only autistic people, such as actively trying to behave like like a neurotypical person, which is called masking.[130]

 

Rates of suicidality vary significantly depending upon what is being measured.[130] This is partly because questionnaires developed for neurotypical subjects are not always valid for autistic people.[130] As of 2023, the Suicidal Behaviours Questionnaire–Autism Spectrum Conditions (SBQ-ASC) is the only test validated for autistic people.[130] According to some estimates, about a quarter of autistic youth[131] and a third of all autistic people[130][132] have experienced suicidal ideation at some point. Rates of suicidal ideation are the same for people formally diagnosed with autism and people who have typical intelligence and are believed to have autism but have not been diagnosed.[130]

 

Although most people who attempt suicide are not autistic,[130] autistic people are about three times as likely as non-autistic people to make a suicide attempt.[127][133] Less than 10% of autistic youth have attempted suicide,[131] but 15% to 25% autistic adults have.[130][132] The rates of suicide attempts are the same among people formally diagnosed with autism and those who have typical intelligence and are believed to have autism but have not been diagnosed.[130] The suicide risk is lower among cisgender autistic males and autistic people with intellectual disabilities.[130][133] The rate of suicide results in a global excess mortality among autistic people equal to approximately 2% of all suicide deaths each year.[133]

 

Burnout

Main article: Autistic burnout

 

This section should include a summary of Autistic burnout. See Wikipedia:Summary style for information on how to incorporate it into this article's main text. (August 2024)

Studies have supported the common belief that autistic people become exhausted or burnt out in some situations.[134][135][136][137]

  

In 2021, screenwriter and actor Wentworth Miller revealed his autism diagnosis in a now-deleted Instagram post, stating it was "a shock" but "not a surprise".[138]

Other features

Autistic people may have symptoms that do not contribute to the official diagnosis, but that can affect the person or the family.[139]

 

Some autistic people show unusual or notable abilities, ranging from splinter skills (such as the memorization of trivia) to rare talents in mathematics, music, or artistic reproduction, which in exceptional cases are considered a part of the savant syndrome.[140][141][142] One study describes how some autistic people show superior skills in perception and attention relative to the general population.[143] Sensory abnormalities are found in over 90% of autistic people, and are considered core features by some.[144]

More generally, autistic people tend to show a "spiky skills profile", with strong abilities in some areas contrasting with much weaker abilities in others.[145]

Autistic people are less likely to show cognitive or emotional biases, and usually process information more rationally.[146] On the other hand, most autistic people exhibit lower levels of emotional intelligence, the ability to understand nonverbal clues about other people's feelings.[147]

Differences between the previously recognized disorders under the autism spectrum are greater for under-responsivity (for example, walking into things) than for over-responsivity (for example, distress from loud noises) or for sensation seeking (for example, rhythmic movements).[148] An estimated 60–80% of autistic people have motor signs that include poor muscle tone, poor motor planning, and toe walking;[144][149] deficits in motor coordination are pervasive across ASD and are greater in autism proper.[150][151]

Pathological demand avoidance can occur. People with this set of autistic symptoms are more likely to refuse to do what is asked or expected of them, even to activities they enjoy.

Unusual or atypical eating behavior occurs in about three-quarters of children with ASD, to the extent that it was formerly a diagnostic indicator.[139] Selectivity is the most common problem, although eating rituals and food refusal also occur.[152]

Problematic digital media use

See also: Screen time, Internet addiction disorder, and Video game addiction

This section is an excerpt from Digital media use and mental health § Autism.[edit]

In September 2018, the Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders published a systematic review of 47 studies published from 2005 to 2016 that concluded that associations between autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and screen time was inconclusive.[153] In May 2019, the Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics published a systematic review of 16 studies that found that children and adolescents with ASD are exposed to more screen time than typically developing peers and that the exposure starts at a younger age.[154] In April 2021, Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders published a systematic review of 12 studies of video game addiction in ASD subjects that found that children, adolescents, and adults with ASD are at greater risk of video game addiction than those without ASD, and that the data from the studies suggested that internal and external factors (sex, attention and oppositional behavior problems, social aspects, access and time spent playing video games, parental rules, and game genre) were significant predictors of video game addiction in ASD subjects.[155] In March 2022, the Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders published a systematic review of 21 studies investigating associations between ASD, problematic internet use, and gaming disorder where the majority of the studies found positive associations between the disorders.[156]

 

In August 2022, the International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction published a review of 15 studies that found that high rates of video game use in boys and young males with ASD was predominantly explained by video game addiction, but also concluded that greater video game use could be a function of ASD restricted interest and that video game addiction and ASD restricted interest could have an interactive relationship.[157] In December 2022, the Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders published a systematic review of 10 studies researching the prevalence of problematic internet use with ASD that found that ASD subjects had more symptoms of problematic internet use than control group subjects, had higher screen time online and an earlier age of first-time use of the internet, and also greater symptoms of depression and ADHD.[158] In July 2023, Cureus published a systematic review of 11 studies that concluded that earlier and longer screen time exposure for children was associated with higher probability of a child "developing" ASD.[159] In December 2023, JAMA Network Open published a meta-analysis of 46 studies comprising 562,131 subjects that concluded that while screen time may be a developmental cause of ASD in childhood, associations between ASD and screen time were not statistically significant when accounting for publication bias.[160]

Possible causes

Main article: Causes of autism

Exactly what causes autism remains unknown.[161][162][163][164] It was long mostly presumed that there is a common cause at the genetic, cognitive, and neural levels for the social and non-social components of ASD's symptoms, described as a triad in the classic autism criteria.[165] But it is increasingly suspected that autism is instead a complex disorder whose core aspects have distinct causes that often cooccur.[165][166] It is unlikely that ASD has a single cause;[166] many risk factors identified in the research literature may contribute to ASD. These include genetics, prenatal and perinatal factors (meaning factors during pregnancy or very early infancy), neuroanatomical abnormalities, and environmental factors. It is possible to identify general factors, but much more difficult to pinpoint specific ones. Given the current state of knowledge, prediction can only be of a global nature and so requires the use of general markers.[clarification needed][167]

 

Biological subgroups

Research into causes has been hampered by the inability to identify biologically meaningful subgroups within the autistic population[168] and by the traditional boundaries between the disciplines of psychiatry, psychology, neurology and pediatrics.[169] Newer technologies such as fMRI and diffusion tensor imaging can help identify biologically relevant phenotypes (observable traits) that can be viewed on brain scans, to help further neurogenetic studies of autism;[170] one example is lowered activity in the fusiform face area of the brain, which is associated with impaired perception of people versus objects.[171] It has been proposed to classify autism using genetics as well as behavior.[172]

 

Syndromic autism and non-syndromic autism

Main article: Syndromic autism

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) can be classified into two categories: "syndromic autism" and "non-syndromic autism".

 

Syndromic autism refers to cases where ASD is one of the characteristics associated with a broader medical condition or syndrome, representing about 25% of ASD cases. The causes of syndromic autism are often known, and monogenic disorders account for approximately 5% of these cases.

 

Non-syndromic autism, also known as classic or idiopathic autism, represents the majority of cases, and its cause is typically polygenic and unknown.

 

Genetics

Main articles: Heritability of autism and Epigenetics of autism

See also: Missing heritability problem

 

Hundreds of different genes are implicated in susceptibility to developing autism,[173] most of which alter the brain structure in a similar way.

Autism has a strong genetic basis, although the genetics of autism are complex and it is unclear whether ASD is explained more by rare mutations with major effects, or by rare multi-gene interactions of common genetic variants.[174][175] Complexity arises due to interactions among multiple genes, the environment, and epigenetic factors which do not change DNA sequencing but are heritable and influence gene expression.[176] Many genes have been associated with autism through sequencing the genomes of affected people and their parents.[177] But most of the mutations that increase autism risk have not been identified. Typically, autism cannot be traced to a Mendelian (single-gene) mutation or to a single chromosome abnormality, and none of the genetic syndromes associated with ASD have been shown to selectively cause ASD.[174] Numerous genes have been found, with only small effects attributable to any particular gene.[174] Most loci individually explain less than 1% of cases of autism.[178] As of 2018, it appeared that between 74% and 93% of ASD risk is heritable.[122] After an older child is diagnosed with ASD, 7% to 20% of subsequent children are likely to be as well.[122] If parents have one autistic child, they have a 2% to 8% chance of having a second child who is autistic. If the autistic child is an identical twin, the other will be affected 36% to 95% of the time. A fraternal twin is affected up to 31% of the time.[179] The large number of autistic people with unaffected family members may result from spontaneous structural variation, such as deletions, duplications or inversions in genetic material during meiosis.[180][181] Hence, a substantial fraction of autism cases may be traceable to genetic causes that are highly heritable but not inherited: that is, the mutation that causes the autism is not present in the parental genome.[182]

 

As of 2018, understanding of genetic risk factors had shifted from a focus on a few alleles to an understanding that genetic involvement in ASD is probably diffuse, depending on a large number of variants, some of which are common and have a small effect, and some of which are rare and have a large effect. The most common gene disrupted with large effect rare variants appeared to be CHD8, but less than 0.5% of autistic people have such a mutation. The gene CHD8 encodes the protein chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 8, which is a chromatin regulator enzyme that is essential during fetal development. CHD8 is an adenosine triphosphate (ATP)–dependent enzyme.[183][184][185] The protein contains an Snf2 helicase domain that is responsible for the hydrolysis of ATP to adenosine diphosphate (ADP).[185] CHD8 encodes a DNA helicase that functions as a repressor of transcription, remodeling chromatin structure by altering the position of nucleosomes. CHD8 negatively regulates Wnt signaling. Wnt signaling is important in the vertebrate early development and morphogenesis. It is believed that CHD8 also recruits the linker histone H1 and causes the repression of β-catenin and p53 target genes.[183] The importance of CHD8 can be observed in studies where CHD8-knockout mice died after 5.5 embryonic days because of widespread p53-induced apoptosis. Some studies have determined the role of CHD8 in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). CHD8 expression significantly increases during human mid-fetal development.[183] The chromatin remodeling activity and its interaction with transcriptional regulators have shown to play an important role in ASD aetiology.[184] The developing mammalian brain has conserved CHD8 target regions that are associated with ASD risk genes.[186] The knockdown of CHD8 in human neural stem cells results in dysregulation of ASD risk genes that are targeted by CHD8.[187] Recently CHD8 has been associated with the regulation of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs),[188] and the regulation of X chromosome inactivation (XCI) initiation, via regulation of Xist long non-coding RNA,[ambiguous] the master regulator of XCI,[ambiguous] though competitive binding to Xist regulatory regions.[189]

 

Some ASD is associated with clearly genetic conditions, like fragile X syndrome, but only around 2% of autistic people have fragile X.[122] Hypotheses from evolutionary psychiatry suggest that these genes persist because they are linked to human inventiveness, intelligence or systemising.[190][191]

 

Current research suggests that genes that increase susceptibility to ASD are ones that control protein synthesis in neuronal cells in response to cell needs, activity and adhesion of neuronal cells, synapse formation and remodeling, and excitatory to inhibitory neurotransmitter balance. Therefore, although up to 1,000 different genes are thought to increase the risk of ASD, all of them eventually affect normal neural development and connectivity between different functional areas of the brain in a similar manner that is characteristic of an ASD brain. Some of these genes are known to modulate production of the GABA neurotransmitter, the nervous system's main inhibitory neurotransmitter. These GABA-related genes are under-expressed in an ASD brain. On the other hand, genes controlling expression of glial and immune cells in the brain, e.g. astrocytes and microglia, respectively, are overexpressed, which correlates with increased number of glial and immune cells found in postmortem ASD brains. Some genes under investigation in ASD pathophysiology are those that affect the mTOR signaling pathway, which supports cell growth and survival.[192]

 

All these genetic variants contribute to the development of the autism spectrum, but it cannot be guaranteed that they are determinants for the development.[193]

 

ASD may be under-diagnosed in women and girls due to an assumption that it is primarily a male condition,[194] but genetic phenomena such as imprinting and X linkage have the ability to raise the frequency and severity of conditions in males, and theories have been put forward for a genetic reason why males are diagnosed more often, such as the imprinted brain hypothesis and the extreme male brain theory.[195][196][197]

 

Early life

See also: Refrigerator mother theory

Several prenatal and perinatal complications have been reported as possible risk factors for autism. These risk factors include maternal gestational diabetes, maternal and paternal age over 30,[198][199][200] bleeding during pregnancy after the first trimester, use of certain prescription medication (e.g. valproate) during pregnancy, and meconium in the amniotic fluid. Research is not conclusive on the relation of these factors to autism, but each of them has been identified more frequently in children with autism compared to their siblings who do not have autism and other typically developing youth.[201] While it is unclear if any single factors during the prenatal phase affect the risk of autism,[202] complications during pregnancy may be a risk.[202]

 

There are also studies being done to test whether certain types of regressive autism have an autoimmune basis.[203]

 

Maternal nutrition and inflammation during preconception and pregnancy influences fetal neurodevelopment. Intrauterine growth restriction is associated with ASD, in both term and preterm infants.[204] Maternal inflammatory and autoimmune diseases may damage fetal tissues, aggravating a genetic problem or damaging the nervous system.[205] Systematic reviews and meta-analyses have found that maternal prenatal infections, prenatal antibiotic exposure, and post-term pregnancies are associated with increased risk of ASD in children.[206][207][208]

 

Exposure to air pollution during child pregnancy, especially heavy metals and particulates, may increase the risk of autism.[209][210] Environmental factors that have been claimed without evidence to contribute to or exacerbate autism include certain foods, infectious diseases, solvents, PCBs, phthalates and phenols used in plastic products, pesticides, brominated flame retardants, alcohol, smoking, illicit drugs, vaccines,[211] and prenatal stress. Some, such as the MMR vaccine, have been completely disproven.[212][213][214][215]

 

Disproven vaccine hypothesis

Main articles: Vaccines and autism and MMR vaccine and autism

Parents may first become aware of ASD symptoms in their child around the time of a routine vaccination. This has led to unsupported and disproven theories blaming vaccine "overload", the vaccine preservative thiomersal, or the MMR vaccine for causing autism spectrum disorder.[216] In 1998, British physician and academic Andrew Wakefield led a fraudulent, litigation-funded study that suggested that the MMR vaccine may cause autism.[217][218][219][220][221]

 

Two versions of the vaccine causation hypothesis were that autism results from brain damage caused by either the MMR vaccine itself, or by mercury used as a vaccine preservative.[222] No convincing scientific evidence supports these claims.[39] They are biologically implausible,[216] and further evidence continues to refute them, including the observation that the rate of autism continues to climb despite elimination of thimerosal from most routine vaccines given to children from birth to 6 years of age.[223][224][225][226][227]

 

A 2014 meta-analysis examined ten major studies on autism and vaccines involving 1.25 million children worldwide; it concluded that neither the vaccine preservative thimerosal (mercury), nor the MMR vaccine, which has never contained thimerosal,[228] lead to the development of ASDs.[229] Despite this, misplaced parental concern has led to lower rates of childhood immunizations, outbreaks of previously controlled childhood diseases in some countries, and the preventable deaths of several children.[230][231]

 

Etiological hypotheses

Several hypotheses have been presented that try to explain how and why autism develops by integrating known causes (genetic and environmental effects) and findings (neurobiological and somatic). Some are more comprehensive, such as the Pathogenetic Triad, which proposes and operationalizes three core features (an autistic personality, cognitive compensation, neuropathological burden) that interact to cause autism,[232] and the Intense World Theory, which explains autism through a hyper-active neurobiology that leads to an increased perception, attention, memory, and emotionality.[233] There are also simpler hypotheses that explain only individual parts of the neurobiology or phenotype of autism, such as mind-blindness (a decreased ability for theory of mind), the weak central coherence theory, or the extreme male brain and empathising–systemising theory.

 

Evolutionary hypotheses

See also: Evolutionary psychology and Pleiotropy § Autism and schizophrenia

Research exploring the evolutionary benefits of autism and associated genes has suggested that autistic people may have played a "unique role in technological spheres and understanding of natural systems" in the course of human development.[234][235] It has been suggested that autism may have arisen as "a slight trade off for other traits that are seen as highly advantageous", providing "advantages in tool making and mechanical thinking", with speculation that the condition may "reveal itself to be the result of a balanced polymorphism, like sickle cell anemia, that is advantageous in a certain mixture of genes and disadvantageous in specific combinations".[236] In 2011, a paper in Evolutionary Psychology proposed that autistic traits, including increased spatial intelligence, concentration and memory, could have been naturally selected to enable self-sufficient foraging in a more (although not completely) solitary environment. This is called the "Solitary Forager Hypothesis".[237][238][239] A 2016 paper examines Asperger syndrome as "an alternative prosocial adaptive strategy" that may have developed as a result of the emergence of "collaborative morality" in the context of small-scale hunter-gathering, i.e., where "a positive social reputation for making a contribution to group wellbeing and survival" becomes more important than complex social understanding.[240]

 

Some research suggests that recent human evolution may be a driving force in the rise of autism in recent human populations. Studies in evolutionary medicine indicate that as cultural evolution outpaces biological evolution, disorders linked to bodily dysfunction increase in prevalence due to lack of contact with pathogens and negative environmental conditions that once widely affected ancestral populations. Because natural selection favors reproduction over health and longevity, the lack of this impetus to adapt to certain harmful circumstances creates a tendency for genes in descendant populations to over-express themselves, which may cause a wide array of maladies, ranging from mental disorders to autoimmune diseases.[241] Conversely, noting the failure to find specific alleles that reliably cause autism or rare mutations that account for more than 5% of the heritable variation in autism established by twin and adoption studies, research in evolutionary psychiatry has concluded that it is unlikely that there is selection pressure for autism when considering that, like schizophrenics, autistic people and their siblings tend to have fewer offspring on average than non-autistic people, and instead that autism is probably better explained as a by-product of adaptive traits caused by antagonistic pleiotropy and by genes that are retained due to a fitness landscape with an asymmetric distribution.[242][243][244]

 

Pathophysiology

Main articles: Mechanism of autism and Pathophysiology of autism

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Diagnosis

Main article: Diagnosis of autism

 

This section should include a summary of Diagnosis of autism. See Wikipedia:Summary style for information on how to incorporate it into this article's main text. (August 2024)

This section is an excerpt from Diagnosis of autism.[edit]

The diagnosis of autism is based on a person's reported and directly observed behavior.[245] There are no known biomarkers for autism spectrum conditions that allow for a conclusive diagnosis.[246]

 

In most cases, diagnostic criteria codified in the World Health Organization's International Classification of Diseases (ICD) or the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) are used. These reference manuals are regularly updated based on advances in research, systematic evaluation of clinical experience, and healthcare considerations. Currently, the DSM-5 published in 2013 and the ICD-10 that came into effect in 1994 are used, with the latter in the process of being replaced by the ICD-11 that came into effect in 2022 and is now implemented by healthcare systems across the world. Which autism spectrum diagnoses can be made and which criteria are used depends on the local healthcare system's regulations.

 

According to the DSM-5-TR (2022), in order to receive a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder, one must present with "persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction" and "restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities."[247] These behaviors must begin in early childhood and affect one's ability to perform everyday tasks. Furthermore, the symptoms must not be fully explainable by intellectual developmental disorder or global developmental delay.

Conditions correlated or comorbid to autism

Main article: Conditions comorbid to autism spectrum disorders

 

Euler diagram showing overlapping clinical phenotypes in genes associated with monogenic forms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), dystonia, epilepsy and schizophrenia:

Genes associated with epilepsy

Genes associated with schizophrenia

Genes associated with autism spectrum disorder

Genes associated with dystonia

Autism is correlated or comorbid with several personality traits/disorders.[171] Comorbidity may increase with age and may worsen the course of youth with ASDs and make intervention and treatment more difficult. Distinguishing between ASDs and other diagnoses can be challenging because the traits of ASDs often overlap with symptoms of other disorders, and the characteristics of ASDs make traditional diagnostic procedures difficult.[248][249]

 

Correlations

Research indicates that autistic people are significantly more likely to be LGBT than the general population.[33] There is tentative evidence that gender dysphoria occurs more frequently in autistic people.[250][251] A 2021 anonymized online survey of 16- to 90-year-olds revealed that autistic males are more likely to identify as bisexual than their non-autistic peers, while autistic females are more likely to identify as homosexual than non-autistic females do.[252][non-primary source needed]

 

People on the autism spectrum are significantly more likely to be non-theistic than members of the general population.[253]

 

Comorbidities

 

A 2024 Danish cohort study found increased risks for a multitude of comorbid physical diseases, especially in infancy.

The most common medical condition occurring in autistic people is seizure disorder or epilepsy, which occurs in 11–39% of autistic people.[254] The risk varies with age, cognitive level, and type of language disorder.[255]

Tuberous sclerosis, an autosomal dominant genetic condition in which non-malignant tumors grow in the brain and on other vital organs, is present in 1–4% of autistic people.[256]

Intellectual disabilities are some of the most common comorbid disorders with ASDs. As diagnosis is increasingly being given to people with higher functioning autism, there is a tendency for the proportion with comorbid intellectual disability to decrease over time. In a 2019 study, it was estimated that approximately 30–40% of people diagnosed with ASD also have intellectual disability.[257] Recent research has suggested that autistic people with intellectual disability tend to have rarer, more harmful, genetic mutations than those found in people solely diagnosed with autism.[258] A number of genetic syndromes causing intellectual disability may also be comorbid with ASD, including fragile X, Down, Prader-Willi, Angelman, Williams syndrome,[259] branched-chain keto acid dehydrogenase kinase deficiency,[260][261] and SYNGAP1-related intellectual disability.[262][263]

Learning disabilities are also highly comorbid in people with an ASD. Approximately 25–75% of people with an ASD also have some degree of a learning disability.[264] In particular, attention deficit disorder, which is generally more prevalent than autism (ca. 8% vs. 1%), is not directly related, though it is sometimes comorbid with autism.[265]

Various anxiety disorders tend to co-occur with ASDs, with overall comorbidity rates of 7–84%.[266] They are common among children with ASD; there are no firm data, but studies have reported prevalences ranging from 11% to 84%. Many anxiety disorders have symptoms that are better explained by ASD itself or are hard to distinguish from ASD's symptoms.[267]

Rates of comorbid depression in people with an ASD range from 4–58%.[268]

The relationship between ASD and schizophrenia remains a controversial subject under continued investigation, and recent meta-analyses have examined genetic, environmental, infectious, and immune risk factors that may be shared between the two conditions.[269][270][271] Oxidative stress, DNA damage and DNA repair have been postulated to play a role in the aetiopathology of both ASD and schizophrenia.[272]

Deficits in ASD are often linked to behavior problems, such as difficulties following directions, being cooperative, and doing things on other people's terms.[273] Symptoms similar to those of ADHD can be part of an ASD diagnosis.[274]

Sensory processing disorder is also comorbid with ASD, with comorbidity rates of 42–88%.[275]

Starting in adolescence, some people with Asperger syndrome (26% in one sample)[276] fall under the criteria for the similar condition schizoid personality disorder, which is characterized by a lack of interest in social relationships, a tendency towards a solitary or sheltered lifestyle, secretiveness, emotional coldness, detachment and apathy.[276][277][278] Asperger syndrome was traditionally called "schizoid disorder of childhood".

