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Austrelaps superbus are quite variable in dorsal colouration, and this photo illustrates two different ends of that spectrum of variation (black to orange) in this species of venomous snake.
A butterfly is an insect of the order Lepidoptera. Like all Lepidoptera, butterflies are notable for their unusual life cycle with a larval caterpillar stage, an inactive pupal stage, and a spectacular metamorphosis into a familiar and colourful winged adult form. Most species are day-flying so they regularly attract attention. The diverse patterns formed by their brightly coloured wings and their erratic yet graceful flight have made butterfly watching a hobby.
Butterflies comprise the true butterflies (superfamily Papilionoidea), the skippers (superfamily Hesperioidea) and the moth-butterflies (superfamily Hedyloidea). Butterflies exhibit polymorphism, mimicry and aposematism. Some migrate over long distances. Some butterflies have evolved symbiotic and parasitic relationships with social insects such as ants. Butterflies are important economically as agents of pollination. In addition, a few species are pests, because they can damage domestic crops and trees in their larval stage.
Culturally, butterflies are a popular motif in the visual and literary arts.
Atacamite Crystals surrounded by quartz in the main image. Green Atacamite Crystals between Selenite (gypsum) crystals at the lower left area.
Sample: Provided by Mr. Carlos Aracena Olmedo and Mr. Claudio Canut de Bon Urrutia (SONAMI Director, La Serena)
Location: Ignacio de Domeyko Mineralogy Museum of The University of La Serena.
La Serena -IV Region - Chile
Atacamite is a copper halide mineral: a copper(II) chloride hydroxide with formula Cu2Cl(OH)3.
It was first described for deposits in the Atacama Desert of Chile in 1801.
Atacamite is polymorphous with botallackite, clinoatacamite, and paratacamite. Atacamite is a comparatively rare mineral, formed from primary copper minerals in the oxidation or weathering zone of arid climates. It has also been reportedas a volcanic sublimate from fumarole deposits, as sulfide alteration products in black smokers and as alteration of ancient bronze and copper artefacts. It occurs in association with cuprite, brochantite, linarite, caledonite, malachite, chrysocolla and its polymorphs.
It has been shown that atacamite is a component of the jaws of some Glycera species
Blijdorp, Rotterdam, Zoo
Butterflies are part of the class of Insects in the order Lepidoptera. Moths are also included in this order. Adults butterflies have large, often brightly coloured wings, and conspicuous, fluttering flight. The group comprise the true butterflies (superfamily Papilionoidea), the skippers (superfamily Hesperioidea) and the moth-butterflies (superfamily Hedyloidea). Other families within Lepidoptera are referred to as moths. Butterfly fossils date to the mid Eocene epoch, 40–50 million years ago.[1]
Butterflies exhibit polymorphism, mimicry and aposematism. Some, like the Monarch, will migrate over long distances. Some butterflies have and parasitic relationships with organisms including protozoans, flies, ants, other invertebrates, and vertebrates. [2] [3] Some species are pests because in their larval stages they can damage domestic crops or trees; however, some species are agents of pollination of some plants, and caterpillars of a few butterflies (e.g., Harvesters) eat harmful insects. Culturally, butterflies are a popular motif in the visual and literary arts.
sur souches ou bois mort, souvent en touffes, ce champignon commun mais polymorphe peut se rencontrer du printemps aux premières gelées. Chapeau de 2-5 (7) cm, conique puis s'étalant en conservant habituellement un mamelon. Cuticule brillante puis mate, striée, blanchâtre, grisâtre ou brun-grisâtre, plus sombre au centre. Lames adnées, souvent interveinées à leur base, blanches puis rosées. Stipe grisâtre, lisse à base poilue.
Mycena galericulata (Scopoli) S.F. Gray, 1821 = Agaricus conicus W. Hudson, 1778 = Agaricus crispus Batsch, 1783 = Agaricus galericulatus Scopoli, 1772 = Agaricus galericulatus var. albidus Persoon, 1801 = Agaricus radicatellus Peck, 1878 = Agaricus rugosus Fries, 1838 = Agaricus sudorus Fries, 1838 = Collybia rugulosiceps Kauffman, 1926 = Mycena berkeleyi Massee, 1893 = Mycena galericulata var. albida (Persoon) Roussel, 1806 = Mycena galericulata var. carneifolia Gillet = Mycena galericulata var. fulva Gillet = Mycena galericulata var. fulvella Saccardo = Mycena galericulata var. livida (Albertini & Schweinitz) Gillet = Mycena galericulata var. rugosa (Bulliard) Fries = Mycena galericulata var. spadicea Gillet = Mycena longipes (Murrill) Murrill, 1916 = Mycena radicatella (Peck) Saccardo, 1887 = Mycena rugosa Quélet, 1872 = Mycena rugulosiceps (Kauffman) A.H. Smith, 1937 = Mycena sudora (Fries) Gillet, 1876 = Mycena sudora var. alba Gillet = Prunulus galericulatus (Scopoli) Murrill, 1916 = Prunulus longipes Murrill, 1916 = Prunulus radicatellus (Peck) Murrill, 1916 = Stereopodium galericulatum (Scopoli) anon., la mycène en casque ou mycène casquée, mycène à bonnet.
An Instantiation is a concept in Object Oriented Programming (OOP) - You can create an object with a set of properties that are defined by a Class in a program. When you create a member of a class, it is the instantiation (i.e. realization or creation) of a specific object of that class.
Object (computer science)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In computer science, an object is a location in memory having a value and possibly referenced by an identifier. An object can be a variable, a data structure, or a function. In the class-based object-oriented programming paradigm, "object" refers to a particular instance of a class where the object can be a combination of variables, functions, and data structures. In relational database management, an object can be a table or column, or an association between data and a database entity (such as relating a person's age to a specific person).[1]
Contents [hide]
1 Object-based languages
2 Object-oriented programming
3 Specialized objects
4 Distributed objects
5 Objects and the Semantic Web
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Object-based languages[edit]
Main article: Object-based language
An important distinction in programming languages is the difference between an object-oriented language and an object-based language. A language is usually considered object-based if it includes the basic capabilities for an object: identity, properties, and attributes. A language is considered object-oriented if it is object-based and also has the capability of polymorphism and inheritance. Polymorphism refers to the ability to overload the name of a function with multiple behaviors based on which object(s) are passed to it. Conventional message passing discriminates only on the first object and considers that to be "sending a message" to that object. However, some OOP languages such as Flavors and the Common Lisp Object System (CLOS) enable discriminating on more than the first parameter of the function.[2] Inheritance is the ability to subclass an object class, to create a new class that is a subclass of an existing one and inherits all the data constraints and behaviors of its parents but also changes one or more of them.[3][4]
Object-oriented programming[edit]
Main article: Object-oriented programming
Object-Oriented programming is an approach to designing modular reusable software systems. The object-oriented approach is fundamentally a modelling approach.[5] The object-oriented approach is an evolution of good design practices that go back to the very beginning of computer programming. Object-orientation is simply the logical extension of older techniques such as structured programming and abstract data types. An object is an abstract data type with the addition of polymorphism and inheritance.
Rather than structure programs as code and data an object-oriented system integrates the two using the concept of an "object". An object has state (data) and behavior (code). Objects can correspond to things found in the real world. So for example, a graphics program will have objects such as circle, square, menu. An online shopping system will have objects such as shopping cart, customer, product,. The shopping system will support behaviors such as place order, make payment, and offer discount. The objects are designed as class hierarchies. So for example with the shopping system there might be high level classes such as electronics product, kitchen product, and book. There may be further refinements for example under electronic products: CD Player, DVD player, etc. These classes and subclasses correspond to sets and subsets in mathematical logic.[6][7]
Specialized objects[edit]
An important concept for objects is the design pattern. A design pattern provides a reusable template to address a common problem. The following object descriptions are examples of some of the most common design patterns for objects.[8]
Function object: an object with a single method (in C++, this method would be the function operator, "operator()") that acts much like a function (like a C/C++ pointer to a function).
Immutable object: an object set up with a fixed state at creation time and which does not change afterward.
First-class object: an object that can be used without restriction.
Container: an object that can contain other objects.
Factory object: an object whose purpose is to create other objects.
Metaobject: an object from which other objects can be created (Compare with class, which is not necessarily an object)
Prototype: a specialized metaobject from which other objects can be created by copying
God object: an object that knows too much or does too much. The God object is an example of an anti-pattern.
Singleton object: An object that is the only instance of its class during the lifetime of the program.
Filter object
Distributed objects[edit]
Main article: Distributed object
The object-oriented approach is not just a programming model. It can be used equally well as an interface definition language for distributed systems. The objects in a distributed computing model tend to be larger grained, longer lasting, and more service-oriented than programming objects.
A standard method to package distributed objects is via an Interface Definition Language (IDL). An IDL shields the client of all of the details of the distributed server object. Details such as which computer the object resides on, what programming language it uses, what operating system, and other platform specific issues. The IDL is also usually part of a distributed environment that provides services such as transactions and persistence to all objects in a uniform manner. Two of the most popular standards for distributed objects are the Object Management Group's CORBA standard and Microsoft's DCOM.[9]
In addition to distributed objects, a number of other extensions to the basic concept of an object have been proposed to enable distributed computing:
Protocol objects are components of a protocol stack that enclose network communication within an object-oriented interface.
Replicated objects are groups of distributed objects (called replicas) that run a distributed multi-party protocol to achieve high consistency between their internal states, and that respond to requests in a coordinated way. Examples include fault-tolerant CORBA objects.
Live distributed objects (or simply live objects)[10] generalize the replicated object concept to groups of replicas that might internally use any distributed protocol, perhaps resulting in only a weak consistency between their local states.
Some of these extensions, such as distributed objects and protocol objects, are domain-specific terms for special types of "ordinary" objects used in a certain context (such as remote invocation or protocol composition). Others, such as replicated objects and live distributed objects, are more non-standard, in that they abandon the usual case that an object resides in a single location at a time, and apply the concept to groups of entities (replicas) that might span across multiple locations, might have only weakly consistent state, and whose membership might dynamically change.
Objects and the Semantic Web[edit]
The Semantic Web is essentially a distributed objects framework. Two key technologies in the Semantic Web are the Web Ontology Language (OWL) and the Resource Description Framework (RDF). RDF provides the capability to define basic objects—names, properties, attributes, relations—that are accessible via the Internet. OWL adds a richer object model, based on set theory, that provides additional modeling capabilities such as multiple inheritance.
OWL objects are not like standard large grained distributed objects accessed via an Interface Definition Language. Such an approach would not be appropriate for the Internet because the Internet is constantly evolving and standardization on one set of interfaces is difficult to achieve. OWL objects tend to be similar to the kind of objects used to define application domain models in programming languages such as Java and C++.
However, there are important distinctions between OWL objects and traditional object-oriented programming objects. Where as traditional objects get compiled into static hierarchies usually with single inheritance, OWL objects are dynamic. An OWL object can change its structure at run time and can become an instance of new or different classes.
Another critical difference is the way the model treats information that is currently not in the system. Programming objects and most database systems use the "closed-world assumption". If a fact is not known to the system that fact is assumed to be false. Semantic Web objects use the open world assumption, a statement is only considered false if there is actual relevant information that it is false, otherwise it is assumed to be unknown, neither true nor false.
OWL objects are actually most like objects in artificial intelligence frame languages such as KL-ONE and Loom.
The following table contrasts traditional objects from Object-Oriented programming languages such as Java or C++ with Semantic Web Objects:[11][12]
OOP ObjectsSemantic Web Objects
Classes are regarded as types for instances.Classes are regarded as sets of individuals.
Instances can not change their type at runtime.Class membership may change at runtime.
The list of classes is fully known at compile-time and cannot change after that.Classes can be created and changed at runtime.
Compilers are used at build-time. Compile-time errors indicate problems.Reasoners can be used for classification and consistency checking at runtime or build-time.
Classes encode much of their meaning and behavior through imperative functions and methods.Classes make their meaning explicit in terms of OWL statements. No imperative code can be attached.
Instances are anonymous insofar that they cannot easily be addressed from outside of an executing program.All named RDF and OWL resources have a unique URI under which they can be referenced.
