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A visit to Beaumaris Castle on the Isle of Anglesey in Wales. Our 2nd visit in around 20 years.
Within the Inner Wall of Beaumaris Castle.
Beaumaris Castle (Welsh: Castell Biwmares), located in the town of the same name on the Isle of Anglesey in Wales, was built as part of Edward I's campaign to conquer the north of Wales after 1282. Plans were probably first made to construct the castle in 1284, but this was delayed due to lack of funds and work only began in 1295 following the Madog ap Llywelyn uprising. A substantial workforce was employed in the initial years under the direction of James of St George. Edward's invasion of Scotland soon diverted funding from the project, however, and work stopped, only recommencing after an invasion scare in 1306. When work finally ceased around 1330 a total of £15,000 had been spent, a huge sum for the period, but the castle remained incomplete.
Beaumaris Castle was taken by Welsh forces in 1403 during the rebellion of Owain Glyndŵr, but was recaptured by royal forces in 1405. Following the outbreak of the English Civil War in 1642, the castle was held by forces loyal to Charles I, holding out until 1646 when it surrendered to the Parliamentary armies. Despite forming part of a local royalist rebellion in 1648 the castle escaped slighting and was garrisoned by Parliament, but fell into ruin around 1660, eventually forming part of a local stately home and park in the 19th century. In the 21st century the ruined castle is managed by Cadw as a tourist attraction.
Historian Arnold Taylor described Beaumaris Castle as Britain's "most perfect example of symmetrical concentric planning". The fortification is built of local stone, with a moated outer ward guarded by twelve towers and two gatehouses, overlooked by an inner ward with two large, D-shaped gatehouses and six massive towers. The inner ward was designed to contain ranges of domestic buildings and accommodation able to support two major households. The south gate could be reached by ship, allowing the castle to be directly supplied by sea. UNESCO considers Beaumaris to be one of "the finest examples of late 13th century and early 14th century military architecture in Europe", and it is classed as a World Heritage site.
Grade I listed building
History
Beaumaris Castle was begun in 1295, the last of the castles built by Edward I to create a defensive ring around the N Wales coast from Aberystwyth to Flint. The master mason was probably James of St George, master of the king's works in Wales, who had already worked on many of Edward's castles, including Harlech, Conwy and Caernarfon. Previously he had been employed by Philip of Savoy and had designed for him the fortress palace of St Georges d'Esperanche.
Unlike most of its contemporaries, Beaumaris Castle was built on a flat site and was designed on the concentric principle to have 4 defensive rings - moat, outer curtain wall, outer ward and inner curtain wall. It was originally intended to have 5 separate accommodation suites. In the event they were not built as work ceased c1330 before the castle was complete. A survey made in 1343 indicates that little has been lost of the fabric in subsequent centuries, despite being besieged during the revolt of Owain Glyndwr. However it was described as ruinous in 1539 and in 1609 by successive members of the Bulkeley family, who had settled in Anglesey and senior officials at Beaumaris from the C15, although they were probably unaware that the castle had never been finished. During the Civil War the castle was held for the king by Thomas, Viscount Bulkeley, who is said to have spent £3000 on repairs, and his son Colonel Richard Bulkeley. After the Restoration it was partly dismantled. The castle was purchased from the crown by the 6th Viscount Bulkeley in 1807, passing to his nephew Sir Richard Bulkeley Williams-Bulkeley in 1822. Sir Richard opened the castle grounds to the public and in 1832 Princess Victoria attended a Royal Eisteddfod held in the inner ward. Since 1925 it has been in the guardianship of the state, during which time the ruins have been conserved and the moat reinstated.
Exterior
A concentrically planned castle comprising an inner ward, which is square in plan, with high inner curtain wall incorporating gatehouses and towers, an outer ward and an outer curtain wall which is nearly square in plan but has shallow facets to form an octagon. The outer curtain wall faces the moat. The castle is built mainly of coursed local limestone and local sandstone, the latter having been used for dressings and mouldings. Openings have mainly shouldered lintels.
The main entrance was the S side, or Gate Next the Sea. This has a central gateway with tall segmental arch, slots in the soffit for the drawbridge chains, loop above it and machicolations on the parapet. The entrance is flanked by round gatehouse towers which, to the L, is corbelled out over a narrower square base set diagonally, and on the R is corbelled out with a square projecting shooting platform to the front. The towers have loops in both stages, and L-hand (W) tower has a corbelled latrine shaft in the angle with the curtain wall. The shooting platform has partially surviving battlements, and is abutted by the footings of the former town wall, added in the early C15. On the R side of the gatehouse is the dock, where the curtain wall has a doorway for unloading provisions. The dock wall, projecting at R angles further R has a corbelled parapet, a central round tower that incorporated a tidal mill and, at the end, a corbelled shooting platform, perhaps for a trebuchet, with machicolations to the end (S) wall. The E side of the dock wall has loops lighting a mural passage.
The curtain walls have loops at ground level of the outer ward, some blocked, and each facet to the E, W and N sides has higher end and intermediate 2-stage round turrets, and all with a corbelled parapet. The northernmost facet of the W side and most of the northern side were added after 1306 and a break in the building programme. The towers at the NW and NE corners are larger and higher than the other main turrets. On the N side, in the eastern facet, is the N or Llanfaes Gate. This was unfinished in the medieval period and has survived much as it was left. The gateway has a recessed segmental arch at high level, a portcullis slot and a blocked pointed arch forming the main entrance, into which a modern gate has been inserted. To the L and R are irregular walls, square in plan, of the proposed gatehouse towers, the N walls facing the moat never having been built. Later arches were built to span the walls at high level in order to facilitate a wall walk. The NE tower of the outer curtain wall has a corbelled latrine shaft in the angle with the E curtain wall, and in the same stretch of wall is a corbelled shaft retaining a gargoyle. The SE tower also has a corbelled latrine shaft in the angle with the E curtain wall.
In the Gate Next the Sea the passage is arched with 2 murder slots, a loop to either side, and a former doorway at the end, of which draw-bar slots have survived. In the R-hand (E) gatehouse is an irregular-shaped room with garderobe chamber. On its inner (N) side are mural stair leading to the wall walk and to a newel stair to the upper chamber. The upper chamber has a fireplace with missing lintel, and a garderobe. The L-hand (W) gatehouse has an undercroft. Its lower storey was reached by external stone steps against the curtain wall, and retains a garderobe chamber and fireplace, formerly with projecting hood. The upper chamber was reached from the wall walk.
On the inner side facing the outer ward, the outer curtain wall is corbelled out to the upper level, except on the N side where only a short section is corbelled out. To the W of the gatehouse are remains of stone steps to the gatehouse, already mentioned, and stone steps to the wall walk. Further R the loops in the curtain wall are framed by an arcade of pointed arches added in the mid C14. The curtain wall towers have doorways to the lower stage, and were entered from the wall walk in the upper stage. In some places the wall walk is corbelled out and/or stepped down at the entrances to the towers. On the W side, the southernmost facet has a projecting former garderobe, surviving in outline form on the ground and with evidence of a former lean-to stone roof. Just N of the central tower on the W side are the footings of a former closing wall defining the original end of the outer ward before the curtain wall was completed after 1306. Further N in the same stretch of wall are stone steps to the wall walk. The NW corner tower has a doorway with draw-bar socket, passage with garderobe chamber to its L, and a narrow fireplace which formerly had a projecting hood. The upper stage floor was carried on a cross beam, of which large corbels survive, and corbel table that supported joists. In the upper stage details of a former fireplace have been lost.
In the Llanfaes Gate the proposed gatehouses both have doorways with ovolo-moulded surrounds. The L-hand (W) doorway leads to a newel stair. The NE curtain wall tower is similar to the NW tower, with garderobe, fireplaces and corbels supporting the floor of the upper stage. Both facets on the E side have remains of garderobes with stone lean-to roofs, of which the northernmost is better preserved. The SE tower was heated in the upper stage but the fireplace details are lost. In the dock wall, a doorway leads to a corbelled mural passage.
The inner ward is surrounded by higher curtain walls with corbelled parapets. It has S and N gatehouses, and corner and intermediate round towers in the E and W walls. The towers all have battered bases and in the angles with the curtain walls are loops lighting the stairs. The curtain walls have loops lighting a first floor mural passage, and the S and N sides also have shorter passages with loops in the lower storey. The inner curtain wall has a more finely moulded corbel table than the outer curtain wall, and embattlements incorporating arrow loops. The main entrance to the inner ward was by the S Gatehouse. It has an added barbican rectangular in plan. The entrance in the W end wall has a plain pointed arch, of which the voussoirs and jamb are missing on the L side. The S wall has 3 loops and 2 gargoyles, the L-hand poorly preserved, and has a single loop in the E wall. Inside are remains of stone steps against the E wall leading to the parapet. The 2-storey S gatehouse has a 2-centred arch, a pointed window above, retaining only a fragment of its moulded dressings, spanned by a segmental arch with murder slot at high level. The towers to the R and L are rounded and have loops in the lower stage, and square-headed windows in the middle stage.
The SW, W (Middle) and NW towers have similar detail, a loop in the lower stage and blocked 2-light mullioned window in the middle stage. The 3-storey N Gatehouse, although similar in plan and conception to the S Gatehouse, differs in its details. It has a central 2-centred arch and pintles of former double gates. In the middle storey is a narrow square-headed window and in the upper storey a 2-light window with cusped lights and remains of a transom. A high segmental arch, incorporating a murder slot, spans the entrance. The rounded towers have loops in the lower stage. The R-hand (W) has a window opening in the middle storey, of which the dressings are missing, and in the upper storey a single cusped light to the N and remains of a pair of cusped lights, with transom, on the W side. The L-hand (E) tower has a single square-headed window in the middle storey (formerly 2-light but its mullion is missing) and in the upper storey a single cusped light and square-headed window on the E side. The NE and SE towers are similar to the towers on the W side. In the middle of the E curtain wall is the chapel tower, which has 5 pointed windows in the middle storey.
The S gateway has a well-defended passage. The outer doorway has double draw-bar sockets, followed by a portcullis slot, 4 segmental arches between murder slots, loops in each wall, then another portcullis slot and a segmental arch where the position of a doorway is marked by double draw-bar sockets. Beyond, the passage walls were not completed, but near the end is the position of another doorway with draw-bar socket and the base of a portcullis slot.
The gatehouses have a double depth plan, but only the outer (S) half was continued above ground-floor level. The N side has the footings of guard rooms, each with fireplaces and NE and NW round stair turrets, of which the NW retains the base of a newel stair. Above ground floor level the N wall of the surviving building, originally intended as a dividing wall, has doorways in the middle storey. Both gatehouses have first-floor fireplaces, of which the moulded jambs and corbels have survived, but the corbelled hood has been lost.