Genetic disorders – about 10–15% of autism cases have an identifiable Mendelian (single-gene) condition, chromosome abnormality, or other genetic syndromes.[279]

Several metabolic defects, such as phenylketonuria, are associated with autistic symptoms.[280]

Gastrointestinal problems are one of the most commonly co-occurring medical conditions in autistic people.[281] These are linked to greater social impairment, irritability, language impairments, mood changes, and behavior and sleep problems.[281][282][283] A 2015 review proposed that immune, gastrointestinal inflammation, malfunction of the autonomic nervous system, gut flora alterations, and food metabolites may cause brain neuroinflammation and dysfunction.[282] A 2016 review concludes that enteric nervous system abnormalities might play a role in neurological disorders such as autism. Neural connections and the immune system are a pathway that may allow diseases originated in the intestine to spread to the brain.[283]

Sleep problems affect about two-thirds of autistic people at some point in childhood. These most commonly include symptoms of insomnia, such as difficulty falling asleep, frequent nocturnal awakenings, and early morning awakenings. Sleep problems are associated with difficult behaviors and family stress, and are often a focus of clinical attention over and above the primary ASD diagnosis.[284]

Dysautonomia is common in ASD, affecting heart rate and blood pressure and causing symptoms such as brain fog, blurry vision, and bowel dysfunction.[285] It can be diagnosed through a Tilt table test.[286]

The frequency of ASD is 10 times higher in mast cell activation syndrome patients than in the general population. This immunological condition causes cardiovascular, dermatological, gastrointestinal, neurological, and respiratory problems.[287]

Management

Main article: Autism therapies

See also: Autism-friendly

There is no treatment as such for autism,[288] and many sources advise that this is not an appropriate goal,[289][290] although treatment of co-occurring conditions remains an important goal.[291] There is no cure for autism, nor can any of the known treatments significantly reduce brain mutations caused by autism, although those who require little to no support are more likely to experience a lessening of symptoms over time.[292][293][294] Several interventions can help children with autism,[295] and no single treatment is best, with treatment typically tailored to the child's needs.[296] Studies of interventions have methodological problems that prevent definitive conclusions about efficacy,[297] but the development of evidence-based interventions has advanced.[298]

 

The main goals of treatment are to lessen associated deficits and family distress, and to increase quality of life and functional independence. In general, higher IQs are correlated with greater responsiveness to treatment and improved treatment outcomes.[299][298] Behavioral, psychological, education, and skill-building interventions may be used to assist autistic people to learn life skills necessary for living independently,[300] as well as other social, communication, and language skills. Therapy also aims to reduce challenging behaviors and build upon strengths.[301]

 

Intensive, sustained special education programs and behavior therapy early in life may help children acquire self-care, language, and job skills.[296] Although evidence-based interventions for autistic children vary in their methods, many adopt a psychoeducational approach to enhancing cognitive, communication, and social skills while minimizing problem behaviors. While medications have not been found to help with core symptoms, they may be used for associated symptoms, such as irritability, inattention, or repetitive behavior patterns.[302]

 

Non-pharmacological interventions

Intensive, sustained special education or remedial education programs and behavior therapy early in life may help children acquire self-care, social, and job skills. Available approaches include applied behavior analysis, developmental models, structured teaching, speech and language therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy,[303] social skills therapy, and occupational therapy.[304] Among these approaches, interventions either treat autistic features comprehensively, or focus treatment on a specific area of deficit.[298] Generally, when educating those with autism, specific tactics may be used to effectively relay information to these people. Using as much social interaction as possible is key in targeting the inhibition autistic people experience concerning person-to-person contact. Additionally, research has shown that employing semantic groupings, which involves assigning words to typical conceptual categories, can be beneficial in fostering learning.[305]

 

There has been increasing attention to the development of evidence-based interventions for autistic young children. Three theoretical frameworks outlined for early childhood intervention include applied behavior analysis (ABA), the developmental social-pragmatic model (DSP) and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT).[303][298] Although ABA therapy has a strong evidence base, particularly in regard to early intensive home-based therapy, ABA's effectiveness may be limited by diagnostic severity and IQ of the person affected by ASD.[306] The Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology has published a paper deeming two early childhood interventions "well-established": individual comprehensive ABA, and focused teacher-implemented ABA combined with DSP.[298]

 

Many people have criticized ABA, calling it unhelpful and unethical.[307][308][309] Sandoval-Norton et al. also discuss the "unintended but damaging consequences, such as prompt dependency, psychological abuse and compliance" that result in autistic people facing challenges as they transition into adulthood.[307] Some ABA advocates have responded to such critiques that, instead of stopping ABA, there should be movement to increase protections and ethical compliance when working with autistic children.[310]

 

Another evidence-based intervention that has demonstrated efficacy is a parent training model, which teaches parents how to implement various ABA and DSP techniques themselves.[298] Various DSP programs have been developed to explicitly deliver intervention systems through at-home parent implementation.

 

In October 2015, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) proposed new evidence-based recommendations for early interventions in ASD for children under 3.[311] These recommendations emphasize early involvement with both developmental and behavioral methods, support by and for parents and caregivers, and a focus on both the core and associated symptoms of ASD.[311] But a Cochrane review found no evidence that early intensive behavioral intervention (EIBI) is effective in reducing behavioral problems associated with autism in most autistic children, though it did improve IQ and language skills. The Cochrane review acknowledged that this may be due to the low quality of studies available on EIBI and therefore providers should recommend EIBI based on their clinical judgment and the family's preferences. No adverse effects of EIBI treatment were found.[312] A meta-analysis in that same database indicates that due to the heterology in ASD, children progress to differing early intervention modalities based on ABA.[313]

 

ASD treatment generally focuses on behavioral and educational interventions to target its two core symptoms: social communication deficits and restricted, repetitive behaviors. If symptoms continue after behavioral strategies have been implemented, some medications can be recommended to target specific symptoms or co-existing problems such as restricted and repetitive behaviors (RRBs), anxiety, depression, hyperactivity/inattention and sleep disturbance.[314] Melatonin, for example, can be used for sleep problems.[315]

 

Several parent-mediated behavioral therapies target social communication deficits in children with autism, but their efficacy in treating RRBs is uncertain.[316]

 

Education

A young child points, in front of a woman who smiles and points in the same direction.

An autistic three-year-old points to fish in an aquarium, as part of an experiment on the effect of intensive shared-attention training on language development.[317]

Educational interventions often used include applied behavior analysis (ABA), developmental models, structured teaching, speech and language therapy and social skills therapy.[296] Among these approaches, interventions either treat autistic features comprehensively, or focalize treatment on a specific area of deficit.[298]

 

The quality of research for early intensive behavioral intervention (EIBI)—a treatment procedure incorporating over 30 hours per week of the structured type of ABA that is carried out with very young children—is low; more vigorous research designs with larger sample sizes are needed.[312] Two theoretical frameworks outlined for early childhood intervention include structured and naturalistic ABA interventions, and developmental social pragmatic models (DSP).[298] One interventional strategy utilizes a parent training model, which teaches parents how to implement various ABA and DSP techniques, allowing for parents to disseminate interventions themselves.[298] Various DSP programs have been developed to explicitly deliver intervention systems through at-home parent implementation. Despite the recent development of parent training models, these interventions have demonstrated effectiveness in numerous studies, being evaluated as a probable efficacious mode of treatment.[298] Early, intensive ABA therapy has demonstrated effectiveness in enhancing communication and adaptive functioning in preschool children;[296][318] it is also well-established for improving the intellectual performance of that age group.[296]

 

In 2018, a Cochrane meta-analysis database concluded that some recent research is beginning to suggest that because of the heterology of ASD, there are two different ABA teaching approaches to acquiring spoken language: children with higher receptive language skills respond to 2.5 to 20 hours per week of the naturalistic approach, whereas children with lower receptive language skills require 25 hou

Church of St Lawrence Bidford on Avon, Warwickshire - The precise date of the founding of the church is unknown, No priest is mentioned here in the 1086 Domesday Survey and if there was a church here then, it was probably a chapelry of Salford.. It appears as such in Henry I's time when Bernard, the first Prior of Kenilworth (1122–30), successfully claimed it for his house and the Canons of Kenilworth presented until the Dissolution . - The first named incumbent is of 1206 followed by a second 75 years later.

After the mid 16c Dissolution of Kenilworth Abbey, certain lands were granted in 1544 to Thomas Broke, merchant, of London. in 1602 Rice Griffin of Brome Court flic.kr/p/2ff6ysh sold the advowson and rectory to Sir John Sedley …...

 

Standing at the crossing of an ancient trade route, the area has long been inhabited, The remains of a Roman bridge have been found and also an Anglo-Saxon graveyard.

The present church dates largely from 1835 when the old nave was pulled down and a new, wider one built by architect Joseph Lattimore of Stratford. The nave pews were taken out in the 1960s

The c1250 tower and chancel both survive . The tower battlements probably dating from the 1835 rebuilding.

 

On the south chancel wall is a portrait in stone of Dorothy Skipwith who died 3rd February, 1655, she was the 1st wife of Fulwar Skipworth d1678 of Newbold Hall, who bought the manor in 1654 from Sir John Clarke , and in whose family it descended until 1840- Dorothy was the daughter of Thomas Parker of Bottesham by Elizabeth daughter of Thomas Hobson.

Also on the same wall is a memorial to Woodchurch Clarke d1647 - Sadly there is not picture of these to be had, and the church is usually locked.

 

There are 8 bells in the tower which are still rung regularly, six dating from 1791 with two added in 1954. The clock dates from 1683 and was rebuilt in 1887. An automatic winding mechanism being installed in 2005.

Public Domain Book: The history of magic : including a clear and precise exposition of its procedure, its rites and its mysteries

by Lévi, Eliphas, 1810-1875

 

Published 1922

 

archive.org/details/historyofmagicin00lv

 

Tank Infantry Mark III, Valentine IX (E2000.577)

The precise identity of this tank is not clear, all identification marks having been removed many years ago. It stood outside the Army Base at Long Kesh in Northern Ireland for many years, subsequently moving to the Maze Prison and Lisanelly Camp, Omagh.

It was subsequently acquired by Vickers Defence Systems and restored to running order in Newcastle using the engine from our Valentine Archer (E1969.43). In due course it was offered to the Tank Museum on loan and ultimately, in March 2002 was gifted to the Museum.

The Valentine Mark IX was upgunned to fit a 57mm (six-pounder) gun into the turret although this did not leave enough room for a co-axial machine gun and in any case, with just a two-man turret crew the tank was very difficult to fight.

Our tank carried the number T123358 on the turret which is correct for the type but not necessarily for this actual vehicle. Mark IX Valentines saw service in North Africa and some may have been suppplied to Russia but by 1943 the Valentine had been replaced in front line service by more modern vehicles and was either being relegated to secondary roles or supplied to other countries such as Portugal.

The Valentine development started without a specification from the War Office (hence the absence of an army designation), as a private design by Sir John Carden, and was submitted on February, 10, 1938, to the authorities. By then, the Matilda II had been chosen for production, but the Valentine was something different.

Vickers engineers basically tried to enhance their A10 Cruiser tank design, with a dramatic increase in protection (up to 60 mm/2.36 in). This choice allowed the use most components and parts of the already produced Cruiser I and II, therefore creating an efficient and cheap solution to the need of new infantry tank models. By then, the Matilda II was found to be far costlier than the Matilda I, and not suitable for mass-production. Comparatively, the Valentine seemed a good compromise. The name itself still is a mystery. It could have originated either from Sir John Carden’s middle name, or the date of its first submission (St. Valentine day), or a composed Vickers factory codename, though most historians agree that Valentine was just a simple codename during development.

The Mark I set the tone for the entire series of eleven main variants, with many sub-variants, and a staggering total of 8300 units. The main armament and turret design, as well as the engine and protection, were continuously improved while keeping roughly the same general appearance until 1945. The Mk.I was recognizable by its original two-man turret and 2-pdr (40 mm/1.575 in) gun. From the start, a coaxial Besa machine-gun constitued the secondary armament. The crew consisted of only three men due to the cramped interior, and the commander was also busy as gun loader, machine-gunner and radio operator. The production was rushed to such point that many problems were later detected and fixed with the next Mk.II. The main engine was the AEG A189 petrol delivering only 135 hp, and the hull was riveted. 350 were delivered in all, most seeing action in Libya, while others stayed at home for training.

 

Tankfest by World of Tanks - 24.-25.6.2016

The Tank Museum - Bovington, UK

Worlds biggest and best live display of historic armour, living history, and much more at the Home of the Tank - The Tank Museum, Bovington, United Kingdom.

 

More from Tankfest:

www.flickr.com/photos/jukkaokauppinen2/albums/72157670621...

More from me:

www.flickr.com/photos/jukkaokauppinen

Tankfest videos:

www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLIGRHBJyGQb3PpXwFlOKve2OUJ...

My Imgur galleries:

grendelb.imgur.com/

   

At the precise second of writing this, this is the 1,761,320th flower photo posted on flickr. I had been hoping for a special surprise prize for the 2 million-th flower photo ! Keep on shooting ... :-)

trying to figure out how to put the next can on without knocking all the other ones down....

21x10

21x11.5

 

COR Classic Series: Precise

 

Finished in Anodized Grey Centers and Polished Step Lips

1974 Chevy Caprice w/ 26" COR Precise Wheels.

 

Contact Info

Web: www.corwheels.com/precise-super-concave/

Phone: 305.477.5850

Email: info@corwheels.com

 

Stay in the loop

www.facebook.com/CORForged

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Precise parking.

Kaminakazato, Tokyo.

Nikon D300S + SIGMA 17-70/2.8-4 DC MACRO OS HSM

Provincial Yelets was once considered one of the most beautiful towns in Russia. It was adorned with two monasteries, three dozen Orthodox churches, a Polish Catholic church, a German church, and a Jewish synagogue. The precise rhythm of its domes and bell towers still defines the skyline of the old town.

 

The great Russian writer Ivan Bunin, in exile in a distant land, recalled "...the ringing, the roar of the bells from the bell tower of St. Michael the Archangel, towering above everything in such grandeur, such splendor, such as the Roman Church of St. Peter never dreamed of, and such enormity that the Pyramid of Cheops could never again impress me." The Church of St. Michael the Archangel stands next to the administration building in the center of Yelets, the city where the future Nobel laureate spent his high school years. He often spoke warmly of the city of his youth.

 

On Red Square stands the colossal Ascension Cathedral. It claims to be the second largest Orthodox church in Russia after St. Isaac's Cathedral in St. Petersburg. The cathedral was designed by the renowned architect Konstantin Andreevich Ton (1794-1881), the architect of the Cathedral of Christ the Savior and the Grand Kremlin Palace. Approving the design, Tsar Nicholas I ordered the architect to be granted royal favor for the cathedral's beauty. The interior decoration was worked on by the Itinerant artists and academicians of painting, Alexei Ivanovich Korzukhin (1835-1894) and Klavdy Vasilyevich Lebedev (1852-1916).

 

Above the cathedral's left iconostasis is a painting of the "Mother of God of Yelets." The Virgin Mary and her heavenly host block the path of Tamerlane's invasion in 1395.

 

To commemorate the 500th anniversary of Rus''s miraculous deliverance from the invasion, the Church of Our Lady of Yelets was founded in Yelets. Its tented roof still dominates the modern architecture of the southern part of the city. People call it "the red church," either for the color of its brick or for the beauty of its unusual shapes.

 

Yelets has seen so many people within its walls over its thousand-year history. Presumably founded in 986 as the center of an appanage principality, the city was first mentioned in the Nikon Chronicle for 1146:

 

“Prince Svyatoslav Olgovich went to Rezan and visited Mchensk, and Tula, and Dubok on the Don, and Yelets, and Pronsk, and came to Rezan on the Oka...”

 

Its location on the southeastern outskirts of the Russian lands, bordering the "wild field," determined the city's fate for several centuries: "it was... the protector of the Russian lands." Polovtsian raids, Tatar-Mongol invasions, and attacks by Crimean and Golden Horde hordes repeatedly brought the city to desolation, but it was rebuilt and rose again.

 

"The city itself also boasted of its antiquity, and had every right to do so: it truly was one of the most ancient cities lying among the great black earth fields of the Substeppe, on that fateful line beyond which once stretched "wild, unknown lands," and in the times of the principalities of Suzdal and Ryazan, it belonged to those most important strongholds of Rus' that, according to the chroniclers, were the first to breathe in the storm, dust, and cold from under the menacing Asian clouds that continually passed over it, the first to see the glow of the terrible night and day fires ignited by them, the first to let Moscow know of the impending disaster and the first to lay down their lives for it..." (I. A. Bunin).

 

From the mid-17th century, Yelets developed as a city of artisans and traders. Livestock trading, tanneries, trade in grain, flour, and semolina, and the famous Yelets lace made the city prosperous and brought it fame.

 

Yelets's historical heritage includes approximately two hundred architectural monuments. The city itself is a monument to Russian urban planning. Narrow, straight streets running north to south and east to west, combined with low, two- and three-story buildings that are spacious enough to accommodate a person, create a uniquely cozy atmosphere. In Yelets, you don't feel lost, as you might in a larger city. Perhaps this is why the constant flow of tourists eager to see the green Russian city...

 

A small town, wandering its cozy streets, and visiting the church. Perhaps it's also because the Yelets region is the birthplace of writers Ivan Bunin and Mikhail Prishvin, philosopher Vasily Rozanov, composer Tikhon Khrennikov, and artists Vasily Meshkov, Nikolai Ulyanov, and Nikolai Zhukov. Yelets attracts visitors with its lacemaking industry, museums, art gallery, picturesque landscapes, and fascinating natural sites. It also draws visitors with its centuries-long, dramatic history, closely linked to the fate of Russia.

 

Many of Yelets' churches have suffered a tragic fate. Not all survived the destruction and hard times. Birch trees grow on the exposed domes of the Church of the Archangel Michael, which so captivated Ivan Bunin's youthful imagination. The traces of abandonment and neglect on many of the remaining churches speak to the hearts of the people. With Russia's rebirth comes a renaissance of its small and medium-sized towns, and Yelets is at the top of that list.

 

Will we restore its former beauty?

 

V. Gorlov.

A loom is a device used to weave cloth and tapestry. The basic purpose of any loom is to hold the warp threads under tension to facilitate the interweaving of the weft threads. The precise shape of the loom and its mechanics may vary, but the basic function is the same.

 

ETYMOLOGY

The word "loom" is derived from the Old English geloma, formed from ge-(perfective prefix) and loma, a root of unknown origin; this meant a utensil, tool, or machine of any kind. In 1404 it was used to mean a machine to enable weaving thread into cloth. By 1838, it had gained the meaning of a machine for interlacing thread.

 

WEAVING

Weaving is done by intersecting the longitudinal threads, the warp, i.e. "that which is thrown across", with the transverse threads, the weft, i.e. "that which is woven".

 

The major components of the loom are the warp beam, heddles, harnesses or shafts (as few as two, four is common, sixteen not unheard of), shuttle, reed and takeup roll. In the loom, yarn processing includes shedding, picking, battening and taking-up operations. These are the principal motions.

Shedding. Shedding is the raising of part of the warp yarn to form a shed (the vertical space between the raised and unraised warp yarns), through which the filling yarn, carried by the shuttle, can be inserted, forming the weft. On the modern loom, simple and intricate shedding operations are performed automatically by the heddle or heald frame, also known as a harness. This is a rectangular frame to which a series of wires, called heddles or healds, are attached. The yarns are passed through the eye holes of the heddles, which hang vertically from the harnesses. The weave pattern determines which harness controls which warp yarns, and the number of harnesses used depends on the complexity of the weave. Two common methods of controlling the heddles are dobbies and a Jacquard Head.

 

Picking. As the harnesses raise the heddles or healds, which raise the warp yarns, the shed is created. The filling yarn is inserted through the shed by a small carrier device called a shuttle. The shuttle is normally pointed at each end to allow passage through the shed. In a traditional shuttle loom, the filling yarn is wound onto a quill, which in turn is mounted in the shuttle. The filling yarn emerges through a hole in the shuttle as it moves across the loom. A single crossing of the shuttle from one side of the loom to the other is known as a pick. As the shuttle moves back and forth across the shed, it weaves an edge, or selvage, on each side of the fabric to prevent the fabric from raveling.

Battening. Between the heddles and the takeup roll, the warp threads pass through another frame called the reed (which resembles a comb). The portion of the fabric that has already been formed but not yet rolled up on the takeup roll is called the fell. After the shuttle moves across the loom laying down the fill yarn, the weaver uses the reed to press (or batten) each filling yarn against the fell. Conventional shuttle looms can operate at speeds of about 150 to 160 picks per minute.

 

There are two secondary motions, because with each weaving operation the newly constructed fabric must be wound on a cloth beam. This process is called taking up. At the same time, the warp yarns must be let off or released from the warp beams. To become fully automatic, a loom needs a tertiary motion, the filling stop motion. This will brake the loom if the weft thread breaks. An automatic loom requires 0.125 hp to 0.5 hp to operate.

 

TYPES OF LOOMS

BACK STRAP LOOM

The back strap loom is a simple loom that has its roots in ancient civilizations. It consists of two sticks or bars between which the warps are stretched. One bar is attached to a fixed object and the other to the weaver, usually by means of a strap around the back. The weaver leans back and uses their body weight to tension the loom. On traditional looms, the two main sheds are operated by means of a shed roll over which one set of warps pass, and continuous string heddles which encase each of the warps in the other set. To open the shed controlled by the string heddles, the weaver relaxes tension on the warps and raises the heddles. The other shed is usually opened by simply drawing the shed roll toward the weaver.

 

Both simple and complex textiles can be woven on this loom. Width is limited to how far the weaver can reach from side to side to pass the shuttle. Warp faced textiles, often decorated with intricate pick-up patterns woven in complementary and supplementary warp techniques are woven by indigenous peoples today around the world. They produce such things as belts, ponchos, bags, hatbands and carrying cloths. Supplementary weft patterning and brocading is practiced in many regions. Balanced weaves are also possible on the backstrap loom. Today, commercially produced backstrap loom kits often include a rigid heddle.[

 

WARP-WEIGHTED LOOM

The warp-weighted loom is a vertical loom that may have originated in the Neolithic period. The earliest evidence of warp-weighted looms comes from sites belonging to the Starčevo culture in modern Serbia and Hungary and from late Neolithic sites in Switzerland. This loom was used in Ancient Greece, and spread north and west throughout Europe thereafter. Its defining characteristic is hanging weights (loom weights) which keep bundles of the warp threads taut. Frequently, extra warp thread is wound around the weights. When a weaver has reached the bottom of the available warp, the completed section can be rolled around the top beam, and additional lengths of warp threads can be unwound from the weights to continue. This frees the weaver from vertical size constraint.

 

DRAWLOOM

A drawloom is a hand-loom for weaving figured cloth. In a drawloom, a "figure harness" is used to control each warp thread separately. A drawloom requires two operators, the weaver and an assistant called a "drawboy" to manage the figure harness. The earliest confirmed drawloom fabrics come from the State of Chu and date c. 400 BC. Most scholars attribute the invention of the drawloom to the ancient Chinese, although some speculate an independent invention from ancient Syria since drawloom fabrics found in Dura-Europas are thought to date before 256 AD The draw loom for patterned weaving was invented in ancient China during the Han Dynasty. Chinese weavers and artisans used foot-powered multi-harness looms and jacquard looms for silk weaving and embroidery; both of which were cottage industries with imperial workshops. The Chinese-invented drawloom enhanced and sped up the production of silk and play a significant role in Chinese silk weaving. The loom was later introduced to Persia, India, and Europe.

 

HANDLOOM

A handloom is a simple machine used for weaving. In a wooden vertical-shaft looms, the heddles are fixed in place in the shaft. The warp threads pass alternately through a heddle, and through a space between the heddles (the shed), so that raising the shaft raises half the threads (those passing through the heddles), and lowering the shaft lowers the same threads — the threads passing through the spaces between the heddles remain in place. This was a great invention in the 13th century.

 

FLYING SHUTTLE

Hand weavers could only weave a cloth as wide as their armspan. If cloth needed to be wider, two people would do the task (often this would be an adult with a child). John Kay (1704–1779) patented the flying shuttle in 1733. The weaver held a picking stick that was attached by cords to a device at both ends of the shed. With a flick of the wrist, one cord was pulled and the shuttle was propelled through the shed to the other end with considerable force, speed and efficiency. A flick in the opposite direction and the shuttle was propelled back. A single weaver had control of this motion but the flying shuttle could weave much wider fabric than an arm’s length at much greater speeds than had been achieved with the hand thrown shuttle.

 

The flying shuttle was one of the key developments in weaving that helped fuel the Industrial Revolution. The whole picking motion no longer relied on manual skill and it was just a matter of time before it could be powered.

 

HAUTE-LISSE AND BASSE-LISSE LOOMS

Looms used for weaving traditional tapestry are classified as haute-lisse looms, where the warp is suspended vertically between two rolls. In basse-lisse looms, however, the warp extends horizontally between the two rolls.

 

RIBBON WEAVING

TRADITIONAL LOOMS

Several other types of hand looms exist, including the simple frame loom, pit loom, free-standing loom, and the pegged loom. Each of these can be constructed, and provide work and income in developing economies.

 

POWER LOOMS

Edmund Cartwright built and patented a power loom in 1785, and it was this that was adopted by the nascent cotton industry in England. The silk loom made by Jacques Vaucanson in 1745 operated on the same principles but was not developed further. The invention of the flying shuttle by John Kay was critical to the development of a commercially successful power loom. Cartwright's loom was impractical but the ideas behind it were developed by numerous inventors in the Manchester area of England where, by 1818, there were 32 factories containing 5,732 looms.

 

Horrocks loom was viable, but it was the Roberts Loom in 1830 that marked the turning point. Incremental changes to the three motions continued to be made. The problems of sizing, stop-motions, consistent take-up, and a temple to maintain the width remained. In 1841, Kenworthy and Bullough produced the Lancashire Loom which was self-acting or semi-automatic. This enables a youngster to run six looms at the same time. Thus, for simple calicos, the power loom became more economical to run than the hand loom – with complex patterning that used a dobby or Jacquard head, jobs were still put out to handloom weavers until the 1870s. Incremental changes were made such as the Dickinson Loom, culminating in the Keighley-born inventor Northrop, who was working for the Draper Corporation in Hopedale producing the fully automatic Northrop Loom. This loom recharged the shuttle when the pirn was empty. The Draper E and X models became the leading products from 1909. They were challenged by synthetic fibres such as rayon. By 1942, faster, more efficient, and shuttleless Sulzer and rapier looms had been introduced. Modern industrial looms can weave at 2,000 weft insertions per minute.

 

WEFT INSERTION

Different types of looms are most often defined by the way that the weft, or pick, is inserted into the warp. Many advances in weft insertion have been made in order to make manufactured cloth more cost effective. There are five main types of weft insertion and they are as follows:

 

Shuttle: The first-ever powered looms were shuttle-type looms. Spools of weft are unravelled as the shuttle travels across the shed. This is very similar to projectile methods of weaving, except that the weft spool is stored on the shuttle. These looms are considered obsolete in modern industrial fabric manufacturing because they can only reach a maximum of 300 picks per minute.