Closed world: If there is not enough information to prove a statement true, then it is assumed to be false.Open world: If there is not enough information to prove a statement true, then it may be true or false.[13]
Ipê Amarelo, Tabebuia [chrysotricha or ochracea].
Ipê-amarelo em Brasília, Brasil.
This tree is in Brasília, Capital of Brazil.
Text, in english, from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"Trumpet tree" redirects here. This term is occasionally used for the Shield-leaved Pumpwood (Cecropia peltata).
Tabebuia
Flowering Araguaney or ipê-amarelo (Tabebuia chrysantha) in central Brazil
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Eudicots
(unranked): Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Bignoniaceae
Tribe: Tecomeae
Genus: Tabebuia
Gomez
Species
Nearly 100.
Tabebuia is a neotropical genus of about 100 species in the tribe Tecomeae of the family Bignoniaceae. The species range from northern Mexico and the Antilles south to northern Argentina and central Venezuela, including the Caribbean islands of Hispaniola (Dominican Republic and Haiti) and Cuba. Well-known common names include Ipê, Poui, trumpet trees and pau d'arco.
They are large shrubs and trees growing to 5 to 50 m (16 to 160 ft.) tall depending on the species; many species are dry-season deciduous but some are evergreen. The leaves are opposite pairs, complex or palmately compound with 3–7 leaflets.
Tabebuia is a notable flowering tree. The flowers are 3 to 11 cm (1 to 4 in.) wide and are produced in dense clusters. They present a cupular calyx campanulate to tubular, truncate, bilabiate or 5-lobed. Corolla colors vary between species ranging from white, light pink, yellow, lavender, magenta, or red. The outside texture of the flower tube is either glabrous or pubescentThe fruit is a dehiscent pod, 10 to 50 cm (4 to 20 in.) long, containing numerous—in some species winged—seeds. These pods often remain on the tree through dry season until the beginning of the rainy.
Species in this genus are important as timber trees. The wood is used for furniture, decking, and other outdoor uses. It is increasingly popular as a decking material due to its insect resistance and durability. By 2007, FSC-certified ipê wood had become readily available on the market, although certificates are occasionally forged.
Tabebuia is widely used as ornamental tree in the tropics in landscaping gardens, public squares, and boulevards due to its impressive and colorful flowering. Many flowers appear on still leafless stems at the end of the dry season, making the floral display more conspicuous. They are useful as honey plants for bees, and are popular with certain hummingbirds. Naturalist Madhaviah Krishnan on the other hand once famously took offense at ipé grown in India, where it is not native.
Lapacho teaThe bark of several species has medical properties. The bark is dried, shredded, and then boiled making a bitter or sour-tasting brownish-colored tea. Tea from the inner bark of Pink Ipê (T. impetiginosa) is known as Lapacho or Taheebo. Its main active principles are lapachol, quercetin, and other flavonoids. It is also available in pill form. The herbal remedy is typically used during flu and cold season and for easing smoker's cough. It apparently works as expectorant, by promoting the lungs to cough up and free deeply embedded mucus and contaminants. However, lapachol is rather toxic and therefore a more topical use e.g. as antibiotic or pesticide may be advisable. Other species with significant folk medical use are T. alba and Yellow Lapacho (T. serratifolia)
Tabebuia heteropoda, T. incana, and other species are occasionally used as an additive to the entheogenic drink Ayahuasca.
Mycosphaerella tabebuiae, a plant pathogenic sac fungus, was first discovered on an ipê tree.
Tabebuia alba
Tabebuia anafensis
Tabebuia arimaoensis
Tabebuia aurea – Caribbean Trumpet Tree
Tabebuia bilbergii
Tabebuia bibracteolata
Tabebuia cassinoides
Tabebuia chrysantha – Araguaney, Yellow Ipê, tajibo (Bolivia), ipê-amarelo (Brazil), cañaguate (N Colombia)
Tabebuia chrysotricha – Golden Trumpet Tree
Tabebuia donnell-smithii Rose – Gold Tree, "Prima Vera", Cortez blanco (El Salvador), San Juan (Honduras), palo blanco (Guatemala),duranga (Mexico)
A native of Mexico and Central Americas, considered one of the most colorful of all Central American trees. The leaves are deciduous. Masses of golden-yellow flowers cover the crown after the leaves are shed.
Tabebuia dubia
Tabebuia ecuadorensis
Tabebuia elongata
Tabebuia furfuracea
Tabebuia geminiflora Rizz. & Mattos
Tabebuia guayacan (Seem.) Hemsl.
Tabebuia haemantha
Tabebuia heptaphylla (Vell.) Toledo – tajy
Tabebuia heterophylla – roble prieto
Tabebuia heteropoda
Tabebuia hypoleuca
Tabebuia impetiginosa – Pink Ipê, Pink Lapacho, ipê-cavatã, ipê-comum, ipê-reto, ipê-rosa, ipê-roxo-damata, pau d'arco-roxo, peúva, piúva (Brazil), lapacho negro (Spanish); not "brazilwood"
Tabebuia incana
Tabebuia jackiana
Tabebuia lapacho – lapacho amarillo
Tabebuia orinocensis A.H. Gentry[verification needed]
Tabebuia ochracea
Tabebuia oligolepis
Tabebuia pallida – Cuban Pink Trumpet Tree
Tabebuia platyantha
Tabebuia polymorpha
Tabebuia rosea (Bertol.) DC.[verification needed] (= T. pentaphylla (L.) Hemsley) – Pink Poui, Pink Tecoma, apama, apamate, matilisguate
A popular street tree in tropical cities because of its multi-annular masses of light pink to purple flowers and modest size. The roots are not especially destructive for roads and sidewalks. It is the national tree of El Salvador and the state tree of Cojedes, Venezuela
Tabebuia roseo-alba – White Ipê, ipê-branco (Brazil), lapacho blanco
Tabebuia serratifolia – Yellow Lapacho, Yellow Poui, ipê-roxo (Brazil)
Tabebuia shaferi
Tabebuia striata
Tabebuia subtilis Sprague & Sandwith
Tabebuia umbellata
Tabebuia vellosoi Toledo
Ipê-do-cerrado
Texto, em português, da Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre.
Ipê-do-cerrado
Classificação científica
Reino: Plantae
Divisão: Magnoliophyta
Classe: Magnoliopsida
Subclasse: Asteridae
Ordem: Lamiales
Família: Bignoniaceae
Género: Tabebuia
Espécie: T. ochracea
Nome binomial
Tabebuia ochracea
(Cham.) Standl. 1832
Sinónimos
Bignonia tomentosa Pav. ex DC.
Handroanthus ochraceus (Cham.) Mattos
Tabebuia chrysantha (Jacq.) G. Nicholson
Tabebuia hypodictyon A. DC.) Standl.
Tabebuia neochrysantha A.H. Gentry
Tabebuia ochracea subsp. heteropoda (A. DC.) A.H. Gentry
Tabebuia ochracea subsp. neochrysantha (A.H. Gentry) A.H. Gentry
Tecoma campinae Kraenzl.
ecoma grandiceps Kraenzl.
Tecoma hassleri Sprague
Tecoma hemmendorffiana Kraenzl.
Tecoma heteropoda A. DC.
Tecoma hypodictyon A. DC.
Tecoma ochracea Cham.
Ipê-do-cerrado é um dos nomes populares da Tabebuia ochracea (Cham.) Standl. 1832, nativa do cerrado brasileiro, no estados de Amazonas, Pará, Maranhão, Piauí, Ceará, Pernambuco, Bahia, Espírito Santo, Goiás, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo e Paraná.
Está na lista de espécies ameaçadas do estado de São Paulo, onde é encontrda também no domínio da Mata Atlântica[1].
Ocorre também na Argentina, Paraguai, Bolívia, Equador, Peru, Venezuela, Guiana, El Salvador, Guatemala e Panamá[2].
Há uma espécie homônima descrita por A.H. Gentry em 1992.
Outros nomes populares: ipê-amarelo, ipê-cascudo, ipê-do-campo, ipê-pardo, pau-d'arco-do-campo, piúva, tarumã.
Características
Altura de 6 a 14 m. Tronco tortuso com até 50 cm de diâmetro. Folhas pilosas em ambas as faces, mais na inferior, que é mais clara.
Planta decídua, heliófita, xerófita, nativa do cerrado em solos bem drenados.
Floresce de julho a setembro. Os frutos amadurecem de setembro a outubro.
FloresProduz grande quantidade de sementes leves, aladas com pequenas reservas, e que perdem a viabilidade em menos de 90 dias após coleta. A sua conservação vem sendo estudada em termos de determinação da condição ideal de armazenamento, e tem demonstrado a importância de se conhecer o comportamento da espécie quando armazenada com diferentes teores de umidade inicial, e a umidade de equilíbrio crítica para a espécie (KANO; MÁRQUEZ & KAGEYAMA, 1978). As levíssimas sementes aladas da espécie não necessitam de quebra de dormência. Podem apenas ser expostas ao sol por cerca de 6 horas e semeadas diretamente nos saquinhos. A germinação ocorre após 30 dias e de 80%. As sementes são ortodoxas e há aproximadamente 72 000 sementes em cada quilo.
O desenvolvimento da planta é rápido.
Como outros ipês, a madeira é usada em tacos, assoalhos, e em dormentes e postes. Presta-se também para peças torneadas e instrumento musicais.
Tabebuia alba (Ipê-Amarelo)
Texto, em português, produzido pela Acadêmica Giovana Beatriz Theodoro Marto
Supervisão e orientação do Prof. Luiz Ernesto George Barrichelo e do Eng. Paulo Henrique Müller
Atualizado em 10/07/2006
O ipê amarelo é a árvore brasileira mais conhecida, a mais cultivada e, sem dúvida nenhuma, a mais bela. É na verdade um complexo de nove ou dez espécies com características mais ou menos semelhantes, com flores brancas, amarelas ou roxas. Não há região do país onde não exista pelo menos uma espécie dele, porém a existência do ipê em habitat natural nos dias atuais é rara entre a maioria das espécies (LORENZI,2000).
A espécie Tabebuia alba, nativa do Brasil, é uma das espécies do gênero Tabebuia que possui “Ipê Amarelo” como nome popular. O nome alba provém de albus (branco em latim) e é devido ao tomento branco dos ramos e folhas novas.
As árvores desta espécie proporcionam um belo espetáculo com sua bela floração na arborização de ruas em algumas cidades brasileiras. São lindas árvores que embelezam e promovem um colorido no final do inverno. Existe uma crença popular de que quando o ipê-amarelo floresce não vão ocorrer mais geadas. Infelizmente, a espécie é considerada vulnerável quanto à ameaça de extinção.
A Tabebuia alba, natural do semi-árido alagoano está adaptada a todas as regiões fisiográficas, levando o governo, por meio do Decreto nº 6239, a transformar a espécie como a árvore símbolo do estado, estando, pois sob a sua tutela, não mais podendo ser suprimida de seus habitats naturais.
Taxonomia
Família: Bignoniaceae
Espécie: Tabebuia Alba (Chamiso) Sandwith
Sinonímia botânica: Handroanthus albus (Chamiso) Mattos; Tecoma alba Chamisso
Outros nomes vulgares: ipê-amarelo, ipê, aipê, ipê-branco, ipê-mamono, ipê-mandioca, ipê-ouro, ipê-pardo, ipê-vacariano, ipê-tabaco, ipê-do-cerrado, ipê-dourado, ipê-da-serra, ipezeiro, pau-d’arco-amarelo, taipoca.
Aspectos Ecológicos
O ipê-amarelo é uma espécie heliófita (Planta adaptada ao crescimento em ambiente aberto ou exposto à luz direta) e decídua (que perde as folhas em determinada época do ano). Pertence ao grupo das espécies secundárias iniciais (DURIGAN & NOGUEIRA, 1990).
Abrange a Floresta Pluvial da Mata Atlântica e da Floresta Latifoliada Semidecídua, ocorrendo principalmente no interior da Floresta Primária Densa. É característica de sub-bosques dos pinhais, onde há regeneração regular.
Informações Botânicas
Morfologia
As árvores de Tabebuia alba possuem cerca de 30 metros de altura. O tronco é reto ou levemente tortuoso, com fuste de 5 a 8 m de altura. A casca externa é grisáceo-grossa, possuindo fissuras longitudinais esparas e profundas. A coloração desta é cinza-rosa intenso, com camadas fibrosas, muito resistentes e finas, porém bem distintas.