Architectural refinement was concentrated upon the N gatehouse, which was the principal accommodation block, and the chapel. The S elevation of the N gatehouse has a central segmental arch to the entrance passage. To its R is a square-headed window and to its L are 2 small dressed windows, set unusually high because an external stone stair was originally built against the wall. In the 5-bay middle storey are a doorway at the L end and 4 windows to a first-floor hall. All the openings have 4-centred arches with continuous mouldings, sill band and string course at half height. The R-hand window retains a transom but otherwise no mullions or transoms have survived. Projecting round turrets to the R and L house the stairs, lit by narrow loops. To the N of the R-hand (E) stair tower the side wall of the gatehouse has the segmental stone arch of a former undercroft.
The N gate passage is best described from its outer side, and is similar to the S gate. It has a doorway with double draw-bar sockets, portcullis slot, springers of former arches between murder slots, loops in each wall, another portcullis slot, a pointed doorway with double draw-bar sockets, doorways to rooms on the R and L, and a 3rd portcullis slot. The gatehouses have, in the lower storey, 2 simple unheated rooms. The first-floor hall has pointed rere arches, moulded C14 corbels and plain corbel table supporting the roof, a lateral fireplace formerly with corbelled hood, and a similar fireplace in the E wall (suggesting that the hall was partitioned) of which the dressings are mostly missing. Rooms on the N side of the hall are faceted in each gatehouse, with fireplaces and window seats in both middle and upper storeys. Stair turrets have newels stairs, the upper portion of which is renewed in concrete on the W side.
The Chapel tower has a pointed rubble-stone tunnel vault in the lower storey. In the middle storey is a pointed doorway with 2 orders of hollow moulding, leading to the chapel. Above are 2 corbelled round projections in the wall walk. The chapel doorway opens to a small tunnel-vaulted lobby. Entrance to the chapel itself is through double cusped doorways, which form part of a blind arcade of cusped arches with trefoiled spandrels, 3 per bay, to the 2-bay chapel. The chapel has a polygonal apse and rib vault on polygonal wall shafts. The W side, which incorporates the entrance, also has small lancet openings within the arcading that look out to the mural passage. Windows are set high, above the arcading. The W bay has blind windows, into which small windows were built that allowed proceedings to be viewed from small chambers contained within the wall on the N and S sides of the chapel, reached from the mural passage and provided with benches.
The SW, NW, NE, SE and the Middle tower are built to a standard form, with round lower-storey rooms, octagonal above. They incorporate newel stairs, of which the NW has mostly collapsed, and the SW is rebuilt in concrete at the upper level. The lower storey, which has a floor level lower than the passage from the inner ward, was possibly used as a prison and has a single inclined vent but no windows. Upper floors were supported on diaphragm arches, which have survived supporting the middle storeys of the Middle and SE towers, whereas the SW and NE towers retain only the springers of former arches, and the NE tower has a diaphragm arch supporting the upper storey. In the middle storey of each tower is the remains of a fireplace with corbelled hood.
Each section of curtain wall contains a central latrine shaft, with mural passages at first-floor level incorporating back-to-back garderobes. The N and S walls also have short mural passages in the lower storey to single garderobes in each section of wall. Mural passages have corbelled roofs. The S side is different as it has tunnel-vaulted lobbies adjacent to the towers, between which are short sections of corbelled passage with garderobes. The wall walk also incorporates back-to-back latrines, in this case reached down stone steps.
There is evidence of buildings within the inner ward. Footings survive of a building constructed against the E end of the N wall. In the curtain wall are 2 fireplaces, formerly with corbelled hoods, to a first-floor hall. On the S side of the chapel tower is the stub wall of a larger building. On the N side of the W curtain wall are the moulded jambs of a former kitchen fireplace, and adjacent to it against the N wall is the base of a bake oven. On the E side of the S curtain wall the wall is plastered to 2-storey height.
Reasons for Listing
Listed grade I as one of the outstanding Edwardian medieval castles of Wales.
Scheduled Ancient Monument AN001
World Heritage Site
corridor - South-West Tower to North-West Tower. While here I also went up to the top of the walls for the Inner Wall Walk.
The camp was established in 1936. It was located north of Berlin, which gave it a primary position among the German concentration camps: the administrative centre of all concentration camps was located in Oranienburg, and Sachsenhausen became a training centre for Schutzstaffel (SS) officers (who would often be sent to oversee other camps afterwards). Executions took place at Sachsenhausen, especially those that were Soviet Prisoners of War. Some Jews were executed at Sachsenhausen and many died there, the Jewish inmates of the camp were relocated to Auschwitz in 1942. Sachsenhausen was not intended as an extermination camp — instead, the systematic mass murder of Jews was conducted in camps to the east. However, many died as a result of executions, casual brutality and the poor living conditions and treatment.
Sachsenhausen was intended to set a standard for other concentration camps, both in its design and the treatment of prisoners. The camp perimeter is, approximately, an equilateral triangle with a semi circular roll call area centred on the main entrance gate in the side running northeast to southwest. Barrack huts lay beyond the roll call area, radiating from the gate. The layout was intended to allow the machine gun post in the entrance gate to dominate the camp but in practice it was necessary to add additional watchtowers to the perimeter.
The standard barrack layout was two accommodation areas linked by common storage, washing and storage areas. Heating was minimal. Each day, time to get up, wash, use the toilet and eat was very limited in the crowded facilities.
There was an infirmary inside the southern angle of the perimeter and a camp prison within the eastern angle. There was also a camp kitchen and a camp laundry. The camp's capacity became inadequate and the camp was extended in 1938 by a new rectangular area (the "small camp") north east of the entrance gate and the perimeter wall was altered to enclose it. There was an additional area (sonder lager) outside the main camp perimeter to the north; this was built in 1941 for special prisoners that the regime wished to isolate.
An industrial area, outside the western camp perimeter, contained SS workshops in which prisoners were forced to work; those unable to work had to stand to attention for the duration of the working day. Heinkel, the aircraft manufacturer, was a major user of Sachsenhausen labour, using between 6000 and 8000 prisoners on their He 177 bomber. Although official German reports claimed "The prisoners are working without fault", some of these aircraft crashed unexpectedly around Stalingrad and it's suspected that prisoners had sabotaged them. [1] Other firms included AEG.
Plaque to honour over 100 Dutch resistance fighters executed at Sachsenhausen.Later, part of the industrial area was used for "Station Z", where executions took place and a new crematorium was built, when the first camp crematorium could no longer cope with the number of corpses. The executions were done in a trench, either by shooting or by hanging. Amongst those executed were the commandos from Operation Musketoon and the Grand Prix motor racing champion, William Grover-Williams, also John Godwin RNVR, a British Naval Sub-Lieutenant who managed to shoot dead the commander of his execution party, for which he was mentioned in despatches posthumously. Over 100 Dutch resistance fighters were executed at Sachsenhausen.
The camp was secure and there were few successful escapes. The perimeter consisted of a three metre high wall on the outside. Within that there was a path used by guards and dogs; it was bordered on the inside by a lethal electric fence; inside that was a "death strip" forbidden to the prisoners. Any prisoner venturing onto the "death strip" would be shot by the guards without warning.
Arbeit Macht Frei gateOn the front entrance gates to Sachsenhausen is the infamous slogan Arbeit Macht Frei (German: "Work Makes [You] Free"). About 200,000 people passed through Sachsenhausen between 1936 and 1945. Some 100,000 inmates died there from exhaustion, disease, malnutrition or pneumonia from the freezing winter cold. Many were executed or died as the result of brutal medical experimentation. According to an article published on December 13, 2001 in The New York Times, "In the early years of the war the SS practiced methods of mass killing there that were later used in the Nazi death camps. Of the roughly 30,000 wartime victims at Sachsenhausen, most were Russian prisoners of war, among them Joseph Stalin's eldest son (Yakov Dzhugashvili).[2]
The wife and children of Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria, members of the Wittelsbach family, were held in the camp from October 1944 to April 1945, before being transferred to the Dachau concentration camp. Reverend Martin Niemöller, a critic of the Nazis and author of the poem First they came..., was also a prisoner at the camp. Herschel Grynszpan, whose act of assassination was used by Joseph Goebbels to initiate the Kristallnacht pogrom, was moved in and out of Sachshausen since his capture on the 18th July 1940 and until September 1940 when he was moved to Magdeburg.[3] Ukrainian nationalist leader Stepan Bandera was imprisoned there until October 1944, and two of his brothers died there.
On September 15 1939, August Dickman, a German Jehovah's Witness, was publicly shot as a result of his conscientious objection to joining the armed forces. The SS had expected his death to persuade fellow Witnesses to abandon their own refusals and to show rspect for camp rules and authorities. It failed; the others enthusiastically refused to back down and begged to be martyred also. [4]
Sachsenhausen was the site of the largest counterfeiting operation ever. The Nazis forced Jewish artisans to produce forged American and British currency, as part of a plan to undermine the British and United States' economies, courtesy of Sicherheitsdienst (SD) chief Reinhard Heydrich. Over one billion pounds in counterfeited banknotes was recovered. The Germans introduced fake British £5, £10, £20 and £50 notes into circulation in 1943: the Bank of England never found them. Today, these notes are considered very valuable by collectors.
Many women were among the inmates of Sachsenhausen and its subcamps. According to SS files, more than 2,000 women lived in Sachsenhausen, guarded by female SS staff (Aufseherin). Camp records show that there was one male SS soldier for every ten inmates and for every ten male SS there was a woman SS. Several subcamps for women were established in Berlin, including in Neukolln.
Camp punishments could be harsh. Some would be required to assume the "Sachsenhausen salute" where a prisoner would squat with his arms outstretched in front. There was a marching strip around the perimeter of the roll call ground, where prisoners had to march over a variety of surfaces, to test military footwear; between 25 and 40 kilometres were covered each day. Prisoners assigned to the camp prison would be kept in isolation on poor rations and some would be suspended from posts by their wrists tied behind their backs (strappado). In cases such as attempted escape, there would a public hanging in front of the assembled prisoners.
With the advance of the Red Army in the spring of 1945, Sachsenhausen was prepared for evacuation. On April 20–21, the camp's SS staff ordered 33,000 inmates on a forced march westward. Most of the prisoners were physically exhausted and thousands did not survive this death march; those who collapsed en route were shot by the SS. On April 22, 1945, the camp's remaining 3,000 inmates, including 1,400 women were liberated by the Red Army and Polish 2nd Infantry Division of Ludowe Wojsko Polskie.
It's estimated that 200,000 people passed thrugh Sachsenhausen concentration camp and that 100,000 died.
IN ENGLISH BELOW THE LINE
Aquestes fotografies formen part d'un album de records d'un oficial del exèrcit alemany durant la Primera Guerra Mundial. L'album mostra les fotos que va fer principalment al Front Occidental, en dues arees molt concretes prop de Peronne i al nord de St. Quentin, probablement entre 1916 i 1917. Afortunadament l'album compta amb textos mecanografiats.