Air jet: An air-jet loom uses short quick bursts of compressed air to propel the weft through the shed in order to complete the weave. Air jets are the fastest traditional method of weaving in modern manufacturing and they are able to achieve up to 1,500 picks per minute. However, the amounts of compressed air required to run these looms, as well as the complexity in the way the air jets are positioned, make them more costly than other looms.

Water jet: Water-jet looms use the same principle as air-jet looms, but they take advantage of pressurized water to propel the weft. The advantage of this type of weaving is that water power is cheaper where water is directly available on site. Picks per minute can reach as high as 1,000.

Rapier loom: This type of weaving is very versatile, in that rapier looms can weave using a large variety of threads. There are several types of rapiers, but they all use a hook system attached to a rod or metal band to pass the pick across the shed. These machines regularly reach 700 picks per minute in normal production.

Projectile: Projectile looms utilize an object that is propelled across the shed, usually by spring power, and is guided across the width of the cloth by a series of reeds. The projectile is then removed from the weft fibre and it is returned to the opposite side of the machine so it can get reused. Multiple projectiles are in use in order to increase the pick speed. Maximum speeds on these machines can be as high as 1,050 ppm.

 

SHEDDING

DOBBY LOOMS

A dobby loom is a type of floor loom that controls the whole warp threads using a dobby head. Dobby is a corruption of "draw boy" which refers to the weaver's helpers who used to control the warp thread by pulling on draw threads. A dobby loom is an alternative to a treadle loom, where multiple heddles (shafts) were controlled by foot treadles – one for each heddle.

 

JACQUARD LOOMS

The Jacquard loom is a mechanical loom, invented by Joseph Marie Jacquard in 1801, which simplifies the process of manufacturing textiles with complex patterns such as brocade, damask and matelasse. The loom is controlled by punched cards with punched holes, each row of which corresponds to one row of the design. Multiple rows of holes are punched on each card and the many cards that compose the design of the textile are strung together in order. It is based on earlier inventions by the Frenchmen Basile Bouchon (1725), Jean Baptiste Falcon (1728) and Jacques Vaucanson (1740) To call it a loom is a misnomer, a Jacquard head could be attached to a power loom or a hand loom, the head controlling which warp thread was raised during shedding. Multiple shuttles could be used to control the colour of the weft during picking. The Jacquard loom is the predecessor to the punch card computers of the 19th and 20th centuries.

 

CICULAR LOOMS

A circular loom is used to create a seamless tube of fabric for products such as hosiery, sacks, clothing, fabric hose (such as fire hose) and the like. Circular looms can be small jigs used for circular knitting or large high-speed machines for modern garments. Modern circular looms use up to ten shuttles driven from below in a circular motion by electromagnets for the weft yarns, and cams to control the warp threads. The warps rise and fall with each shuttle passage, unlike the common practice of lifting all of them at once.

 

SYMBOLISM AND CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE

The loom is a symbol of cosmic creation and the structure upon which individual destiny is woven. This symbolism is encapsulated in the ancient Greek myth of Arachne who was changed into a spider by the goddess Athene, who was jealous of her skill at the godlike craft of weaving. In Maya Cultures the goddess Ixchel who is symbolized by the moon, taught the first woman how to weave at the beginning of time.

 

WIKIPEDIA

530

Exercise PRECISE RESPONSE, is an annual chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) exercise hosted by Defence Research and Development Canada at Canadian Forces Base Suffield where the Canadian Armed Forces along with NATO allies and partner Nations can practice essential CBRN defence skills in a multinational training environment.

Year of the Dragon - to be precise, 35 of them. That's the number of years that the 3-axle variant of the Dennis Dominator in its Dragon iteration operated in service in Hong Kong, so as February 2024 marks the start of the latest Lunar New Year, a good excuse to illustrate some of the type.

 

Citybus placed their first examples in service in 1994, with 20 single-doorway 86 seaters assembled in Portugal by Caetano and their Duple-Metsec body kits incorporating an Alexander-style frontal treatment to present a common 'face' across almost all of the active double-deck fleet - Atlanteans, Olympians and Dragons alike.

 

702 was the oldest of the type in use when this shot was taken at Pacific Place on Hong Kong Island, sister bus 701 having been taken out of service and modified several years earlier to an experimental trolleybus, in which configuration it remained long after the project ended.

 

This image is copyright and must not be reproduced or downloaded without the permission of the photographer.

Luca Giordano (1634-1705), active in Naples

Visitation of Mary, c. 1696

Giordano was famous for the speed with which he carried out his assignments. In his later Spanish work, however, he shows particular care in the classifying, balanced composition and the precise drawing as well as in the subtle, painterly-fluid elaborateness of the figures. The composition of the painting is based on an engraving after Rubens' Visitation on the side wing of the altar with the Descent from the Cross in the Antwerp chapel.

 

Luca Giordano (1634-1705), tätig in Neapel

Heimsuchung Mariae, um 1696

Giordano war für die Schnelligkeit berühmt, mit der er seine Aufträge ausführte. Gerade in seinem spanischen Spätwerk zeigt er jedoch besondere Sorgfalt in der klassizierenden, ausgewogenen Komposition und der präzisen Zeichnung ebenso wie in der subtilen, malerisch-flüssigen Durchgestaltung der Figuren. Die Komposition des Bildes geht auf einen Stich nach Rubens' Heimsuchung auf dem Seitenflügel des Altares mit der Kreuzabnahme in der Antwerpener Kapelle zurück.

 

Austria Kunsthistorisches Museum

Federal Museum

Logo KHM

Regulatory authority (ies)/organs to the Federal Ministry for Education, Science and Culture

Founded 17 October 1891

Headquartered Castle Ring (Burgring), Vienna 1, Austria

Management Sabine Haag

www.khm.at website

Main building of the Kunsthistorisches Museum at Maria-Theresa-Square

The Kunsthistorisches Museum (KHM abbreviated) is an art museum in Vienna. It is one of the largest and most important museums in the world. It was opened in 1891 and 2012 visited of 1.351.940 million people.

The museum

The Kunsthistorisches Museum is with its opposite sister building, the Natural History Museum (Naturhistorisches Museum), the most important historicist large buildings of the Ringstrasse time. Together they stand around the Maria Theresa square, on which also the Maria Theresa monument stands. This course spans the former glacis between today's ring road and 2-line, and is forming a historical landmark that also belongs to World Heritage Site Historic Centre of Vienna.

History

Archduke Leopold Wilhelm in his Gallery

The Museum came from the collections of the Habsburgs, especially from the portrait and armor collections of Ferdinand of Tyrol, the collection of Emperor Rudolf II (most of which, however scattered) and the art collection of Archduke Leopold Wilhelm into existence. Already In 1833 asked Joseph Arneth, curator (and later director) of the Imperial Coins and Antiquities Cabinet, bringing together all the imperial collections in a single building .

Architectural History

The contract to build the museum in the city had been given in 1858 by Emperor Franz Joseph. Subsequently, many designs were submitted for the ring road zone. Plans by August Sicard von Sicardsburg and Eduard van der Null planned to build two museum buildings in the immediate aftermath of the Imperial Palace on the left and right of the Heroes' Square (Heldenplatz). The architect Ludwig Förster planned museum buildings between the Schwarzenberg Square and the City Park, Martin Ritter von Kink favored buildings at the corner Währingerstraße/ Scots ring (Schottenring), Peter Joseph, the area Bellariastraße, Moritz von Loehr the south side of the opera ring, and Ludwig Zettl the southeast side of the grain market (Getreidemarkt).

From 1867, a competition was announced for the museums, and thereby set their current position - at the request of the Emperor, the museum should not be too close to the Imperial Palace, but arise beyond the ring road. The architect Carl von Hasenauer participated in this competition and was able the at that time in Zürich operating Gottfried Semper to encourage to work together. The two museum buildings should be built here in the sense of the style of the Italian Renaissance. The plans got the benevolence of the imperial family. In April 1869, there was an audience with of Joseph Semper at the Emperor Franz Joseph and an oral contract was concluded, in July 1870 was issued the written order to Semper and Hasenauer.

Crucial for the success of Semper and Hasenauer against the projects of other architects were among others Semper's vision of a large building complex called "Imperial Forum", in which the museums would have been a part of. Not least by the death of Semper in 1879 came the Imperial Forum not as planned for execution, the two museums were built, however.

Construction of the two museums began without ceremony on 27 November 1871 instead. Semper moved to Vienna in the sequence. From the beginning, there were considerable personal differences between him and Hasenauer, who finally in 1877 took over sole construction management. 1874, the scaffolds were placed up to the attic and the first floor completed, built in 1878, the first windows installed in 1879, the Attica and the balustrade from 1880 to 1881 and built the dome and the Tabernacle. The dome is topped with a bronze statue of Pallas Athena by Johannes Benk.

The lighting and air conditioning concept with double glazing of the ceilings made ​​the renunciation of artificial light (especially at that time, as gas light) possible, but this resulted due to seasonal variations depending on daylight to different opening times .

Kuppelhalle

Entrance (by clicking the link at the end of the side you can see all the pictures here indicated!)

Grand staircase

Hall

Empire

The Kunsthistorisches Museum was on 17 October 1891 officially opened by Emperor Franz Joseph I. Since 22 October 1891 , the museum is accessible to the public. Two years earlier, on 3 November 1889, the collection of arms, Arms and Armour today, had their doors open. On 1 January 1890 the library service resumed its operations. The merger and listing of other collections of the Highest Imperial Family from the Upper and Lower Belvedere, the Hofburg Palace and Ambras in Tyrol will need another two years.

189, the farm museum was organized in seven collections with three directorates:

Directorate of coins, medals and antiquities collection

The Egyptian Collection

The Antique Collection

The coins and medals collection

Management of the collection of weapons, art and industrial objects

Weapons collection

Collection of industrial art objects

Directorate of Art Gallery and Restaurieranstalt (Restoration Office)

Collection of watercolors, drawings, sketches, etc.

Restoration Office

Library

Very soon the room the Court Museum (Hofmuseum) for the imperial collections was offering became too narrow. To provide temporary help, an exhibition of ancient artifacts from Ephesus in the Theseus Temple was designed. However, additional space had to be rented in the Lower Belvedere.

1914, after the assassination of Franz Ferdinand, heir to the throne, his " Estonian Forensic Collection " passed to the administration of the Court Museum. This collection, which emerged from the art collection of the house of d' Este and world travel collection of Franz Ferdinand, was placed in the New Imperial Palace since 1908. For these stocks, the present collection of old musical instruments and the Museum of Ethnology emerged.

The First World War went by, apart from the oppressive economic situation without loss. The farm museum remained during the five years of war regularly open to the public.

Until 1919 the K.K. Art Historical Court Museum was under the authority of the Oberstkämmereramt (head chamberlain office) and belonged to the House of Habsburg-Lorraine. The officials and employees were part of the royal household.

First Republic

The transition from monarchy to republic, in the museum took place in complete tranquility. On 19 November 1918 the two imperial museums on Maria Theresa Square were placed under the state protection of the young Republic of German Austria. Threatening to the stocks of the museum were the claims raised in the following weeks and months of the "successor states" of the monarchy as well as Italy and Belgium on Austrian art collection. In fact, it came on 12th February 1919 to the violent removal of 62 paintings by armed Italian units. This "art theft" left a long time trauma among curators and art historians.

It was not until the Treaty of Saint-Germain of 10 September 1919, providing in Article 195 and 196 the settlement of rights in the cultural field by negotiations. The claims of Belgium, Czechoslovakia, and Italy again could mostly being averted in this way. Only Hungary, which presented the greatest demands by far, was met by more than ten years of negotiation in 147 cases.

On 3 April 1919 was the expropriation of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine by law and the acquisition of its property, including the "Collections of the Imperial House" , by the Republic. Of 18 June 1920 the then provisional administration of the former imperial museums and collections of Este and the secular and clergy treasury passed to the State Office of Internal Affairs and Education, since 10 November 1920, the Federal Ministry of the Interior and Education. A few days later it was renamed the Art History Court Museum in the "Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna State", 1921 "Kunsthistorisches Museum" . Of 1st January 1921 the employees of the museum staff passed to the state of the Republic.

Through the acquisition of the former imperial collections owned by the state, the museum found itself in a complete new situation. In order to meet the changed circumstances in the museum area, designed Hans Tietze in 1919 the "Vienna Museum program". It provided a close cooperation between the individual museums to focus at different houses on main collections. So dominated exchange, sales and equalizing the acquisition policy in the interwar period. Thus resulting until today still valid collection trends. Also pointing the way was the relocation of the weapons collection from 1934 in its present premises in the New Castle, where since 1916 the collection of ancient musical instruments was placed.

With the change of the imperial collections in the ownership of the Republic the reorganization of the internal organization went hand in hand, too. Thus the museum was divided in 1919 into the

Egyptian and Near Eastern Collection (with the Oriental coins)

Collection of Classical Antiquities

Collection of ancient coins

Collection of modern coins and medals

Weapons collection

Collection of sculptures and crafts with the Collection of Ancient Musical Instruments

Picture Gallery

The Museum 1938-1945

Count Philipp Ludwig Wenzel Sinzendorf according to Rigaud. Clarisse 1948 by Baroness de Rothschildt "dedicated" to the memory of Baron Alphonse de Rothschildt; restituted to the Rothschilds in 1999, and in 1999 donated by Bettina Looram Rothschild, the last Austrian heiress.

With the "Anschluss" of Austria to the German Reich all Jewish art collections such as the Rothschilds were forcibly "Aryanised". Collections were either "paid" or simply distributed by the Gestapo at the museums. This resulted in a significant increase in stocks. But the KHM was not the only museum that benefited from the linearization. Systematically looted Jewish property was sold to museums, collections or in pawnshops throughout the empire.

After the war, the museum struggled to reimburse the "Aryanised" art to the owners or their heirs. They forced the Rothschild family to leave the most important part of their own collection to the museum and called this "dedications", or "donations". As a reason, was the export law stated, which does not allow owners to perform certain works of art out of the country. Similar methods were used with other former owners. Only on the basis of international diplomatic and media pressure, to a large extent from the United States, the Austrian government decided to make a change in the law (Art Restitution Act of 1998, the so-called Lex Rothschild). The art objects were the Rothschild family refunded only in the 1990s.

The Kunsthistorisches Museum operates on the basis of the federal law on the restitution of art objects from the 4th December 1998 (Federal Law Gazette I, 181 /1998) extensive provenance research. Even before this decree was carried out in-house provenance research at the initiative of the then archive director Herbert Haupt. This was submitted in 1998 by him in collaboration with Lydia Grobl a comprehensive presentation of the facts about the changes in the inventory levels of the Kunsthistorisches Museum during the Nazi era and in the years leading up to the State Treaty of 1955, an important basis for further research provenance.

The two historians Susanne Hehenberger and Monika Löscher are since 1st April 2009 as provenance researchers at the Kunsthistorisches Museum on behalf of the Commission for Provenance Research operating and they deal with the investigation period from 1933 to the recent past.

The museum today

Today the museum is as a federal museum, with 1st January 1999 released to the full legal capacity - it was thus the first of the state museums of Austria, implementing the far-reaching self-financing. It is by far the most visited museum in Austria with 1.3 million visitors (2007).

The Kunsthistorisches Museum is under the name Kunsthistorisches Museum and Museum of Ethnology and the Austrian Theatre Museum with company number 182081t since 11 June 1999 as a research institution under public law of the Federal virtue of the Federal Museums Act, Federal Law Gazette I/115/1998 and the Museum of Procedure of the Kunsthistorisches Museum and Museum of Ethnology and the Austrian Theatre Museum, 3 January 2001, BGBl II 2/ 2001, in force since 1 January 2001, registered.

In fiscal 2008, the turnover was 37.185 million EUR and total assets amounted to EUR 22.204 million. In 2008 an average of 410 workers were employed.

Management

1919-1923: Gustav Glück as the first chairman of the College of science officials

1924-1933: Hermann Julius Hermann 1924-1925 as the first chairman of the College of the scientific officers in 1925 as first director

1933: Arpad Weixlgärtner first director

1934-1938: Alfred Stix first director

1938-1945: Fritz Dworschak 1938 as acting head, from 1938 as a chief in 1941 as first director

1945-1949: August von Loehr 1945-1948 as executive director of the State Art Collections in 1949 as general director of the historical collections of the Federation

1945-1949: Alfred Stix 1945-1948 as executive director of the State Art Collections in 1949 as general director of art historical collections of the Federation

1949-1950: Hans Demel as administrative director

1950: Karl Wisoko-Meytsky as general director of art and historical collections of the Federation

1951-1952: Fritz Eichler as administrative director

1953-1954: Ernst H. Buschbeck as administrative director

1955-1966: Vincent Oberhammer 1955-1959 as administrative director, from 1959 as first director

1967: Edward Holzmair as managing director

1968-1972: Erwin Auer first director

1973-1981: Friderike Klauner first director

1982-1990: Hermann Fillitz first director

1990: George Kugler as interim first director

1990-2008: Wilfried Seipel as general director

Since 2009: Sabine Haag as general director

Collections

To the Kunsthistorisches Museum are also belonging the collections of the New Castle, the Austrian Theatre Museum in Palais Lobkowitz, the Museum of Ethnology and the Wagenburg (wagon fortress) in an outbuilding of Schönbrunn Palace. A branch office is also Ambras in Innsbruck.

Kunsthistorisches Museum (main building)

Picture Gallery

Egyptian and Near Eastern Collection

Collection of Classical Antiquities

Vienna Chamber of Art

Numismatic Collection

Library

New Castle

Ephesus Museum

Collection of Ancient Musical Instruments

Arms and Armour

Archive

Hofburg

The imperial crown in the Treasury

Imperial Treasury of Vienna

Insignia of the Austrian Hereditary Homage

Insignia of imperial Austria

Insignia of the Holy Roman Empire

Burgundian Inheritance and the Order of the Golden Fleece

Habsburg-Lorraine Household Treasure

Ecclesiastical Treasury

Schönbrunn Palace

Imperial Carriage Museum Vienna

Armory in Ambras Castle

Ambras Castle

Collections of Ambras Castle

Major exhibits

Among the most important exhibits of the Art Gallery rank inter alia:

Jan van Eyck: Cardinal Niccolò Albergati, 1438

Martin Schongauer: Holy Family, 1475-80

Albrecht Dürer : Trinity Altar, 1509-16

Portrait Johann Kleeberger, 1526

Parmigianino: Self Portrait in Convex Mirror, 1523/24

Giuseppe Arcimboldo: Summer 1563

Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio: Madonna of the Rosary 1606/ 07

Caravaggio: Madonna of the Rosary (1606-1607)

Titian: Nymph and Shepherd to 1570-75

Portrait of Jacopo de Strada, 1567/68

Raffaello Santi: Madonna of the Meadow, 1505 /06

Lorenzo Lotto: Portrait of a young man against white curtain, 1508

Peter Paul Rubens: The altar of St. Ildefonso, 1630-32

The Little Fur, about 1638

Jan Vermeer: The Art of Painting, 1665/66

Pieter Bruegel the Elder: Fight between Carnival and Lent, 1559

Kids, 1560

Tower of Babel, 1563

Christ Carrying the Cross, 1564

Gloomy Day (Early Spring), 1565

Return of the Herd (Autumn), 1565

Hunters in the Snow (Winter) 1565

Bauer and bird thief, 1568

Peasant Wedding, 1568/69

Peasant Dance, 1568/69

Paul's conversion (Conversion of St Paul), 1567

Cabinet of Curiosities:

Saliera from Benvenuto Cellini 1539-1543

Egyptian-Oriental Collection:

Mastaba of Ka Ni Nisut

Collection of Classical Antiquities:

Gemma Augustea

Treasure of Nagyszentmiklós

Gallery: Major exhibits

de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunsthistorisches_Museum

This wasn't the precise shot I had in mind as I had to move a couple of steps to the right at the last second to avoid three youths walking across my field of vision as the diverted Cricklewood - Calvert bins take a scenic route via North and East London.

68007 "Valiant" and 68003 "Astute" on a fully loaded and heavily delayed (844 minutes to be precise) 4M48 Mossend Euroterminal to Daventry DRS (Tesco)

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The Postcard

 

A Military Series postcard that was published by E. F. A. The stamp has been removed along with the precise date of posting, but we do know that the card was posted in Folkestone in 1905 to:

 

Master P. Harmer,

64, Providence Street,

South Ashford,

Kent.

 

The message on the divided back of the card was as follows:

 

"Dear Percy,

Thank you so much for

your letter. I am pleased

to hear that all were well.

Ask Granny how this style

suits her.

If it is fine on Saturday I

think Mr. H. will bike down,

he has got a photo I think.

Yes, the weather is

wretched.

I began to wonder if you

had all left Ashford as I

did not get a line.

Poor old Schneider's got

into bad disgrace last

night - a turkey and

sausages were put up-

stairs for me to take in

the dining room. When

the dog heard the plates

he nipped down and

made short work of the

sausages and had a good

tuck-in at the turkey before

he was discovered so now

he is chained up tight.

Love to all,

Yours etc.,

M. H."

 

-- Percy Harmer

 

There are 20 cards on this photostream addressed to Percy Harmer. Percy must have been a stamp collector, because out of the 20 cards, 13 of them have unusually had their stamp removed.

 

-- The Death of Percy Harmer

 

Sadly Percy did not survive the Great War:

 

Frederick Percy Harmer was born in Ashford, Kent in 1896. He served in the British Army as a private in the King's Royal Rifle Corps.

 

Percy died of wounds in France at the age of 20 on the 19th. October 1916.

 

Percy's name is recorded along with sixty others on the Great War Memorial in Christ Church, South Ashford, Kent.

 

Percy's family obviously continued to keep the postcards that had been set to him before the Great War, and they are still all together, in my collection.

 

The Seaforth Highlanders

 

The Seaforth Highlanders was a line infantry regiment of the British Army, mainly associated with large areas of the northern Highlands of Scotland. The regiment existed from 1881 to 1961, and saw service in World War I and World War II, along with many smaller conflicts.

 

In 1961 the regiment was amalgamated with the Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders to form the Queen's Own Highlanders (Seaforth and Camerons), which merged, in 1994, with the Gordon Highlanders to form the Highlanders (Seaforth, Gordons and Camerons).

 

This later joined the Royal Scots Borderers, the Black Watch, the Royal Highland Fusiliers and the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders to create the present Royal Regiment of Scotland.

 

The Seaforth Highlanders in the Great War

 

The 1st. Battalion, which had been serving in India, landed at Marseilles in October 1914 for service on the Western Front. It saw action at the Battle of Aubers Ridge in May 1915.

 

The battalion then moved to Mesopotamia in December 1915, where it took part in the Siege of Kut later that month, and the Fall of Baghdad in March 1917, before moving to Palestine in January 1918.

 

The 2nd. Battalion, which had been stationed at Shorncliffe Camp, landed at Boulogne-sur-Mer in August 1914. It took part in the retreat from Le Cateau later that month, the Battle of the Marne in September 1914, the Battle of the Aisne also in September 1914, and the Battle of Messines in October 1914.

 

It went on to fight in the Second Battle of Ypres in April 1915, the Battle of the Somme in Autumn 1916, and the Battle of Arras in April 1917.

 

The battalion also saw action at the Battle of Passchendaele in Autumn 1917, the Battle of the Lys in April 1918, the Battles of the Hindenburg Line and the final advance in Picardy.

A loom is a device used to weave cloth and tapestry. The basic purpose of any loom is to hold the warp threads under tension to facilitate the interweaving of the weft threads. The precise shape of the loom and its mechanics may vary, but the basic function is the same.

 

ETYMOLOGY

The word "loom" is derived from the Old English geloma, formed from ge-(perfective prefix) and loma, a root of unknown origin; this meant a utensil, tool, or machine of any kind. In 1404 it was used to mean a machine to enable weaving thread into cloth. By 1838, it had gained the meaning of a machine for interlacing thread.

 

WEAVING

Weaving is done by intersecting the longitudinal threads, the warp, i.e. "that which is thrown across", with the transverse threads, the weft, i.e. "that which is woven".

 

The major components of the loom are the warp beam, heddles, harnesses or shafts (as few as two, four is common, sixteen not unheard of), shuttle, reed and takeup roll. In the loom, yarn processing includes shedding, picking, battening and taking-up operations. These are the principal motions.

Shedding. Shedding is the raising of part of the warp yarn to form a shed (the vertical space between the raised and unraised warp yarns), through which the filling yarn, carried by the shuttle, can be inserted, forming the weft. On the modern loom, simple and intricate shedding operations are performed automatically by the heddle or heald frame, also known as a harness. This is a rectangular frame to which a series of wires, called heddles or healds, are attached. The yarns are passed through the eye holes of the heddles, which hang vertically from the harnesses. The weave pattern determines which harness controls which warp yarns, and the number of harnesses used depends on the complexity of the weave. Two common methods of controlling the heddles are dobbies and a Jacquard Head.

 

Picking. As the harnesses raise the heddles or healds, which raise the warp yarns, the shed is created. The filling yarn is inserted through the shed by a small carrier device called a shuttle. The shuttle is normally pointed at each end to allow passage through the shed. In a traditional shuttle loom, the filling yarn is wound onto a quill, which in turn is mounted in the shuttle. The filling yarn emerges through a hole in the shuttle as it moves across the loom. A single crossing of the shuttle from one side of the loom to the other is known as a pick. As the shuttle moves back and forth across the shed, it weaves an edge, or selvage, on each side of the fabric to prevent the fabric from raveling.