Com ramos grossos, tortuosos e compridos, o ipê-amarelo possui copa alongada e alargada na base. As raízes de sustentação e absorção são vigorosas e profundas.
As folhas, deciduais, são opostas, digitadas e compostas. A face superior destas folhas é verde-escura, e, a face inferior, acinzentada, sendo ambas as faces tomentosas. Os pecíolos das folhas medem de 2,5 a 10 cm de comprimento. Os folíolos, geralmente, apresentam-se em número de 5 a 7, possuindo de 7 a 18 cm de comprimento por 2 a 6 cm de largura. Quando jovem estes folíolos são densamente pilosos em ambas as faces. O ápice destes é pontiagudo, com base arredondada e margem serreada.
As flores, grandes e lanceoladas, são de coloração amarelo-ouro. Possuem em média 8X15 cm.
Quanto aos frutos, estes possuem forma de cápsula bivalvar e são secos e deiscentes. Do tipo síliqua, lembram uma vagem. Medem de 15 a 30 cm de comprimento por 1,5 a 2,5 cm de largura. As valvas são finamente tomentosas com pêlos ramificados. Possuem grande quantidade de sementes.
As sementes são membranáceas brilhantes e esbranquiçadas, de coloração marrom. Possuem de 2 a 3 cm de comprimento por 7 a 9 mm de largura e são aladas.
Reprodução
A espécie é caducifólia e a queda das folhas coincide com o período de floração. A floração inicia-se no final de agosto, podendo ocorrer alguma variação devido a fenômenos climáticos. Como a espécie floresce no final do inverno é influenciada pela intensidade do mesmo. Quanto mais frio e seco for o inverno, maior será a intensidade da florada do ipê amarelo.
As flores por sua exuberância, atraem abelhas e pássaros, principalmente beija-flores que são importantes agentes polinizadores. Segundo CARVALHO (2003), a espécie possui como vetor de polinização a abelha mamangava (Bombus morio).
As sementes são dispersas pelo vento.
A planta é hermafrodita, e frutifica nos meses de setembro, outubro, novembro, dezembro, janeiro e fevereiro, dependendo da sua localização. Em cultivo, a espécie inicia o processo reprodutivo após o terceiro ano.
Ocorrência Natural
Ocorre naturalmente na Floresta Estaciobal Semidecicual, Floresta de Araucária e no Cerrado.
Segundo o IBGE, a Tabebuia alba (Cham.) Sandw. é uma árvore do Cerrado, Cerradão e Mata Seca. Apresentando-se nos campos secos (savana gramíneo-lenhosa), próximo às escarpas.
Clima
Segundo a classificação de Köppen, o ipê-amarelo abrange locais de clima tropical (Aw), subtropical úmido (Cfa), sutropical de altitude (Cwa e Cwb) e temperado.
A T.alba pode tolerar até 81 geadas em um ano. Ocorre em locais onde a temperatura média anual varia de 14,4ºC como mínimo e 22,4ºC como máximo.
Solo
A espécie prefere solos úmidos, com drenagem lenta e geralmente não muito ondulados (LONGHI, 1995).
Aparece em terras de boa à média fertilidade, em solos profundos ou rasos, nas matas e raramente cerradões (NOGUEIRA, 1977).
Pragas e Doenças
De acordo com CARVALHO (2003), possui como praga a espécie de coleópteros Cydianerus bohemani da família Curculionoideae e um outro coleóptero da família Chrysomellidae. Apesar da constatação de elevados índices populacionais do primeiro, os danos ocasionados até o momento são leves. Nas praças e ruas de Curitiba - PR, 31% das árvores foram atacadas pela Cochonilha Ceroplastes grandis.
ZIDKO (2002), ao estudar no município de Piracicaba a associação de coleópteros em espécies arbóreas, verificou a presença de insetos adultos da espécie Sitophilus linearis da família de coleópteros, Curculionidae, em estruturas reprodutivas. Os insetos adultos da espécie emergiram das vagens do ipê, danificando as sementes desta espécie nativa.
ANDRADE (1928) assinalou diversas espécies de Cerambycidae atacando essências florestais vivas, como ingazeiro, cinamomo, cangerana, cedro, caixeta, jacarandá, araribá, jatobá, entre outras como o ipê amarelo.
A Madeira
A Tabebuia alba produz madeira de grande durabilidade e resistência ao apodrecimento (LONGHI,1995).
MANIERI (1970) caracteriza o cerne desta espécie como de cor pardo-havana-claro, pardo-havan-escuro, ou pardo-acastanhado, com reflexos esverdeados. A superfície da madeira é irregularmente lustrosa, lisa ao tato, possuindo textura media e grã-direita.
Com densidade entre 0,90 e 1,15 grama por centímetro cúbico, a madeira é muito dura (LORENZI, 1992), apresentando grande dificuldade ao serrar.
A madeira possui cheiro e gosto distintos. Segundo LORENZI (1992), o cheiro característico é devido à presença da substância lapachol, ou ipeína.
Usos da Madeira
Sendo pesada, com cerne escuro, adquire grande valor comercial na marcenaria e carpintaria. Também é utilizada para fabricação de dormentes, moirões, pontes, postes, eixos de roda, varais de carroça, moendas de cana, etc.
Produtos Não-Madeireiros
A entrecasca do ipê-amarelo possui propriedades terapêuticas como adstringente, usada no tratamento de garganta e estomatites. É também usada como diurético.
O ipê-amarelo possui flores melíferas e que maduras podem ser utilizadas na alimentação humana.
Outros Usos
É comumente utilizada em paisagismo de parques e jardins pela beleza e porte. Além disso, é muito utilizada na arborização urbana.
Segundo MOREIRA & SOUZA (1987), o ipê-amarelo costuma povoar as beiras dos rios sendo, portanto, indicado para recomposição de matas ciliares. MARTINS (1986), também cita a espécie para recomposição de matas ciliares da Floresta Estacional Semidecidual, abrangendo alguns municípios das regiões Norte, Noroeste e parte do Oeste do Estado do Paraná.
Aspectos Silviculturais
Possui a tendência a crescer reto e sem bifurcações quando plantado em reflorestamento misto, pois é espécie monopodial. A desrrama se faz muito bem e a cicatrização é boa. Sendo assim, dificilmente encopa quando nova, a não ser que seja plantado em parques e jardins.
Ao ser utilizada em arborização urbana, o ipê amarelo requer podas de condução com freqüência mediana.
Espécie heliófila apresenta a pleno sol ramificação cimosa, registrando-se assim dicotomia para gema apical. Deve ser preconizada, para seu melhor aproveitamento madeireiro, podas de formação usuais (INQUE et al., 1983).
Produção de Mudas
A propagação deve realizada através de enxertia.
Os frutos devem ser coletados antes da dispersão, para evitar a perda de sementes. Após a coleta as sementes são postas em ambiente ventilado e a extração é feita manualmente. As sementes do ipê amarelo são ortodoxas, mantendo a viabilidade natural por até 3 meses em sala e por até 9 meses em vidro fechado, em câmara fria.
A condução das mudas deve ser feita a pleno sol. A muda atinge cerca de 30 cm em 9 meses, apresentando tolerância ao sol 3 semanas após a germinação.
Sementes
Os ipês, espécies do gênero Tabebuia, produzem uma grande quantidade de sementes leves, aladas com pequenas reservas, e que perdem a viabilidade em poucos dias após a sua coleta. A sua conservação vem sendo estudada em termos de determinação da condição ideal de armazenamento, e tem demonstrado a importância de se conhecer o comportamento da espécie quando armazenada com diferentes teores de umidade inicial, e a umidade de equilíbrio crítica para a espécie (KANO; MÁRQUEZ & KAGEYAMA, 1978).
As levíssimas sementes aladas da espécie não necessitam de quebra de dormência. Podem apenas ser expostas ao sol por cerca de 6 horas e semeadas diretamente nos saquinhos. A quebra natural leva cerca de 3 meses e a quebra na câmara leva 9 meses. A germinação ocorre após 30 dias e de 80%.
As sementes são ortodoxas e há aproximadamente 87000 sementes em cada quilo.
Preço da Madeira no Mercado
O preço médio do metro cúbico de pranchas de ipê no Estado do Pará cotado em Julho e Agosto de 2005 foi de R$1.200,00 o preço mínimo, R$ 1509,35 o médio e R$ 2.000,00 o preço máximo (CEPEA,2005).
The Arkadi Monastery situated on the island of Crete doesn’t solely belong to this island; it belongs to Greece, Europe and to all five continents – to the whole world.
It is one of the Eastern Orthodox Monasteries underlining the catholicity and universality of the Church. Each year the Monastery receives and hosts many visitors and pilgrims from all over the world, from distant civilizations. Here are blended many languages, cultures, traditions, history and polymorphism. Nothing from the above can impede the faith unity, the catholicity of the orthodox spirit, the universality of the ecclesiastical testimony.
The Arkadi Monastery has a unique natural beauty, a prestigious history, numerous legends deeply rooted in the time, heirlooms and thesaurus richness. Possibly because the old is livelier than the new, and the modern is often more mature than the aged. Each pilgrim and visitor feels something which is exclusively his, personal, original in his experiential and spiritual experience.
Beija-flor Tesoura (Eupetomena macroura) - Swallow-tailed-Hummingbird
A text In English:
The Swallow-tailed Hummingbird, so called from its forked tail, is one of the largest hummingbirds in cities and gardens, but it also occurs in gallery forests, bushy pastures and edges of woods or coppices. It is green, except for the blue head and upper breast, turning to iridescent purple according to the direction of light; it has dark wings and a heavy black bill. The tail is dark blue with the external feathers longer than central ones. It is very aggressive and attacks other hummingbirds that dare to visit flowers in certain trees. Where the flowers are available for many months, the individual is fiercely territorial, but generally needs to search soon for other flowering plants. It flies to catch small insets on or under leaves in the gallery forests or woodlands. The female builds a small cup-shaped nest saddled on a branch, not far from the main trunk in the shade of leaves. Perched on favorite branches, the male can utter long but low chirps. Once in a while, it interrupts these singing sessions to feed, and flies back for more song or to clean the plumage. They occur from the Guianas and Amazon River to Paraguay and southeastern Peru. They can get along with partially deforested zones, but may disappear with intensive agriculture and with the development of treeless cities.
Um texto em Português:
Beija-flor Tesoura (Eupetomena macroura), fotografado em Brasília-DF, Brasil.
Eupetomena macroura (Gmelin, 1788): tesoura; swallow-tailed hummingbird c.
Destaca-se das espécies estudadas pelo maior porte e pela cauda comprida e bifurcada, o que lhe valeu o nome popular. Como é comum entre os beija-flores, é uma espécie agressiva que disputa com outras o seu território e fontes de alimento.
Nidificação: o ninho, em forma de tigela, é assentado numa forquilha de arbusto ou árvores, a cerca de 2 a 3 m do solo. O material utilizado na construção é composto por fibras vegetais incluindo painas, musgos e liquens, aderidos externamente com teias de aranhas.
Hábitat: capoeiras, cerrados, borda de matas e jardins.
Tamanho: 17,0 cm
A SEGUIR UM TEXTO ENCONTRADO E REPRODUZIDO DO ENDEREÇO nationalgeographic.abril.uol.com.br/ng/edicoes/83/reporta... DA NATIONAL GEOGRAFIC:
Prodígios da micro-engenharia, os beija-flores são os campeões dos pesos-leves entre as aves
Uma faísca safira, um frêmito de asas, e o minúsculo pássaro - ou seria um inseto? - some como miragem fugaz. Reaparece instantes depois, agora num ângulo melhor. É pássaro mesmo, um dervixe do tamanho do meu polegar com asas que batem 80 vertiginosas vezes por segundo, produzindo um zumbido quase inaudível. As penas da cauda, à guisa de leme, delicadamente direcionam o vôo em três direções. Ele fita a trombeta de uma vistosa flor alaranjada e do bico fino como agulha projeta uma língua delgada feito linha. Um raio de Sol ricocheteia de suas penas iridescentes. A cor refletida deslumbra como uma pedra preciosa contra uma janela ensolarada. Não admira que os beija-flores sejam tão queridos e que tanta gente já tenha tropeçado ao tentar descrevê-los. Nem mesmo circunspectos cientistas resistem a termos como "belo", "magnífico", "exótico".