Les primeres poques fotos corresponen a un sector del front proxim a Lens, en concret Courrierres, "St. Pierre" i potser "Anger".
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These pictures are part of the war memories album of a German oficer during WW1. He took pictures mainly in the Western Front, probably during 1916-1917. The parts of the front, mostly rearguard villages, are centered arround the Somme front south of Peronne and specially in the 1917 front north of St. Quentin. Fortunately the album has typed texts that help a lot in giving geographical context.
The few first pictures show some positions probably near Lens, specially Courrierres, and also references to "St. Pierrre".
I recently did an identity concept for an art exhibition titled shifting positions. This is the invitation which doubles as a promotional poster. I totally fell in love with Optima while working on this project.
The final version — which was printed in a different colour hue — can be seen here (PDF). A photo of the finished product is coming up.
The exhibition features the duo Prinz Gholam and Franz Erhard Walther. Curated by Christoph Platz.
Despite the Dentist running late, I still arrived in position with a couple of minutes to spare, but due to it being an ASLEF strike day & very few passenger trains, Network Rail ran it early & I missed it in the sun by 26 minutes (also 7M57, which was 35 ahead of it), so after paying for two fillings & getting home to yet more building work, to say I'm in a bad mood would be the under statement of the year!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
With one blast on Mallard’s whistle, York confirmed its position as the centre of the railway world today. It was the moment that marked the start of the Great Gathering – all six surviving A4 locomotives together to mark a very special anniversary.
Seventy-five years ago to the day, Mallard reached 126mph at Stoke Bank near Grantham in Lincolnshire, making it the fastest steam locomotive in history.
To mark the occasion her five sister A4s, all designed by Sir Nigel Gresley, were brought to the National Railway Museum as part of the Mallard 75 celebrations. Sir Nigel Gresley, Union of South Africa, Bittern, Dwight D Eisenhower, and Dominion of Canada – the latter two travelling 2,500 from North America – were lined up in the Great Hall. Then Mallard glided alongside them and the gathering was complete.
Dignitaries, rail buffs, former drivers and firemen from the great engines and press from Britain and beyond were there to witness locomotive history, the day after the NRM had officially been saved from a potential threat of closure.
The Great Gathering continues at the museum until July 17. And you can read about the NRM’s new art exhibition, It’s Quicker By Rail, here.
In honour of this historic event, here is a train-themed Mix Six: six facts about each of the six A4s.
4468 Mallard
•Mallard was the first A4 to be fitted with a special Kylchap exhaust and double blastpipe and chimney, making steam production more efficient.
•On the 3rd of July 1938 Mallard broke the world speed record for steam traction by reaching a speed of 126mph. But Sir Nigel Gresley himself never accepted this as the record-breaking maximum. He claimed this speed could only have been attained over a few yards, though he was comfortable that the German speed record of 124.5 mph had been surpassed.
•Selected to crew the locomotive on its record attempt were driver Joseph Duddington (a man renowned within the LNER for taking calculated risks) and fireman Thomas Bray.
•Mallard is the only surviving A4 in LNER livery.
•It is 70 ft long and weighs 165 tons, including the tender.
•At the NRM today you can climb aboard the Mallard Experience, a five-minute simulator ride “recreating the excitement and exhilaration of Mallard’s record breaking run”. But according to the warning signs, you shouldn’t go in if you are presumed pregnant or have skeletal defects.
4498 Sir Nigel Gresley
Sir Nigel Gresley takes a break from hauling visitors on the North Yorkshire Moors Railway
Sir Nigel Gresley takes a break from hauling visitors on the North Yorkshire Moors Railway
•Sir Nigel Gresley was built for the LNER in 1937, and was the 100th Gresley Pacific built.
•Locomotive 4498 was actually due to receive the name Bittern, originally suggested for 4492 (later Dominion of New Zealand). So the story goes, an LNER enthusiast who worked in the Railway Correspondence and Travel Society, realised in time that 4498 was the 100th Gresley Pacific locomotive and the suggestion was made that the locomotive be named after her designer.
•Sir Nigel Gresley holds the post-war steam record speed of 112mph gained on the 23 May 1959 and carries a plaque to that effect.
•On that record-breaking run, renowned driver Bill Hoole was on the footplate. He had a reputation for pushing locomotives to their limits.
•Bill believed that, given more freedom from those pesky safety regulations “Mallard’s record would have gone by the board”.
•Sir Nigel Gresley was saved from the scrap heap in 1966 and is based at the North Yorkshire Moors Railway. It carried the Olympic Flame in 2012.
4464 Bittern
A4 Pacific line-up, left to right: Union of South Africa, Bittern, Mallard and Dominion of Canada (just in view)
A4 Pacific line-up, left to right: Union of South Africa, Bittern, Mallard and Dominion of Canada (just in view)
•Initially Bittern was based at Heaton in Newcastle and served the famous Flying Scotsman route in the section between King’s Cross and Newcastle.
•Early in her career, Bittern suffered some collision damage, necessitating a general overhaul at Doncaster from 3rd – 4th January 1938.
•Bittern lost her garter blue paint for wartime black and was required to pull longer than normal passenger trains and later heavy freight and coal trains.
•The final day in service for Bittern was September 3rd 1966.
•Only now have the important repairs been undertaken to bring her up to mainline standard.
•Bittern is the only one with its original tender. By contrast it has had 14 different boilers, more than any other A4
60009 Union of South Africa
Union of South Africa passes Condover, Shropshire. Photograph: Wikipedia
Union of South Africa passes Condover, Shropshire. Photograph: Sam Ashton / CrossHouses on Wikipedia
•Union of South Africa had previously been allocated the name “Osprey”. “Osprey” name plates were fitted to the locomotive during the 1980s and early 1990s due to the politics of the time.
•Union of South Africa has accumulated the highest mileage of any locomotive in the class.
•The springbok plaque on the side of the locomotive was donated on 12 April 1954 by a Bloemfontein newspaper proprietor. Only one plaque was fitted on the left hand side of the locomotive.
•Union of South Africa was allocated to the Haymarket shed in Edinburgh from new and on 20 May 1962 she had her only shed transfer to Aberdeen.
•It was one of five 1937 locomotives built in 1937 to pull the new Coronation express service, which took passengers between London and Edinburgh in just six hours.
•In 1964 it was the last A4 to pull a service train from King’s Cross station. Arriving back on the return journey its final farewell whistle echoed across the platforms.
60010 Dominion of Canada
bittern
•Built in the Doncaster works in 1937, she was originally named Buzzard but was renamed Dominion of Canada in June 1937.
• Dominion of Canada was withdrawn at Darlington shed on May 29, 1965. That July the locomotive was marked in the records as “for sale to be scrapped”.
•It was left derelict and forgotten for many months until finally being moved to Crewe Works for cosmetic restoration and shipping to Canada.
•The loco was donated to the Canadian Railroad Historical Association (CRHA) by British Rail which has looked after it since May 1966.
•It returned to Britain last year where it has been restored to its pre-war state with Garter Blue livery.
•Dominion of Canada was fitted with a Canadian whistle and a bell which on one memorable occasion was rung all the way from London to York.
60008 Dwight D Eisenhower
Dwight D Eisenhower undergoing restoration
Dwight D Eisenhower undergoing restoration
•Built for the London and North Eastern Railway in 1937, the locomotive was originally numbered 4496 and named Golden Shuttle to reflect Yorkshire’s woollen industry.
•It was renamed Dwight D Eisenhower after the Second World War and renumbered 8 on 23 November 1946. It was intended that Eisenhower would attend an official unveiling, but this could not be arranged.
•The locomotive was cosmetically restored at the Doncaster Works in 1963 and was shipped to the USA the following Spring, arriving in New York harbour on 11 May 1964.
•Since then it has been housed at the National Railroad Museum in Green Bay Wisconsin, USA.
•It has travelled more than 1.4 million miles in main line service.
•This is its first return to Britain.
The Littlefee body is definitely best at this sort of pose due to the locking bit on the torso, However, with a little bit of effort with some glue sueding or something, I think I could get the Impldoll body to hold this position better too.
“60th Anniversary” “Diamond Anniversary”
“Timeline of disaster”
“0745: Princess Victoria leaves Stranraer
0900: Wave bursts through stern doors
0946: First emergency signal sent: No tugs available
1032: SOS call: "Car deck flooded"
1100: Portpatrick lifeboat given wrong directions
1300: Starboard engine room flooded - position critical
1308: Ship lying on beam end
1315: "We are preparing to abandon ship"
1330: Steamer passes Victoria without seeing her
1340: Passengers ordered to deck
1358: Last message from ferry's radio operator”
“Princess Victoria sinking remembered 60 years on”
Sixty years ago, the MV Princess Victoria sank off the County Down coast in treacherous weather, with the loss of 133 lives.
Stop anyone on the street and ask them about Titanic, chances are they will know something about the maritime tragedy.
But despite the fact that no women or children survived the sinking of the Princess Victoria, you might get a more quizzical look.
Now the grief, heroism and the impact this tragic story had on communities in Northern Ireland and Scotland is retold in a BBC Radio Ulster documentary on Sunday.
Almost 60 years ago this sea disaster - one of the worst to happen in British coastal waters - dominated the headlines and devastated families and communities in Larne, Stranraer and further afield.
The omens were not good on the day the ferry sank - 31 January 1953.
Parts of western Europe and the UK were in the grip of freak weather from the north Atlantic.
Severe gales battered coastlines and floods hit many areas, killing hundreds of people. It was in these treacherous conditions that the Princess Victoria set sail from Stranraer.
Larne man, John McKnight, 92, is one of the few remaining survivors. He was chief cook on the ferry and remembers that day vividly.
"I started work at 5.30am and the train from London arrived (in Stranraer) at 6am. Everything had to be prepared for breakfast, we served that to the passengers before setting sail. The ferry proceeded up Loch Ryan and soon we discovered that there was a severe gale blowing," he recalled.
Fate sealed
At the helm of the Princess Victoria that day was 55-year-old Captain James Ferguson. An experienced seaman, he had worked on the Larne - Stranraer route for many years.
Captain Ferguson's troubles started when he steered the ferry out of Loch Ryan.
Jack Hunter, a retired school teacher from Stranraer, who has written about the tragedy, explained what happened next.
"Out of the shelter of the loch, Captain Ferguson discovered that the sea was much worse and perhaps with a change of direction, the ship was having more difficulty," he said.
"For one reason or another, the captain decided to try turn back and head for Stranraer. It was at this point that the ferry had a calamitous encounter with a large wave, which stove in the stern doors."
This brush with mother nature at her worst was, ultimately, to seal the fate of the Princess Victoria.