Battening. Between the heddles and the takeup roll, the warp threads pass through another frame called the reed (which resembles a comb). The portion of the fabric that has already been formed but not yet rolled up on the takeup roll is called the fell. After the shuttle moves across the loom laying down the fill yarn, the weaver uses the reed to press (or batten) each filling yarn against the fell. Conventional shuttle looms can operate at speeds of about 150 to 160 picks per minute.

 

There are two secondary motions, because with each weaving operation the newly constructed fabric must be wound on a cloth beam. This process is called taking up. At the same time, the warp yarns must be let off or released from the warp beams. To become fully automatic, a loom needs a tertiary motion, the filling stop motion. This will brake the loom if the weft thread breaks. An automatic loom requires 0.125 hp to 0.5 hp to operate.

 

TYPES OF LOOMS

BACK STRAP LOOM

The back strap loom is a simple loom that has its roots in ancient civilizations. It consists of two sticks or bars between which the warps are stretched. One bar is attached to a fixed object and the other to the weaver, usually by means of a strap around the back. The weaver leans back and uses their body weight to tension the loom. On traditional looms, the two main sheds are operated by means of a shed roll over which one set of warps pass, and continuous string heddles which encase each of the warps in the other set. To open the shed controlled by the string heddles, the weaver relaxes tension on the warps and raises the heddles. The other shed is usually opened by simply drawing the shed roll toward the weaver.

 

Both simple and complex textiles can be woven on this loom. Width is limited to how far the weaver can reach from side to side to pass the shuttle. Warp faced textiles, often decorated with intricate pick-up patterns woven in complementary and supplementary warp techniques are woven by indigenous peoples today around the world. They produce such things as belts, ponchos, bags, hatbands and carrying cloths. Supplementary weft patterning and brocading is practiced in many regions. Balanced weaves are also possible on the backstrap loom. Today, commercially produced backstrap loom kits often include a rigid heddle.[

 

WARP-WEIGHTED LOOM

The warp-weighted loom is a vertical loom that may have originated in the Neolithic period. The earliest evidence of warp-weighted looms comes from sites belonging to the Starčevo culture in modern Serbia and Hungary and from late Neolithic sites in Switzerland. This loom was used in Ancient Greece, and spread north and west throughout Europe thereafter. Its defining characteristic is hanging weights (loom weights) which keep bundles of the warp threads taut. Frequently, extra warp thread is wound around the weights. When a weaver has reached the bottom of the available warp, the completed section can be rolled around the top beam, and additional lengths of warp threads can be unwound from the weights to continue. This frees the weaver from vertical size constraint.

 

DRAWLOOM

A drawloom is a hand-loom for weaving figured cloth. In a drawloom, a "figure harness" is used to control each warp thread separately. A drawloom requires two operators, the weaver and an assistant called a "drawboy" to manage the figure harness. The earliest confirmed drawloom fabrics come from the State of Chu and date c. 400 BC. Most scholars attribute the invention of the drawloom to the ancient Chinese, although some speculate an independent invention from ancient Syria since drawloom fabrics found in Dura-Europas are thought to date before 256 AD The draw loom for patterned weaving was invented in ancient China during the Han Dynasty. Chinese weavers and artisans used foot-powered multi-harness looms and jacquard looms for silk weaving and embroidery; both of which were cottage industries with imperial workshops. The Chinese-invented drawloom enhanced and sped up the production of silk and play a significant role in Chinese silk weaving. The loom was later introduced to Persia, India, and Europe.

 

HANDLOOM

A handloom is a simple machine used for weaving. In a wooden vertical-shaft looms, the heddles are fixed in place in the shaft. The warp threads pass alternately through a heddle, and through a space between the heddles (the shed), so that raising the shaft raises half the threads (those passing through the heddles), and lowering the shaft lowers the same threads — the threads passing through the spaces between the heddles remain in place. This was a great invention in the 13th century.

 

FLYING SHUTTLE

Hand weavers could only weave a cloth as wide as their armspan. If cloth needed to be wider, two people would do the task (often this would be an adult with a child). John Kay (1704–1779) patented the flying shuttle in 1733. The weaver held a picking stick that was attached by cords to a device at both ends of the shed. With a flick of the wrist, one cord was pulled and the shuttle was propelled through the shed to the other end with considerable force, speed and efficiency. A flick in the opposite direction and the shuttle was propelled back. A single weaver had control of this motion but the flying shuttle could weave much wider fabric than an arm’s length at much greater speeds than had been achieved with the hand thrown shuttle.

 

The flying shuttle was one of the key developments in weaving that helped fuel the Industrial Revolution. The whole picking motion no longer relied on manual skill and it was just a matter of time before it could be powered.

 

HAUTE-LISSE AND BASSE-LISSE LOOMS

Looms used for weaving traditional tapestry are classified as haute-lisse looms, where the warp is suspended vertically between two rolls. In basse-lisse looms, however, the warp extends horizontally between the two rolls.

 

RIBBON WEAVING

TRADITIONAL LOOMS

Several other types of hand looms exist, including the simple frame loom, pit loom, free-standing loom, and the pegged loom. Each of these can be constructed, and provide work and income in developing economies.

 

POWER LOOMS

Edmund Cartwright built and patented a power loom in 1785, and it was this that was adopted by the nascent cotton industry in England. The silk loom made by Jacques Vaucanson in 1745 operated on the same principles but was not developed further. The invention of the flying shuttle by John Kay was critical to the development of a commercially successful power loom. Cartwright's loom was impractical but the ideas behind it were developed by numerous inventors in the Manchester area of England where, by 1818, there were 32 factories containing 5,732 looms.

 

Horrocks loom was viable, but it was the Roberts Loom in 1830 that marked the turning point. Incremental changes to the three motions continued to be made. The problems of sizing, stop-motions, consistent take-up, and a temple to maintain the width remained. In 1841, Kenworthy and Bullough produced the Lancashire Loom which was self-acting or semi-automatic. This enables a youngster to run six looms at the same time. Thus, for simple calicos, the power loom became more economical to run than the hand loom – with complex patterning that used a dobby or Jacquard head, jobs were still put out to handloom weavers until the 1870s. Incremental changes were made such as the Dickinson Loom, culminating in the Keighley-born inventor Northrop, who was working for the Draper Corporation in Hopedale producing the fully automatic Northrop Loom. This loom recharged the shuttle when the pirn was empty. The Draper E and X models became the leading products from 1909. They were challenged by synthetic fibres such as rayon. By 1942, faster, more efficient, and shuttleless Sulzer and rapier looms had been introduced. Modern industrial looms can weave at 2,000 weft insertions per minute.

 

WEFT INSERTION

Different types of looms are most often defined by the way that the weft, or pick, is inserted into the warp. Many advances in weft insertion have been made in order to make manufactured cloth more cost effective. There are five main types of weft insertion and they are as follows:

 

Shuttle: The first-ever powered looms were shuttle-type looms. Spools of weft are unravelled as the shuttle travels across the shed. This is very similar to projectile methods of weaving, except that the weft spool is stored on the shuttle. These looms are considered obsolete in modern industrial fabric manufacturing because they can only reach a maximum of 300 picks per minute.

Air jet: An air-jet loom uses short quick bursts of compressed air to propel the weft through the shed in order to complete the weave. Air jets are the fastest traditional method of weaving in modern manufacturing and they are able to achieve up to 1,500 picks per minute. However, the amounts of compressed air required to run these looms, as well as the complexity in the way the air jets are positioned, make them more costly than other looms.

Water jet: Water-jet looms use the same principle as air-jet looms, but they take advantage of pressurized water to propel the weft. The advantage of this type of weaving is that water power is cheaper where water is directly available on site. Picks per minute can reach as high as 1,000.

Rapier loom: This type of weaving is very versatile, in that rapier looms can weave using a large variety of threads. There are several types of rapiers, but they all use a hook system attached to a rod or metal band to pass the pick across the shed. These machines regularly reach 700 picks per minute in normal production.

Projectile: Projectile looms utilize an object that is propelled across the shed, usually by spring power, and is guided across the width of the cloth by a series of reeds. The projectile is then removed from the weft fibre and it is returned to the opposite side of the machine so it can get reused. Multiple projectiles are in use in order to increase the pick speed. Maximum speeds on these machines can be as high as 1,050 ppm.

 

SHEDDING

DOBBY LOOMS

A dobby loom is a type of floor loom that controls the whole warp threads using a dobby head. Dobby is a corruption of "draw boy" which refers to the weaver's helpers who used to control the warp thread by pulling on draw threads. A dobby loom is an alternative to a treadle loom, where multiple heddles (shafts) were controlled by foot treadles – one for each heddle.

 

JACQUARD LOOMS

The Jacquard loom is a mechanical loom, invented by Joseph Marie Jacquard in 1801, which simplifies the process of manufacturing textiles with complex patterns such as brocade, damask and matelasse. The loom is controlled by punched cards with punched holes, each row of which corresponds to one row of the design. Multiple rows of holes are punched on each card and the many cards that compose the design of the textile are strung together in order. It is based on earlier inventions by the Frenchmen Basile Bouchon (1725), Jean Baptiste Falcon (1728) and Jacques Vaucanson (1740) To call it a loom is a misnomer, a Jacquard head could be attached to a power loom or a hand loom, the head controlling which warp thread was raised during shedding. Multiple shuttles could be used to control the colour of the weft during picking. The Jacquard loom is the predecessor to the punch card computers of the 19th and 20th centuries.

 

CICULAR LOOMS

A circular loom is used to create a seamless tube of fabric for products such as hosiery, sacks, clothing, fabric hose (such as fire hose) and the like. Circular looms can be small jigs used for circular knitting or large high-speed machines for modern garments. Modern circular looms use up to ten shuttles driven from below in a circular motion by electromagnets for the weft yarns, and cams to control the warp threads. The warps rise and fall with each shuttle passage, unlike the common practice of lifting all of them at once.

 

SYMBOLISM AND CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE

The loom is a symbol of cosmic creation and the structure upon which individual destiny is woven. This symbolism is encapsulated in the ancient Greek myth of Arachne who was changed into a spider by the goddess Athene, who was jealous of her skill at the godlike craft of weaving. In Maya Cultures the goddess Ixchel who is symbolized by the moon, taught the first woman how to weave at the beginning of time.

 

WIKIPEDIA

Fangruida famous classic 500 selection (multi-lingual global version control, e-books)

Sound shook the world, a permanent favorite sayings ------ Fangruida classic quotations motto Selected Translations (English, French, German, Russian, Spanish, Japanese, multilingual electronic version control Version 2012- 3.02)

  

Fang Rui Da life work a lot, widespread popular that many of his classic quotes the classic motto, inspirational, gives a reverie, giving encouragement, giving teachings, gives insights. Admire and read of him classic quotations classic motto, as if reciting a poem as in, one of which enjoy a painting, listening to a song sounds romantic dance, this is the real charm of the square where the motto Investor quotations. herein is a selection of II. According to the author and the author wishes to question, selected multi-language version control, so that the parties to the reader and appreciation. square Investor classic quotations set of natural science, social science and literature and art in a beautiful, elegant, deep, subtle, mood, right, worthy of the world famous celebrities masterpiece. concise, three words two languages, the finishing touch, the words intended to do endless. Such learning and studying, you can achieve pleasing results, truly understand and analyze every word, every precise meaning and profound concept of the word. So, these are masterpieces, not because of the time and place and change. There are a lot of doubts in the interpretation of the e-book version, elaborate parties Investor classic quotations classic maxim, some more accurate complete Some lacks, and did not really understand and appreciate square Investor classic quotations classic maxim meaning lies. After worth complemented amended. multilingual control version, is to make up for this kind of loss and miscarriage of justice, but also compile and translation have been and author's discussion and validation, without any copyright disputes, authorized by the author disclosed in the city. for the public to enjoy reading. <>, <>, <> and so will continue to publish the advent of appreciation for readers around the world. Finally, for the assistance and edit the translation of you to express my deep gratitude to the friendly colleagues.

  

(Eds: otis Translation: Adeline / Augelire proofread: fred Audit: Boris)

  

July 2011 in Paris, Copenhagen, Amsterdam, New York.

  

_____________________________________________________________

  

Look at the history of the human individual, but is a few decades, centuries, but rather look at the history of the entire human population is a few hundred thousand years, and put him constantly Expansion of the natural world to appreciate and taste.

  

Human society is not an abstract body, but a real kaleidoscope.

  

Humanity the greatest and most powerful place is not that he's tough and mana, the first is constant self-denial.

  

As long as human society, everything is forward series, regardless of the final outcome of this evolution of how loud or how ruthless .----- (square Investor famous classic).

  

When life is about to end, you first farewell this life is not only the world, but nature and the universe temporary farewell.

  

World as colorful palette, from time to time to issue a variety of transformation, some beautiful, some haze, some wonderful, some gray.

  

The world is not eternal day regulation and order, but the world would not be a permanent disorder or chaos filled the whole planet. Order and disorder kept forever in grafting seesaw. Otherwise, the whole of nature and human society will tends to destroy or complete collapse collapse .---- square Investor classic saying.

  

Where that is the reality of existence, the reality of it all is that there are no real existence and no existence in reality, as absurd .------- are Fangruida famous classic)

  

God created the world, the world that God created.

  

Only human beings truly enter into the kingdom of heaven, in order to truly comprehend the beauty of paradise.

  

Desires and greed, is a cross to a natural divide human society from the animal kingdom; wisdom and labor - wealth, a huge man from the animal cross the bridge to a rational human society.

  

Reason and truth is eternal connection, on the contrary, wild and falsehood connection, and ultimately not waiting astray is a failure.

  

World Vientiane, everyone is in a hurry to come and go, but some passing away, but you can still figure detour back; some people do not leave, the soul has been long dead ..... everyone can flirtation, history will provide wonderful variety of rodeo arena.

  

That the world is too beautiful rose garden with flowers, it was a naive and childish;. That the world is Heilongtan dark, it is a sad and incompetence of the world is a reality, but also a bit romantic and sentimental .--- - Fangruida classic saying.

  

Immature and pessimism can not create the world, only the courage and strength to innovation in the world.

  

World colorful, flowers Tuyan, but that does not mean all the world to disorganized, chaotic disorder. The world and the universe is not chaos to Jiuxing flying, yin and yang imbalance; the world and the universe through its self-regulation, self-compliance with its reasoning, the chaos and gradually establish a new domain.

  

Simply conquer and dominate the world, is purely natural animal beast game; build the world heaven, can be completely freed from the Beast game.

  

Natural human animal is not terrible, terrible is its endless sprawl and expansion, it will allow to create into a ruin, so rational degenerate into evil, let wisdom destruction in stupidity. (Fangruida famous classic)

  

World history is not with petals that can weave together a beautiful wreath, world history throughout human history actually use the compilation of flesh and blood and sweat out of scroll paintings depicting famous classic .----- Fangruida

  

Great natural, great universe, it really is the mother of all mankind and life.

  

Numerous sequences of human history, always natural and ruthlessly presented or presented. Offside and transposition only in the basic sorting sequence appear positive, rebellious or dislocation will be replaced this kind of evolved into a history of bumps and setbacks. In other words, the natural history of mankind is only positive, reverse or reverse does not occur. The difference with this is the natural evolution of the universe sequence, forward and inversion often exchange.

  

Anatomy of the whole human society, which is the anatomical structure of the human body and the whole of nature is closely related to the world of him and the interdependence of social groups and individual tectonic structure.

  

If we say that the universe will collapse to collapse, then that is to say, prior to this human society and self-collapse of extinction. The real danger is not that the hazards and predators, but in human society and human beings defects and significant inhibition and overcome mistakes and I do not know , which will itself lead completely destroyed.

  

Wonderful and fanciful fantasy world is illusory phantom or mirage and reality difficult to build human society is the most real world and can not decline to exist forever. (Fangruida famous classic).

  

The world is not "Superman", the world's only permanent hard work in the vast field of farming labor husband kept it .----(Fangruida famous classic)

  

The sun rises in the east every day, day after day, life swing. Nature has actually been displaced, and human world is also moving in the displacement movement. Earth life can be resurrected in the other planets, it is a gift from God and good luck.

  

Animal world can not rudderless, lions, tigers, wolves, the sheep, horses, geese, monkeys ..... human society is the family of the group, could not disorderly, "the leader, the leading pack ., "Otherwise, everything will do everything to destroy or perish subvert the natural and fundamental law, it is very scary silly deteriorate even in the solar system, the sun is the king of the Ninth; no sun, the earth, the moon will zero.

  

Day after day, year after year, the Earth, the moon, the sun is constantly rotated; life, the human heart is with the rotation of day and night constantly pulsates ...... Seen in this light, Once stagnation, rotating and pulsating, nature and life will be how the outcome, rotating planets and life beat, it does not mean all the success Shengongguifu nature of human society, for him, the rotation will always be unalterable..; The first thing you want to beat is the survival of human life, the human world and the natural world if radical departure, beating of human life and the entire human society will tend to collapse and die.

  

There are a variety of life perception and interpretation, some clear, some obscure, some bright, some dark. In fact, both positive and anti, right and wrong, are left in the world and future generations valuable voice.

  

The struggle of life, wealth, power, fame, status, love, family, career, trying to brilliant pinnacle, everything can not be overstated. In fact, whether or halfway up the mountain to reach the summit, or in the foothills, is a kind of happiness and enjoyment The natural world is always bland, calm as the sea, the human world though a little more luster and warmth, but also in flat calm situation, although sometimes reveal a storm, high Wutu onwards, influence or change their own life trajectory.

  

Creating the world's history, rather, created the first insight into the world of deep eyes of individuals and groups. Absence or lack of such vision and starting line, must be attributed to arrogance and defeat.

  

Thousands of the world, thousands of images. Thousands of pairs of eyes, thousands of hands. Myriad masterpiece, thousands of souls. In this absolutely thousands among the only altars and shrines in addition to the idol, is the soul and sense Money makes the sedative comfort. As everyone knows, regardless of the fate of Jian wrong, the world is still good for the good to suffer for the music, to generate Bo death, repeatedly, during the era of generations, the most common interpretation of the most widespread human history.

  

World often emerged outstanding figures of the gods, can epoch, badly can be interpreted from the myths and legends; but from nature and reality is often absurd theory of a weird or just give up.

  

People out from nature, and not simply out of the world of human society. On the contrary, nature can only come out from nature, but does not come out from the world of human life. (Fangruida famous classic)

  

World sideways look, rainbow Jinxia sky; world bristling see if inverted observed haze over the Thunder, the scene is easy enough, haze Thunder sky, rainbow Jinxia everywhere.(Jinxia ---- beautiful pink clouds)

  

And nonsense are raving idiot, proverbs and reason is the only path to truth.

  

The unexamined not create the world, wasted years of mediocrity; only diligent, chest Tao Wu slightly in order to lead the world, innovation in the world.

  

Eternal life is worth, rather than length.

  

The world is mortal beings, not a genius and a saint can substitute the no genius and saints, beings naturally generated, no beings, genius and saints will be gone.

  

No one can accurately predict the future of nature and the world, but human wisdom advanced super location but can draw no less natural universe and human society generally rough image for the future. Even far beyond the vision of God.

  

Human nature is present in higher animals on the natural world, although it has a powerful transformation force wisdom and creativity, but not completely out of nature, after all, a fundamental fantasy or fiction of human nature and animal instinct has been completely isolated gene molecular bodiless not fanaticism is ignorant, because he was not placed in front of infantilism is the first force manic hysteria syndrome. (Fangruida famous classic)

  

This world is the greatest bible, every day opened a new page, the key is how you follow my handwriting writing left by their predecessors various chapters .------ (Fangruida classic saying.)

  

Wine is mellow, as long as there is revelry, pure spring water also exudes good taste.

  

History of the universe, pure natural history of human society history, both the trajectory of human history itself, but also the inevitable process of natural history is full of impassable and escape various blind spots and bane. Neglect or ignore these, will make human society more bizarre history .------- (Fangruida famous classic)

  

Fangruida famous classic 500 selection (multi-lingual global version control, e-books)

Sound shook the world, a permanent favorite sayings ------ Fangruida classic quotations motto Selected Translations (English, French, German, Russian, Spanish, Japanese, multilingual electronic version control Version 2012- 3.02)

  

Fang Rui Da life work a lot, widespread popular that many of his classic quotes the classic motto, inspirational, gives a reverie, giving encouragement, giving teachings, gives insights. Admire and read of him classic quotations classic motto, as if reciting a poem as in, one of which enjoy a painting, listening to a song sounds romantic dance, this is the real charm of the square where the motto Investor quotations. herein is a selection of II. According to the author and the author wishes to question, selected multi-language version control, so that the parties to the reader and appreciation. square Investor classic quotations set of natural science, social science and literature and art in a beautiful, elegant, deep, subtle, mood, right, worthy of the world famous celebrities masterpiece. concise, three words two languages, the finishing touch, the words intended to do endless. Such learning and studying, you can achieve pleasing results, truly understand and analyze every word, every precise meaning and profound concept of the word. So, these are masterpieces, not because of the time and place and change. There are a lot of doubts in the interpretation of the e-book version, elaborate parties Investor classic quotations classic maxim, some more accurate complete Some lacks, and did not really understand and appreciate square Investor classic quotations classic maxim meaning lies. After worth complemented amended. multilingual control version, is to make up for this kind of loss and miscarriage of justice, but also compile and translation have been and author's discussion and validation, without any copyright disputes, authorized by the author disclosed in the city. for the public to enjoy reading. <>, <>, <> and so will continue to publish the advent of appreciation for readers around the world. Finally, for the assistance and edit the translation of you to express my deep gratitude to the friendly colleagues.

  

(Eds: otis Translation: Adeline / Augelire proofread: fred Audit: Boris)

  

July 2011 in Paris, Copenhagen, Amsterdam, New York.

  

_____________________________________________________________

  

Look at the history of the human individual, but is a few decades, centuries, but rather look at the history of the entire human population is a few hundred thousand years, and put him constantly Expansion of the natural world to appreciate and taste.

  

Human society is not an abstract body, but a real kaleidoscope.

  

Humanity the greatest and most powerful place is not that he's tough and mana, the first is constant self-denial.

  

As long as human society, everything is forward series, regardless of the final outcome of this evolution of how loud or how ruthless .----- (square Investor famous classic).

  

When life is about to end, you first farewell this life is not only the world, but nature and the universe temporary farewell.

  

World as colorful palette, from time to time to issue a variety of transformation, some beautiful, some haze, some wonderful, some gray.

  

The world is not eternal day regulation and order, but the world would not be a permanent disorder or chaos filled the whole planet. Order and disorder kept forever in grafting seesaw. Otherwise, the whole of nature and human society will tends to destroy or complete collapse collapse .---- square Investor classic saying.

  

Where that is the reality of existence, the reality of it all is that there are no real existence and no existence in reality, as absurd .------- are Fangruida famous classic)

  

God created the world, the world that God created.

  

Only human beings truly enter into the kingdom of heaven, in order to truly comprehend the beauty of paradise.

  

Desires and greed, is a cross to a natural divide human society from the animal kingdom; wisdom and labor - wealth, a huge man from the animal cross the bridge to a rational human society.

  

Reason and truth is eternal connection, on the contrary, wild and falsehood connection, and ultimately not waiting astray is a failure.

  

World Vientiane, everyone is in a hurry to come and go, but some passing away, but you can still figure detour back; some people do not leave, the soul has been long dead ..... everyone can flirtation, history will provide wonderful variety of rodeo arena.

  

That the world is too beautiful rose garden with flowers, it was a naive and childish;. That the world is Heilongtan dark, it is a sad and incompetence of the world is a reality, but also a bit romantic and sentimental .--- - Fangruida classic saying.

  

Immature and pessimism can not create the world, only the courage and strength to innovation in the world.

  

World colorful, flowers Tuyan, but that does not mean all the world to disorganized, chaotic disorder. The world and the universe is not chaos to Jiuxing flying, yin and yang imbalance; the world and the universe through its self-regulation, self-compliance with its reasoning, the chaos and gradually establish a new domain.

  

Simply conquer and dominate the world, is purely natural animal beast game; build the world heaven, can be completely freed from the Beast game.

  

Natural human animal is not terrible, terrible is its endless sprawl and expansion, it will allow to create into a ruin, so rational degenerate into evil, let wisdom destruction in stupidity. (Fangruida famous classic)

  

World history is not with petals that can weave together a beautiful wreath, world history throughout human history actually use the compilation of flesh and blood and sweat out of scroll paintings depicting famous classic .----- Fangruida

  

Great natural, great universe, it really is the mother of all mankind and life.

  

Numerous sequences of human history, always natural and ruthlessly presented or presented. Offside and transposition only in the basic sorting sequence appear positive, rebellious or dislocation will be replaced this kind of evolved into a history of bumps and setbacks. In other words, the natural history of mankind is only positive, reverse or reverse does not occur. The difference with this is the natural evolution of the universe sequence, forward and inversion often exchange.

  

Anatomy of the whole human society, which is the anatomical structure of the human body and the whole of nature is closely related to the world of him and the interdependence of social groups and individual tectonic structure.

  

If we say that the universe will collapse to collapse, then that is to say, prior to this human society and self-collapse of extinction. The real danger is not that the hazards and predators, but in human society and human beings defects and significant inhibition and overcome mistakes and I do not know , which will itself lead completely destroyed.