Surpresa maior é o fato de o aparentemente frágil beija-flor ser uma das mais resistentes criaturas do reino animal. Cerca de 330 espécies prosperam em ambientes diversos, muitos deles brutais: do Alasca à Argentina, do deserto do Arizona à costa de Nova Scotia, da Amazônia à linha nevada acima dos 4,5 mil metros nos Andes (misteriosamente, essas aves só são encontradas no Novo Mundo).
"Eles vivem no limite do que é possível aos vertebrados, e com maestria", diz Karl Schuchmann, ornitólogo do Instituto Zoológico Alexander Koenig e do Fundo Brehm, na Alemanha. Schuchmann ouviu falar de um beija-flor que viveu 17 anos em cativeiro. "Imagine a resistência de um organismo de 5 ou 6 gramas para viver tanto tempo!", diz ele espantado. Em média, o minúsculo coração de um beija-flor bate cerca de 500 vezes por minuto (em repouso!). Assim, o desse pequeno cativo teria batido meio bilhão de vezes, quase o dobro do total de uma pessoa de 70 anos.
Mas esses passarinhos são duráveis apenas em vida. Quando morrem, seus ossos delicados e ocos quase nunca se fossilizam. Daí o assombro causado pela recente descoberta de um amontoado de fósseis de aves que talvez inclua um beija-flor ancestral de 30 milhões de anos. Como os beija-flores modernos, os espécimes fósseis tinham o bico longo e fino e os ossos superiores das asas mais curtos, terminando em uma saliência arredondada que talvez lhes permitisse fazer a rotação na articulação do ombro e parar no ar.
A outra surpresa foi o local do achado: no sul da Alemanha, longe do território dos beija-flores atuais. Para alguns cientistas, essa descoberta mostra que já existiram beija-flores fora das Américas, mas se extinguiram. Ou quem sabe os fósseis não fossem de beija-flor. Os céticos, entre eles Schuchmann, afirmam que muitas vezes, ao longo da evolução, outros grupos de aves adquiriram características semelhantes às do beija-flor. Os verdadeiros beija-flores, diz Schuchmann, evoluíram nas florestas do leste do Brasil, onde competiam com insetos pelo néctar das flores.
"O Brasil foi o laboratório do protótipo", diz o ornitólogo. "E o modelo funcionou." O beija-flor tornou-se a obra-prima da microengenharia da natureza. Aperfeiçoou sua habilidade de parar no ar há dezenas de milhões de anos para competir por parte das flores do Novo Mundo.
"Eles são uma ponte entre o mundo das aves e o dos insetos", diz Doug Altshuler, da Universidade da Califórnia em Riverside. Altshuler, que estuda o vôo dos beija-flores, examinou os movimentos das asas do pássaro. Observou que, nele, os impulsos elétricos propulsores dos músculos das asas lembram mais os dos insetos que os das aves. Talvez por isso o beija-flor produza tanta energia por batida de asas: mais, por unidade de massa, que qualquer outro vertebrado. Altshuler também analisou os trajetos neurais do beija-flor, que funcionam com a mesma vertiginosa velocidade encontrada nas aves mais ágeis, como seu primo mais próximo, o andorinhão. "São incríveis; uns pequenos Frankesteins", compara.
Certamente eles sabem intimidar: grama por grama, talvez sejam os maiores confrontadores da natureza. "O vocabulário do beija-flor deve ser 100% composto de palavrões", graceja Sheri Williamson, naturalista do Southeastern Arizona Bird Observatory. A agressão do beija-flor nasce de ferozes instintos territoriais moldados à necessidade de sugar néctar a cada poucos minutos. Os beija-flores competem desafiando e ameaçando uns aos outros. Postam-se face a face no ar, rodopiam, mergulham na direção da grama e voam de ré, em danças de dominância que terminam tão subitamente quanto começam.
O melhor lugar para vermos tais batalhas é nas montanhas, especialmente no Equador, em que ricos ecossistemas se apresentam em suas várias altitudes. Sheri supõe que o sentido norte-sul das cordilheiras americanas também crie rotas favoráveis à migração para onde haja constante suprimento de flores. O que contrasta, diz ela, com as barreiras naturais que se estendem de leste a oeste na África, como o Saara e o Mediterrâneo.
Algumas espécies de beija-flor, porém, adaptaram-se a atravessar vastidões planas, onde o alimento é escasso. Antes de sua intrépida migração da primavera para os Estados Unidos e o Canadá, os beija-flores-de-garganta-vermelha reúnem-se no México e empanturram-se de insetos e néctar. Armazenam gordura e duplicam de peso em uma semana. Em seguida, atravessam o golfo do México, voando 800 quilômetros sem escalas por 20 horas, até a costa distante.
A região próxima à linha do equador é um reino de beija-flores. Quem sai do aeroporto de Quito, no Equador, pode ser logo saudado por um cintilante beija-flor-violeta, com pintura de guerra de manchas púrpura iridescentes nos lados da face. A leste da cidade, nas cabeceiras da bacia Amazônica, o beija-flor-bico-de-espada esvoaça na mata portando o bico mais longo de todas as aves em proporção a seu tamanho: mais de metade do comprimento total do animal. Nas encostas do Cotopaxi, um vulcão ao sul de Quito, o beija-flor-do-chimborazo foi avistado acima dos 4,5 mil metros. Ali ele passa a noite entorpecido em cavernas, pois desacelera seu ritmo metabólico o suficiente para não morrer de fome antes de amanhecer. Mais tarde, aquecido pelo Sol, ele recomeça a se alimentar.
"Quem estuda beija-flores fica irremediavelmente enfeitiçado", diz Sheri Williamson. "São criaturinhas sedutoras. Tentei resistir, mas agora tenho sangue de beija-flor correndo nas veias."
Canon EOS Digital D50
Text, in english, from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"Trumpet tree" redirects here. This term is occasionally used for the Shield-leaved Pumpwood (Cecropia peltata).
Tabebuia
Flowering Araguaney or ipê-amarelo (Tabebuia chrysantha) in central Brazil
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Eudicots
(unranked): Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Bignoniaceae
Tribe: Tecomeae
Genus: Tabebuia
Gomez
Species
Nearly 100.
Tabebuia is a neotropical genus of about 100 species in the tribe Tecomeae of the family Bignoniaceae. The species range from northern Mexico and the Antilles south to northern Argentina and central Venezuela, including the Caribbean islands of Hispaniola (Dominican Republic and Haiti) and Cuba. Well-known common names include Ipê, Poui, trumpet trees and pau d'arco.
They are large shrubs and trees growing to 5 to 50 m (16 to 160 ft.) tall depending on the species; many species are dry-season deciduous but some are evergreen. The leaves are opposite pairs, complex or palmately compound with 3–7 leaflets.
Tabebuia is a notable flowering tree. The flowers are 3 to 11 cm (1 to 4 in.) wide and are produced in dense clusters. They present a cupular calyx campanulate to tubular, truncate, bilabiate or 5-lobed. Corolla colors vary between species ranging from white, light pink, yellow, lavender, magenta, or red. The outside texture of the flower tube is either glabrous or pubescentThe fruit is a dehiscent pod, 10 to 50 cm (4 to 20 in.) long, containing numerous—in some species winged—seeds. These pods often remain on the tree through dry season until the beginning of the rainy.
Species in this genus are important as timber trees. The wood is used for furniture, decking, and other outdoor uses. It is increasingly popular as a decking material due to its insect resistance and durability. By 2007, FSC-certified ipê wood had become readily available on the market, although certificates are occasionally forged.
Tabebuia is widely used as ornamental tree in the tropics in landscaping gardens, public squares, and boulevards due to its impressive and colorful flowering. Many flowers appear on still leafless stems at the end of the dry season, making the floral display more conspicuous. They are useful as honey plants for bees, and are popular with certain hummingbirds. Naturalist Madhaviah Krishnan on the other hand once famously took offense at ipé grown in India, where it is not native.
Lapacho teaThe bark of several species has medical properties. The bark is dried, shredded, and then boiled making a bitter or sour-tasting brownish-colored tea. Tea from the inner bark of Pink Ipê (T. impetiginosa) is known as Lapacho or Taheebo. Its main active principles are lapachol, quercetin, and other flavonoids. It is also available in pill form. The herbal remedy is typically used during flu and cold season and for easing smoker's cough. It apparently works as expectorant, by promoting the lungs to cough up and free deeply embedded mucus and contaminants. However, lapachol is rather toxic and therefore a more topical use e.g. as antibiotic or pesticide may be advisable. Other species with significant folk medical use are T. alba and Yellow Lapacho (T. serratifolia)
Tabebuia heteropoda, T. incana, and other species are occasionally used as an additive to the entheogenic drink Ayahuasca.
Mycosphaerella tabebuiae, a plant pathogenic sac fungus, was first discovered on an ipê tree.
Tabebuia alba
Tabebuia anafensis
Tabebuia arimaoensis
Tabebuia aurea – Caribbean Trumpet Tree
Tabebuia bilbergii
Tabebuia bibracteolata
Tabebuia cassinoides
Tabebuia chrysantha – Araguaney, Yellow Ipê, tajibo (Bolivia), ipê-amarelo (Brazil), cañaguate (N Colombia)
Tabebuia chrysotricha – Golden Trumpet Tree
Tabebuia donnell-smithii Rose – Gold Tree, "Prima Vera", Cortez blanco (El Salvador), San Juan (Honduras), palo blanco (Guatemala),duranga (Mexico)
A native of Mexico and Central Americas, considered one of the most colorful of all Central American trees. The leaves are deciduous. Masses of golden-yellow flowers cover the crown after the leaves are shed.
Tabebuia dubia
Tabebuia ecuadorensis
Tabebuia elongata
Tabebuia furfuracea
Tabebuia geminiflora Rizz. & Mattos
Tabebuia guayacan (Seem.) Hemsl.
Tabebuia haemantha
Tabebuia heptaphylla (Vell.) Toledo – tajy
Tabebuia heterophylla – roble prieto
Tabebuia heteropoda
Tabebuia hypoleuca
Tabebuia impetiginosa – Pink Ipê, Pink Lapacho, ipê-cavatã, ipê-comum, ipê-reto, ipê-rosa, ipê-roxo-damata, pau d'arco-roxo, peúva, piúva (Brazil), lapacho negro (Spanish); not "brazilwood"
Tabebuia incana
Tabebuia jackiana
Tabebuia lapacho – lapacho amarillo
Tabebuia orinocensis A.H. Gentry[verification needed]
Tabebuia ochracea
Tabebuia oligolepis
Tabebuia pallida – Cuban Pink Trumpet Tree
Tabebuia platyantha
Tabebuia polymorpha
Tabebuia rosea (Bertol.) DC.[verification needed] (= T. pentaphylla (L.) Hemsley) – Pink Poui, Pink Tecoma, apama, apamate, matilisguate
A popular street tree in tropical cities because of its multi-annular masses of light pink to purple flowers and modest size. The roots are not especially destructive for roads and sidewalks. It is the national tree of El Salvador and the state tree of Cojedes, Venezuela
Tabebuia roseo-alba – White Ipê, ipê-branco (Brazil), lapacho blanco
Tabebuia serratifolia – Yellow Lapacho, Yellow Poui, ipê-roxo (Brazil)
Tabebuia shaferi
Tabebuia striata
Tabebuia subtilis Sprague & Sandwith
Tabebuia umbellata
Tabebuia vellosoi Toledo
Ipê-do-cerrado
Texto, em português, da Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre.
Ipê-do-cerrado
Classificação científica
Reino: Plantae
Divisão: Magnoliophyta
Classe: Magnoliopsida
Subclasse: Asteridae
Ordem: Lamiales
Família: Bignoniaceae
Género: Tabebuia
Espécie: T. ochracea
Nome binomial
Tabebuia ochracea
(Cham.) Standl. 1832
Sinónimos
Bignonia tomentosa Pav. ex DC.
Handroanthus ochraceus (Cham.) Mattos
Tabebuia chrysantha (Jacq.) G. Nicholson
Tabebuia hypodictyon A. DC.) Standl.