A memorial to those who lost their lives in the Princess Victoria tragedy stands in Stranraer
With the stern doors irreparably damaged, water flooding the car deck and inadequate drainage on board, Captain Ferguson decided the best course of action was to try and steer the ship towards Northern Ireland.
Passengers and crew
As disaster unfolded, the 127 passengers and 49 crew members found themselves locked in a terrible and increasingly impossible struggle for survival.
On board were people from all social classes.
Families with young children, servicemen, Short Brothers workers from the company's Scottish base and two politicians - the Northern Ireland deputy prime minister, Maynard Sinclair and Sir Walter Smiles, the north Down MP. Both men died when the ship went down.
At 09:46 GMT, the Princess Victoria sent its first request for help. David Broadfoot, the ship's radio officer, was not supposed to be working that day but had swapped shifts with another crew member.
Stephen Cameron, author of a book on the Princess Victoria tragedy, said David Broadfoot was posthumously awarded the George Cross for his heroic actions."He stayed in his cabin broadcasting continuously, at one stage he even apologised to radio stations (that were picking up his signals) for the poor quality of his Morse code. David's last message was sent as the ship went under," he said.
In those final traumatic hours, many other people showed fortitude and compassion in the face of certain death.
One of them was Castlerock woman, Nansy Bryson, who has been called the "heroine of the Princess Victoria".
She worked as a missionary in Kenya and was back home with her husband and three children, visiting relatives.
Nansy had travelled to Scotland for some meetings and was returning to Northern Ireland on the ferry. Her daughter, Margaret Njonjo, hasn't talked about the tragedy in public before and shared her pride in her mother.
"She was one of the bravest women on board who whispered words of comfort to other passengers and led them in singing a hymn. She also tried to help a three year old child into one of the lifeboats but failed to do so, going under (the water) herself in the process," Margaret said.
"My sisters and I are glad to know she found immense strength in her own faith, to the point of being able to help others."
Rescue attempt
When Captain Ferguson made the final call to abandon ship, eyewitnesses say he was at the bridge as the Princess Victoria went under. It happened just five miles off the Copeland Islands and within sight of the north Down coast.
Some passengers and crew were able to reach the ship's lifeboats although, tragically, one carrying women and children crashed against the side of the ferry, throwing everyone into the icy waters. All of them died.
The frantic search for survivors involved steamers, trawlers, a naval boat and the Donaghadee lifeboat, the Sir Samuel Kelly. Its crew eventually plucked 33 men to safety. Bravery medals were awarded to many for their valiant rescue efforts that day.
Only 44 men survived the sinking of the Princess Victoria - more than three times that number perished. For families, especially in Larne and Stranraer, the news that a loved one had died was too much to bear.
Captain Ferguson's son, Jim, who was 18 when the tragedy happened, remembers the show of support from his father's colleagues.
Jack Peoples was the youngest crew member to die
"A few of the sailors who survived, came to our house over the next few days to speak to my mother. She appreciated it very much, particularly in times of difficulty and stress for them," Jim remembered.
Emotion
"I still feel his loss, very much so, I loved my father."
When Betty Crawford thinks of her brother Jack Peoples, it is often with raw emotion. At 16, the Larne teenager was the youngest crew member to die.
"(On the day of the tragedy) my mum disappeared. I found her in the garden where she was praying to God to please bring back his body. And God answered her prayer because she got his body back," Betty said.
"Jack's was one of the first funerals to take place, I remember throngs of people there and men with tears running down their cheeks. There was a numbness about it all and disbelief."
Two months after the disaster, a court of inquiry was convened in Belfast. A verdict was reached that the Princess Victoria was not a seaworthy ship, because of the inadequate strength of the stern doors and a lack of drainage on its car deck.
On two previous occasions - in 1949 and 1951 - these same design faults had caused problems on the ferry. Jack Hunter believes if they had been fixed back then, things might have been very different.
"Most certainly, it is a disaster that could have, and should have been avoided. The problems were discovered, they were known to be there, one assumes they were reported through official channels, yet nothing was done about them," he said.
Whatever the causes of the Princess Victoria sinking to a watery grave on that stormy Saturday afternoon in January 1953, the passing of time has not erased the sorrow felt by many, whose loved ones went down with the ship.
They are commemorated every year at services in Larne, Stranraer and in Donaghadee - and on the forthcoming 60th anniversary, the overriding sentiment will remain the same.
“Never forget”
1953: 130 die in ferry disaster. The Princess Victoria, a British Railways car ferry, bound for Larne in Northern Ireland, had left Stranraer on the south-west coast of Scotland an hour before when the stern gates to the car deck were forced open in heavy seas.
Water flooded into the ship and as the cargo shifted, the ferry, one of the first of the roll on-roll off design, fell onto her side and within four hours she sank.
Among the passengers who perished were the Northern Ireland Finance Minister and Deputy Prime Minister Major J M Sinclair, and Sir Walter Smiles, the Ulster Unionist MP for North Down.
The Princess Victoria went down off the coast near Donaghadee with a loss of 133 lives, only 44 men survived and no women or children. All the ship's officers including the Captain, James Ferguson, perished. It was the worst 20th century peacetime disaster in British waters.
The Donaghadee lifeboat (along with the Portpatrick and Cloughy lifeboats) went out into the raging seas of the great storm and under coxswain Hugh Nelson the crew of the Sir Samuel Kelly rescued 33 of the 44 survivors in seas with waves reported to be 50 to 60 feet high.
Today; the Sir Samuel Kelly sits in Donaghadee behind a builders fence.
Highest position:# 65 on Thursday, September 12, 2013
Hedge Bindweed, Common Bindweed,Calystegia, aka Muttergottesgläschen
-->> Click , click
© View LARGE on BLACK
or white, or grey
__ For your Eyes only ©
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Die Zaunwinden (Calystegia) sind eine Pflanzengattung aus der Familie der Windengewächse (Convolvulaceae). Etwa die Hälfte der 30 Arten sind in ihrer Verbreitung auf Kalifornien beschränkt, die anderen sind weit verbreitet.
Die Kelchblätter sind nahezu gleich geformt und bleiben auch an der Frucht beständig. Die Krone aus vollständig miteinander verwachsenen Kronblättern ist weiß, pink oder blassgelb gefärbt, trichterförmig, unbehaart und weist fünf deutliche Bänder in der Mitte der Kronblätter auf. Die gleichgestaltigen Staubblätter ragen nicht über die Krone hinaus. Ihre Staubbeutel geben kugelförmige, pantoporate (mit gleichmäßig verteilten Poren versehene) und nicht stachelige Pollenkörner ab. Der Fruchtknoten ist einkammerig und enthält vier Samenanlagen. Der Griffel ragt nicht über die Krone hinaus und trägt zwei keulenförmige Narben.
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Calystegia (bindweed, false bindweed, or morning glory) is a genus of about 25 species of flowering plants in the bindweed family Convolvulaceae.
The name is derived from two Greek words kalux, "cup", and stegos, "a covering", meaning "a covering cup". The stem is creeping over the ground, not winding or hardly winding. The leaves are dark green and reniform. The petioles are ovate or elleptical. The corolla is pink or pale purplish, with 5 white stripes.
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bighugelabs.com/scout.php?username=40036489@N00&combi...
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C1 - macro presets
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Sequence Number 3
Gerani (Greek: Γεράνι, literally 'Geranium', Turkish: Turnalar) is a village in the Famagusta District of Cyprus, located 8 km (5.0 mi) northeast of Trikomo. It is under the de facto control of Northern Cyprus.
Northern Cyprus, officially the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC), is a de facto state that comprises the northeastern portion of the island of Cyprus. It is recognised only by Turkey, and its territory is considered by all other states to be part of the Republic of Cyprus.
Northern Cyprus extends from the tip of the Karpass Peninsula in the northeast to Morphou Bay, Cape Kormakitis and its westernmost point, the Kokkina exclave in the west. Its southernmost point is the village of Louroujina. A buffer zone under the control of the United Nations stretches between Northern Cyprus and the rest of the island and divides Nicosia, the island's largest city and capital of both sides.
A coup d'état in 1974, performed as part of an attempt to annex the island to Greece, prompted the Turkish invasion of Cyprus. This resulted in the eviction of much of the north's Greek Cypriot population, the flight of Turkish Cypriots from the south, and the partitioning of the island, leading to a unilateral declaration of independence by the north in 1983. Due to its lack of recognition, Northern Cyprus is heavily dependent on Turkey for economic, political and military support.
Attempts to reach a solution to the Cyprus dispute have been unsuccessful. The Turkish Army maintains a large force in Northern Cyprus with the support and approval of the TRNC government, while the Republic of Cyprus, the European Union as a whole, and the international community regard it as an occupation force. This military presence has been denounced in several United Nations Security Council resolutions.
Northern Cyprus is a semi-presidential, democratic republic with a cultural heritage incorporating various influences and an economy that is dominated by the services sector. The economy has seen growth through the 2000s and 2010s, with the GNP per capita more than tripling in the 2000s, but is held back by an international embargo due to the official closure of the ports in Northern Cyprus by the Republic of Cyprus. The official language is Turkish, with a distinct local dialect being spoken. The vast majority of the population consists of Sunni Muslims, while religious attitudes are mostly moderate and secular. Northern Cyprus is an observer state of ECO and OIC under the name "Turkish Cypriot State", PACE under the name "Turkish Cypriot Community", and Organization of Turkic States with its own name.
Several distinct periods of Cypriot intercommunal violence involving the two main ethnic communities, Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots, marked mid-20th century Cyprus. These included the Cyprus Emergency of 1955–59 during British rule, the post-independence Cyprus crisis of 1963–64, and the Cyprus crisis of 1967. Hostilities culminated in the 1974 de facto division of the island along the Green Line following the Turkish invasion of Cyprus. The region has been relatively peaceful since then, but the Cyprus dispute has continued, with various attempts to solve it diplomatically having been generally unsuccessful.
Cyprus, an island lying in the eastern Mediterranean, hosted a population of Greeks and Turks (four-fifths and one-fifth, respectively), who lived under British rule in the late nineteenth-century and the first half of the twentieth-century. Christian Orthodox Church of Cyprus played a prominent political role among the Greek Cypriot community, a privilege that it acquired during the Ottoman Empire with the employment of the millet system, which gave the archbishop an unofficial ethnarch status.