  

Wonderful and fanciful fantasy world is illusory phantom or mirage and reality difficult to build human society is the most real world and can not decline to exist forever. (Fangruida famous classic).

  

The world is not "Superman", the world's only permanent hard work in the vast field of farming labor husband kept it .----(Fangruida famous classic)

  

The sun rises in the east every day, day after day, life swing. Nature has actually been displaced, and human world is also moving in the displacement movement. Earth life can be resurrected in the other planets, it is a gift from God and good luck.

  

Animal world can not rudderless, lions, tigers, wolves, the sheep, horses, geese, monkeys ..... human society is the family of the group, could not disorderly, "the leader, the leading pack ., "Otherwise, everything will do everything to destroy or perish subvert the natural and fundamental law, it is very scary silly deteriorate even in the solar system, the sun is the king of the Ninth; no sun, the earth, the moon will zero.

  

Day after day, year after year, the Earth, the moon, the sun is constantly rotated; life, the human heart is with the rotation of day and night constantly pulsates ...... Seen in this light, Once stagnation, rotating and pulsating, nature and life will be how the outcome, rotating planets and life beat, it does not mean all the success Shengongguifu nature of human society, for him, the rotation will always be unalterable..; The first thing you want to beat is the survival of human life, the human world and the natural world if radical departure, beating of human life and the entire human society will tend to collapse and die.

  

There are a variety of life perception and interpretation, some clear, some obscure, some bright, some dark. In fact, both positive and anti, right and wrong, are left in the world and future generations valuable voice.

  

The struggle of life, wealth, power, fame, status, love, family, career, trying to brilliant pinnacle, everything can not be overstated. In fact, whether or halfway up the mountain to reach the summit, or in the foothills, is a kind of happiness and enjoyment The natural world is always bland, calm as the sea, the human world though a little more luster and warmth, but also in flat calm situation, although sometimes reveal a storm, high Wutu onwards, influence or change their own life trajectory.

  

Creating the world's history, rather, created the first insight into the world of deep eyes of individuals and groups. Absence or lack of such vision and starting line, must be attributed to arrogance and defeat.

  

Thousands of the world, thousands of images. Thousands of pairs of eyes, thousands of hands. Myriad masterpiece, thousands of souls. In this absolutely thousands among the only altars and shrines in addition to the idol, is the soul and sense Money makes the sedative comfort. As everyone knows, regardless of the fate of Jian wrong, the world is still good for the good to suffer for the music, to generate Bo death, repeatedly, during the era of generations, the most common interpretation of the most widespread human history.

  

World often emerged outstanding figures of the gods, can epoch, badly can be interpreted from the myths and legends; but from nature and reality is often absurd theory of a weird or just give up.

  

People out from nature, and not simply out of the world of human society. On the contrary, nature can only come out from nature, but does not come out from the world of human life. (Fangruida famous classic)

  

World sideways look, rainbow Jinxia sky; world bristling see if inverted observed haze over the Thunder, the scene is easy enough, haze Thunder sky, rainbow Jinxia everywhere.

  

And nonsense are raving idiot, proverbs and reason is the only path to truth.

  

The unexamined not create the world, wasted years of mediocrity; only diligent, chest Tao Wu slightly in order to lead the world, innovation in the world.

  

Eternal life is worth, rather than length.

  

The world is mortal beings, not a genius and a saint can substitute the no genius and saints, beings naturally generated, no beings, genius and saints will be gone.

  

No one can accurately predict the future of nature and the world, but human wisdom advanced super location but can draw no less natural universe and human society generally rough image for the future. Even far beyond the vision of God.

  

Human nature is present in higher animals on the natural world, although it has a powerful transformation force wisdom and creativity, but not completely out of nature, after all, a fundamental fantasy or fiction of human nature and animal instinct has been completely isolated gene molecular bodiless not fanaticism is ignorant, because he was not placed in front of infantilism is the first force manic hysteria syndrome. (Fangruida famous classic)

  

This world is the greatest bible, every day opened a new page, the key is how you follow my handwriting writing left by their predecessors various chapters .------ (Fangruida classic saying.)

  

Wine is mellow, as long as there is revelry, pure spring water also exudes good taste.

  

History of the universe, pure natural history of human society history, both the trajectory of human history itself, but also the inevitable process of natural history is full of impassable and escape various blind spots and bane. Neglect or ignore these, will make human society more bizarre history .------- (Fangruida famous classic)

  

Fangrui famous classic 500 selection (multi-lingual global version control, e-books) Sound shook the world, a permanent favorite sayings ------ Fangrui classic quotations motto Selected Translations (English, French, German, Russian, Spanish, Japanese, multilingual electronic version control Version 2012- 3.02) Fang Rui Da life work a lot, widespread popular that many of his classic quotes the classic motto, inspirational, gives a reverie, giving encouragement, giving teachings, gives insights. Admire and read of him classic quotations classic motto, as if reciting a poem as in, one of which enjoy a painting, listening to a song sounds romantic dance, this is the real charm of the square where the motto Investor quotations. herein is a selection of II. According to the author and the author wishes to question, selected multi-language version control, so that the parties to the reader and appreciation. square Investor classic quotations set of natural science, social science and literature and art in a beautiful, elegant, deep, subtle, mood, right, worthy of the world famous celebrities masterpiece. concise, three words two languages, the finishing touch, the words intended to do endless. Such learning and studying, you can achieve pleasing results, truly understand and analyze every word, every precise meaning and profound concept of the word. So, these are masterpieces, not because of the time and place and change. There are a lot of doubts in the interpretation of the e-book version, elaborate parties Investor classic quotations classic maxim, some more accurate complete Some lacks, and did not really understand and appreciate square Investor classic quotations classic maxim meaning lies. After worth complemented amended. multilingual control version, is to make up for this kind of loss and miscarriage of justice, but also compile and translation have been and author's discussion and validation, without any copyright disputes, authorized by the author disclosed in the city. for the public to enjoy reading. <>, <>, <> and so will continue to publish the advent of appreciation for readers around the world. Finally, for the assistance and edit the translation of you to express my deep gratitude to the friendly colleagues. (Eds: otis Translation: Adeline / Augelire proofread: fred Audit: Boris) July 2011 in Paris, Copenhagen, Amsterdam, New York. _____________________________________________________________ Look at the history of the human individual, but is a few decades, centuries, but rather look at the history of the entire human population is a few hundred thousand years, and put him constantly Expansion of the natural world to appreciate and taste. Human society is not an abstract body, but a real kaleidoscope. Humanity the greatest and most powerful place is not that he's tough and mana, the first is constant self-denial. As long as human society, everything is forward series, regardless of the final outcome of this evolution of how loud or how ruthless .----- (square Investor famous classic). When life is about to end, you first farewell this life is not only the world, but nature and the universe temporary farewell. World as colorful palette, from time to time to issue a variety of transformation, some beautiful, some haze, some wonderful, some gray. The world is not eternal day regulation and order, but the world would not be a permanent disorder or chaos filled the whole planet. Order and disorder kept forever in grafting seesaw. Otherwise, the whole of nature and human society will tends to destroy or complete collapse collapse .---- square Investor classic saying. Where that is the reality of existence, the reality of it all is that there are no real existence and no existence in reality, as absurd .------- are Fangruida famous classic) God created the world, the world that God created. Only human beings truly enter into the kingdom of heaven, in order to truly comprehend the beauty of paradise. Desires and greed, is a cross to a natural divide human society from the animal kingdom; wisdom and labor - wealth, a huge man from the animal cross the bridge to a rational human society. Reason and truth is eternal connection, on the contrary, wild and falsehood connection, and ultimately not waiting astray is a failure. World Vientiane, everyone is in a hurry to come and go, but some passing away, but you can still figure detour back; some people do not leave, the soul has been long dead ..... everyone can flirtation, history will provide wonderful variety of rodeo arena. That the world is too beautiful rose garden with flowers, it was a naive and childish;. That the world is Heilongtan dark, it is a sad and incompetence of the world is a reality, but also a bit romantic and sentimental .--- - Fangruida classic saying. Immature and pessimism can not create the world, only the courage and strength to innovation in the world. World colorful, flowers Tuyan, but that does not mean all the world to disorganized, chaotic disorder. The world and the universe is not chaos to Jiuxing flying, yin and yang imbalance; the world and the universe through its self-regulation, self-compliance with its reasoning, the chaos and gradually establish a new domain. Simply conquer and dominate the world, is purely natural animal beast game; build the world heaven, can be completely freed from the Beast game. Natural human animal is not terrible, terrible is its endless sprawl and expansion, it will allow to create into a ruin, so rational degenerate into evil, let wisdom destruction in stupidity. (Fangruida famous classic) World history is not with petals that can weave together a beautiful wreath, world history throughout human history actually use the compilation of flesh and blood and sweat out of scroll paintings depicting famous classic .----- Fangruida Great natural, great universe, it really is the mother of all mankind and life. Numerous sequences of human history, always natural and ruthlessly presented or presented. Offside and transposition only in the basic sorting sequence appear positive, rebellious or dislocation will be replaced this kind of evolved into a history of bumps and setbacks. In other words, the natural history of mankind is only positive, reverse or reverse does not occur. The difference with this is the natural evolution of the universe sequence, forward and inversion often exchange. Anatomy of the whole human society, which is the anatomical structure of the human body and the whole of nature is closely related to the world of him and the interdependence of social groups and individual tectonic structure. If we say that the universe will collapse to collapse, then that is to say, prior to this human society and self-collapse of extinction. The real danger is not that the hazards and predators, but in human society and human beings defects and significant inhibition and overcome mistakes and I do not know , which will itself lead completely destroyed. Wonderful and fanciful fantasy world is illusory phantom or mirage and reality difficult to build human society is the most real world and can not decline to exist forever. (Fangruida famous classic). The world is not "Superman", the world's only permanent hard work in the vast field of farming labor husband kept it .----(Fangruida famous classic) The sun rises in the east every day, day after day, life swing. Nature has actually been displaced, and human world is also moving in the displacement movement. Earth life can be resurrected in the other planets, it is a gift from God and good luck. Animal world can not rudderless, lions, tigers, wolves, the sheep, horses, geese, monkeys ..... human society is the family of the group, could not disorderly, "the leader, the leading pack ., "Otherwise, everything will do everything to destroy or perish subvert the natural and fundamental law, it is very scary silly deteriorate even in the solar system, the sun is the king of the Ninth; no sun, the earth, the moon will zero. Day after day, year after year, the Earth, the moon, the sun is constantly rotated; life, the human heart is with the rotation of day and night constantly pulsates ...... Seen in this light, Once stagnation, rotating and pulsating, nature and life will be how the outcome, rotating planets and life beat, it does not mean all the success Shengongguifu nature of human society, for him, the rotation will always be unalterable..; The first thing you want to beat is the survival of human life, the human world and the natural world if radical departure, beating of human life and the entire human society will tend to collapse and die. There are a variety of life perception and interpretation, some clear, some obscure, some bright, some dark. In fact, both positive and anti, right and wrong, are left in the world and future generations valuable voice. The struggle of life, wealth, power, fame, status, love, family, career, trying to brilliant pinnacle, everything can not be overstated. In fact, whether or halfway up the mountain to reach the summit, or in the foothills, is a kind of happiness and enjoyment The natural world is always bland, calm as the sea, the human world though a little more luster and warmth, but also in flat calm situation, although sometimes reveal a storm, high Wutu onwards, influence or change their own life trajectory. Creating the world's history, rather, created the first insight into the world of deep eyes of individuals and groups. Absence or lack of such vision and starting line, must be attributed to arrogance and defeat. Thousands of the world, thousands of images. Thousands of pairs of eyes, thousands of hands. Myriad masterpiece, thousands of souls. In this absolutely thousands among the only altars and shrines in addition to the idol, is the soul and sense Money makes the sedative comfort. As everyone knows, regardless of the fate of Jian wrong, the world is still good for the good to suffer for the music, to generate Bo death, repeatedly, during the era of generations, the most common interpretation of the most widespread human history. World often emerged outstanding figures of the gods, can epoch, badly can be interpreted from the myths and legends; but from nature and reality is often absurd theory of a weird or just give up. People out from nature, and not simply out of the world of human society. On the contrary, nature can only come out from nature, but does not come out from the world of human life. (Fangruida famous classic) World sideways look, rainbow Jinxia sky; world bristling see if inverted observed haze over the Thunder, the scene is easy enough, haze Thunder sky, rainbow Jinxia everywhere. And nonsense are raving idiot, proverbs and reason is the only path to truth. The unexamined not create the world, wasted years of mediocrity; only diligent, chest Tao Wu slightly in order to lead the world, innovation in the world. Eternal life is worth, rather than length. The world is mortal beings, not a genius and a saint can substitute the no genius and saints, beings naturally generated, no beings, genius and saints will be gone. No one can accurately predict the future of nature and the world, but human wisdom advanced super location but can draw no less natural universe and human society generally rough image for the future. Even far beyond the vision of God. Human nature is present in higher animals on the natural world, although it has a powerful transformation force wisdom and creativity, but not completely out of nature, after all, a fundamental fantasy or fiction of human nature and animal instinct has been completely isolated gene molecular bodiless not fanaticism is ignorant, because he was not placed in front of infantilism is the first force manic hysteria syndrome. (Fangruida famous classic) This world is the greatest bible, every day opened a new page, the key is how you follow my handwriting writing left by their predecessors various chapters .------ (Fangruida classic saying.) Wine is mellow, as long as there is revelry, pure spring water also exudes good taste. History of the universe, pure natural history of human society history, both the trajectory of human history itself, but also the inevitable process of natural history is full of impassable and escape various blind spots and bane. Neglect or ignore these, will make human society more bizarre history .------- (Fangruida famous classic)

Fangruida famous classic 500 selection (multi-lingual global version control, e-books) Sound shook the world, a permanent favorite sayings ------ Fangruida classic quotations motto Selected Translations (English, French, German, Russian, Spanish, Japanese, multilingual electronic version control Version 2012- 3.02) Fang Rui Da life work a lot, widespread popular that many of his classic quotes the classic motto, inspirational, gives a reverie, giving encouragement, giving teachings, gives insights. Admire and read of him classic quotations classic motto, as if reciting a poem as in, one of which enjoy a painting, listening to a song sounds romantic dance, this is the real charm of the square where the motto Investor quotations. herein is a selection of II. According to the author and the author wishes to question, selected multi-language version control, so that the parties to the reader and appreciation. square Investor classic quotations set of natural science, social science and literature and art in a beautiful, elegant, deep, subtle, mood, right, worthy of the world famous celebrities masterpiece. concise, three words two languages, the finishing touch, the words intended to do endless. Such learning and studying, you can achieve pleasing results, truly understand and analyze every word, every precise meaning and profound concept of the word. So, these are masterpieces, not because of the time and place and change. There are a lot of doubts in the interpretation of the e-book version, elaborate parties Investor classic quotations classic maxim, some more accurate complete Some lacks, and did not really understand and appreciate square Investor classic quotations classic maxim meaning lies. After worth complemented amended. multilingual control version, is to make up for this kind of loss and miscarriage of justice, but also compile and translation have been and author's discussion and validation, without any copyright disputes, authorized by the author disclosed in the city. for the public to enjoy reading. <>, <>, <> and so will continue to publish the advent of appreciation for readers around the world. Finally, for the assistance and edit the translation of you to express my deep gratitude to the friendly colleagues. (Eds: otis Translation: Adeline / Augelire proofread: fred Audit: Boris) July 2011 in Paris, Copenhagen, Amsterdam, New York. _____________________________________________________________ Look at the history of the human individual, but is a few decades, centuries, but rather look at the history of the entire human population is a few hundred thousand years, and put him constantly Expansion of the natural world to appreciate and taste. Human society is not an abstract body, but a real kaleidoscope. Humanity the greatest and most powerful place is not that he's tough and mana, the first is constant self-denial. As long as human society, everything is forward series, regardless of the final outcome of this evolution of how loud or how ruthless .----- (square Investor famous classic). When life is about to end, you first farewell this life is not only the world, but nature and the universe temporary farewell. World as colorful palette, from time to time to issue a variety of transformation, some beautiful, some haze, some wonderful, some gray. The world is not eternal day regulation and order, but the world would not be a permanent disorder or chaos filled the whole planet. Order and disorder kept forever in grafting seesaw. Otherwise, the whole of nature and human society will tends to destroy or complete collapse collapse .---- square Investor classic saying. Where that is the reality of existence, the reality of it all is that there are no real existence and no existence in reality, as absurd .------- are Fangruida famous classic) God created the world, the world that God created. Only human beings truly enter into the kingdom of heaven, in order to truly comprehend the beauty of paradise. Desires and greed, is a cross to a natural divide human society from the animal kingdom; wisdom and labor - wealth, a huge man from the animal cross the bridge to a rational human society. Reason and truth is eternal connection, on the contrary, wild and falsehood connection, and ultimately not waiting astray is a failure. World Vientiane, everyone is in a hurry to come and go, but some passing away, but you can still figure detour back; some people do not leave, the soul has been long dead ..... everyone can flirtation, history will provide wonderful variety of rodeo arena. That the world is too beautiful rose garden with flowers, it was a naive and childish;. That the world is Heilongtan dark, it is a sad and incompetence of the world is a reality, but also a bit romantic and sentimental .--- - Fangruida classic saying. Immature and pessimism can not create the world, only the courage and strength to innovation in the world. World colorful, flowers Tuyan, but that does not mean all the world to disorganized, chaotic disorder. The world and the universe is not chaos to Jiuxing flying, yin and yang imbalance; the world and the universe through its self-regulation, self-compliance with its reasoning, the chaos and gradually establish a new domain. Simply conquer and dominate the world, is purely natural animal beast game; build the world heaven, can be completely freed from the Beast game. Natural human animal is not terrible, terrible is its endless sprawl and expansion, it will allow to create into a ruin, so rational degenerate into evil, let wisdom destruction in stupidity. (Fangruida famous classic) World history is not with petals that can weave together a beautiful wreath, world history throughout human history actually use the compilation of flesh and blood and sweat out of scroll paintings depicting famous classic .----- Fangruida Great natural, great universe, it really is the mother of all mankind and life. Numerous sequences of human history, always natural and ruthlessly presented or presented. Offside and transposition only in the basic sorting sequence appear positive, rebellious or dislocation will be replaced this kind of evolved into a history of bumps and setbacks. In other words, the natural history of mankind is only positive, reverse or reverse does not occur. The difference with this is the natural evolution of the universe sequence, forward and inversion often exchange. Anatomy of the whole human society, which is the anatomical structure of the human body and the whole of nature is closely related to the world of him and the interdependence of social groups and individual tectonic structure. If we say that the universe will collapse to collapse, then that is to say, prior to this human society and self-collapse of extinction. The real danger is not that the hazards and predators, but in human society and human beings defects and significant inhibition and overcome mistakes and I do not know , which will itself lead completely destroyed. Wonderful and fanciful fantasy world is illusory phantom or mirage and reality difficult to build human society is the most real world and can not decline to exist forever. (Fangruida famous classic). The world is not "Superman", the world's only permanent hard work in the vast field of farming labor husband kept it .----(Fangruida famous classic) The sun rises in the east every day, day after day, life swing. Nature has actually been displaced, and human world is also moving in the displacement movement. Earth life can be resurrected in the other planets, it is a gift from God and good luck. Animal world can not rudderless, lions, tigers, wolves, the sheep, horses, geese, monkeys ..... human society is the family of the group, could not disorderly, "the leader, the leading pack ., "Otherwise, everything will do everything to destroy or perish subvert the natural and fundamental law, it is very scary silly deteriorate even in the solar system, the sun is the king of the Ninth; no sun, the earth, the moon will zero. Day after day, year after year, the Earth, the moon, the sun is constantly rotated; life, the human heart is with the rotation of day and night constantly pulsates ...... Seen in this light, Once stagnation, rotating and pulsating, nature and life will be how the outcome, rotating planets and life beat, it does not mean all the success Shengongguifu nature of human society, for him, the rotation will always be unalterable..; The first thing you want to beat is the survival of human life, the human world and the natural world if radical departure, beating of human life and the entire human society will tend to collapse and die. There are a variety of life perception and interpretation, some clear, some obscure, some bright, some dark. In fact, both positive and anti, right and wrong, are left in the world and future generations valuable voice. The struggle of life, wealth, power, fame, status, love, family, career, trying to brilliant pinnacle, everything can not be overstated. In fact, whether or halfway up the mountain to reach the summit, or in the foothills, is a kind of happiness and enjoyment The natural world is always bland, calm as the sea, the human world though a little more luster and warmth, but also in flat calm situation, although sometimes reveal a storm, high Wutu onwards, influence or change their own life trajectory. Creating the world's history, rather, created the first insight into the world of deep eyes of individuals and groups. Absence or lack of such vision and starting line, must be attributed to arrogance and defeat. Thousands of the world, thousands of images. Thousands of pairs of eyes, thousands of hands. Myriad masterpiece, thousands of souls. In this absolutely thousands among the only altars and shrines in addition to the idol, is the soul and sense Money makes the sedative comfort. As everyone knows, regardless of the fate of Jian wrong, the world is still good for the good to suffer for the music, to generate Bo death, repeatedly, during the era of generations, the most common interpretation of the most widespread human history. World often emerged outstanding figures of the gods, can epoch, badly can be interpreted from the myths and legends; but from nature and reality is often absurd theory of a weird or just give up. People out from nature, and not simply out of the world of human society. On the contrary, nature can only come out from nature, but does not come out from the world of human life. (Fangruida famous classic) World sideways look, rainbow Jinxia sky; world bristling see if inverted observed haze over the Thunder, the scene is easy enough, haze Thunder sky, rainbow Jinxia everywhere. And nonsense are raving idiot, proverbs and reason is the only path to truth. The unexamined not create the world, wasted years of mediocrity; only diligent, chest Tao Wu slightly in order to lead the world, innovation in the world. Eternal life is worth, rather than length. The world is mortal beings, not a genius and a saint can substitute the no genius and saints, beings naturally generated, no beings, genius and saints will be gone. No one can accurately predict the future of nature and the world, but human wisdom advanced super location but can draw no less natural universe and human society generally rough image for the future. Even far beyond the vision of God. Human nature is present in higher animals on the natural world, although it has a powerful transformation force wisdom and creativity, but not completely out of nature, after all, a fundamental fantasy or fiction of human nature and animal instinct has been completely isolated gene molecular bodiless not fanaticism is ignorant, because he was not placed in front of infantilism is the first force manic hysteria syndrome. (Fangruida famous classic) This world is the greatest bible, every day opened a new page, the key is how you follow my handwriting writing left by their predecessors various chapters .------ (Fangruida classic saying.) Wine is mellow, as long as there is revelry, pure spring water also exudes good taste. History of the universe, pure natural history of human society history, both the trajectory of human history itself, but also the inevitable process of natural history is full of impassable and escape various blind spots and bane. Neglect or ignore these, will make human society more bizarre history .------- (Fangruida famous classic)

   

Shibuya, Tokyo, Japan

A loom is a device used to weave cloth and tapestry. The basic purpose of any loom is to hold the warp threads under tension to facilitate the interweaving of the weft threads. The precise shape of the loom and its mechanics may vary, but the basic function is the same.

 

ETYMOLOGY

The word "loom" is derived from the Old English geloma, formed from ge-(perfective prefix) and loma, a root of unknown origin; this meant a utensil, tool, or machine of any kind. In 1404 it was used to mean a machine to enable weaving thread into cloth. By 1838, it had gained the meaning of a machine for interlacing thread.

 

WEAVING

Weaving is done by intersecting the longitudinal threads, the warp, i.e. "that which is thrown across", with the transverse threads, the weft, i.e. "that which is woven".

 

The major components of the loom are the warp beam, heddles, harnesses or shafts (as few as two, four is common, sixteen not unheard of), shuttle, reed and takeup roll. In the loom, yarn processing includes shedding, picking, battening and taking-up operations. These are the principal motions.

Shedding. Shedding is the raising of part of the warp yarn to form a shed (the vertical space between the raised and unraised warp yarns), through which the filling yarn, carried by the shuttle, can be inserted, forming the weft. On the modern loom, simple and intricate shedding operations are performed automatically by the heddle or heald frame, also known as a harness. This is a rectangular frame to which a series of wires, called heddles or healds, are attached. The yarns are passed through the eye holes of the heddles, which hang vertically from the harnesses. The weave pattern determines which harness controls which warp yarns, and the number of harnesses used depends on the complexity of the weave. Two common methods of controlling the heddles are dobbies and a Jacquard Head.

 

Picking. As the harnesses raise the heddles or healds, which raise the warp yarns, the shed is created. The filling yarn is inserted through the shed by a small carrier device called a shuttle. The shuttle is normally pointed at each end to allow passage through the shed. In a traditional shuttle loom, the filling yarn is wound onto a quill, which in turn is mounted in the shuttle. The filling yarn emerges through a hole in the shuttle as it moves across the loom. A single crossing of the shuttle from one side of the loom to the other is known as a pick. As the shuttle moves back and forth across the shed, it weaves an edge, or selvage, on each side of the fabric to prevent the fabric from raveling.

Battening. Between the heddles and the takeup roll, the warp threads pass through another frame called the reed (which resembles a comb). The portion of the fabric that has already been formed but not yet rolled up on the takeup roll is called the fell. After the shuttle moves across the loom laying down the fill yarn, the weaver uses the reed to press (or batten) each filling yarn against the fell. Conventional shuttle looms can operate at speeds of about 150 to 160 picks per minute.