Tabebuia neochrysantha A.H. Gentry
Tabebuia ochracea subsp. heteropoda (A. DC.) A.H. Gentry
Tabebuia ochracea subsp. neochrysantha (A.H. Gentry) A.H. Gentry
Tecoma campinae Kraenzl.
ecoma grandiceps Kraenzl.
Tecoma hassleri Sprague
Tecoma hemmendorffiana Kraenzl.
Tecoma heteropoda A. DC.
Tecoma hypodictyon A. DC.
Tecoma ochracea Cham.
Ipê-do-cerrado é um dos nomes populares da Tabebuia ochracea (Cham.) Standl. 1832, nativa do cerrado brasileiro, no estados de Amazonas, Pará, Maranhão, Piauí, Ceará, Pernambuco, Bahia, Espírito Santo, Goiás, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo e Paraná.
Está na lista de espécies ameaçadas do estado de São Paulo, onde é encontrda também no domínio da Mata Atlântica[1].
Ocorre também na Argentina, Paraguai, Bolívia, Equador, Peru, Venezuela, Guiana, El Salvador, Guatemala e Panamá[2].
Há uma espécie homônima descrita por A.H. Gentry em 1992.
Outros nomes populares: ipê-amarelo, ipê-cascudo, ipê-do-campo, ipê-pardo, pau-d'arco-do-campo, piúva, tarumã.
Características
Altura de 6 a 14 m. Tronco tortuso com até 50 cm de diâmetro. Folhas pilosas em ambas as faces, mais na inferior, que é mais clara.
Planta decídua, heliófita, xerófita, nativa do cerrado em solos bem drenados.
Floresce de julho a setembro. Os frutos amadurecem de setembro a outubro.
FloresProduz grande quantidade de sementes leves, aladas com pequenas reservas, e que perdem a viabilidade em menos de 90 dias após coleta. A sua conservação vem sendo estudada em termos de determinação da condição ideal de armazenamento, e tem demonstrado a importância de se conhecer o comportamento da espécie quando armazenada com diferentes teores de umidade inicial, e a umidade de equilíbrio crítica para a espécie (KANO; MÁRQUEZ & KAGEYAMA, 1978). As levíssimas sementes aladas da espécie não necessitam de quebra de dormência. Podem apenas ser expostas ao sol por cerca de 6 horas e semeadas diretamente nos saquinhos. A germinação ocorre após 30 dias e de 80%. As sementes são ortodoxas e há aproximadamente 72 000 sementes em cada quilo.
O desenvolvimento da planta é rápido.
Como outros ipês, a madeira é usada em tacos, assoalhos, e em dormentes e postes. Presta-se também para peças torneadas e instrumento musicais.
Tabebuia alba (Ipê-Amarelo)
Texto, em português, produzido pela Acadêmica Giovana Beatriz Theodoro Marto
Supervisão e orientação do Prof. Luiz Ernesto George Barrichelo e do Eng. Paulo Henrique Müller
Atualizado em 10/07/2006
O ipê amarelo é a árvore brasileira mais conhecida, a mais cultivada e, sem dúvida nenhuma, a mais bela. É na verdade um complexo de nove ou dez espécies com características mais ou menos semelhantes, com flores brancas, amarelas ou roxas. Não há região do país onde não exista pelo menos uma espécie dele, porém a existência do ipê em habitat natural nos dias atuais é rara entre a maioria das espécies (LORENZI,2000).
A espécie Tabebuia alba, nativa do Brasil, é uma das espécies do gênero Tabebuia que possui “Ipê Amarelo” como nome popular. O nome alba provém de albus (branco em latim) e é devido ao tomento branco dos ramos e folhas novas.
As árvores desta espécie proporcionam um belo espetáculo com sua bela floração na arborização de ruas em algumas cidades brasileiras. São lindas árvores que embelezam e promovem um colorido no final do inverno. Existe uma crença popular de que quando o ipê-amarelo floresce não vão ocorrer mais geadas. Infelizmente, a espécie é considerada vulnerável quanto à ameaça de extinção.
A Tabebuia alba, natural do semi-árido alagoano está adaptada a todas as regiões fisiográficas, levando o governo, por meio do Decreto nº 6239, a transformar a espécie como a árvore símbolo do estado, estando, pois sob a sua tutela, não mais podendo ser suprimida de seus habitats naturais.
Taxonomia
Família: Bignoniaceae
Espécie: Tabebuia Alba (Chamiso) Sandwith
Sinonímia botânica: Handroanthus albus (Chamiso) Mattos; Tecoma alba Chamisso
Outros nomes vulgares: ipê-amarelo, ipê, aipê, ipê-branco, ipê-mamono, ipê-mandioca, ipê-ouro, ipê-pardo, ipê-vacariano, ipê-tabaco, ipê-do-cerrado, ipê-dourado, ipê-da-serra, ipezeiro, pau-d’arco-amarelo, taipoca.
Aspectos Ecológicos
O ipê-amarelo é uma espécie heliófita (Planta adaptada ao crescimento em ambiente aberto ou exposto à luz direta) e decídua (que perde as folhas em determinada época do ano). Pertence ao grupo das espécies secundárias iniciais (DURIGAN & NOGUEIRA, 1990).
Abrange a Floresta Pluvial da Mata Atlântica e da Floresta Latifoliada Semidecídua, ocorrendo principalmente no interior da Floresta Primária Densa. É característica de sub-bosques dos pinhais, onde há regeneração regular.
Informações Botânicas
Morfologia
As árvores de Tabebuia alba possuem cerca de 30 metros de altura. O tronco é reto ou levemente tortuoso, com fuste de 5 a 8 m de altura. A casca externa é grisáceo-grossa, possuindo fissuras longitudinais esparas e profundas. A coloração desta é cinza-rosa intenso, com camadas fibrosas, muito resistentes e finas, porém bem distintas.
Com ramos grossos, tortuosos e compridos, o ipê-amarelo possui copa alongada e alargada na base. As raízes de sustentação e absorção são vigorosas e profundas.
As folhas, deciduais, são opostas, digitadas e compostas. A face superior destas folhas é verde-escura, e, a face inferior, acinzentada, sendo ambas as faces tomentosas. Os pecíolos das folhas medem de 2,5 a 10 cm de comprimento. Os folíolos, geralmente, apresentam-se em número de 5 a 7, possuindo de 7 a 18 cm de comprimento por 2 a 6 cm de largura. Quando jovem estes folíolos são densamente pilosos em ambas as faces. O ápice destes é pontiagudo, com base arredondada e margem serreada.
As flores, grandes e lanceoladas, são de coloração amarelo-ouro. Possuem em média 8X15 cm.
Quanto aos frutos, estes possuem forma de cápsula bivalvar e são secos e deiscentes. Do tipo síliqua, lembram uma vagem. Medem de 15 a 30 cm de comprimento por 1,5 a 2,5 cm de largura. As valvas são finamente tomentosas com pêlos ramificados. Possuem grande quantidade de sementes.
As sementes são membranáceas brilhantes e esbranquiçadas, de coloração marrom. Possuem de 2 a 3 cm de comprimento por 7 a 9 mm de largura e são aladas.
Reprodução
A espécie é caducifólia e a queda das folhas coincide com o período de floração. A floração inicia-se no final de agosto, podendo ocorrer alguma variação devido a fenômenos climáticos. Como a espécie floresce no final do inverno é influenciada pela intensidade do mesmo. Quanto mais frio e seco for o inverno, maior será a intensidade da florada do ipê amarelo.
As flores por sua exuberância, atraem abelhas e pássaros, principalmente beija-flores que são importantes agentes polinizadores. Segundo CARVALHO (2003), a espécie possui como vetor de polinização a abelha mamangava (Bombus morio).
As sementes são dispersas pelo vento.
A planta é hermafrodita, e frutifica nos meses de setembro, outubro, novembro, dezembro, janeiro e fevereiro, dependendo da sua localização. Em cultivo, a espécie inicia o processo reprodutivo após o terceiro ano.
Ocorrência Natural
Ocorre naturalmente na Floresta Estaciobal Semidecicual, Floresta de Araucária e no Cerrado.
Segundo o IBGE, a Tabebuia alba (Cham.) Sandw. é uma árvore do Cerrado, Cerradão e Mata Seca. Apresentando-se nos campos secos (savana gramíneo-lenhosa), próximo às escarpas.
Clima
Segundo a classificação de Köppen, o ipê-amarelo abrange locais de clima tropical (Aw), subtropical úmido (Cfa), sutropical de altitude (Cwa e Cwb) e temperado.
A T.alba pode tolerar até 81 geadas em um ano. Ocorre em locais onde a temperatura média anual varia de 14,4ºC como mínimo e 22,4ºC como máximo.
Solo
A espécie prefere solos úmidos, com drenagem lenta e geralmente não muito ondulados (LONGHI, 1995).
Aparece em terras de boa à média fertilidade, em solos profundos ou rasos, nas matas e raramente cerradões (NOGUEIRA, 1977).
Pragas e Doenças
De acordo com CARVALHO (2003), possui como praga a espécie de coleópteros Cydianerus bohemani da família Curculionoideae e um outro coleóptero da família Chrysomellidae. Apesar da constatação de elevados índices populacionais do primeiro, os danos ocasionados até o momento são leves. Nas praças e ruas de Curitiba - PR, 31% das árvores foram atacadas pela Cochonilha Ceroplastes grandis.
ZIDKO (2002), ao estudar no município de Piracicaba a associação de coleópteros em espécies arbóreas, verificou a presença de insetos adultos da espécie Sitophilus linearis da família de coleópteros, Curculionidae, em estruturas reprodutivas. Os insetos adultos da espécie emergiram das vagens do ipê, danificando as sementes desta espécie nativa.
ANDRADE (1928) assinalou diversas espécies de Cerambycidae atacando essências florestais vivas, como ingazeiro, cinamomo, cangerana, cedro, caixeta, jacarandá, araribá, jatobá, entre outras como o ipê amarelo.
A Madeira
A Tabebuia alba produz madeira de grande durabilidade e resistência ao apodrecimento (LONGHI,1995).
MANIERI (1970) caracteriza o cerne desta espécie como de cor pardo-havana-claro, pardo-havan-escuro, ou pardo-acastanhado, com reflexos esverdeados. A superfície da madeira é irregularmente lustrosa, lisa ao tato, possuindo textura media e grã-direita.
Com densidade entre 0,90 e 1,15 grama por centímetro cúbico, a madeira é muito dura (LORENZI, 1992), apresentando grande dificuldade ao serrar.
A madeira possui cheiro e gosto distintos. Segundo LORENZI (1992), o cheiro característico é devido à presença da substância lapachol, ou ipeína.
Usos da Madeira
Sendo pesada, com cerne escuro, adquire grande valor comercial na marcenaria e carpintaria. Também é utilizada para fabricação de dormentes, moirões, pontes, postes, eixos de roda, varais de carroça, moendas de cana, etc.
Produtos Não-Madeireiros
A entrecasca do ipê-amarelo possui propriedades terapêuticas como adstringente, usada no tratamento de garganta e estomatites. É também usada como diurético.
O ipê-amarelo possui flores melíferas e que maduras podem ser utilizadas na alimentação humana.
Outros Usos
É comumente utilizada em paisagismo de parques e jardins pela beleza e porte. Além disso, é muito utilizada na arborização urbana.
Segundo MOREIRA & SOUZA (1987), o ipê-amarelo costuma povoar as beiras dos rios sendo, portanto, indicado para recomposição de matas ciliares. MARTINS (1986), também cita a espécie para recomposição de matas ciliares da Floresta Estacional Semidecidual, abrangendo alguns municípios das regiões Norte, Noroeste e parte do Oeste do Estado do Paraná.
Aspectos Silviculturais
Possui a tendência a crescer reto e sem bifurcações quando plantado em reflorestamento misto, pois é espécie monopodial. A desrrama se faz muito bem e a cicatrização é boa. Sendo assim, dificilmente encopa quando nova, a não ser que seja plantado em parques e jardins.
Ao ser utilizada em arborização urbana, o ipê amarelo requer podas de condução com freqüência mediana.
Espécie heliófila apresenta a pleno sol ramificação cimosa, registrando-se assim dicotomia para gema apical. Deve ser preconizada, para seu melhor aproveitamento madeireiro, podas de formação usuais (INQUE et al., 1983).
Produção de Mudas
A propagação deve realizada através de enxertia.