The repeated rejections by the British of Greek Cypriot demands for enosis, union with Greece, led to armed resistance, organised by the National Organization of Cypriot Struggle, or EOKA. EOKA, led by the Greek-Cypriot commander George Grivas, systematically targeted British colonial authorities. One of the effects of EOKA's campaign was to alter the Turkish position from demanding full reincorporation into Turkey to a demand for taksim (partition). EOKA's mission and activities caused a "Cretan syndrome" (see Turkish Resistance Organisation) within the Turkish Cypriot community, as its members feared that they would be forced to leave the island in such a case as had been the case with Cretan Turks. As such, they preferred the continuation of British colonial rule and then taksim, the division of the island. Due to the Turkish Cypriots' support for the British, EOKA's leader, Georgios Grivas, declared them to be enemies. The fact that the Turks were a minority was, according to Nihat Erim, to be addressed by the transfer of thousands of Turks from mainland Turkey so that Greek Cypriots would cease to be the majority. When Erim visited Cyprus as the Turkish representative, he was advised by Field Marshal Sir John Harding, the then Governor of Cyprus, that Turkey should send educated Turks to settle in Cyprus.
Turkey actively promoted the idea that on the island of Cyprus two distinctive communities existed, and sidestepped its former claim that "the people of Cyprus were all Turkish subjects". In doing so, Turkey's aim to have self-determination of two to-be equal communities in effect led to de jure partition of the island.[citation needed] This could be justified to the international community against the will of the majority Greek population of the island. Dr. Fazil Küçük in 1954 had already proposed Cyprus be divided in two at the 35° parallel.
Lindley Dan, from Notre Dame University, spotted the roots of intercommunal violence to different visions among the two communities of Cyprus (enosis for Greek Cypriots, taksim for Turkish Cypriots). Also, Lindlay wrote that "the merging of church, schools/education, and politics in divisive and nationalistic ways" had played a crucial role in creation of havoc in Cyprus' history. Attalides Michael also pointed to the opposing nationalisms as the cause of the Cyprus problem.
By the mid-1950's, the "Cyprus is Turkish" party, movement, and slogan gained force in both Cyprus and Turkey. In a 1954 editorial, Turkish Cypriot leader Dr. Fazil Kuchuk expressed the sentiment that the Turkish youth had grown up with the idea that "as soon as Great Britain leaves the island, it will be taken over by the Turks", and that "Turkey cannot tolerate otherwise". This perspective contributed to the willingness of Turkish Cypriots to align themselves with the British, who started recruiting Turkish Cypriots into the police force that patrolled Cyprus to fight EOKA, a Greek Cypriot nationalist organisation that sought to rid the island of British rule.
EOKA targeted colonial authorities, including police, but Georgios Grivas, the leader of EOKA, did not initially wish to open up a new front by fighting Turkish Cypriots and reassured them that EOKA would not harm their people. In 1956, some Turkish Cypriot policemen were killed by EOKA members and this provoked some intercommunal violence in the spring and summer, but these attacks on policemen were not motivated by the fact that they were Turkish Cypriots.
However, in January 1957, Grivas changed his policy as his forces in the mountains became increasingly pressured by the British Crown forces. In order to divert the attention of the Crown forces, EOKA members started to target Turkish Cypriot policemen intentionally in the towns, so that Turkish Cypriots would riot against the Greek Cypriots and the security forces would have to be diverted to the towns to restore order. The killing of a Turkish Cypriot policeman on 19 January, when a power station was bombed, and the injury of three others, provoked three days of intercommunal violence in Nicosia. The two communities targeted each other in reprisals, at least one Greek Cypriot was killed and the British Army was deployed in the streets. Greek Cypriot stores were burned and their neighbourhoods attacked. Following the events, the Greek Cypriot leadership spread the propaganda that the riots had merely been an act of Turkish Cypriot aggression. Such events created chaos and drove the communities apart both in Cyprus and in Turkey.
On 22 October 1957 Sir Hugh Mackintosh Foot replaced Sir John Harding as the British Governor of Cyprus. Foot suggested five to seven years of self-government before any final decision. His plan rejected both enosis and taksim. The Turkish Cypriot response to this plan was a series of anti-British demonstrations in Nicosia on 27 and 28 January 1958 rejecting the proposed plan because the plan did not include partition. The British then withdrew the plan.
In 1957, Black Gang, a Turkish Cypriot pro-taksim paramilitary organisation, was formed to patrol a Turkish Cypriot enclave, the Tahtakale district of Nicosia, against activities of EOKA. The organisation later attempted to grow into a national scale, but failed to gain public support.
By 1958, signs of dissatisfaction with the British increased on both sides, with a group of Turkish Cypriots forming Volkan (later renamed to the Turkish Resistance Organisation) paramilitary group to promote partition and the annexation of Cyprus to Turkey as dictated by the Menderes plan. Volkan initially consisted of roughly 100 members, with the stated aim of raising awareness in Turkey of the Cyprus issue and courting military training and support for Turkish Cypriot fighters from the Turkish government.
In June 1958, the British Prime Minister, Harold Macmillan, was expected to propose a plan to resolve the Cyprus issue. In light of the new development, the Turks rioted in Nicosia to promote the idea that Greek and Turkish Cypriots could not live together and therefore any plan that did not include partition would not be viable. This violence was soon followed by bombing, Greek Cypriot deaths and looting of Greek Cypriot-owned shops and houses. Greek and Turkish Cypriots started to flee mixed population villages where they were a minority in search of safety. This was effectively the beginning of the segregation of the two communities. On 7 June 1958, a bomb exploded at the entrance of the Turkish Embassy in Cyprus. Following the bombing, Turkish Cypriots looted Greek Cypriot properties. On 26 June 1984, the Turkish Cypriot leader, Rauf Denktaş, admitted on British channel ITV that the bomb was placed by the Turks themselves in order to create tension. On 9 January 1995, Rauf Denktaş repeated his claim to the famous Turkish newspaper Milliyet in Turkey.
The crisis reached a climax on 12 June 1958, when eight Greeks, out of an armed group of thirty five arrested by soldiers of the Royal Horse Guards on suspicion of preparing an attack on the Turkish quarter of Skylloura, were killed in a suspected attack by Turkish Cypriot locals, near the village of Geunyeli, having been ordered to walk back to their village of Kondemenos.
After the EOKA campaign had begun, the British government successfully began to turn the Cyprus issue from a British colonial problem into a Greek-Turkish issue. British diplomacy exerted backstage influence on the Adnan Menderes government, with the aim of making Turkey active in Cyprus. For the British, the attempt had a twofold objective. The EOKA campaign would be silenced as quickly as possible, and Turkish Cypriots would not side with Greek Cypriots against the British colonial claims over the island, which would thus remain under the British. The Turkish Cypriot leadership visited Menderes to discuss the Cyprus issue. When asked how the Turkish Cypriots should respond to the Greek Cypriot claim of enosis, Menderes replied: "You should go to the British foreign minister and request the status quo be prolonged, Cyprus to remain as a British colony". When the Turkish Cypriots visited the British Foreign Secretary and requested for Cyprus to remain a colony, he replied: "You should not be asking for colonialism at this day and age, you should be asking for Cyprus be returned to Turkey, its former owner".
As Turkish Cypriots began to look to Turkey for protection, Greek Cypriots soon understood that enosis was extremely unlikely. The Greek Cypriot leader, Archbishop Makarios III, now set independence for the island as his objective.
Britain resolved to solve the dispute by creating an independent Cyprus. In 1959, all involved parties signed the Zurich Agreements: Britain, Turkey, Greece, and the Greek and Turkish Cypriot leaders, Makarios and Dr. Fazil Kucuk, respectively. The new constitution drew heavily on the ethnic composition of the island. The President would be a Greek Cypriot, and the Vice-President a Turkish Cypriot with an equal veto. The contribution to the public service would be set at a ratio of 70:30, and the Supreme Court would consist of an equal number of judges from both communities as well as an independent judge who was not Greek, Turkish or British. The Zurich Agreements were supplemented by a number of treaties. The Treaty of Guarantee stated that secession or union with any state was forbidden, and that Greece, Turkey and Britain would be given guarantor status to intervene if that was violated. The Treaty of Alliance allowed for two small Greek and Turkish military contingents to be stationed on the island, and the Treaty of Establishment gave Britain sovereignty over two bases in Akrotiri and Dhekelia.
On 15 August 1960, the Colony of Cyprus became fully independent as the Republic of Cyprus. The new republic remained within the Commonwealth of Nations.
The new constitution brought dissatisfaction to Greek Cypriots, who felt it to be highly unjust for them for historical, demographic and contributional reasons. Although 80% of the island's population were Greek Cypriots and these indigenous people had lived on the island for thousands of years and paid 94% of taxes, the new constitution was giving the 17% of the population that was Turkish Cypriots, who paid 6% of taxes, around 30% of government jobs and 40% of national security jobs.
Within three years tensions between the two communities in administrative affairs began to show. In particular disputes over separate municipalities and taxation created a deadlock in government. A constitutional court ruled in 1963 Makarios had failed to uphold article 173 of the constitution which called for the establishment of separate municipalities for Turkish Cypriots. Makarios subsequently declared his intention to ignore the judgement, resulting in the West German judge resigning from his position. Makarios proposed thirteen amendments to the constitution, which would have had the effect of resolving most of the issues in the Greek Cypriot favour. Under the proposals, the President and Vice-President would lose their veto, the separate municipalities as sought after by the Turkish Cypriots would be abandoned, the need for separate majorities by both communities in passing legislation would be discarded and the civil service contribution would be set at actual population ratios (82:18) instead of the slightly higher figure for Turkish Cypriots.
The intention behind the amendments has long been called into question. The Akritas plan, written in the height of the constitutional dispute by the Greek Cypriot interior minister Polycarpos Georkadjis, called for the removal of undesirable elements of the constitution so as to allow power-sharing to work. The plan envisaged a swift retaliatory attack on Turkish Cypriot strongholds should Turkish Cypriots resort to violence to resist the measures, stating "In the event of a planned or staged Turkish attack, it is imperative to overcome it by force in the shortest possible time, because if we succeed in gaining command of the situation (in one or two days), no outside, intervention would be either justified or possible." Whether Makarios's proposals were part of the Akritas plan is unclear, however it remains that sentiment towards enosis had not completely disappeared with independence. Makarios described independence as "a step on the road to enosis".[31] Preparations for conflict were not entirely absent from Turkish Cypriots either, with right wing elements still believing taksim (partition) the best safeguard against enosis.
Greek Cypriots however believe the amendments were a necessity stemming from a perceived attempt by Turkish Cypriots to frustrate the working of government. Turkish Cypriots saw it as a means to reduce their status within the state from one of co-founder to that of minority, seeing it as a first step towards enosis. The security situation deteriorated rapidly.
Main articles: Bloody Christmas (1963) and Battle of Tillyria
An armed conflict was triggered after December 21, 1963, a period remembered by Turkish Cypriots as Bloody Christmas, when a Greek Cypriot policemen that had been called to help deal with a taxi driver refusing officers already on the scene access to check the identification documents of his customers, took out his gun upon arrival and shot and killed the taxi driver and his partner. Eric Solsten summarised the events as follows: "a Greek Cypriot police patrol, ostensibly checking identification documents, stopped a Turkish Cypriot couple on the edge of the Turkish quarter. A hostile crowd gathered, shots were fired, and two Turkish Cypriots were killed."