 

There are two secondary motions, because with each weaving operation the newly constructed fabric must be wound on a cloth beam. This process is called taking up. At the same time, the warp yarns must be let off or released from the warp beams. To become fully automatic, a loom needs a tertiary motion, the filling stop motion. This will brake the loom if the weft thread breaks. An automatic loom requires 0.125 hp to 0.5 hp to operate.

 

TYPES OF LOOMS

BACK STRAP LOOM

The back strap loom is a simple loom that has its roots in ancient civilizations. It consists of two sticks or bars between which the warps are stretched. One bar is attached to a fixed object and the other to the weaver, usually by means of a strap around the back. The weaver leans back and uses their body weight to tension the loom. On traditional looms, the two main sheds are operated by means of a shed roll over which one set of warps pass, and continuous string heddles which encase each of the warps in the other set. To open the shed controlled by the string heddles, the weaver relaxes tension on the warps and raises the heddles. The other shed is usually opened by simply drawing the shed roll toward the weaver.

 

Both simple and complex textiles can be woven on this loom. Width is limited to how far the weaver can reach from side to side to pass the shuttle. Warp faced textiles, often decorated with intricate pick-up patterns woven in complementary and supplementary warp techniques are woven by indigenous peoples today around the world. They produce such things as belts, ponchos, bags, hatbands and carrying cloths. Supplementary weft patterning and brocading is practiced in many regions. Balanced weaves are also possible on the backstrap loom. Today, commercially produced backstrap loom kits often include a rigid heddle.[

 

WARP-WEIGHTED LOOM

The warp-weighted loom is a vertical loom that may have originated in the Neolithic period. The earliest evidence of warp-weighted looms comes from sites belonging to the Starčevo culture in modern Serbia and Hungary and from late Neolithic sites in Switzerland. This loom was used in Ancient Greece, and spread north and west throughout Europe thereafter. Its defining characteristic is hanging weights (loom weights) which keep bundles of the warp threads taut. Frequently, extra warp thread is wound around the weights. When a weaver has reached the bottom of the available warp, the completed section can be rolled around the top beam, and additional lengths of warp threads can be unwound from the weights to continue. This frees the weaver from vertical size constraint.

 

DRAWLOOM

A drawloom is a hand-loom for weaving figured cloth. In a drawloom, a "figure harness" is used to control each warp thread separately. A drawloom requires two operators, the weaver and an assistant called a "drawboy" to manage the figure harness. The earliest confirmed drawloom fabrics come from the State of Chu and date c. 400 BC. Most scholars attribute the invention of the drawloom to the ancient Chinese, although some speculate an independent invention from ancient Syria since drawloom fabrics found in Dura-Europas are thought to date before 256 AD The draw loom for patterned weaving was invented in ancient China during the Han Dynasty. Chinese weavers and artisans used foot-powered multi-harness looms and jacquard looms for silk weaving and embroidery; both of which were cottage industries with imperial workshops. The Chinese-invented drawloom enhanced and sped up the production of silk and play a significant role in Chinese silk weaving. The loom was later introduced to Persia, India, and Europe.

 

HANDLOOM

A handloom is a simple machine used for weaving. In a wooden vertical-shaft looms, the heddles are fixed in place in the shaft. The warp threads pass alternately through a heddle, and through a space between the heddles (the shed), so that raising the shaft raises half the threads (those passing through the heddles), and lowering the shaft lowers the same threads — the threads passing through the spaces between the heddles remain in place. This was a great invention in the 13th century.

 

FLYING SHUTTLE

Hand weavers could only weave a cloth as wide as their armspan. If cloth needed to be wider, two people would do the task (often this would be an adult with a child). John Kay (1704–1779) patented the flying shuttle in 1733. The weaver held a picking stick that was attached by cords to a device at both ends of the shed. With a flick of the wrist, one cord was pulled and the shuttle was propelled through the shed to the other end with considerable force, speed and efficiency. A flick in the opposite direction and the shuttle was propelled back. A single weaver had control of this motion but the flying shuttle could weave much wider fabric than an arm’s length at much greater speeds than had been achieved with the hand thrown shuttle.

 

The flying shuttle was one of the key developments in weaving that helped fuel the Industrial Revolution. The whole picking motion no longer relied on manual skill and it was just a matter of time before it could be powered.

 

HAUTE-LISSE AND BASSE-LISSE LOOMS

Looms used for weaving traditional tapestry are classified as haute-lisse looms, where the warp is suspended vertically between two rolls. In basse-lisse looms, however, the warp extends horizontally between the two rolls.

 

RIBBON WEAVING

TRADITIONAL LOOMS

Several other types of hand looms exist, including the simple frame loom, pit loom, free-standing loom, and the pegged loom. Each of these can be constructed, and provide work and income in developing economies.

 

POWER LOOMS

Edmund Cartwright built and patented a power loom in 1785, and it was this that was adopted by the nascent cotton industry in England. The silk loom made by Jacques Vaucanson in 1745 operated on the same principles but was not developed further. The invention of the flying shuttle by John Kay was critical to the development of a commercially successful power loom. Cartwright's loom was impractical but the ideas behind it were developed by numerous inventors in the Manchester area of England where, by 1818, there were 32 factories containing 5,732 looms.

 

Horrocks loom was viable, but it was the Roberts Loom in 1830 that marked the turning point. Incremental changes to the three motions continued to be made. The problems of sizing, stop-motions, consistent take-up, and a temple to maintain the width remained. In 1841, Kenworthy and Bullough produced the Lancashire Loom which was self-acting or semi-automatic. This enables a youngster to run six looms at the same time. Thus, for simple calicos, the power loom became more economical to run than the hand loom – with complex patterning that used a dobby or Jacquard head, jobs were still put out to handloom weavers until the 1870s. Incremental changes were made such as the Dickinson Loom, culminating in the Keighley-born inventor Northrop, who was working for the Draper Corporation in Hopedale producing the fully automatic Northrop Loom. This loom recharged the shuttle when the pirn was empty. The Draper E and X models became the leading products from 1909. They were challenged by synthetic fibres such as rayon. By 1942, faster, more efficient, and shuttleless Sulzer and rapier looms had been introduced. Modern industrial looms can weave at 2,000 weft insertions per minute.

 

WEFT INSERTION

Different types of looms are most often defined by the way that the weft, or pick, is inserted into the warp. Many advances in weft insertion have been made in order to make manufactured cloth more cost effective. There are five main types of weft insertion and they are as follows:

 

Shuttle: The first-ever powered looms were shuttle-type looms. Spools of weft are unravelled as the shuttle travels across the shed. This is very similar to projectile methods of weaving, except that the weft spool is stored on the shuttle. These looms are considered obsolete in modern industrial fabric manufacturing because they can only reach a maximum of 300 picks per minute.

Air jet: An air-jet loom uses short quick bursts of compressed air to propel the weft through the shed in order to complete the weave. Air jets are the fastest traditional method of weaving in modern manufacturing and they are able to achieve up to 1,500 picks per minute. However, the amounts of compressed air required to run these looms, as well as the complexity in the way the air jets are positioned, make them more costly than other looms.

Water jet: Water-jet looms use the same principle as air-jet looms, but they take advantage of pressurized water to propel the weft. The advantage of this type of weaving is that water power is cheaper where water is directly available on site. Picks per minute can reach as high as 1,000.

Rapier loom: This type of weaving is very versatile, in that rapier looms can weave using a large variety of threads. There are several types of rapiers, but they all use a hook system attached to a rod or metal band to pass the pick across the shed. These machines regularly reach 700 picks per minute in normal production.

Projectile: Projectile looms utilize an object that is propelled across the shed, usually by spring power, and is guided across the width of the cloth by a series of reeds. The projectile is then removed from the weft fibre and it is returned to the opposite side of the machine so it can get reused. Multiple projectiles are in use in order to increase the pick speed. Maximum speeds on these machines can be as high as 1,050 ppm.

 

SHEDDING

DOBBY LOOMS

A dobby loom is a type of floor loom that controls the whole warp threads using a dobby head. Dobby is a corruption of "draw boy" which refers to the weaver's helpers who used to control the warp thread by pulling on draw threads. A dobby loom is an alternative to a treadle loom, where multiple heddles (shafts) were controlled by foot treadles – one for each heddle.

 

JACQUARD LOOMS

The Jacquard loom is a mechanical loom, invented by Joseph Marie Jacquard in 1801, which simplifies the process of manufacturing textiles with complex patterns such as brocade, damask and matelasse. The loom is controlled by punched cards with punched holes, each row of which corresponds to one row of the design. Multiple rows of holes are punched on each card and the many cards that compose the design of the textile are strung together in order. It is based on earlier inventions by the Frenchmen Basile Bouchon (1725), Jean Baptiste Falcon (1728) and Jacques Vaucanson (1740) To call it a loom is a misnomer, a Jacquard head could be attached to a power loom or a hand loom, the head controlling which warp thread was raised during shedding. Multiple shuttles could be used to control the colour of the weft during picking. The Jacquard loom is the predecessor to the punch card computers of the 19th and 20th centuries.

 

CICULAR LOOMS

A circular loom is used to create a seamless tube of fabric for products such as hosiery, sacks, clothing, fabric hose (such as fire hose) and the like. Circular looms can be small jigs used for circular knitting or large high-speed machines for modern garments. Modern circular looms use up to ten shuttles driven from below in a circular motion by electromagnets for the weft yarns, and cams to control the warp threads. The warps rise and fall with each shuttle passage, unlike the common practice of lifting all of them at once.

 

SYMBOLISM AND CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE

The loom is a symbol of cosmic creation and the structure upon which individual destiny is woven. This symbolism is encapsulated in the ancient Greek myth of Arachne who was changed into a spider by the goddess Athene, who was jealous of her skill at the godlike craft of weaving. In Maya Cultures the goddess Ixchel who is symbolized by the moon, taught the first woman how to weave at the beginning of time.

 

WIKIPEDIA

A loom is a device used to weave cloth and tapestry. The basic purpose of any loom is to hold the warp threads under tension to facilitate the interweaving of the weft threads. The precise shape of the loom and its mechanics may vary, but the basic function is the same.

 

ETYMOLOGY

The word "loom" is derived from the Old English geloma, formed from ge-(perfective prefix) and loma, a root of unknown origin; this meant a utensil, tool, or machine of any kind. In 1404 it was used to mean a machine to enable weaving thread into cloth. By 1838, it had gained the meaning of a machine for interlacing thread.

 

WEAVING

Weaving is done by intersecting the longitudinal threads, the warp, i.e. "that which is thrown across", with the transverse threads, the weft, i.e. "that which is woven".

 

The major components of the loom are the warp beam, heddles, harnesses or shafts (as few as two, four is common, sixteen not unheard of), shuttle, reed and takeup roll. In the loom, yarn processing includes shedding, picking, battening and taking-up operations. These are the principal motions.

Shedding. Shedding is the raising of part of the warp yarn to form a shed (the vertical space between the raised and unraised warp yarns), through which the filling yarn, carried by the shuttle, can be inserted, forming the weft. On the modern loom, simple and intricate shedding operations are performed automatically by the heddle or heald frame, also known as a harness. This is a rectangular frame to which a series of wires, called heddles or healds, are attached. The yarns are passed through the eye holes of the heddles, which hang vertically from the harnesses. The weave pattern determines which harness controls which warp yarns, and the number of harnesses used depends on the complexity of the weave. Two common methods of controlling the heddles are dobbies and a Jacquard Head.

 

Picking. As the harnesses raise the heddles or healds, which raise the warp yarns, the shed is created. The filling yarn is inserted through the shed by a small carrier device called a shuttle. The shuttle is normally pointed at each end to allow passage through the shed. In a traditional shuttle loom, the filling yarn is wound onto a quill, which in turn is mounted in the shuttle. The filling yarn emerges through a hole in the shuttle as it moves across the loom. A single crossing of the shuttle from one side of the loom to the other is known as a pick. As the shuttle moves back and forth across the shed, it weaves an edge, or selvage, on each side of the fabric to prevent the fabric from raveling.

Battening. Between the heddles and the takeup roll, the warp threads pass through another frame called the reed (which resembles a comb). The portion of the fabric that has already been formed but not yet rolled up on the takeup roll is called the fell. After the shuttle moves across the loom laying down the fill yarn, the weaver uses the reed to press (or batten) each filling yarn against the fell. Conventional shuttle looms can operate at speeds of about 150 to 160 picks per minute.

 

There are two secondary motions, because with each weaving operation the newly constructed fabric must be wound on a cloth beam. This process is called taking up. At the same time, the warp yarns must be let off or released from the warp beams. To become fully automatic, a loom needs a tertiary motion, the filling stop motion. This will brake the loom if the weft thread breaks. An automatic loom requires 0.125 hp to 0.5 hp to operate.

 

TYPES OF LOOMS

BACK STRAP LOOM

The back strap loom is a simple loom that has its roots in ancient civilizations. It consists of two sticks or bars between which the warps are stretched. One bar is attached to a fixed object and the other to the weaver, usually by means of a strap around the back. The weaver leans back and uses their body weight to tension the loom. On traditional looms, the two main sheds are operated by means of a shed roll over which one set of warps pass, and continuous string heddles which encase each of the warps in the other set. To open the shed controlled by the string heddles, the weaver relaxes tension on the warps and raises the heddles. The other shed is usually opened by simply drawing the shed roll toward the weaver.

 

Both simple and complex textiles can be woven on this loom. Width is limited to how far the weaver can reach from side to side to pass the shuttle. Warp faced textiles, often decorated with intricate pick-up patterns woven in complementary and supplementary warp techniques are woven by indigenous peoples today around the world. They produce such things as belts, ponchos, bags, hatbands and carrying cloths. Supplementary weft patterning and brocading is practiced in many regions. Balanced weaves are also possible on the backstrap loom. Today, commercially produced backstrap loom kits often include a rigid heddle.[

 

WARP-WEIGHTED LOOM

The warp-weighted loom is a vertical loom that may have originated in the Neolithic period. The earliest evidence of warp-weighted looms comes from sites belonging to the Starčevo culture in modern Serbia and Hungary and from late Neolithic sites in Switzerland. This loom was used in Ancient Greece, and spread north and west throughout Europe thereafter. Its defining characteristic is hanging weights (loom weights) which keep bundles of the warp threads taut. Frequently, extra warp thread is wound around the weights. When a weaver has reached the bottom of the available warp, the completed section can be rolled around the top beam, and additional lengths of warp threads can be unwound from the weights to continue. This frees the weaver from vertical size constraint.

 

DRAWLOOM

A drawloom is a hand-loom for weaving figured cloth. In a drawloom, a "figure harness" is used to control each warp thread separately. A drawloom requires two operators, the weaver and an assistant called a "drawboy" to manage the figure harness. The earliest confirmed drawloom fabrics come from the State of Chu and date c. 400 BC. Most scholars attribute the invention of the drawloom to the ancient Chinese, although some speculate an independent invention from ancient Syria since drawloom fabrics found in Dura-Europas are thought to date before 256 AD The draw loom for patterned weaving was invented in ancient China during the Han Dynasty. Chinese weavers and artisans used foot-powered multi-harness looms and jacquard looms for silk weaving and embroidery; both of which were cottage industries with imperial workshops. The Chinese-invented drawloom enhanced and sped up the production of silk and play a significant role in Chinese silk weaving. The loom was later introduced to Persia, India, and Europe.

 

HANDLOOM

A handloom is a simple machine used for weaving. In a wooden vertical-shaft looms, the heddles are fixed in place in the shaft. The warp threads pass alternately through a heddle, and through a space between the heddles (the shed), so that raising the shaft raises half the threads (those passing through the heddles), and lowering the shaft lowers the same threads — the threads passing through the spaces between the heddles remain in place. This was a great invention in the 13th century.

 

FLYING SHUTTLE

Hand weavers could only weave a cloth as wide as their armspan. If cloth needed to be wider, two people would do the task (often this would be an adult with a child). John Kay (1704–1779) patented the flying shuttle in 1733. The weaver held a picking stick that was attached by cords to a device at both ends of the shed. With a flick of the wrist, one cord was pulled and the shuttle was propelled through the shed to the other end with considerable force, speed and efficiency. A flick in the opposite direction and the shuttle was propelled back. A single weaver had control of this motion but the flying shuttle could weave much wider fabric than an arm’s length at much greater speeds than had been achieved with the hand thrown shuttle.

 

The flying shuttle was one of the key developments in weaving that helped fuel the Industrial Revolution. The whole picking motion no longer relied on manual skill and it was just a matter of time before it could be powered.

 

HAUTE-LISSE AND BASSE-LISSE LOOMS

Looms used for weaving traditional tapestry are classified as haute-lisse looms, where the warp is suspended vertically between two rolls. In basse-lisse looms, however, the warp extends horizontally between the two rolls.

 

RIBBON WEAVING

TRADITIONAL LOOMS

Several other types of hand looms exist, including the simple frame loom, pit loom, free-standing loom, and the pegged loom. Each of these can be constructed, and provide work and income in developing economies.

 

POWER LOOMS

Edmund Cartwright built and patented a power loom in 1785, and it was this that was adopted by the nascent cotton industry in England. The silk loom made by Jacques Vaucanson in 1745 operated on the same principles but was not developed further. The invention of the flying shuttle by John Kay was critical to the development of a commercially successful power loom. Cartwright's loom was impractical but the ideas behind it were developed by numerous inventors in the Manchester area of England where, by 1818, there were 32 factories containing 5,732 looms.

 

Horrocks loom was viable, but it was the Roberts Loom in 1830 that marked the turning point. Incremental changes to the three motions continued to be made. The problems of sizing, stop-motions, consistent take-up, and a temple to maintain the width remained. In 1841, Kenworthy and Bullough produced the Lancashire Loom which was self-acting or semi-automatic. This enables a youngster to run six looms at the same time. Thus, for simple calicos, the power loom became more economical to run than the hand loom – with complex patterning that used a dobby or Jacquard head, jobs were still put out to handloom weavers until the 1870s. Incremental changes were made such as the Dickinson Loom, culminating in the Keighley-born inventor Northrop, who was working for the Draper Corporation in Hopedale producing the fully automatic Northrop Loom. This loom recharged the shuttle when the pirn was empty. The Draper E and X models became the leading products from 1909. They were challenged by synthetic fibres such as rayon. By 1942, faster, more efficient, and shuttleless Sulzer and rapier looms had been introduced. Modern industrial looms can weave at 2,000 weft insertions per minute.

 

WEFT INSERTION

Different types of looms are most often defined by the way that the weft, or pick, is inserted into the warp. Many advances in weft insertion have been made in order to make manufactured cloth more cost effective. There are five main types of weft insertion and they are as follows:

 

Shuttle: The first-ever powered looms were shuttle-type looms. Spools of weft are unravelled as the shuttle travels across the shed. This is very similar to projectile methods of weaving, except that the weft spool is stored on the shuttle. These looms are considered obsolete in modern industrial fabric manufacturing because they can only reach a maximum of 300 picks per minute.

Air jet: An air-jet loom uses short quick bursts of compressed air to propel the weft through the shed in order to complete the weave. Air jets are the fastest traditional method of weaving in modern manufacturing and they are able to achieve up to 1,500 picks per minute. However, the amounts of compressed air required to run these looms, as well as the complexity in the way the air jets are positioned, make them more costly than other looms.

Water jet: Water-jet looms use the same principle as air-jet looms, but they take advantage of pressurized water to propel the weft. The advantage of this type of weaving is that water power is cheaper where water is directly available on site. Picks per minute can reach as high as 1,000.

Rapier loom: This type of weaving is very versatile, in that rapier looms can weave using a large variety of threads. There are several types of rapiers, but they all use a hook system attached to a rod or metal band to pass the pick across the shed. These machines regularly reach 700 picks per minute in normal production.

Projectile: Projectile looms utilize an object that is propelled across the shed, usually by spring power, and is guided across the width of the cloth by a series of reeds. The projectile is then removed from the weft fibre and it is returned to the opposite side of the machine so it can get reused. Multiple projectiles are in use in order to increase the pick speed. Maximum speeds on these machines can be as high as 1,050 ppm.

 

SHEDDING

DOBBY LOOMS

A dobby loom is a type of floor loom that controls the whole warp threads using a dobby head. Dobby is a corruption of "draw boy" which refers to the weaver's helpers who used to control the warp thread by pulling on draw threads. A dobby loom is an alternative to a treadle loom, where multiple heddles (shafts) were controlled by foot treadles – one for each heddle.

 

JACQUARD LOOMS

The Jacquard loom is a mechanical loom, invented by Joseph Marie Jacquard in 1801, which simplifies the process of manufacturing textiles with complex patterns such as brocade, damask and matelasse. The loom is controlled by punched cards with punched holes, each row of which corresponds to one row of the design. Multiple rows of holes are punched on each card and the many cards that compose the design of the textile are strung together in order. It is based on earlier inventions by the Frenchmen Basile Bouchon (1725), Jean Baptiste Falcon (1728) and Jacques Vaucanson (1740) To call it a loom is a misnomer, a Jacquard head could be attached to a power loom or a hand loom, the head controlling which warp thread was raised during shedding. Multiple shuttles could be used to control the colour of the weft during picking. The Jacquard loom is the predecessor to the punch card computers of the 19th and 20th centuries.

 

CICULAR LOOMS

A circular loom is used to create a seamless tube of fabric for products such as hosiery, sacks, clothing, fabric hose (such as fire hose) and the like. Circular looms can be small jigs used for circular knitting or large high-speed machines for modern garments. Modern circular looms use up to ten shuttles driven from below in a circular motion by electromagnets for the weft yarns, and cams to control the warp threads. The warps rise and fall with each shuttle passage, unlike the common practice of lifting all of them at once.

 

SYMBOLISM AND CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE

The loom is a symbol of cosmic creation and the structure upon which individual destiny is woven. This symbolism is encapsulated in the ancient Greek myth of Arachne who was changed into a spider by the goddess Athene, who was jealous of her skill at the godlike craft of weaving. In Maya Cultures the goddess Ixchel who is symbolized by the moon, taught the first woman how to weave at the beginning of time.

 

WIKIPEDIA

A loom is a device used to weave cloth and tapestry. The basic purpose of any loom is to hold the warp threads under tension to facilitate the interweaving of the weft threads. The precise shape of the loom and its mechanics may vary, but the basic function is the same.

 

ETYMOLOGY

The word "loom" is derived from the Old English geloma, formed from ge-(perfective prefix) and loma, a root of unknown origin; this meant a utensil, tool, or machine of any kind. In 1404 it was used to mean a machine to enable weaving thread into cloth. By 1838, it had gained the meaning of a machine for interlacing thread.

 

WEAVING

Weaving is done by intersecting the longitudinal threads, the warp, i.e. "that which is thrown across", with the transverse threads, the weft, i.e. "that which is woven".

 

The major components of the loom are the warp beam, heddles, harnesses or shafts (as few as two, four is common, sixteen not unheard of), shuttle, reed and takeup roll. In the loom, yarn processing includes shedding, picking, battening and taking-up operations. These are the principal motions.

Shedding. Shedding is the raising of part of the warp yarn to form a shed (the vertical space between the raised and unraised warp yarns), through which the filling yarn, carried by the shuttle, can be inserted, forming the weft. On the modern loom, simple and intricate shedding operations are performed automatically by the heddle or heald frame, also known as a harness. This is a rectangular frame to which a series of wires, called heddles or healds, are attached. The yarns are passed through the eye holes of the heddles, which hang vertically from the harnesses. The weave pattern determines which harness controls which warp yarns, and the number of harnesses used depends on the complexity of the weave. Two common methods of controlling the heddles are dobbies and a Jacquard Head.

 

Picking. As the harnesses raise the heddles or healds, which raise the warp yarns, the shed is created. The filling yarn is inserted through the shed by a small carrier device called a shuttle. The shuttle is normally pointed at each end to allow passage through the shed. In a traditional shuttle loom, the filling yarn is wound onto a quill, which in turn is mounted in the shuttle. The filling yarn emerges through a hole in the shuttle as it moves across the loom. A single crossing of the shuttle from one side of the loom to the other is known as a pick. As the shuttle moves back and forth across the shed, it weaves an edge, or selvage, on each side of the fabric to prevent the fabric from raveling.

Battening. Between the heddles and the takeup roll, the warp threads pass through another frame called the reed (which resembles a comb). The portion of the fabric that has already been formed but not yet rolled up on the takeup roll is called the fell. After the shuttle moves across the loom laying down the fill yarn, the weaver uses the reed to press (or batten) each filling yarn against the fell. Conventional shuttle looms can operate at speeds of about 150 to 160 picks per minute.

 

There are two secondary motions, because with each weaving operation the newly constructed fabric must be wound on a cloth beam. This process is called taking up. At the same time, the warp yarns must be let off or released from the warp beams. To become fully automatic, a loom needs a tertiary motion, the filling stop motion. This will brake the loom if the weft thread breaks. An automatic loom requires 0.125 hp to 0.5 hp to operate.