Os frutos devem ser coletados antes da dispersão, para evitar a perda de sementes. Após a coleta as sementes são postas em ambiente ventilado e a extração é feita manualmente. As sementes do ipê amarelo são ortodoxas, mantendo a viabilidade natural por até 3 meses em sala e por até 9 meses em vidro fechado, em câmara fria.
A condução das mudas deve ser feita a pleno sol. A muda atinge cerca de 30 cm em 9 meses, apresentando tolerância ao sol 3 semanas após a germinação.
Sementes
Os ipês, espécies do gênero Tabebuia, produzem uma grande quantidade de sementes leves, aladas com pequenas reservas, e que perdem a viabilidade em poucos dias após a sua coleta. A sua conservação vem sendo estudada em termos de determinação da condição ideal de armazenamento, e tem demonstrado a importância de se conhecer o comportamento da espécie quando armazenada com diferentes teores de umidade inicial, e a umidade de equilíbrio crítica para a espécie (KANO; MÁRQUEZ & KAGEYAMA, 1978).
As levíssimas sementes aladas da espécie não necessitam de quebra de dormência. Podem apenas ser expostas ao sol por cerca de 6 horas e semeadas diretamente nos saquinhos. A quebra natural leva cerca de 3 meses e a quebra na câmara leva 9 meses. A germinação ocorre após 30 dias e de 80%.
As sementes são ortodoxas e há aproximadamente 87000 sementes em cada quilo.
Preço da Madeira no Mercado
O preço médio do metro cúbico de pranchas de ipê no Estado do Pará cotado em Julho e Agosto de 2005 foi de R$1.200,00 o preço mínimo, R$ 1509,35 o médio e R$ 2.000,00 o preço máximo (CEPEA,2005).
Exp. Aug 15, 2009 #369
Speckled Wood, Pararge aegeria.
Description:
The Speckled Wood is a common species found in woodland and scrub where dappled sunlight and areas of lush grass grow in damper areas. The male will often be seen perched with wings wide open in areas of sunlight chasing intruders and females which wander by. Both male and female butterflies feed on honeydew in tree tops only occsionally being seen feeding on flowers.
A butterfly is an insect of the order Lepidoptera. Like all Lepidoptera, butterflies are notable for their unusual life cycle with a larval caterpillar stage, an inactive pupal stage, and a spectacular metamorphosis into a familiar and colourful winged adult form. Most species are day-flying so they regularly attract attention. The diverse patterns formed by their brightly coloured wings and their erratic yet graceful flight have made butterfly watching a hobby.
Habitat:
The Speckled Wood breeds in woodland habitats lanes and tracks between tall hedgerows parks, gardens, and scrub. It seems to prefer slightly damp areas where there is tall grass and some dappled shade.
Where to see the Speckled Wood in UK
The Speckled Wood has spread since the 1920s following a contraction in its range during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It continued to spread during the 1980's and 90's recolonizing many areas in eastern and northern England and Scotland where it continues to spread northwards as a response to global warming.
Butterflies comprise the true butterflies (superfamily Papilionoidea), the skippers (superfamily Hesperioidea) and the moth-butterflies (superfamily Hedyloidea). Butterflies exhibit polymorphism, mimicry and aposematism. Some migrate over long distances. Some butterflies have evolved symbiotic and parasitic relationships with social insects such as ants. Butterflies are important economically as agents of pollination. In addition, a few species are pests, because they can damage domestic crops and trees in their larval stage.
Culturally, butterflies are a popular motif in the visual and literary arts.
Calamaria schlegeli is a species of snake in the family Colubridae. The species is known commonly as the red-headed reed snake, white-headed reed snake, and pink-headed reed snake. It is native to Southeast Asia, where it occurs in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore.
Toxicity: Non-venomous
Highland area of Pahang
Behavior: Docile (well at least the 10+ specimens that I encountered did not attempt to bite). But those from Singapore according to a friend can be quite bitey.
We found two specimens that night.
Note: Calamaria schlegeli come in a few color forms (head color) e.g., red, dull pink, dull brown, or yellow. More research will be needed to determine if these are merely a result of "polymorphism" or whether they actually represent different species or subspecies.
Desde que a mediados de 2008 se detectase la presencia de mejillones cebra (Dreissena polymorpha) en el pantano de Ullibarri-Gamboa, la cosa solo ha podido ir a peor. Y tal y como están las cosas no habrá quien pare su expansión por toda la cuenca cantábrica.
The Danaid Eggfly (Hypolimnas misippus) is a widespread species of nymphalid butterfly. It is well known for polymorphism and mimicry. This mimics the Plain Tiger, Danaus chrysippus to avoid being eaten.
It can be distinguished from the Plain Tiger by the single black spot on its hind wing as opposed to three or four spots on the Plain Tiger and by comparing the pattern of their wing margins.
The nursery web spider Pisaura mirabilis is a spider species of the family Pisauridae.
Striking characteristics of Pisaura mirabilis are its long legs (the fourth pair being the longest) and its slender abdomen (opisthosoma). The male is between 10 and 13 mm, while the female is 12 to 15 mm. After final ecdysis, the male spiders weigh on average 54 mg and females 68 mg.
The prosoma (cephalothorax) is variable in color, ranging from light to reddish brown and from gray to black. A lighter stripe is visible down the middle of the prosoma. The opisthosoma (abdomen) is long and narrow and tapered towards the rear end.
The female spiders has a dark patch (epigyne) on the underside of her abdomen that includes the copulatory organs. Male genital openings can be found at the same location, but remain inconspicuous.
Patterning and coloration varies due to polymorphism. These patterns, which can be caused by hair and pigments, change with the growth of the spider (ontogenesis).
Male spiders exhibit a stronger contrast than females and appear black, especially when compared to the white nuptial gifts. Females tend to get paler towards the end of summer. The stripe along the back of the body can be found in all spiders and can be seen as crypsis, a protective measure against predators.
The pedipalps in nymphs and females look similar to legs. In males, this structure gets thicker towards the end and is used to store sperm until reproduction (bulbus). The outer chelicerae segment consists of three teeth. They catch their prey during the day and at night and are also active on warm winter days.
Pisaura mirabilis has a palearctic distribution, and can be found all over Europe. These spiders inhabit the Canary Islands and Madeira, the Asian part of Russia, China and North Africa.
P. mirabilis lives in all habitats, but prefers wet environments, such as wet meadows, lowland moors, salt marshes, dunes, the edge of forests, and wet hedges. It inhabits all strata, from the ground to the top of trees, but are not found under rocks or in caves. These spiders can be found at altitudes up to 1100 m.
The spider develops from a fertilised egg inside a cocoon into an embryo. After inversion, the embryo enters the prelarval stage. A few hours later, the prelarva moults into a larva. At this stage, the spiders are colorless but mobile, and can detect sensory signals from its surrounding. They do not have any eyes yet and their chelicerae are short and sharp. A few fine hairs can be found on their feet.
Depending on the temperature, the larvae moult after 4.5 – 7.5 days into the first nymphal stage. Once leaving the cocoon through an opening, they live in a protective web made by the mother, where they feed on the leftover yolk from their eggs and drink from water droplets. After about a week, the nymphs start suspending themselves from their own spider silk and start preying on fruit flies. This usually happens in the sixth or seventh nymphal stage. Cannibalism does not occur in the first few days, but occurs in later stages. The whole nymphal stage is divided into 12 stages at most. Male spiders become sexually mature in the 9th to 11th stages, females in the 10th to 12th stages. Temperature can influence the development and number of stages, with colder temperatures slowing down the process. Under good conditions, spiders can complete their nymphal development in fewer than 12 stages.[11] The duration from prelarval stage to final moult (maturity) typically lasts 257 days for males (stage 10) and 289 days for females (stage 11). Adulthood is the period after final moult till death. Females live longer than males, the record being 247 days for females and 186.5 days for males.
Depending on habitat, nursery web spiders hibernate once or twice during the nymphal stage. The period of hibernation (diapause) is spent in ground vegetation under leaves, moss, and stones. They can be found in garages and houses, as well. Some individuals in the south of France have been found under loose bark of the plane tree. The nymphs in stages 6 to 8 start hibernating in November and continue with their development towards the end of February to the beginning of March.
Pisaura mirabilis in Western and Central Europe reach sexual maturity in May, when sperm uptake, the search for females, offering of nuptial gifts, and courtship and mating takes place. In Northern and Eastern Europe, spiders reach sexual maturity only in June, while in Southern Europe, they become sexually mature in April.
Nursery web spiders have a one-year annual cycle in southern Europe. They grow in summer, hibernate in winter, reach adulthood in spring, and reproduce and then die in autumn. Their offspring are sexually mature in the following spring. Spiders from the north have a two-year cycle, having to go through two hibernations before reaching sexual maturity. Spiders in Western and Central Europe have a mix of both one- and two-year cycles. Males have a two-month period to reproduce; females three and a half.
Males of this species offer a nuptial gift to potential female mates. Some Pisaura mirabilis specimens have also been observed to use thanatosis during courtship. After presenting the nuptial gift to the female, she bites on to the gift and the male moves to her epigyne to deposit sperm with his pedipalps. Throughout copulation, the male keeps a leg on the gift so as to be ready if she tries to escape with it or attack him. At this time, the male may feign death – his limbs become straight and he is dragged along with the female while holding on to the gift. When the female stops, the male slowly "resurrects" and continues attempting to mate. Thanatosis in P. mirabilis has been observed to significantly increase the male's odds of successfully copulating from less than 30% to 89%.
Predators of Pisaura mirabilis includes spider wasps, tree frogs, lizards, and song birds during the day, and toads, shrew mice, and bats at night. Other spider species, as well as from the same species (cannibalism), consider P. mirabilis as prey.
Nursery web spiders are often parasitised by nematodes, parasitic wasps, and Acari. These parasites infect the spider and its eggs and cocoons, which can lead to destruction of a whole clutch of eggs.
Baculoviridae and Rickettsia species infect nursery web spiders, as well. They most likely enter the gastrointestinal tract via the spiders' prey. Not only can nymphs and adults be infected, but different stages in the cocoon are infected, as well.
[Hypoponera Santschi 1938: 154+†1 (IT: 4+†0) spp]
[Ponerini: 45 gg, 1,294 spp; Ponerinæ: 2 tbb, 60 gg, 1,426 spp]
Conspecific parapatric ☿, sx side.
Para/lestobiotic of L. lasioides. Cfr. notes¹ over the above image.
Like other species in the H. punctuatissima group, H. eduardi produces ☿-♀ or ♃ (ergatoid) intercastes as well as alate ♀ and its dimorphic ♂♂ consist of an alate and an ergatoid form. ♃♀♀ have distinctly larger eyes than ☿☿ (ca 20–30 ommatidia) and ♃♂♂ have small eyes (7–8 ommatidia), reduced mandibles and 13-segmented antennæ. The polymorphism of both ♀♀ and ♂♂, and the reproductive biology of H. eduardi have been documented by Le Masne (1956). He referred to ☿-♀ intercastes as major ☿☿, following Forel (1894) and also noted the presence of a less numerous caste intermediate between ☿☿ and intercastes that he termed "media ☿☿". All Hypoponera are thought to be predators of small arthropods but published details about their diet are sparse. A lack of information about other aspects of their biology is also typical for most species.
NOTES
1. 49b: Mandible triangular to elongate-triangular, masticatory margin sometimes edentate, usually with several to many teeth.
57b: Maxillary palp with 0-1 segments.
57b: Subpetiolar process in profile rounded to acutely angulate posteroventrally but never with a pair of teeth; an anterior fenestra or thin-spot usually absent but present in some spp.
55b: Petiole (A2) in profile an erect scale or node. Prora present on 1st gastral sternite below helcium. Postsclerites of 2nd gastral segment (A4 posterior to gastral constriction) not cylindrical, in profile as high as long or nearly so, at most only slightly longer than 1st segment.
52b: Gaster (A3-A7) in lateral & dorsal view with a distinct impression between presclerites & postsclerites of 2nd gastral segment (A4) that appears as a girdling constriction of gaster.
REFERENCES
S. Cantone 2018: Winged ants - queen.
S. Mammola & al. 2017: Invertebrata epi/hypogean survey.
M.K.L. Wong & B. Guénard 2017: Subterranean ants.