In the morning after the shooting, crowds gathered in protest in Northern Nicosia, likely encouraged by the TMT, without incident. On the evening of the 22nd, gunfire broke out, communication lines to the Turkish neighbourhoods were cut, and the Greek Cypriot police occupied the nearby airport. On the 23rd, a ceasefire was negotiated, but did not hold. Fighting, including automatic weapons fire, between Greek and Turkish Cypriots and militias increased in Nicosia and Larnaca. A force of Greek Cypriot irregulars led by Nikos Sampson entered the Nicosia suburb of Omorphita and engaged in heavy firing on armed, as well as by some accounts unarmed, Turkish Cypriots. The Omorphita clash has been described by Turkish Cypriots as a massacre, while this view has generally not been acknowledged by Greek Cypriots.
Further ceasefires were arranged between the two sides, but also failed. By Christmas Eve, the 24th, Britain, Greece, and Turkey had joined talks, with all sides calling for a truce. On Christmas day, Turkish fighter jets overflew Nicosia in a show of support. Finally it was agreed to allow a force of 2,700 British soldiers to help enforce a ceasefire. In the next days, a "buffer zone" was created in Nicosia, and a British officer marked a line on a map with green ink, separating the two sides of the city, which was the beginning of the "Green Line". Fighting continued across the island for the next several weeks.
In total 364 Turkish Cypriots and 174 Greek Cypriots were killed during the violence. 25,000 Turkish Cypriots from 103-109 villages fled and were displaced into enclaves and thousands of Turkish Cypriot houses were ransacked or completely destroyed.
Contemporary newspapers also reported on the forceful exodus of the Turkish Cypriots from their homes. According to The Times in 1964, threats, shootings and attempts of arson were committed against the Turkish Cypriots to force them out of their homes. The Daily Express wrote that "25,000 Turks have already been forced to leave their homes". The Guardian reported a massacre of Turks at Limassol on 16 February 1964.
Turkey had by now readied its fleet and its fighter jets appeared over Nicosia. Turkey was dissuaded from direct involvement by the creation of a United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) in 1964. Despite the negotiated ceasefire in Nicosia, attacks on the Turkish Cypriot persisted, particularly in Limassol. Concerned about the possibility of a Turkish invasion, Makarios undertook the creation of a Greek Cypriot conscript-based army called the "National Guard". A general from Greece took charge of the army, whilst a further 20,000 well-equipped officers and men were smuggled from Greece into Cyprus. Turkey threatened to intervene once more, but was prevented by a strongly worded letter from the American President Lyndon B. Johnson, anxious to avoid a conflict between NATO allies Greece and Turkey at the height of the Cold War.
Turkish Cypriots had by now established an important bridgehead at Kokkina, provided with arms, volunteers and materials from Turkey and abroad. Seeing this incursion of foreign weapons and troops as a major threat, the Cypriot government invited George Grivas to return from Greece as commander of the Greek troops on the island and launch a major attack on the bridgehead. Turkey retaliated by dispatching its fighter jets to bomb Greek positions, causing Makarios to threaten an attack on every Turkish Cypriot village on the island if the bombings did not cease. The conflict had now drawn in Greece and Turkey, with both countries amassing troops on their Thracian borders. Efforts at mediation by Dean Acheson, a former U.S. Secretary of State, and UN-appointed mediator Galo Plaza had failed, all the while the division of the two communities becoming more apparent. Greek Cypriot forces were estimated at some 30,000, including the National Guard and the large contingent from Greece. Defending the Turkish Cypriot enclaves was a force of approximately 5,000 irregulars, led by a Turkish colonel, but lacking the equipment and organisation of the Greek forces.
The Secretary-General of the United Nations in 1964, U Thant, reported the damage during the conflicts:
UNFICYP carried out a detailed survey of all damage to properties throughout the island during the disturbances; it shows that in 109 villages, most of them Turkish-Cypriot or mixed villages, 527 houses have been destroyed while 2,000 others have suffered damage from looting.
The situation worsened in 1967, when a military junta overthrew the democratically elected government of Greece, and began applying pressure on Makarios to achieve enosis. Makarios, not wishing to become part of a military dictatorship or trigger a Turkish invasion, began to distance himself from the goal of enosis. This caused tensions with the junta in Greece as well as George Grivas in Cyprus. Grivas's control over the National Guard and Greek contingent was seen as a threat to Makarios's position, who now feared a possible coup.[citation needed] The National Guard and Cyprus Police began patrolling the Turkish Cypriot enclaves of Ayios Theodoros and Kophinou, and on November 15 engaged in heavy fighting with the Turkish Cypriots.
By the time of his withdrawal 26 Turkish Cypriots had been killed. Turkey replied with an ultimatum demanding that Grivas be removed from the island, that the troops smuggled from Greece in excess of the limits of the Treaty of Alliance be removed, and that the economic blockades on the Turkish Cypriot enclaves be lifted. Grivas was recalled by the Athens Junta and the 12,000 Greek troops were withdrawn. Makarios now attempted to consolidate his position by reducing the number of National Guard troops, and by creating a paramilitary force loyal to Cypriot independence. In 1968, acknowledging that enosis was now all but impossible, Makarios stated, "A solution by necessity must be sought within the limits of what is feasible which does not always coincide with the limits of what is desirable."
After 1967 tensions between the Greek and Turkish Cypriots subsided. Instead, the main source of tension on the island came from factions within the Greek Cypriot community. Although Makarios had effectively abandoned enosis in favour of an 'attainable solution', many others continued to believe that the only legitimate political aspiration for Greek Cypriots was union with Greece.
On his arrival, Grivas began by establishing a nationalist paramilitary group known as the National Organization of Cypriot Fighters (Ethniki Organosis Kyprion Agoniston B or EOKA-B), drawing comparisons with the EOKA struggle for enosis under the British colonial administration of the 1950s.
The military junta in Athens saw Makarios as an obstacle. Makarios's failure to disband the National Guard, whose officer class was dominated by mainland Greeks, had meant the junta had practical control over the Cypriot military establishment, leaving Makarios isolated and a vulnerable target.
During the first Turkish invasion, Turkish troops invaded Cyprus territory on 20 July 1974, invoking its rights under the Treaty of Guarantee. This expansion of Turkish-occupied zone violated International Law as well as the Charter of the United Nations. Turkish troops managed to capture 3% of the island which was accompanied by the burning of the Turkish Cypriot quarter, as well as the raping and killing of women and children. A temporary cease-fire followed which was mitigated by the UN Security Council. Subsequently, the Greek military Junta collapsed on July 23, 1974, and peace talks commenced in which a democratic government was installed. The Resolution 353 was broken after Turkey attacked a second time and managed to get a hold of 37% of Cyprus territory. The Island of Cyprus was appointed a Buffer Zone by the United Nations, which divided the island into two zones through the 'Green Line' and put an end to the Turkish invasion. Although Turkey announced that the occupied areas of Cyprus to be called the Federated Turkish State in 1975, it is not legitimised on a worldwide political scale. The United Nations called for the international recognition of independence for the Republic of Cyprus in the Security Council Resolution 367.
In the years after the Turkish invasion of northern Cyprus one can observe a history of failed talks between the two parties. The 1983 declaration of the independent Turkish Republic of Cyprus resulted in a rise of inter-communal tensions and made it increasingly hard to find mutual understanding. With Cyprus' interest of a possible EU membership and a new UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan in 1997 new hopes arose for a fresh start. International involvement from sides of the US and UK, wanting a solution to the Cyprus dispute prior to the EU accession led to political pressures for new talks. The believe that an accession without a solution would threaten Greek-Turkish relations and acknowledge the partition of the island would direct the coming negotiations.
Over the course of two years a concrete plan, the Annan plan was formulated. In 2004 the fifth version agreed upon from both sides and with the endorsement of Turkey, US, UK and EU then was presented to the public and was given a referendum in both Cypriot communities to assure the legitimisation of the resolution. The Turkish Cypriots voted with 65% for the plan, however the Greek Cypriots voted with a 76% majority against. The Annan plan contained multiple important topics. Firstly it established a confederation of two separate states called the United Cyprus Republic. Both communities would have autonomous states combined under one unified government. The members of parliament would be chosen according to the percentage in population numbers to ensure a just involvement from both communities. The paper proposed a demilitarisation of the island over the next years. Furthermore it agreed upon a number of 45000 Turkish settlers that could remain on the island. These settlers became a very important issue concerning peace talks. Originally the Turkish government encouraged Turks to settle in Cyprus providing transfer and property, to establish a counterpart to the Greek Cypriot population due to their 1 to 5 minority. With the economic situation many Turkish-Cypriot decided to leave the island, however their departure is made up by incoming Turkish settlers leaving the population ratio between Turkish Cypriots and Greek Cypriots stable. However all these points where criticised and as seen in the vote rejected mainly by the Greek Cypriots. These name the dissolution of the „Republic of Cyprus", economic consequences of a reunion and the remaining Turkish settlers as reason. Many claim that the plan was indeed drawing more from Turkish-Cypriot demands then Greek-Cypriot interests. Taking in consideration that the US wanted to keep Turkey as a strategic partner in future Middle Eastern conflicts.
A week after the failed referendum the Republic of Cyprus joined the EU. In multiple instances the EU tried to promote trade with Northern Cyprus but without internationally recognised ports this spiked a grand debate. Both side endure their intention of negotiations, however without the prospect of any new compromises or agreements the UN is unwilling to start the process again. Since 2004 negotiations took place in numbers but without any results, both sides are strongly holding on to their position without an agreeable solution in sight that would suit both parties.
ZONNEBLOEM COMMISSIONS LEADING SA DESIGNER
Zonnebloem, one of South Africa's best-known brands, is reasserting its classical positioning by teaming up with Haldane Martin, one of South Africa's most successful industrial and interior designers.
To coincide with its new tagline, "crafting contemporary classics", Zonnebloem has commissioned Martin to develop a stylish range of merchandising units for restaurants and bars, as well as retail outlets.
His first design is a sleek, multi-functional dark, cork-topped table that also functions as an ice bucket stand. The table top can be used to hold a bottle, a decanter and a glass of wine, while the legs have been configured to support an ice bucket.
He has also created two free-standing display units for wine shops, featuring some of the same materials, including the distinctive dark cork, as well as brass fixtures.
Says global brand manager Dè-Mari Kellerman: "He has reinterpreted the traditional in a pleasingly modern and original way that corresponds with Zonnebloem's approach to winemaking. His designs reflect the cardinal principles of harmony and balance evident in our well-crafted wines.