 

TYPES OF LOOMS

BACK STRAP LOOM

The back strap loom is a simple loom that has its roots in ancient civilizations. It consists of two sticks or bars between which the warps are stretched. One bar is attached to a fixed object and the other to the weaver, usually by means of a strap around the back. The weaver leans back and uses their body weight to tension the loom. On traditional looms, the two main sheds are operated by means of a shed roll over which one set of warps pass, and continuous string heddles which encase each of the warps in the other set. To open the shed controlled by the string heddles, the weaver relaxes tension on the warps and raises the heddles. The other shed is usually opened by simply drawing the shed roll toward the weaver.

 

Both simple and complex textiles can be woven on this loom. Width is limited to how far the weaver can reach from side to side to pass the shuttle. Warp faced textiles, often decorated with intricate pick-up patterns woven in complementary and supplementary warp techniques are woven by indigenous peoples today around the world. They produce such things as belts, ponchos, bags, hatbands and carrying cloths. Supplementary weft patterning and brocading is practiced in many regions. Balanced weaves are also possible on the backstrap loom. Today, commercially produced backstrap loom kits often include a rigid heddle.[

 

WARP-WEIGHTED LOOM

The warp-weighted loom is a vertical loom that may have originated in the Neolithic period. The earliest evidence of warp-weighted looms comes from sites belonging to the Starčevo culture in modern Serbia and Hungary and from late Neolithic sites in Switzerland. This loom was used in Ancient Greece, and spread north and west throughout Europe thereafter. Its defining characteristic is hanging weights (loom weights) which keep bundles of the warp threads taut. Frequently, extra warp thread is wound around the weights. When a weaver has reached the bottom of the available warp, the completed section can be rolled around the top beam, and additional lengths of warp threads can be unwound from the weights to continue. This frees the weaver from vertical size constraint.

 

DRAWLOOM

A drawloom is a hand-loom for weaving figured cloth. In a drawloom, a "figure harness" is used to control each warp thread separately. A drawloom requires two operators, the weaver and an assistant called a "drawboy" to manage the figure harness. The earliest confirmed drawloom fabrics come from the State of Chu and date c. 400 BC. Most scholars attribute the invention of the drawloom to the ancient Chinese, although some speculate an independent invention from ancient Syria since drawloom fabrics found in Dura-Europas are thought to date before 256 AD The draw loom for patterned weaving was invented in ancient China during the Han Dynasty. Chinese weavers and artisans used foot-powered multi-harness looms and jacquard looms for silk weaving and embroidery; both of which were cottage industries with imperial workshops. The Chinese-invented drawloom enhanced and sped up the production of silk and play a significant role in Chinese silk weaving. The loom was later introduced to Persia, India, and Europe.

 

HANDLOOM

A handloom is a simple machine used for weaving. In a wooden vertical-shaft looms, the heddles are fixed in place in the shaft. The warp threads pass alternately through a heddle, and through a space between the heddles (the shed), so that raising the shaft raises half the threads (those passing through the heddles), and lowering the shaft lowers the same threads — the threads passing through the spaces between the heddles remain in place. This was a great invention in the 13th century.

 

FLYING SHUTTLE

Hand weavers could only weave a cloth as wide as their armspan. If cloth needed to be wider, two people would do the task (often this would be an adult with a child). John Kay (1704–1779) patented the flying shuttle in 1733. The weaver held a picking stick that was attached by cords to a device at both ends of the shed. With a flick of the wrist, one cord was pulled and the shuttle was propelled through the shed to the other end with considerable force, speed and efficiency. A flick in the opposite direction and the shuttle was propelled back. A single weaver had control of this motion but the flying shuttle could weave much wider fabric than an arm’s length at much greater speeds than had been achieved with the hand thrown shuttle.

 

The flying shuttle was one of the key developments in weaving that helped fuel the Industrial Revolution. The whole picking motion no longer relied on manual skill and it was just a matter of time before it could be powered.

 

HAUTE-LISSE AND BASSE-LISSE LOOMS

Looms used for weaving traditional tapestry are classified as haute-lisse looms, where the warp is suspended vertically between two rolls. In basse-lisse looms, however, the warp extends horizontally between the two rolls.

 

RIBBON WEAVING

TRADITIONAL LOOMS

Several other types of hand looms exist, including the simple frame loom, pit loom, free-standing loom, and the pegged loom. Each of these can be constructed, and provide work and income in developing economies.

 

POWER LOOMS

Edmund Cartwright built and patented a power loom in 1785, and it was this that was adopted by the nascent cotton industry in England. The silk loom made by Jacques Vaucanson in 1745 operated on the same principles but was not developed further. The invention of the flying shuttle by John Kay was critical to the development of a commercially successful power loom. Cartwright's loom was impractical but the ideas behind it were developed by numerous inventors in the Manchester area of England where, by 1818, there were 32 factories containing 5,732 looms.

 

Horrocks loom was viable, but it was the Roberts Loom in 1830 that marked the turning point. Incremental changes to the three motions continued to be made. The problems of sizing, stop-motions, consistent take-up, and a temple to maintain the width remained. In 1841, Kenworthy and Bullough produced the Lancashire Loom which was self-acting or semi-automatic. This enables a youngster to run six looms at the same time. Thus, for simple calicos, the power loom became more economical to run than the hand loom – with complex patterning that used a dobby or Jacquard head, jobs were still put out to handloom weavers until the 1870s. Incremental changes were made such as the Dickinson Loom, culminating in the Keighley-born inventor Northrop, who was working for the Draper Corporation in Hopedale producing the fully automatic Northrop Loom. This loom recharged the shuttle when the pirn was empty. The Draper E and X models became the leading products from 1909. They were challenged by synthetic fibres such as rayon. By 1942, faster, more efficient, and shuttleless Sulzer and rapier looms had been introduced. Modern industrial looms can weave at 2,000 weft insertions per minute.

 

WEFT INSERTION

Different types of looms are most often defined by the way that the weft, or pick, is inserted into the warp. Many advances in weft insertion have been made in order to make manufactured cloth more cost effective. There are five main types of weft insertion and they are as follows:

 

Shuttle: The first-ever powered looms were shuttle-type looms. Spools of weft are unravelled as the shuttle travels across the shed. This is very similar to projectile methods of weaving, except that the weft spool is stored on the shuttle. These looms are considered obsolete in modern industrial fabric manufacturing because they can only reach a maximum of 300 picks per minute.

Air jet: An air-jet loom uses short quick bursts of compressed air to propel the weft through the shed in order to complete the weave. Air jets are the fastest traditional method of weaving in modern manufacturing and they are able to achieve up to 1,500 picks per minute. However, the amounts of compressed air required to run these looms, as well as the complexity in the way the air jets are positioned, make them more costly than other looms.

Water jet: Water-jet looms use the same principle as air-jet looms, but they take advantage of pressurized water to propel the weft. The advantage of this type of weaving is that water power is cheaper where water is directly available on site. Picks per minute can reach as high as 1,000.

Rapier loom: This type of weaving is very versatile, in that rapier looms can weave using a large variety of threads. There are several types of rapiers, but they all use a hook system attached to a rod or metal band to pass the pick across the shed. These machines regularly reach 700 picks per minute in normal production.

Projectile: Projectile looms utilize an object that is propelled across the shed, usually by spring power, and is guided across the width of the cloth by a series of reeds. The projectile is then removed from the weft fibre and it is returned to the opposite side of the machine so it can get reused. Multiple projectiles are in use in order to increase the pick speed. Maximum speeds on these machines can be as high as 1,050 ppm.

 

SHEDDING

DOBBY LOOMS

A dobby loom is a type of floor loom that controls the whole warp threads using a dobby head. Dobby is a corruption of "draw boy" which refers to the weaver's helpers who used to control the warp thread by pulling on draw threads. A dobby loom is an alternative to a treadle loom, where multiple heddles (shafts) were controlled by foot treadles – one for each heddle.

 

JACQUARD LOOMS

The Jacquard loom is a mechanical loom, invented by Joseph Marie Jacquard in 1801, which simplifies the process of manufacturing textiles with complex patterns such as brocade, damask and matelasse. The loom is controlled by punched cards with punched holes, each row of which corresponds to one row of the design. Multiple rows of holes are punched on each card and the many cards that compose the design of the textile are strung together in order. It is based on earlier inventions by the Frenchmen Basile Bouchon (1725), Jean Baptiste Falcon (1728) and Jacques Vaucanson (1740) To call it a loom is a misnomer, a Jacquard head could be attached to a power loom or a hand loom, the head controlling which warp thread was raised during shedding. Multiple shuttles could be used to control the colour of the weft during picking. The Jacquard loom is the predecessor to the punch card computers of the 19th and 20th centuries.

 

CICULAR LOOMS

A circular loom is used to create a seamless tube of fabric for products such as hosiery, sacks, clothing, fabric hose (such as fire hose) and the like. Circular looms can be small jigs used for circular knitting or large high-speed machines for modern garments. Modern circular looms use up to ten shuttles driven from below in a circular motion by electromagnets for the weft yarns, and cams to control the warp threads. The warps rise and fall with each shuttle passage, unlike the common practice of lifting all of them at once.

 

SYMBOLISM AND CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE

The loom is a symbol of cosmic creation and the structure upon which individual destiny is woven. This symbolism is encapsulated in the ancient Greek myth of Arachne who was changed into a spider by the goddess Athene, who was jealous of her skill at the godlike craft of weaving. In Maya Cultures the goddess Ixchel who is symbolized by the moon, taught the first woman how to weave at the beginning of time.

 

WIKIPEDIA

VERY PRECISE Socks

This precise wyvern is one of the treasures of the Ben-Amian forest. It is one of the most rear of all the wyvern's. It's beard is of pure christal and her eyes are of it too. It's a very fearfull creature, but loving and nice. Because of it's value people want to catch it ant kill it. And now its the wyvern of Rolof the Wizard.

I found this "vertical pin" and then horizontal pin right next to it and sewing from this side so the needle went in the join made the pointy bits, more point

“Joseph G. Gavin Jr. (September 18, 1920 – October 30, 2010) was an American engineer responsible for the development of the Lunar Module used in the Apollo program, as well as president, chief operating officer and chairman of the executive committee of the Grumman Corporation.

 

He was director of the Lunar Module program for Apollo. In that capacity he managed the team of 7,500 people which oversaw landing of the lunar module on the Sea of Tranquility on the Moon, on July 20, 1969. He was also critical to saving the Apollo 13 mission. Gavin was also in charge of development of Orbiting Astronomical Observatory at Grumman.

 

In 1971, Gavin received NASA's Distinguished Public Service Medal for his role in resolving the Apollo 13 crisis.  He was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 1974 "for leadership in the design and the production of the Apollo Lunar Module". Neil Armstrong called him a "highly regarded aerospace engineer".”

 

Above at/from:

 

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_G._Gavin_Jr

Credit Wikipedia

 

Understandably, there is no shortage of material on Mr. Gavin. A few below:

 

www.collectspace.com/ubb/Forum38/HTML/001241.html

Credit: collectSPACE website

 

news.mit.edu/2010/obit-gavin

Credit: MIT News website

 

Excellent reading:

 

historycollection.jsc.nasa.gov/JSCHistoryPortal/history/o...

 

Excellent reading

 

www.andrewerickson.com/2019/07/my-apollo-11-50th-annivers...

Credit: Andrew S. Erickson website

 

www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/static/history/alsj/LM16_...

Credit: ALSJ website

 

Excellent reading:

 

infinite.mit.edu/video/joe-gavin-%E2%80%9C-lunar-module-d...

Credit: “Infinite MIT” website

 

While I’m no expert on Mr. Gavin’s autograph/signature, I have no reason to doubt its authenticity. Although the strokes are sort of chopped, I don’t think it’s an autopen. It’s just not a flowing type of signature style.

The rocket on the wall is AS-201.

i0.wp.com/www.drewexmachina.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/0...

Credit: Andrew LePage/Drew Ex Machina blog/website

 

The Lunar Module model on the desk looks to be that manufactured by Precise Models, Inc., of Elyria, Ohio, where I grew up. Wearing his GAEC ID badge, it’s logical to assume this photo was taken at GAEC headquarters in Bethpage, Long Island, New York.

 

Minor handling marks along the right border & "bumped" lower right corner do not detract. Of superb gloss.

My Second vintage camera in as many months. This is a dangerous trend!

(see comparison below)

Painting Cabinet 6

Rachel Ruysch (1664 - 1750), worked in Amsterdam

Fruit still life with stag beetle and chaffinch nest, 1717

Oil on canvas

Staatliche Kunsthalle Karlsruhe

Rachel Ruysch was from 1708 to 1717 court painter of the Elector Johann Wilhelm of the Palatinate. A year later, arose this still life with fruits, insects and reptiles. Extremely precise reproduced, it refers to a detailed study of nature and the cycle of growth and decay. Both the painter has likely first met through her father's profession. Frederick Ruysch was professor of anatomy and botany in Amsterdam.

 

Malereikabinett 6

Rachel Ruysch (1664 - 1750), tätig in Amsterdam

Fruchtstillleben mit Hirschkäfer und Buchfinkennest, 1717

Öl auf Leinwand

Staatliche Kunsthalle Karlsruhe

Rachel Ruysch war von 1708 bis 1717 Hofmalerin des Kurfürsten Johann Wilhelm von der Pfalz. Ein Jahr später entstand dieses Stillleben mit Früchten, Insekten und Reptilien. Äußerst präzise wiedergegeben, verweist es auf ein genaues Studium der Natur und auf den Kreislauf von Werden und Vergehen. Beides dürfte die Malerin zuerst durch den Beruf ihres Vaters kennengelernt haben. Frederick Ruysch war Professor für Anatomie und Botanik in Amsterdam.

 

Collection

The foundation of the collection consists of 205 mostly French and Dutch paintings from the 17th and 18th centuries which Margravine Karoline Luise acquired 1759-1776. From this collection originate significant works, such as The portrait of a young man by Frans van Mieris the Elder, The winter landscape with lime kiln of Nicolaes Pieterszoon Berchem, The Lacemaker by Gerard Dou, the Still Life with hunting equipment and dead partridge of Willem van Aelst, The Peace in the Chicken yard by Melchior de Hondecoeter as well as a self-portrait by Rembrandt van Rijn. In addition, four still lifes of Jean Siméon Chardin and two pastoral scenes by François Boucher, having been commissioned directly by the Marchioness from artists.

A first significant expansion the museum received in 1858 by the collection of canon Johann Baptist von Hirscher (1788-1865) with works of religious art of the 15th and 16th centuries. This group includes works such as two tablets of the Sterzinger altar and the wing fragment The sacramental blessing of Bartholomew Zeitblom. From 1899 to 1920, the native of Baden painter Hans Thoma held the position of Director of the Kunsthalle. He acquired old masterly paintings as the tauberbischofsheim altarpiece by Matthias Grünewald and drove the expansion of the collection with art of the 19th century forward. Only his successors expanded the holdings of the Art Gallery with works of Impressionism and the following generations of artists.

The permanent exhibition in the main building includes approximately 800 paintings and sculptures. Among the outstanding works of art of the Department German painters of the late Gothic and Renaissance are the Christ as Man of Sorrows by Albrecht Dürer, the Carrying of the Cross and the Crucifixion by Matthias Grünewald, Maria with the Child by Lucas Cranach the Elder, the portrait of Sebastian Brant by Hans Burgkmair the elder and The Nativity of Hans Baldung. Whose Margrave panel due to property disputes in 2006 made it in the headlines and also led to political conflicts. One of the biggest buying successes which a German museum in the postwar period was able to land concerns the successive acquisition of six of the seven known pieces of a Passion altar in 1450 - the notname of the artist after this work "Master of the Karlsruhe Passion" - a seventh piece is located in German public ownership (Wallraf-Richartz Museum, Cologne).

In the department of Dutch and Flemish paintings of the 16th century can be found, in addition to the aforementioned works, the portrait of the Marchesa Veronica Spinola Doria by Peter Paul Rubens, Moses strikes the rock and water flows for the thirsty people of Israel of Jacob Jordaens, the still life with kitchen tools and foods of Frans Snyders, the village festival of David Teniers the younger, the still life with lemon, oranges and filled clay pot by Willem Kalf, a Young couple having breakfast by Gabriel Metsu, in the bedroom of Pieter de Hooch, the great group of trees at the waterfront of Jacob Izaaksoon van Ruisdael, a river landscape with a milkmaid of Aelbert Jacobsz. Cuyp as well as a trompe-l'œil still life of Samuel van Hoogstraten.

Further examples of French paintings of the 17th and 18th centuries are, the adoration of the golden calf of Claude Lorrain, preparations for dance class of the Le Nain brothers, the portrait of Marshal Charles-Auguste de Matignon by Hyacinthe Rigaud, the portrait of a young nobleman in hunting costume of Nicolas de Largillière, The storm of Claude Joseph Vernet and The minuet of Nicolas Lancret. From the 19th century can be found with Rocky wooded valley at Civita Castellana by Gustave Courbet, The Lamentation of Eugène Delacroix, the children portrait Le petit Lange of Édouard Manet, the portrait of Madame Jeantaud by Edgar Degas, the landscape June morning near Pontoise by Camille Pissarro, homes in Le Pouldu Paul Gauguin and views to the sea at L'Estaque by Paul Cézanne further works of French artists at Kunsthalle.

One focus of the collection is the German painting and sculpture of the 19th century. From Joseph Anton Koch, the Kunsthalle possesses a Heroic landscape with rainbow, from Georg Friedrich Kersting the painting The painter Gerhard Kügelgen in his studio, from Caspar David Friedrich the landscape rocky reef on the sea beach and from Karl Blechen view to the Monastery of Santa Scolastica. Other important works of this department are the disruption of Adolph Menzel as well as the young self-portrait, the portrait Nanna Risi and The Banquet of Plato of Anselm Feuerbach.

For the presentation of the complex of oeuvres by Hans Thoma, a whole wing in 1909 at the Kunsthalle was installed. Main oeuvres of the arts are, for example, the genre picture The siblings as well as, created on behalf of the grand-ducal family, Thoma Chapel with its religious themes.

Of the German contemporaries of Hans Thoma, Max Liebermann on the beach of Noordwijk and Lovis Corinth with a portrait of his wife in the museum are represented. Furthermore the Kunsthalle owns works by Ferdinand Georg Waldmüller, Carl Spitzweg, Arnold Böcklin, Hans von Marées, Wilhelm Leibl, Fritz von Uhde, Wilhelm Trübner and Max Klinger.

In the building of the adjacent Orangerie works of the collection and new acquisitions from the years after 1952 can be seen. In two integrated graphics cabinets the Kupferstichkabinett (gallery of prints) gives insight into its inventory of contemporary art on paper. From the period after 1945, the works Arabs with footprints by Jean Dubuffet, Sponge Relief RE 48; Sol. 1960 by Yves Klein, Honoring the square: Yellow center of Josef Albers, the cityscape F by Gerhard Richter and the Fixe idea by Georg Baselitz in the Kunsthalle. The collection of classical modernism wandered into the main building. Examples of paintings from the period to 1945 are The Eiffel Tower by Robert Delaunay, the Improvisation 13 by Wassily Kandinsky, Deers in the Forest II by Franz Marc, People at the Blue lake of August Macke, the self-portrait The painter of Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, the Merzpicture 21b by Kurt Schwitters, the forest of Max Ernst, Tower gate II by Lyonel Feininger, the Seven Deadly Sins of Otto Dix and the removal of the Sphinxes by Max Beckmann. In addition, the museum regularly shows special exhibitions.

 

Sammlung

Den Grundstock der Sammlung bilden 205 meist französische und niederländische Gemälde des 17. und 18. Jahrhunderts, welche Markgräfin Karoline Luise zwischen 1759 und 1776 erwarb. Aus dieser Sammlung stammen bedeutende Arbeiten, wie das Bildnis eines jungen Mannes von Frans van Mieris der Ältere, die Winterlandschaft mit Kalkofen von Nicolaes Pieterszoon Berchem, Die Spitzenklöpplerin von Gerard Dou, das Stillleben mit Jagdgeräten und totem Rebhuhn von Willem van Aelst, Der Friede im Hühnerhof von Melchior de Hondecoeter sowie ein Selbstbildnis von Rembrandt van Rijn. Hinzu kommen vier Stillleben von Jean Siméon Chardin und zwei Schäferszenen von François Boucher, die die Markgräfin bei Künstlern direkt in Auftrag gegeben hatte.

Eine erste wesentliche Erweiterung erhielt das Museum 1858 durch die Sammlung des Domkapitulars Johann Baptist von Hirscher (1788–1865) mit Werken religiöser Kunst des 15. und 16. Jahrhunderts. Zu dieser Gruppe gehören Werke wie zwei Tafeln des Sterzinger Altars und das Flügelfragment Der sakramentale Segen von Bartholomäus Zeitblom. Von 1899 bis 1920 bekleidete der aus Baden stammende Maler Hans Thoma die Position des Direktors der Kunsthalle. Er erwarb altmeisterliche Gemälde wie den Tauberbischofsheimer Altar von Matthias Grünewald und trieb den Ausbau der Sammlung mit Kunst des 19. Jahrhunderts voran. Erst seine Nachfolger erweiterten die Bestände der Kunsthalle um Werke des Impressionismus und der folgenden Künstlergenerationen.

Die Dauerausstellung im Hauptgebäude umfasst rund 800 Gemälde und Skulpturen. Zu den herausragenden Kunstwerken der Abteilung deutsche Maler der Spätgotik und Renaissance gehören der Christus als Schmerzensmann von Albrecht Dürer, die Kreuztragung und Kreuzigung von Matthias Grünewald, Maria mit dem Kinde von Lucas Cranach der Ältere, das Bildnis Sebastian Brants von Hans Burgkmair der Ältere und die Die Geburt Christi von Hans Baldung. Dessen Markgrafentafel geriet durch Eigentumsstreitigkeiten 2006 in die Schlagzeilen und führte auch zu politischen Auseinandersetzungen. Einer der größten Ankaufserfolge, welche ein deutsches Museum in der Nachkriegszeit verbuchen konnte, betrifft den sukzessiven Erwerb von sechs der sieben bekannten Tafeln eines Passionsaltars um 1450 – der Notname des Malers nach diesem Werk „Meister der Karlsruher Passion“ – eine siebte Tafel befindet sich in deutschem öffentlichen Besitz (Wallraf-Richartz Museum, Köln).

In der Abteilung niederländischer und flämischer Malerei des 16. Jahrhunderts finden sich, neben den erwähnten Werken, das Bildnis der Marchesa Veronica Spinola Doria von Peter Paul Rubens, Moses schlägt Wasser aus dem Felsen von Jacob Jordaens, das Stillleben mit Küchengeräten und Lebensmitteln von Frans Snyders, das Dorffest von David Teniers dem Jüngeren, das Stillleben mit Zitrone, Orangen und gefülltem Römer von Willem Kalf, ein Junges Paar beim Frühstück von Gabriel Metsu, Im Schlafzimmer von Pieter de Hooch, die Große Baumgruppe am Wasser von Jacob Izaaksoon van Ruisdael, eine Flusslandschaft mit Melkerin von Aelbert Jacobsz. Cuyp sowie ein Augenbetrüger-Stillleben von Samuel van Hoogstraten.

Weitere Beispiele französischer Malerei des 17. bzw. 18. Jahrhunderts sind Die Anbetung des Goldeen Kalbes von Claude Lorrain, die Vorbereitung zur Tanzstunde der Brüder Le Nain, das Bildnis des Marschalls Charles-Auguste de Matignon von Hyacinthe Rigaud, das Bildnis eines jungen Edelmannes im Jagdkostüm von Nicolas de Largillière, Der Sturm von Claude Joseph Vernet und Das Menuett von Nicolas Lancret. Aus dem 19. Jahrhundert finden sich mit Felsiges Waldtal bei Cività Castellana von Gustave Courbet, Die Beweinung Christi von Eugène Delacroix, dem Kinderbildnis Le petit Lange von Édouard Manet, dem Bildnis der Madame Jeantaud von Edgar Degas, dem Landschaftsbild Junimorgen bei Pontoise von Camille Pissarro, Häuser in Le Pouldu von Paul Gauguin und Blick auf das Meer bei L’Estaque von Paul Cézanne weitere Arbeiten französischer Künstler in der Kunsthalle.

Einen Schwerpunkt der Sammlung bildet die deutsche Malerei und Skulptur des 19. Jahrhunderts. Von Joseph Anton Koch besitzt die Kunsthalle eine Heroische Landschaft mit Regenbogen, von Georg Friedrich Kersting das Gemälde Der Maler Gerhard Kügelgen in seinem Atelier, von Caspar David Friedrich das Landschaftsbild Felsenriff am Meeresstrand und von Karl Blechen den Blick auf das Kloster Santa Scolastica. Weitere bedeutende Werke dieser Abteilung sind Die Störung von Adolph Menzel sowie das Jugendliche Selbstbildnis, das Bildnis Nanna Risi und Das Gastmahl des Plato von Anselm Feuerbach.

Für die Präsentation des Werkkomplexes von Hans Thoma wurde 1909 in der Kunsthalle ein ganzer Gebäudetrakt errichtet. Hauptwerke des Künstlers sind etwa das Genrebild Die Geschwister sowie die, im Auftrag der großherzöglichen Familie geschaffene, Thoma-Kapelle mit ihren religiösen Themen.

Von den deutschen Zeitgenossen Hans Thomas sind Max Liebermann mit Am Strand von Noordwijk und Lovis Corinth mit einem Bildnis seiner Frau im Museum vertreten. Darüber hinaus besitzt die Kunsthalle Werke von Ferdinand Georg Waldmüller, Carl Spitzweg, Arnold Böcklin, Hans von Marées, Wilhelm Leibl, Fritz von Uhde, Wilhelm Trübner und Max Klinger.