C.A. Schmidt & S.O. Shattuck 2014: Ponerinæ classification.
C.A. Schmidt 2013: Ponerinæ phylogeny.
R. Pacheco & H.L. Vasconcelos 2012: SPT.
F.A. Schmidt & R.R.C. Solar 2010: Hypogæic pitfall traps.
C.A. Schmidt 2009: Ponerinæ taxonomic revision, pp. 106-111.
Gemeine Akelei - Wald - Akelei ( Blume flower fleur ) mit violetter Blüte am B.ahnhof in Kerzers im Kanton Freiburg - Fribourg der Schweiz
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Gemeine Akelei ( Aquilegia vulgaris )
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Systematik
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- Ordnung : Hahnenfußartige ( Ranunculales )
- Familie : Hahnenfußgewächse ( Ranunculaceae )
- Unterfamilie : Isopyroideae
- Tribus : Isopyreae
- Gattung : Akeleien ( Aquilegia )
- Art : Gemeine Akelei
- Wissenschaftlicher Name : Aquilegia vulgaris L.
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Die Gemeine Akelei ( Aquilegia vulgaris ), auch Wald - Akelei / Waldakalei genannt, ist
eine Pflanzen-Art aus der Familie der Hahnenfußgewächse ( Ranunculaceae ).
Die Gemeine Akelei wurde im Mittelalter und der frühen Neuzeit in vielfältiger Form in der
Medizin verwendet. Aufgrund der ihr zugeschriebenen Symbolik ist sie außerdem auf zahl-
reichen mittelalterlichen Tafelgemälden zu finden.
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Namensherkunft
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Die Herkunft des Namens „Akelei“ wird unterschiedlich gedeutet.
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Die meisten Autoren, so auch das Herkunftswörterbuch des Duden führen die deutsche
Bezeichnung „Akelei“ auf das lateinische Wort „aquila“ = A.dler zurück, da der Sporn ähn-
lich gekrümmt ist wie der S.chnabel und die Krallen eines A.dlers. Andere Autoren wie
etwa Esth er Gallwitz verweisen darauf, dass der Pflanzenname erstmalig von Hildegard
von Bingen überliefert ist. Diese verwendet den althochdeutschen Namen „aglaia“ oder
„agleya“. Eine Ableitung dieses Wortes vom indogermanischen „ak“, welches „spitz“
oder „scharf“ bedeutet ist dabei möglich. Angeblich habe erst Albertus Magnus den Bezug
des Wortes zu „aquila“ gebildet.
In anderen Sprachen wird auf die Ähnlichkeit des Honigblatts zu einer T.aube angespielt.
So wird im englischsprachigen Raum die Akelei als „Columbine Flower“ bezeichnet. Auch
manche deutsche Volksnamen spielen auf die Ähnlichkeit der fünf Blütenblätter zu fünf im
Kreis sitzenden Vögeln an: So wird die Blume je nach Region auch „Taubenblume“,
„Tauberln“ oder „Fünf Vögerl zusamm“ genannt.
Der Volksmund bezeichnet die Akelei auch als „Elfenhandschuh“ und „Frauenhandschuh“,
als „Kapuzinerhütli“ oder „Pfaffenkäpple“. Auf die ihr zugeschriebenen liebesfördernden
Wirkungen spielen die volkstümlichen Bezeichnungen „Venuswagen“ und der in der
Schweiz gebräuchliche Name „Schlotterhose“ an.
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Beschreibung
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Die Gemeine Akelei ist eine kurzlebige, mehrjährige, krautige Pflanze, die Wuchshöhen
zwischen 30 und 60 Zentimetern erreicht, etwa 45 cm breit wird und über ein kräftiges
Rhizom verfügt. In der Mitte der lockeren Blattrosette wachsen lange, reichverzweigte
Stängel, an deren Blütenzweigen die gespornten glockenförmigen Blüten sitzen.
Die Laubblätter der Gemeinen Akelei sind bläulich-grün. Sie sind in drei gestielte Blättchen
gefiedert, die wiederum in drei Lappen eingeschnitten und am Rand gekerbt sind. Die grund-
ständigen Blätter sind lang gestielt, weiter oben am Stängel nimmt die Stiellänge ab und die
Blättchen werden länglich oval und ganzrandig. Bald nach der Blütezeit zieht sich die Pflanze
mit welkenden Blättern und Stängeln auf das Rhizom zurück.
Die Blüten erscheinen in der Zeit von Mai bis Juni und haben einen Durchmesser von drei
bis fünf Zentimetern. Sie haben fünf kronblattartige Perigonblätter, die jeweils 1,5 bis 2,5 cm
lang und 1,0 bis 1,5 cm breit sind. Die fünf Nektarblätter neigen sich glockenartig und tragen
am Grunde Nektardrüsen. Die Blüten sind überwiegend blau gefärbt; gelegentlich treten
jedoch auch bei der Wildform weiße, rotviolette oder blaue Blüten mit weißem Rand auf. Die
blaue Farbe geht auf das Anthocyanidin Delphinidin zurück.
Sie bilden aus jedem einzelnen, freien Fruchtblatt die für Hahnenfußgewächse typischen
Balgfrüchte. Während die Blüten nach unten gerichtet waren, stehen die Balgfrüchte auf-
recht und enthalten die bis zu 2,5 mm langen, schwarz glänzenden Samen.
Die als Gartenpflanze kultivierten Sorten der Gemeinen Akelei gibt es neben dem dunklen
Blau der Wildform auch mit weißen, rosa, roten und purpurnen Blüten. Strahlend weiße
Blüten hat beispielsweise die Sorte 'Nivea'. Daneben gibt es auch Zuchtformen der Ge-
meinen Akelei, die zweifarbig sind, und solche mit gefüllten Blüten. Zu den von der Royal
Horticultural Society empfohlenen Akelei-Sorten gehört beispielsweise die Zuchtform
'Nora Barlow', die pomponförmige gefüllte und altrosa und weiß gefärbte Blüten hat.
.
.
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Fortpflanzung
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.
.
Bestäubung
.
.
Bestäubt werden die Akeleien nur von Insekten mit ausreichend langem R.üssel, etwa H.ummel-
arten. Ein solcher Rüssel ist notwendig, um den am Grund der Sporne der Honigblätter ausge-
schiedenen Nektar zu erreichen. Angelockt werden die H.ummeln durch die Farbe der Blütenblätter
sowie durch den Duft. Die I.nsekten halten sich mit den Vorderbeinen am Rand der Kronblätter
fest und dringen mit ihrem K.opf in den lang ausgezogenen Sporn ein.
Die Akelei gehört zu den Pflanzen, bei denen Staub- und Fruchtblätter zu unterschiedlichen Zeit-
punkten reifen. Über diesen Mechanismus stellen die Pflanzen sicher, dass die Narben der
Blüte durch den Pollen einer anderen Pflanze bestäubt werden. Als sogenannte vormännliche
Pflanze ( Proterandrie ) reifen bei der Akelei zuerst die Staubblätter. Daher wird, solange die
Blüte sich noch in ihrem vormännlichen Stadium befindet, der Hinterleib der H.ummeln mit
Pollen eingestäubt. Sind die Blüten bereits älter und damit weiblich, nehmen die dann reifen
Narben den Pollen auf, den die H.ummeln von anderen Akeleipflanzen mitbringen.
Kurzrüsselige H.ummeln beißen gelegentlich den Sporn der Akelei von außen an und holen
sich den Nektar, ohne dabei die Blüte zu bestäuben. Ist das Loch vorhanden, finden sich auch
bald B.ienen ein, die gleichfalls als „Nektardiebe“ den Nektar aufnehmen, ohne eine Bestäub-
ung vorzunehmen.
.
.
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Verbreitung des Samens
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.
.
Die Gemeine Akelei nutzt mehrere Mechanismen zur Ausbreitung ihrer Diasporen. Sie zählt
sowohl zu den sogenannten Austrocknungsstreuern, als auch zu den W.ind- und Tierstreuern.
Mit dem Verblühen der Blüten bilden sich die nach oben gerichteten Balgfrüchte aus, die
auf den verlängerten elastischen Fruchtstielen sitzen. Während des im Juli beginnenden
Reifungsprozesses dieser Balgfrüchte trocknen die Fruchtwände aus, und durch diesen
Trocknungsprozess öffnen sich die Balgfrüchte ruckartig entlang ihrer längsverlaufenden
Bauchnaht. Dabei werden die jeweils oberen Samen fortgeschleudert. Dieser Mechanismus
wird als Austrocknungsstreuung bezeichnet. Typischer ist jedoch, dass die Samen der Ge-
meinen Akelei durch W.ind oder T.iere verstreut werden. Der Wind löst die Samen aus den
geöffneten Früchten und trägt sie mit sich fort. Bei T.ieren verhaken sich die Balgfrüchte mit
ihren behaarten Oberflächen für einen kurzen Moment im F.ell der T.iere, um bei der Ablösung
vom T.ierfell ruckartig wieder nach oben zu schnellen. Dieser Rückstoß bewirkt, dass die Samen
aus der Balgfrucht herausgeschleudert werden ( sogenannte Semachorie ).
.
.
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Verbreitung und Unterarten
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.
.
Die Gemeine Akelei ist in ganz W.est-, M.ittel- und S.üdeuropa verbreitet, in E.ngland ursprünglich
wohl nur in den Kalkgebieten S.üdenglands, in S.kandinavien bis etwa 66° n. Br., in D.änemark
wahrscheinlich nur auf B.ornholm ursprünglich, sonst verwildert, auch für S.kandinavien ist nur
von einer Verwilderung auszugehen, im östlichen b.altischen Gebiet aber spontan, in R.ussland
meist verwildert, sowie weiterhin die H.ochgebirge der M.aghreb-L.änder N.ordafrikas. Im ge-
mäßigten A.sien und C.hina wird die gemeine Akelei von verwandten Arten abgelöst.
.
.
Die Art hat nach Angaben im Atlas Florae Europaeae vier Unterarten:
.
.
- Aquilegia vulgaris L. subsp. vulgaris
- Aquilegia vulgaris L. subsp. dichroa (Freyn) T.E.Díaz
- Aquilegia vulgaris L. subsp. nevadensis (Boiss. & Reut.) T.E.Díaz
- Aquilegia vulgaris L. subsp. paui (Font Quer) O.Bolòs & Vigo
.
.
Daneben sind bei der polymorphen Art zahlreiche Varietäten beschrieben worden. Zu den nah
verwandten Arten des europäischen vulgaris - Komplexes gehören noch die Dunkle Akelei
( Aquilegia nigricans ) mit dunkel blauvioletten Blüten aus O.st und S.üdosteuropa, sowie die
Schwarze oder Schwarzviolette Akelei ( Aquilegia atrata ). Letztere hat braunviolette / braun-
purpurne, selten weiße Blüten und ist in den Kalk - Alpen, dem Alpenvorland und der S.chwä-
bischen Alb zu finden.
.
.
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Standort
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.
.
Die Art kommt zerstreut in kraut- und grasreichen, meist lichten E.ichen- und B.uchen - Misch-
wäldern ( Fagetalia- oder Quercetalia pubescenis-Gesellschaften; schwache Querco-Fagetea-
Klassencharakterart ) vor, ferner im Randbereich von Hecken, auf Trocken- und Halbtrocken-
rasen sowie im Saumbereich von Wiesen, so im Geranion sanguinei und selten in Mesobrom-
ion-, Glatthaferwiesen ( Arrhenatheretalia- ) oder in Thlaspietalia - Gesellschaften. Die Stand-
orte befinden sich auf sommerwarmen, mäßig trockenen bis frischen, nährstoff- und basen-
reichen, gern kalkhaltigen, mild - mäßig - sauer - humosen, lockeren, steinigen, sandigen
oder reinen Lehmböden; es handelt sich um eine Mullbodenpflanze. Je sonniger der Standort
ist, desto frischer sollte der Boden sein.
Häufige Begleitpflanzen der Gemeinen Akelei sind die S.tinkende N.ieswurz und das L.eber-
b.lümchen.
.
.
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Bestand und Bedrohung
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.
.