"Zonnebloem is a South African classic. Wine collectors have enormous respect for the brand with vintages from the 1940s, '50s, ‘60s and '70s still fetching impressive prices on auction. At the same time, it's a growing brand that has been building international support for its classically styled but refreshing and modern-tasting wines."
The wines are finding increasing favour with South Africans. "Even though the market is being inundated with new players, Zonnebloem is continuing to retain the interest of loyal and new-generation shoppers. We want to capitalise on their attention with striking visual language that we'll follow through in our print advertising."
Martin was approached, she says, because he has been one of the most successful exponents of a modern South African cultural identity. "He uses design to reflect a sense of time and place. That's exactly what our winemakers do. They mirror the uniqueness of each vintage and draw from very specific vineyard blocks to achieve a sense of time and place.
"He works with materials in a way that is kind to the planet and to people. In the same way, all our wines are made by following the principles of eco-sustainability."
Kellerman confirmed that internationally Zonnebloem is also growing its year-on-year sales. It is also one of the most popular ranges in the duty-free channel.
DESIGN INSPIRATION FOR ZONNEBLOEM TABLES AND DISPLAY STANDS IN HALDANE MARTIN’S OWN WORDS.
It was an honour to be commissioned by Zonnebloem to create a collection of objects which express the essence of this classic South African wine and its new tagline “crafting contemporary classics”. After conducting extensive research into Zonnebloem, and its place in the history of wine making in South Africa, the environments that wine is sold in, and of course enjoying a number of bottles of this well-crafted wine with family and friends, this is what I was inspired to create;
Wine Serving Table
One of the problems found in restaurants that I set out to solve was that red wine decanters are seldom used due to the shortage of table space in restaurants despite the fact that decanters improve the taste of wine by accelerating the “breathing” process.
It was important to also include the more commonly used ice cooler for white wines in the solution, as it is common for large tables of patrons to be drinking both red and white wines simultaneously.
The palette of materials that I chose to work with, are brass and dark cork. The golden sparkle of the brass resonates with the colour of white wine. Cork was chosen as it is traditionally used to seal the wine bottles, and the dark cork resonates with the rich colours of the red wines.
The spiral structure of the brass plated wire table frame which holds the ice cooler in its centre, was inspired by the spiral form of a Zonnebloem (Dutch for Sunflower). The dark cork table top has been recessed to locate a glass decanter in the middle.
Wine Tasting Table
A wine tasting table made from luxurious oiled walnut timber and brass fixtures was created for more exclusive venues. Its distinctive feature is the strong form of the helical thread reminiscent of the same wooden mechanical screw thread used to squash grapes in the traditional wine press. This central thread and lock nut allows the table to be adjusted to various heights, to facilitate wine tasting either seated or standing.
The table top has been recessed to locate the decanter in the centre and three bottles of wines are held in brass rings around the periphery. Twelve wine glasses are hung from a brass rack below the table top. A spun aluminium ice cooler fits conveniently between two of the three legs that the table stands on.
Wine Merchandising Stands
The Merchandising units were created for the wine retail environments. They were designed to show off and make accessible, each wine that Zonnebloem produce, using some of the same design elements and materials as the Wine Tasting & Serving tables.
DATE APRIL 10, 2014
ISSUED BY DKC (DE KOCK COMMUNICATIONS)
FOR ZONNEBLOEM WINES
QUERIES DEON BOSHOFF, ELIZE COETZEE, BONNY VAN NIEKERK, ZONNEBLOEM CELLARS (021) 809 7000
DÈ-MARI KELLERMAN OR DANÉLLE KIETZMANN, ZONNEBLOEM MARKETING (021) 809 7000
MARLISE POTGIETER/JANI-MARI SWART, DKC
(021) 422 2690
My daughter Elisabeth, in front, with one of her partners at the end of their balance excercise this weekend.
They are keeping their heads up but my daughter can't really hide the disappointment because the excercise did not go as planned.
Manufactured by VEB Rheinmetall Büromachinenwerk-Sömmerda,Thüringen, East Germany
Model: c.1955, VEB Welta-Kamera-Werk designed, Rheinmetall made
all Weltax produced between 1939-1959
Folder film camera, film 120 roll, dual format 6x6 and 6x4.5cm w/ a mask
Engraving on the upper front of the camera: Weltax
Lens: Carl Zeiss Jena Tessar 75mm f/3.5, four element, filter: slip-on, serial no. 3994878
Aperture: f/3.5-f/22 setting: lever and scale behind the lens-shutter barrel
Focusing: manual front focusing
Focus range: 1-15m +inf
Shutter: Tempor leaf shutter,speeds: 1-1/250 +B
setting: ring and scale on the lens-shutter barrel
Shutter release: on the left of the top plate
Cocking lever: on the shutter
Cable release socket: none
Viewfinder: simple optical finder, w/ format adjustment setting by a sliding button on the finder, and w/ parallax adjustment setting near / infinity by a sliding button on the right side of the finder, when the button marks inf. the back part of the finder is slightly lower position, when on N, finder rises upwards slightly, press the finder for turning inf. position
Winding knob: on the right of the top plate
Flash PC socket: on the lens-shutter barrel
Cold-shoe: none
Self-timer: by a small knob, on the lens-shutter barrel
Bellows opening: by a knob on the bottom plate, closing: press the struts downwards
Film loading: a special mechanism on the spools
Back cover: hinged, w/ two orange windows for 6x6 and 6x4.5, w/ buil-in lid,
Back cover opens with the left side part of the camera by a latch under the hand-grip
Engravings on the back cover: Rheinmetall and logo, MADE IN GERMANY,
and a number: 37/286/0000
Engraving on the bottom plate: Rheinmetall and logo
Tripod socket: old 3/8'', on the bottom plate
Lugs for hand-grip
Body: metal, Weight: 599g
serial no. 81138 (inside the camera)
+original leather ever-ready case
Originally Welta was a German camera maker based in Freital. It made a number of medium-priced folders before World War II, and its camera production was quite comparable to Balda and Certo. It also introduced two folding TLRs, the 6×6 Perfekta and the 6×9 Superfekta.
After the war Welta continued production with a range evolved from the prewar models in East Germany as a state company, VEB Welta-Kamera-Werk. It became a part of the large VEB Kamera- und Kinowerk Dresden in 1959, a state owned conglomerate of East-German cameramakers that was to become VEB Pentacon in 1964.
The original Weltax had the advance button on the bottom, while most post-war items have it on top. Weltax was available with many various lens and shutter combinations.
Due to the high demand for cameras and to increase production, part of the manufacturing was shifted to VEB Rheinmetall.
The Tempor was an East Germany made shutter. It seems to be a copy of Prontor S range and it was a sturdy and reliable shutter.
Here is Rheinmetall Weltax identical with original Welta Weltax.
Rheinmetall is better known for cannons than for cameras but after WWII they made or perhaps rather assembled cameras like the Exa and Exakta and this Weltax.
more info: The Camera Site and Lippisches Kamera Museum
Secuencia de fotografías tomadas con flash Vivitar 285 y disparador Cactus v2.
Potencia de flash a 1/16 situado a distintos angulos y a 2 metros del sujeto.
Iso 200, F4.6, 1/160
Camara Olympus E510 a 2 metros del sujeto.
The new BMW 1 Series.
Unmistakably sporty, with a higher quality feel and greater presence.
New special-edition models, an enhanced premium interior, extended
connectivity features and the latest-generation iDrive operating system: this is
the next generation of the BMW 1 Series. The sportiest representative of the
premium compact class comes with a broad range of efficient engines
encompassing powerful three-, four- and six-cylinder variants. Uniquely in this
class, the BMW 1 Series has rear-wheel drive, with the intelligent xDrive allwheel-
drive system available as an option. The new edition of the
BMW 1 Series will be launched in July 2017 in 3-door and 5-door versions.
The BMW 1 Series: a tour de force in the premium compact class.
The success story of this sporty compact model dates back to late-summer
2004 and the introduction of the original BMW 1 Series. Thanks to its
superior agility and driving dynamics, it rapidly positioned itself as the epitome
of sporting prowess in the compact segment. To date, more than two million
units of the BMW 1 Series have been sold worldwide, of which approximately
960,000 are from the latest model generation. Germany is the most important
international market and this is where one in four BMW 1 Series is sold,
followed by the UK (20 per cent) and China (eight per cent). The
BMW 1 Series is built in Germany at the plants in Regensburg (3-door and 5-
door models) and Leipzig (5-door). There are also assembly plants for the
Asia-Pacific region in Chennai (India) and Rayong (Thailand).
New special-edition models with striking looks.
The BMW 1 Series is unmistakeably sporty: dynamic contours, the distinctive
kidney grille, long bonnet and a sportily stylish rear define its appearance. New
special-edition models – the Edition Sport Line Shadow, Edition M Sport
Shadow and BMW M140i Edition Shadow – see BMW emphasising the
youthfully refreshing, sporty character of the 1 Series. The special editions
stand out from their siblings with a kidney grille frame painted in black, LED
headlights with black inserts and darkened rear lights which likewise feature
LED technology. The BMW 1 Series Edition M Sport Shadow has black
exhaust tailpipes, too. The new exterior colours Seaside Blue and Sunset
Orange also contribute to the new car’s more striking looks.
The Sport Line, Urban Line and M Sport variants of the BMW 1 Series remain
in the line-up alongside the standard model. And now there are also specialedition
models to choose from. The handover from one model to the next
sees five new light-alloy wheels being added to the range in 17- and 18-inch
formats. A total of 16 different wheel designs – in sizes ranging from 16 to
18 inches – provide plenty of scope for personalisation. The new
BMW 1 Series Edition Sport Line Shadow comes with exclusive 17-inch lightalloy
wheels (725) as standard. The Edition M Sport Shadow has 18-inch
wheels in either Jet Black or Bicolour Jet Black (719 M) to complement its
shadow-like character. And an additional 18-inch light-alloy wheel design is
offered for the M140i/M140i xDrive Edition Shadow (436 M in Orbit Grey).
Upgraded interior, redesigned instrument panel.
Moving inside the new BMW 1 Series, an array of details add to the cabin’s
exclusive, high-quality feel. With a clear and stylish design, the instrument
panel has been completely reworked to place an even greater emphasis on
driver focus. The black-panel instrument cluster has likewise been
reconfigured. Contrast stitching gives the various model variants a
sophisticated appearance. The centre stack, which houses the control panels
for the radio and air conditioning system, features a high-gloss black surface.
There is a roll cover for the cupholders in the centre console, giving the new
interior a clean look. And the window buttons in the doors now have chrome
trim. Thanks to virtually imperceptible gaps, the glove compartment blends
seamlessly into the overall ambience. The air vents for the air conditioning
have been revised and also contribute to the generous impression of space
created by the interior of the new BMW 1 Series.