Im Gebäude der benachbarten Orangerie sind Werke der Sammlung und Neuankäufe aus den Jahren nach 1952 zu sehen. In zwei integrierten Grafikkabinetten gibt das Kupferstichkabinett Einblick in seinen Bestand zeitgenössischer Kunst auf Papier. Aus der Zeit nach 1945 finden sich die Arbeiten Araber mit Fußspuren von Jean Dubuffet, Schwammrelief >RE 48:Sol.1960< von Yves Klein, Ehrung des Quadrates: Gelbes Zentrum von Josef Albers, das Stadtbild F von Gerhard Richter und die Fixe Idee von Georg Baselitz in der Kunsthalle. Die Sammlung der Klassischen Moderne wanderte in das Hauptgebäude. Beispiele für Gemälde aus der Zeit bis 1945 sind Der Eiffelturm von Robert Delaunay, die Improvisation 13 von Wassily Kandinsky, Rehe im Wald II von Franz Marc, Leute am blauen See von August Macke, das Selbstbildnis Der Maler von Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, das Merzbild 21b von Kurt Schwitters, Der Wald von Max Ernst, Torturm II von Lyonel Feininger, Die Sieben Todsünden von Otto Dix und der Abtransport der Sphinxe von Max Beckmann. Darüber hinaus zeigt das Museum regelmäßig Sonderausstellungen.

de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staatliche_Kunsthalle_Karlsruhe

The first Ford Capri to bear that precise name was introduced in January 1969 at the Brussels Motor Show, with sales starting the following month. The intention was to reproduce in Europe the success Ford had had with the North American Ford Mustang; to produce a European pony car. It was mechanically based on the Cortina and built in Europe at the Dagenham and Halewood plants in the United Kingdom, the Genk plant in Belgium, and the Saarlouis and Cologne plants in Germany. The car was named Colt during development stage, but Ford were unable to use the name, as it was trademarked by Mitsubishi.

 

(Wikipedia)

 

- - -

 

Der Capri wurde im Januar 1969 auf dem Brüsseler Autosalon offiziell präsentiert, der Verkauf begann im Februar. Mit dem Capri wollte Ford den Erfolg, den das Unternehmen mit dem Ford Mustang in den USA erzielt hatte, in Europa wiederholen und eine Art europäisches „Pony Car“ anbieten. Das Fahrwerk wurde vom englischen Ford Cortina übernommen, die Motoren zum Teil vom deutschen Ford Taunus. Hergestellt wurde er in den britischen Werken Dagenham und Halewood, im belgischen Genk und in den deutschen Ford-Fabriken Saarlouis und Köln. Der Entwicklungsname des Capri lautete Colt; da der Name aber rechtlich von Mitsubishi geschützt war, konnte Ford ihn für sein Serienmodell nicht verwenden.

 

(Wikipedia)

This photo is GEOTAGGED. Check it on the map! (Precise GPS coordinates, too!)

 

This is my first real photo walk in more than three months. Holy crap. Two reasons for the holy crap - that is: Drunk people make EXCELLENT spokespeople and publicity for my photography, and two: Oh, how I miss being creative! I'm not generally one to toot my own horn, but I am really pleased with the way this shot turned out. Single exposure. Minor edits (sharpening, contrast).

 

The 7D is really performing well, and I'm totally glad I bought that, instead of going with the 5DMKII (though that is technically a better camera, I wouldn't be able to use anything wider than 50mm, due to my lens selection).

 

I was really starting to get bored with Australia, after tonight (more photos to come in later days), I definitely wish I was staying longer (in this city anyway). Australia's a big country. I've got to keep moving!

 

On a side note, the weather has been so excellent down here and I'm pretty sure wedding planners caught on. I was walking down under the bridge earlier this evening, and back up to the backpackers I'm staying at, and along the way there were (literally) at least ten sets of brides and grooms gettin' hitched. Really, I'm happy for them, but can we get a little more original? Seriously?

 

On a second side note: My photo-excursion tunage. It's heavy and hard to listen to at first. It gets cool (though I think it's cool all the way through). Here.

 

Enjoy!

staying inside the lines is the name of his game

A loom is a device used to weave cloth and tapestry. The basic purpose of any loom is to hold the warp threads under tension to facilitate the interweaving of the weft threads. The precise shape of the loom and its mechanics may vary, but the basic function is the same.

 

ETYMOLOGY

The word "loom" is derived from the Old English geloma, formed from ge-(perfective prefix) and loma, a root of unknown origin; this meant a utensil, tool, or machine of any kind. In 1404 it was used to mean a machine to enable weaving thread into cloth. By 1838, it had gained the meaning of a machine for interlacing thread.

 

WEAVING

Weaving is done by intersecting the longitudinal threads, the warp, i.e. "that which is thrown across", with the transverse threads, the weft, i.e. "that which is woven".

 

The major components of the loom are the warp beam, heddles, harnesses or shafts (as few as two, four is common, sixteen not unheard of), shuttle, reed and takeup roll. In the loom, yarn processing includes shedding, picking, battening and taking-up operations. These are the principal motions.

Shedding. Shedding is the raising of part of the warp yarn to form a shed (the vertical space between the raised and unraised warp yarns), through which the filling yarn, carried by the shuttle, can be inserted, forming the weft. On the modern loom, simple and intricate shedding operations are performed automatically by the heddle or heald frame, also known as a harness. This is a rectangular frame to which a series of wires, called heddles or healds, are attached. The yarns are passed through the eye holes of the heddles, which hang vertically from the harnesses. The weave pattern determines which harness controls which warp yarns, and the number of harnesses used depends on the complexity of the weave. Two common methods of controlling the heddles are dobbies and a Jacquard Head.

 

Picking. As the harnesses raise the heddles or healds, which raise the warp yarns, the shed is created. The filling yarn is inserted through the shed by a small carrier device called a shuttle. The shuttle is normally pointed at each end to allow passage through the shed. In a traditional shuttle loom, the filling yarn is wound onto a quill, which in turn is mounted in the shuttle. The filling yarn emerges through a hole in the shuttle as it moves across the loom. A single crossing of the shuttle from one side of the loom to the other is known as a pick. As the shuttle moves back and forth across the shed, it weaves an edge, or selvage, on each side of the fabric to prevent the fabric from raveling.

Battening. Between the heddles and the takeup roll, the warp threads pass through another frame called the reed (which resembles a comb). The portion of the fabric that has already been formed but not yet rolled up on the takeup roll is called the fell. After the shuttle moves across the loom laying down the fill yarn, the weaver uses the reed to press (or batten) each filling yarn against the fell. Conventional shuttle looms can operate at speeds of about 150 to 160 picks per minute.

 

There are two secondary motions, because with each weaving operation the newly constructed fabric must be wound on a cloth beam. This process is called taking up. At the same time, the warp yarns must be let off or released from the warp beams. To become fully automatic, a loom needs a tertiary motion, the filling stop motion. This will brake the loom if the weft thread breaks. An automatic loom requires 0.125 hp to 0.5 hp to operate.

 

TYPES OF LOOMS

BACK STRAP LOOM

The back strap loom is a simple loom that has its roots in ancient civilizations. It consists of two sticks or bars between which the warps are stretched. One bar is attached to a fixed object and the other to the weaver, usually by means of a strap around the back. The weaver leans back and uses their body weight to tension the loom. On traditional looms, the two main sheds are operated by means of a shed roll over which one set of warps pass, and continuous string heddles which encase each of the warps in the other set. To open the shed controlled by the string heddles, the weaver relaxes tension on the warps and raises the heddles. The other shed is usually opened by simply drawing the shed roll toward the weaver.

 

Both simple and complex textiles can be woven on this loom. Width is limited to how far the weaver can reach from side to side to pass the shuttle. Warp faced textiles, often decorated with intricate pick-up patterns woven in complementary and supplementary warp techniques are woven by indigenous peoples today around the world. They produce such things as belts, ponchos, bags, hatbands and carrying cloths. Supplementary weft patterning and brocading is practiced in many regions. Balanced weaves are also possible on the backstrap loom. Today, commercially produced backstrap loom kits often include a rigid heddle.[

 

WARP-WEIGHTED LOOM

The warp-weighted loom is a vertical loom that may have originated in the Neolithic period. The earliest evidence of warp-weighted looms comes from sites belonging to the Starčevo culture in modern Serbia and Hungary and from late Neolithic sites in Switzerland. This loom was used in Ancient Greece, and spread north and west throughout Europe thereafter. Its defining characteristic is hanging weights (loom weights) which keep bundles of the warp threads taut. Frequently, extra warp thread is wound around the weights. When a weaver has reached the bottom of the available warp, the completed section can be rolled around the top beam, and additional lengths of warp threads can be unwound from the weights to continue. This frees the weaver from vertical size constraint.

 

DRAWLOOM

A drawloom is a hand-loom for weaving figured cloth. In a drawloom, a "figure harness" is used to control each warp thread separately. A drawloom requires two operators, the weaver and an assistant called a "drawboy" to manage the figure harness. The earliest confirmed drawloom fabrics come from the State of Chu and date c. 400 BC. Most scholars attribute the invention of the drawloom to the ancient Chinese, although some speculate an independent invention from ancient Syria since drawloom fabrics found in Dura-Europas are thought to date before 256 AD The draw loom for patterned weaving was invented in ancient China during the Han Dynasty. Chinese weavers and artisans used foot-powered multi-harness looms and jacquard looms for silk weaving and embroidery; both of which were cottage industries with imperial workshops. The Chinese-invented drawloom enhanced and sped up the production of silk and play a significant role in Chinese silk weaving. The loom was later introduced to Persia, India, and Europe.

 

HANDLOOM

A handloom is a simple machine used for weaving. In a wooden vertical-shaft looms, the heddles are fixed in place in the shaft. The warp threads pass alternately through a heddle, and through a space between the heddles (the shed), so that raising the shaft raises half the threads (those passing through the heddles), and lowering the shaft lowers the same threads — the threads passing through the spaces between the heddles remain in place. This was a great invention in the 13th century.

 

FLYING SHUTTLE

Hand weavers could only weave a cloth as wide as their armspan. If cloth needed to be wider, two people would do the task (often this would be an adult with a child). John Kay (1704–1779) patented the flying shuttle in 1733. The weaver held a picking stick that was attached by cords to a device at both ends of the shed. With a flick of the wrist, one cord was pulled and the shuttle was propelled through the shed to the other end with considerable force, speed and efficiency. A flick in the opposite direction and the shuttle was propelled back. A single weaver had control of this motion but the flying shuttle could weave much wider fabric than an arm’s length at much greater speeds than had been achieved with the hand thrown shuttle.

 

The flying shuttle was one of the key developments in weaving that helped fuel the Industrial Revolution. The whole picking motion no longer relied on manual skill and it was just a matter of time before it could be powered.

 

HAUTE-LISSE AND BASSE-LISSE LOOMS

Looms used for weaving traditional tapestry are classified as haute-lisse looms, where the warp is suspended vertically between two rolls. In basse-lisse looms, however, the warp extends horizontally between the two rolls.

 

RIBBON WEAVING

TRADITIONAL LOOMS

Several other types of hand looms exist, including the simple frame loom, pit loom, free-standing loom, and the pegged loom. Each of these can be constructed, and provide work and income in developing economies.

 

POWER LOOMS

Edmund Cartwright built and patented a power loom in 1785, and it was this that was adopted by the nascent cotton industry in England. The silk loom made by Jacques Vaucanson in 1745 operated on the same principles but was not developed further. The invention of the flying shuttle by John Kay was critical to the development of a commercially successful power loom. Cartwright's loom was impractical but the ideas behind it were developed by numerous inventors in the Manchester area of England where, by 1818, there were 32 factories containing 5,732 looms.

 

Horrocks loom was viable, but it was the Roberts Loom in 1830 that marked the turning point. Incremental changes to the three motions continued to be made. The problems of sizing, stop-motions, consistent take-up, and a temple to maintain the width remained. In 1841, Kenworthy and Bullough produced the Lancashire Loom which was self-acting or semi-automatic. This enables a youngster to run six looms at the same time. Thus, for simple calicos, the power loom became more economical to run than the hand loom – with complex patterning that used a dobby or Jacquard head, jobs were still put out to handloom weavers until the 1870s. Incremental changes were made such as the Dickinson Loom, culminating in the Keighley-born inventor Northrop, who was working for the Draper Corporation in Hopedale producing the fully automatic Northrop Loom. This loom recharged the shuttle when the pirn was empty. The Draper E and X models became the leading products from 1909. They were challenged by synthetic fibres such as rayon. By 1942, faster, more efficient, and shuttleless Sulzer and rapier looms had been introduced. Modern industrial looms can weave at 2,000 weft insertions per minute.

 

WEFT INSERTION

Different types of looms are most often defined by the way that the weft, or pick, is inserted into the warp. Many advances in weft insertion have been made in order to make manufactured cloth more cost effective. There are five main types of weft insertion and they are as follows:

 

Shuttle: The first-ever powered looms were shuttle-type looms. Spools of weft are unravelled as the shuttle travels across the shed. This is very similar to projectile methods of weaving, except that the weft spool is stored on the shuttle. These looms are considered obsolete in modern industrial fabric manufacturing because they can only reach a maximum of 300 picks per minute.

Air jet: An air-jet loom uses short quick bursts of compressed air to propel the weft through the shed in order to complete the weave. Air jets are the fastest traditional method of weaving in modern manufacturing and they are able to achieve up to 1,500 picks per minute. However, the amounts of compressed air required to run these looms, as well as the complexity in the way the air jets are positioned, make them more costly than other looms.

Water jet: Water-jet looms use the same principle as air-jet looms, but they take advantage of pressurized water to propel the weft. The advantage of this type of weaving is that water power is cheaper where water is directly available on site. Picks per minute can reach as high as 1,000.

Rapier loom: This type of weaving is very versatile, in that rapier looms can weave using a large variety of threads. There are several types of rapiers, but they all use a hook system attached to a rod or metal band to pass the pick across the shed. These machines regularly reach 700 picks per minute in normal production.

Projectile: Projectile looms utilize an object that is propelled across the shed, usually by spring power, and is guided across the width of the cloth by a series of reeds. The projectile is then removed from the weft fibre and it is returned to the opposite side of the machine so it can get reused. Multiple projectiles are in use in order to increase the pick speed. Maximum speeds on these machines can be as high as 1,050 ppm.

 

SHEDDING

DOBBY LOOMS

A dobby loom is a type of floor loom that controls the whole warp threads using a dobby head. Dobby is a corruption of "draw boy" which refers to the weaver's helpers who used to control the warp thread by pulling on draw threads. A dobby loom is an alternative to a treadle loom, where multiple heddles (shafts) were controlled by foot treadles – one for each heddle.

 

JACQUARD LOOMS

The Jacquard loom is a mechanical loom, invented by Joseph Marie Jacquard in 1801, which simplifies the process of manufacturing textiles with complex patterns such as brocade, damask and matelasse. The loom is controlled by punched cards with punched holes, each row of which corresponds to one row of the design. Multiple rows of holes are punched on each card and the many cards that compose the design of the textile are strung together in order. It is based on earlier inventions by the Frenchmen Basile Bouchon (1725), Jean Baptiste Falcon (1728) and Jacques Vaucanson (1740) To call it a loom is a misnomer, a Jacquard head could be attached to a power loom or a hand loom, the head controlling which warp thread was raised during shedding. Multiple shuttles could be used to control the colour of the weft during picking. The Jacquard loom is the predecessor to the punch card computers of the 19th and 20th centuries.

 

CICULAR LOOMS

A circular loom is used to create a seamless tube of fabric for products such as hosiery, sacks, clothing, fabric hose (such as fire hose) and the like. Circular looms can be small jigs used for circular knitting or large high-speed machines for modern garments. Modern circular looms use up to ten shuttles driven from below in a circular motion by electromagnets for the weft yarns, and cams to control the warp threads. The warps rise and fall with each shuttle passage, unlike the common practice of lifting all of them at once.

 

SYMBOLISM AND CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE

The loom is a symbol of cosmic creation and the structure upon which individual destiny is woven. This symbolism is encapsulated in the ancient Greek myth of Arachne who was changed into a spider by the goddess Athene, who was jealous of her skill at the godlike craft of weaving. In Maya Cultures the goddess Ixchel who is symbolized by the moon, taught the first woman how to weave at the beginning of time.

 

WIKIPEDIA

At the core of the Crown TR 4500 Series is the Crown designed and manufactured drive unit that is built to endure constant jerks, jolts and impacts while pulling heavy loads in demanding manufacturing and warehousing environments. Crown’s innovative electronic power steering system delivers precise and effortless control and eliminates awkward body movements that can contribute to increased fatigue and stress. Learn more at news.crown.com/.

The precise role of this United Kingdom Exchange System (UKES) truck is unclear, but the colour scheme provides a greater affinity to the US Air Force than the previously illustrated AFEX vehicles. Both organisations were involved in welfare and mail-handling activities for US airmen and their families based in Europe. Unusually, the US Air Force turned to Plaxton for bespoke bodies on UK chassis rather than importing standard US kit. Thanks to Philip Kirk of the Kithead Trust for the original monochrome image (31-Oct-16).

 

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4 of em the be precise.

No to be fair here, my attention was caught when i saw the limo driver, parked outside St Annes, changing a flat tyre! That and the horse drawn carriage which looked like a bit of fencing wrapped in clingfilm. So two strech limos, the clingfilm carriage and then the happy couple walked out. Not much to report apart from the dazzle of his jacket. Then all the guests come out and whilst i'm saying to myself this is like a feckin footballers wedding...........it turns out it was. Some fella who plays for Linfield. The only reason i could tell was because that big glype David Jefferies was on the steps of St Annes waiving a wad o cash about (literally). Twas all a bit ....erm........tacky really.

So as i was saying 4 horses asses then

The first Ford Capri to bear that precise name was introduced in January 1969 at the Brussels Motor Show, with sales starting the following month. The intention was to reproduce in Europe the success Ford had had with the North American Ford Mustang; to produce a European pony car. It was mechanically based on the Cortina and built in Europe at the Dagenham and Halewood plants in the United Kingdom, the Genk plant in Belgium, and the Saarlouis and Cologne plants in Germany. The car was named Colt during development stage, but Ford were unable to use the name, as it was trademarked by Mitsubishi.

 

(Wikipedia)

 

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Der Capri wurde im Januar 1969 auf dem Brüsseler Autosalon offiziell präsentiert, der Verkauf begann im Februar. Mit dem Capri wollte Ford den Erfolg, den das Unternehmen mit dem Ford Mustang in den USA erzielt hatte, in Europa wiederholen und eine Art europäisches „Pony Car“ anbieten. Das Fahrwerk wurde vom englischen Ford Cortina übernommen, die Motoren zum Teil vom deutschen Ford Taunus. Hergestellt wurde er in den britischen Werken Dagenham und Halewood, im belgischen Genk und in den deutschen Ford-Fabriken Saarlouis und Köln. Der Entwicklungsname des Capri lautete Colt; da der Name aber rechtlich von Mitsubishi geschützt war, konnte Ford ihn für sein Serienmodell nicht verwenden.

 

(Wikipedia)

Through precise calculation, we can know the orbit of the sun, also the relative proportion of the sun and the foreground. When the photographer is about 6km away from the Beijing Olympic Tower, the sun and the Beijing Olympic Tower will form an interesting view, just like the lit Olympic torch.

With precise attention to detail and using dimensions and specifications from the original rifle, the craftsmen at Turnbull Mfg. Co have re-created one of the most famous Winchester rifles ever produced. The production of this “TR Model 1876” will be limited to no more than 25 rifles. Each rifle will be individually numbered TR01-TR25 and will come in a custom display case. A portion of the proceeds from the sale of each rifle will benefit the Doug Turnbull Restoration Conservation Laboratory at the National Firearms Museum. Specifications: 45-75 caliber, button magazine, fancy pistol grip butt stock, 28" 1/2 round, 1/2 octagon barrel, steel grip cap, cheek piece stock, H-pattern checkering, checkered steel buttplate, Freund rear sight, sporting front sight, gold inlaid stock oval, color case hardened receiver.

 

The Colt SAA is featured on a black powder style frame, grips are one piece ivory carved with 'TR' monogram on right grip & carved buffalo on left grip. The engraving is a Nimschke style pattern based on the original gun. Engraving done by John Adams & Son. Gold plated hammer, cylinder & ejector rod housing, with the balance of gun in silver plate. 44-40, 7-1/2" barrel.

Calendula officinalis, the pot marigold, common marigold, ruddles, Mary's gold or Scotch marigold, is a flowering plant in the daisy family Asteraceae. It is probably native to southern Europe, though its long history of cultivation makes its precise origin unknown, and it may possibly be of garden origin.[clarification needed] It is also widely naturalised farther north in Europe (as far as southern England) and elsewhere in warm temperate regions of the world.

 

The Latin specific epithet officinalis refers to the plant's medicinal and herbal uses.

 

Description

Calendula officinalis is a short-lived aromatic herbaceous perennial, growing to 80 cm (31 in) tall, with sparsely branched lax or erect stems. The leaves are oblong-lanceolate, 5–17 cm (2–7 in) long, hairy on both sides, and with margins entire or occasionally waved or weakly toothed. The inflorescences are yellow, comprising a thick capitulum or flowerhead 4–7 cm (1+1⁄2–3 in) diameter surrounded by two rows of hairy bracts; in the wild plant they have a single ring of ray florets surrounding the central disc florets. The disc florets are tubular and hermaphrodite, and generally of a more intense orange-yellow colour than the female, tridentate, peripheral ray florets. The flowers may appear all year long where conditions are suitable. The fruit is a thorny curved achene and weight in average 10.1 mg (n=50).

 

Calendulas are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including cabbage moth, gothic moth, large yellow underwing, and setaceous Hebrew character.

 

Cultivation

Calendula officinalis is widely cultivated and can be grown easily in sunny locations in most kinds of soils. Although perennial, it is commonly treated as an annual, particularly in colder regions where its winter survival is poor, and in hot summer locations where it also does not survive.

 

Calendulas are considered by many gardening experts as among the easiest and most versatile flowers to grow in a garden, especially because they tolerate most soils. In temperate climates, seeds are sown in spring for blooms that last throughout the summer and well into the fall. In areas of limited winter freezing, seeds are sown in autumn for winter color. Plants will wither in subtropical summer. Seeds will germinate freely in sunny or half-sunny locations, but plants do best if planted in sunny locations with rich, well-drained soil. Pot marigolds typically bloom quickly from seed (in under two months) in bright yellows, golds, and oranges.

 

Leaves are spirally arranged, 5–18 cm (2–7 in) long, simple, and slightly hairy. The flower heads range from pastel yellow to deep orange, and are 3–7 cm (1+1⁄4–2+3⁄4 in) across, with both ray florets and disc florets. Most cultivars have a spicy aroma. It is recommended to deadhead (remove dying flower heads) the plants regularly to maintain even blossom production.

 

Cultivars

Numerous cultivars have been selected for variation in the flowers, from pale yellow to orange-red, and with 'double' or 'semi-double' flowerheads with ray florets replacing some or all of the disc florets. Examples include 'Alpha' (deep orange), 'Jane Harmony', 'Sun Glow' (bright yellow), 'Lemon' (pale yellow), 'Orange Prince' (orange), 'Indian Prince' (dark orange-red), 'Pink Surprise' (double, with inner florets darker than outer florets), 'Green-heart Gold' (double, bright yellow), 'Apricot Pygmy' (double light peach) and 'Chrysantha' (yellow, double). 'Variegata' is a cultivar with yellow variegated leaves.

 

The cultivar group 'Fiesta Gitana' has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

 

Uses

Pot marigold florets are edible. They are often used to add color to salads or added to dishes as a garnish and in lieu of saffron. The leaves are edible but are often not palatable. They have a history of use as a potherb and in salads. The plant is also used to make tea.

 

Flowers were used in ancient Greek, Roman, Middle Eastern, and Indian cultures as a medicinal herb, as well as a dye for fabrics, foods, and cosmetics. Many of these uses persist today. They are also used to make oil that protects the skin.

 

Marigold leaves can also be made into a poultice that is believed to help scratches and shallow cuts to heal faster, and to help prevent infection. It has also been used in eye drops.

 

Constituents

The petals and pollen of Calendula officinalis contain triterpenoid esters and the carotenoids flavoxanthin and auroxanthin (antioxidants and the source of the yellow-orange coloration). The leaves and stems contain other carotenoids, mostly lutein (80%), zeaxanthin (5%), and beta-carotene.[citation needed] Plant extracts are also widely used in cosmetics, presumably due to presence of compounds such as saponins, resins, and essential oils.

 

The flowers of Calendula officinalis contain flavonol glycosides, triterpene oligoglycosides, oleanane-type triterpene glycosides, saponins, and a sesquiterpene glucoside.[ Calendula flowers are a rich source of lutein, containing 29.8 mg/100g.

 

Potential pharmacology

Plant pharmacological studies have suggested that Calendula extracts may have anti-viral, anti-genotoxic, and anti-inflammatory properties in vitro. In an in vitro assay, the methanol extract of C. officinalis exhibited antibacterial activity and both the methanol and the ethanol extracts showed antifungal activities.

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