Customers can also specify an optional new seat covering in Cognac Dakota
leather, while the interior trim strips are now available with Pearl Chrome
accents. The Urban Line offers exclusive new combinations of white or black
acrylic glass with chrome detailing. The standard model, Sport Line and
M Sport variants can be ordered with new combinations of Piano Finish Black,
aluminium or Fineline wood trim with chrome. When it comes to the seat
coverings, BMW 1 Series customers can choose from seven cloth variants,
some including leather or Alcantara.
Using iDrive, the touchscreen or voice control to operate various functions.
The new BMW 1 Series is equipped with the latest generation of the iDrive
operating system as standard. Using the iDrive Touch Controller allows the
driver to comfortably access and activate a variety of vehicle, navigation and
entertainment functions with one hand. Thanks to the touchpad integrated
into the Controller, it is easy to enter destinations for the navigation system in
handwriting style. If the optional Navigation system Professional is fitted, the
high-resolution central 8.8-inch display now comes in touchscreen form.
Intelligent voice control is the third way of operating these functions.
Perfectly connected from the word go.
Thanks to the standard built-in SIM card in the BMW 1 Series,
ConnectedDrive provides optimum connectivity and access to BMW services
without having to rely on the customer’s smartphone. These include the
Concierge Services, where personal assistants select destinations such as
restaurants or hotels for the driver while en route, make reservations and then
send the information directly to the vehicle’s navigation system, complete with
all contact details. Online Entertainment gives BMW 1 Series occupants a
choice of millions of music tracks and audio books, while RTTI (Real Time
Traffic Information) finds a smart way around traffic jams. RTTI now also
includes a hazard preview based on fleet information, meaning that in addition
to the real-time traffic situation, the service also notifies drivers of dangerous
situations – such as accidents or heavy rain – detected by other BMW
vehicles. Anonymised sensor data is used for this purpose. Hazard reports
and rain are shown on the map in the vehicle’s display, while a warning and
message appear on the navigation map when approaching the location of the
danger.
Plus, in selected cities in Germany and the USA, the On-Street Parking
Information service uses the Navigation system Professional display to
indicate the probability of finding an available roadside parking space.
The all-encompassing digital concept BMW Connected seamlessly integrates
the BMW 1 Series into the user’s digital life via touchpoints such as an
iPhone, Apple Watch, Android smartphone or smartwatch. BMW Connected
detects mobility-related information, such as the addresses contained in the
appointments calendar, and transmits this automatically to the vehicle. The
user then receives a message on their smartphone notifying them in advance
of the ideal departure time based on real-time traffic information. In addition,
places the user drives to regularly and personal mobility patterns are also
stored automatically. This means that manually entering destination
addresses in the navigation system is set to largely become a thing of the
past. If navigation details such as the destination address and desired arrival
time have already been set outside the vehicle on the user’s smartphone, the
link between phone and car will allow BMW Connected to transfer the
information seamlessly and make it available to the BMW navigation system.
BMW Connected and the Remote Services allow BMW 1 Series drivers to
stay in touch with their car at all times, no matter where they are. They can
control the heating and ventilation, lock and unlock the doors and call up
vehicle-related information, quickly and easily using their smartphone. And if
they happen to forget where they parked their car, they can check its location
on a map via BMW Connected. Alternatively, the vehicle’s horn or headlight
flasher can be activated remotely in order to locate it in a large car park, for
example. With the help of Alexa and Alexa-capable devices, BMW 1 Series
drivers in Germany and the UK can even manage their appointments in the
BMW Connected mobility agenda and operate vehicle functions by voice
control from the comfort of their home.
For the first time, BMW now offers Microsoft Office 365 users a secure server
connection for exchanging and editing emails, calendar entries and contact
details in the BMW 1 Series, thanks to the car’s built-in Microsoft Exchange
function.
The optional in-car WiFi hotspot provides a high-speed mobile internet
connection for up to ten devices. Apple CarPlay is also available for the
BMW 1 Series via a BMW navigation system. Integrating the smartphone into
the vehicle’s system environment allows the phone and selected apps to be
operated using the iDrive Controller, voice commands or the touchscreen
display (if the Navigation system Professional is specified). Compatible
smartphones can also be supplied with power wirelessly by means of an
optional inductive charging tray.
Driver assistance systems: extra help for the driver.
The assistance systems on the options list for the new BMW 1 Series include
Active Cruise Control with Stop & Go function, which enables the vehicle to
move along with the flow of traffic automatically up to near its maximum
speed. The system alerts the driver and applies the brakes if it detects an
obstacle. The Driving Assistant is also available as an option and comprises
the Lane Departure Warning system and City Collision Mitigation, which
applies the brakes automatically at speeds up to 60 km/h (37 mph) in
response to an imminent collision with a car, motorcycle or pedestrian, for
instance. The Parking Assistant, meanwhile, manoeuvres the car into parking
spots that are either parallel or perpendicular to the road. Its ultrasonic sensors
help to search for suitable spaces while travelling at up to 35 km/h (22 mph).
Highly efficient three-, four- and six-cylinder power units.
The new BMW 1 Series comes with a wide choice of petrol and diesel
engines, comprising three-, four- and six-cylinder variants. They all hail from
the state-of-the-art BMW EfficientDynamics engine family and feature
BMW TwinPower Turbo technology. With the exception of the BMW 116i,
116d EfficientDynamics Edition and 118d xDrive, all models can be specified
with the eight-speed Steptronic or eight-speed Steptronic Sport transmission
as an alternative to the six-speed manual gearshift. The M140i xDrive can only
be ordered with the eight-speed Steptronic Sport transmission.
On the petrol side, the line-up ranges from the BMW 116i – whose
turbocharged three-cylinder unit produces 80 kW/109 hp (fuel consumption
combined: 5.4 – 5.0 l/100 km [52.3 – 56.5 mpg imp]; CO2 emissions
combined: 126 – 116 g/km)* – to the BMW M140i M Performance model,
which stirs 250 kW/340 hp from its six-cylinder in-line engine (fuel
consumption combined: 7.8 – 7.1 l/100 km [36.2 – 39.8 mpg imp]; CO2
emissions combined: 179 – 163 g/km)*.
The diesel models likewise draw their power from cutting-edge engine
technology. In addition to a basic concept that is inherently more efficient, all
the three- and four-cylinder units feature new turbocharger technology and
enhanced common-rail direct injection systems. At the lower end of the
power spectrum is the BMW 116d, delivering 85 kW/116 hp and maximum
torque of 270 Newton metres (199 lb-ft). In the process, it burns
4.1 – 3.6 litres of fuel per 100 km (68.9 – 78.5 mpg imp), equating to CO2
emissions of 107 – 96 g/km*. In extra-efficient BMW 116d EfficientDynamics
Edition guise, fuel consumption is a frugal 3.8 – 3.4 l/100 km
(74.3 – 83.1 mpg imp), resulting in CO2 emissions of 101 – 89 g/km*. The
most powerful four-cylinder diesel engine in the line-up can be found in the
new BMW 125d. The multi-stage turbocharging technology, including
variable turbine geometry for the high-pressure turbocharger, results in
remarkably quick response, output of 165 kW/224 hp and peak torque of
450 Newton metres (332 lb-ft). Combined fuel consumption comes in at
4.6 – 4.3 l/100 km [61.4 – 65.7 mpg imp] and combined CO2 emissions are
120 – 114 g/km*.
Intelligent all-wheel drive for optimum power transmission.
The BMW M140i, BMW 118d and BMW 120d can be specified with
BMW xDrive intelligent all-wheel drive as an alternative to classical rear-wheel
drive. Besides the specific benefits of AWD – such as optimum transmission
of power to the road, supreme driving safety and maximum traction in wintry
conditions, for example – BMW xDrive also reduces understeer and oversteer
through corners. The result is sharper handling in situations such as when
turning into bends.
Two new elite athletes from BMW M GmbH: the M140i andM140i xDrive.
The sportiest member of the BMW 1 Series range also boasts a new look. To
mark the new model year, the BMW M140i M Performance model is also
available in M140i Edition Shadow trim. Black inserts are added to the
standard LED headlights and the kidney grille surround is painted black. The
darkened rear light assemblies lend further impact to the car’s sporting aura,
* Fuel consumption figures based on the EU test cycle, may vary depending on the tyre format specified.
as do the standard 18-inch light-alloy wheels, which are now available for the
first time in Style 436 M Orbit Grey and Style 719 M Jet Black or Bicolour Jet
Black, to go with the previously available Ferric Grey (Style 436 M). The
sportiest BMW 1 Series leaves the factory shod with high-performance
mixed-size tyres as standard, with dimensions of 225/40 at the front and
245/35 at the rear.
The BMW M140i is powered by a three-litre straight-six engine complete with
direct injection, M Performance TwinPower Turbo technology with twin-scroll
turbocharging, fully variable valve timing (VALVETRONIC) and Double-
VANOS variable camshaft control. This all combines to give the BMW M140i
an output of 250 kW/340 hp and maximum torque of 500 Newton metres
(369 lb-ft), which can be summoned from as low down as 1,520 rpm and
remains on tap up to 4,500 rpm. This gives the BMW M140i all the right
credentials for delivering extraordinary performance: with the six-speed
manual gearshift, this compact racer sprints from 0 to 100 km/h (62 mph) in
4.8 seconds, while top speed is electronically limited to 250 km/h (155 mph).
When the optional eight-speed Steptronic Sport transmission is specified, the
BMW M140i reaches the 100 km/h (62 mph) mark from rest in an even
quicker 4.6 seconds (fuel consumption combined: 7.1 l/100 km
[39.8 mpg imp]; CO2 emissions combined: 163 g/km)*. Performance is even
more remarkable in the BMW M140i xDrive versions, thanks to the presence
of intelligent all-wheel drive. Equipped with the eight-speed Steptronic Sport
transmission as standard, the M140i xDrive surges from 0 to 100 km/h
(62 mph) in 4.4 seconds, while returning combined fuel consumption of
7.4 l/100 km (38.2 mpg imp) and CO2 emissions of 169 g/km*.
Variable sport steering adds to the impression of exceptional agility at the
wheel of the BMW M140i. It comes with electromechanical power assistance
and adapts the steering angle of the front wheels to the prevailing driving
situation. This allows lightning-fast evasive manoeuvres but also produces a
sensation of excellent directional and straight-line stability in motorway driving.
The M Sport suspension, M Sport braking system and shorter throw for the
six-speed manual gearshift have all been perfectly matched to the might of
the six-cylinder in-line engine, as have high-performance tyres designed to
ensure that acceleration and braking force are transmitted to the road to
optimum effect. The Driving Experience Control switch in the BMW M140i
features the same modes included in all models in the range, such as
Comfort, Sport and ECO PRO, but also adds the ultra-dynamic Sport+ mode.
In this setting, the configuration of the Dynamic Stability Control system
allows the driver to perform controlled drifts.