In einigen deutschen Bundesländern gilt die Gemeine Akelei als in ihrem Bestand gefährdet,
in B.randenburg gilt sie sogar als ausgestorben. Das Pflücken, Ausgraben oder Besitzen wild-
wachsender Akeleien ist generell untersagt, ebenso wie ihre Standorte oder Bestände nicht
betreten werden sollen. Alle Akeleien sind „besonders geschützt“ nach dem Bundesnatur-
schutzgesetz ( Bundesartenschutzverordnung ). Sie wurde 1985 in Deutschland als eine der
ersten Pflanzen zur Blume des Jahres gekürt.
In einigen Landschaften haben sich die Pflanzen in neuer Zeit wieder ausgebreitet, was zum
Teil auf die Verschleppung von Samen zurückgeführt wird. Zu Lebensraumverlusten kommt
es, wenn weit auseinander stehende Laubholzbestände in Nadelholzreinkulturen umge-
wandelt oder wenn Magerwiesen aufgeforstet werden.
Die Gemeine Akelei verträgt eine einmalige Mahd sehr gut. Wird dagegen an ihren Stand-
orten häufiger gemäht oder intensiver geweidet, wächst sie nicht mehr nach.
.
.
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Verwendung als Gartenpflanze
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.
.
Die Akelei ist wahrscheinlich seit dem späten Mittelalter eine Zierpflanze europäischer Gärten.
Da Herbarien erst ab dem 17. Jahrhundert angelegt wurden und erste botanische Bücher erst
im 16. Jahrhundert geschrieben wurden, lässt sich ein genaueres Datum nicht bestimmen.
Einen der ältesten Hinweise auf eine Verwendung der Akelei als Zierpflanze liefert dagegen
die mittelalterliche Kunst. Auf dem um 1410 entstandenen „Paradiesgärtlein“ eines unbe-
kannten oberrheinischen Meisters, das sich heute im Frankfurter Museum Städel befindet, ist
neben zahlreichen anderen Zierpflanzen auch eine Akelei zu erkennen. Auch Hieronymus Bock
berichtet 1539 in seinem „ Kreutterbuch “ von einer „ Agleyblume “, die häufig angebaut wird:
„Das Agleykraut wachßt gemeinlich in unsern Landen in den Gärten. Man findts aber auch in
den Wäldern die inn der höhe ligen.“
Leonhard Fuchs berichtete bereits 1543, dass neben Pflanzen mit der üblichen blau gefärbten
Blüte auch schon solche mit weißen oder rötlichen bekannt seien. Gefüllte Sorten werden erst-
mals 1561 beschrieben, und im Hortus Eystettensis wurden 1613 zwölf kultivierte Formen der
Gemeinen Akelei genannt.
Die pflegeleichte Gemeine Akelei, die allerdings schon um 1900 als altmodische Blume galt,
ist heute noch häufig in Gärten zu finden. Sie gedeiht besonders gut an lichten bis halbschattigen
Stellen im Garten, die einen humosen Boden aufweisen, und wird häufig mit Farnen und
Anemonen kombiniert.
Genauso häufig wie die Gemeine Akelei findet man jedoch in europäischen Gärten lang-
spornige Akeleisorten. Diese sind nicht auf die Gemeine Akelei zurückzuführen. Es handelt
sich meistens um Hybriden nordamerikanischer Akeleiarten, die nach 1800 zunehmend in
Europa eingeführt wurden.
.
.
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Die Akelei in der Heilkunst
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.
.
Inhaltsstoffe
.
.
Alle bisher untersuchten Aquilegia Arten enthalten ein Nitrilglykosid, eine cyanogene, krebser-
regende, Blausäure-Glykosid Verbindung, die insbesondere in den Samen enthalten ist. Daher
sind die Pflanzen giftverdächtig. Neben Isochinolinalkaloiden wie beispielsweise Magnoflorin
und Berberidin sind in den Samenim weiteren Fette und Lipase gespeichert. Der Verzehr von
20 Gramm der bitter schmeckenden Blätter führt bereits zu leichten Vergiftungserscheinungen.
Zu den Symptomen einer solchen Vergiftung gehören Übelkeit, Erbrechen, Durchfall, Atemnot,
Herzbeschwerden und Benommenheit. Als Behandlungsmaßnahmen bei einer Vergiftung
durch versehentlichen Verzehr kommen vor allem das Auslösen von Erbrechen und die Ein-
nahme von Aktivkohle in Betracht.
Die in der Gemeinen Akelei enthaltenen Isochinolinalkaloide sind starke Reizgifte. Sie können
auf der Haut Brennen, Rötung, Blasenbildung und eventuell sogar die Entstehung von Nekrosen
auslösen.
.
.
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Historische Verwendung
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.
.
Die Verwendung der Akelei ist für das Altertum wegen der Namensunsicherheit unklar. Um
1460 wird urkundlich auf die Kultur der Akelei hingewiesen. Daher ist sie wohl schon relativ
früh gegen allerlei Krankheiten verwendet worden. Insbesondere sollte sie Wunden, Aus-
schläge, Geschwüre und Krebs heilen. Mit dem ausgehenden Mittelalter und in der Renais-
sancezeit steigerte sich offenbar ihre Verwendung, und zwar als Aphrodisiakum.
Im Mittelalter zählte die Akelei in Europa wohl zu den bekannten Heilmitteln da schon Hildegard
von Bingen die Gemeine Akelei als Heilpflanze erwähnt.
Während heute Gartenbücher davor warnen, dass Akelei giftige Verbindungen enthält, schreibt
Tabernaemontanus in seinem 1588 erschienen New Kreuterbuch:
Wiewohl nun dieses Gewöchs bey unsern Medicis sehr wenig oder gar nicht im Gebrauch/
so ist doch rathsamer dass es auch vor anderen frembden Gewächsen seinen Platz in der
Apotheken habe / sintemal es ein nützliches und heylsames Kraut ist/ und beyde jnnerlich
und eusserlich ... sehr nützlich zu gebrauchen.
Als innerliche Anwendung empfiehlt Tabernaemontanus das Mittel gegen Potenzstörungen.
In dem 1606 erschienenen medizinischen Werk Horn des heyls Menschlicher Blödigkeit oder
Kreutterbuch nach rechter Art der Himmlischen Einfließungen beschrieben durch Philomusum
Anonymum werden bereits 273 Anwendungsmöglichkeiten der Akeleipflanze beschrieben.
Unter anderem heißt es: ...es ist gut hitzigen Leuten, die gerne zürnen. Alle Teile der Pflanze
wurden als Heilmittel gegen Skorbut und Gelbsucht und bei Leber- und Gallenleiden und
Magenbeschwerden benutzt. Der scharfe Saft der Blätter sollte Wunden heilen, und man
glaubte, dass die Pflanze junge Paare vor bösem Zauber schützte.
In der Volksmedizin wurde die Akelei nur gelegentlich verwendet. Typische Anwendungsbe-
reiche waren Menstruationsbeschwerden, Augenerkrankungen, Hals- und Rachenentzündungen
sowie Gallenbeschwerden. Der Saft der im Mörser zerstoßenen Blätter sollte gegen Grind und
Hautausschläge helfen und – wenn er in Fisteln geträufelt wurde – deren Abheilung bewirken.
In einigen Gegenden des Siegerlandes wurde die Akelei im Frühjahr gesammelt und als Wild-
gemüse gegen Krebs gegessen. Die getrockneten, gepulverten Blätter waren auch einer der
wesentlichen Bestandteil einer im Dillkreis verwendeten Krebsarznei – wirksam war sie aller-
dings nur, wenn man die Pflanze schweigend gesammelt hatte. Die giftigen Wirkstoffe der
Samen wurden außerdem früher gegen äußere Körperparasiten eingesetzt. Ein Sud der
Samen sollte beispielsweise gegen Läuse helfen.
.
.
***************************************************************************************************************
Heutige Verwendung in der Heilkunst
***************************************************************************************************************
.
.
Akelei wird heute noch in der Homöopathie verwendet, wo die Pflanze ähnlich wie früher in
der Volksmedizin bei Menstruationsbeschwerden, Nervosität, Schwächezuständen und
Hautkrankheiten eingesetzt wird. Ansonsten findet die Akelei in der modernen Pflanzenheil-
kunde keine Verwendung mehr. Heute stehen die Pharmakologen auf dem Standpunkt, dass
die in der Akelei enthaltenen krebserregenden Glykoside in ihrer chemischen Struktur noch
unvollständig bekannt sind. Generell schätzt man die Gemeine Akelei als eine Pflanze ein,
die nicht mehr von medizinischem Interesse ist, da für ihre möglichen Einsatzgebiete andere
und wirkungsvollere Wirkstoffe zur Verfügung stehen.
.
.
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Die Akelei in der Kunst
***************************************************************************************************************
.
.
Die Akelei erscheint als Sinnbild auf vielen mittelalterlichen Tafelbildern. Esther Gallwitz, die
ein ganzes Buch den auf den Gemälden des Frankfurter Städel dargestellten Pflanzen ge-
widmet hat, schreibt dazu:
Die Akelei ist die „gotische“ Pflanze. Sowohl ihre Symbolik wie Zahlenmystik und Geometrie
fordern zu abstrahierenden Darstellungen heraus. Da ist zuerst das zweimal dreigeteilte Blatt
an den Blütentrieben, dann aber das grundständige Blatt, das dreimal dreigeteilt ist, und also
aus siebenundzwanzig kleinen rundlichen Blättern ein gleichseitiges Dreieck in einem Kreis
ergibt. Dieser Dreiteilung verbindet sich zum Symbol der göttlichen Dreifaltigkeit.
Die Akelei erscheint bereits in der Buchmalerei ab dem 14. Jahrhundert sehr häufig. Häufig
verweist die Abbildung der Akelei auf Bescheidenheit und Demut der Maria. Auf dem Genter
Altar der Gebrüder van Eyck steht sie für die Demut Christi. Der mittelhochdeutsche Pflanzen-
name Ageleie wurde infolge der Ähnlichkeit möglicherweise auf die kabbalistischen Ligatur
AGLA bezogen, die häufig auf Amuletten und Ringen angebracht wurde und dem Psalm 88, 53
Der Herr sei gepriesen in Ewigkeit, Amen entspricht.
Die Darstellung der Blume Akelei dürfte als demütige Lobpreisung und Anrufung Christi zu
deuten sein, was auch ihre häufige Anbringung neben anbetenden Stiftern und Heiligen erklärt.
Als Hinweis auf die Demut Christi kommt die Akelei auch in den folgenden Gemälden vor:
.
.
- Hugo van der Goes, Sündenfall, W.ien, KHM
- Lucas Cranach d.J., Allegorie der Erlösung, Weimar, S.tadtk.irche
- Unbekannter Meister, Einhornjagd, E.rfurt, D.om
- Hugo van der Goes, Portinari-Altar, U.ffizien
.
.
Nicht selten wird die Akelei auch auf die Demut Mariens bezogen. Das Pflanzensymbol weist
dabei auch auf die wunderbare Mutterschaft Marias hin. Die Akelei mit ihren entfernt tauben-
förmigen Blütenblättern symbolisiert auch den Heiligen Geist. Im Wallraf - Richartz - Museum,
K.öln hängt ein Triptychon mit der Anbetung der Könige, auf deren Mitteltafel ein Strauß mit
sieben Akelei - Blüten auftaucht. Der unbekannte mittelalterliche Maler hat die Blüten in die
Nähe des weiter links befindlichen Taubensymbols gerückt, die sieben Blüten symbolisieren
damit auch die „sieben Gaben des Heiligen Geistes“ und verweisen auf die „sieben Schmerzen
Mariens“. Damit leiten sie auf die Kreuzigungsdarstellung auf dem rechten Flügel des Triptychons
hin. Als Hinweis auf die sieben Gaben des Heiligen Geists sind auch die aufgeblühten sieben
Akeleien zu verstehen, die auf Hugo van der Goes Portinari Altar neben dem Jesuskind stehen.
Nach Marianne Beuchert steht die Zahl sieben hier auch für die sieben Kardinaltugenden des
Geistes: Weisheit, Verstand, Rat, Stärke, Erkenntnis, Frömmigkeit und Furcht des Herrn
(Jesaja 11,2).
Nach Marianne Beuchert bleibt es ungewiss, ob das Dreiblattornament der g.otischen K.irchen-
fenster sich von der Akeleiblatt oder vom Kleeblatt ableitet.
Offenbar angeregt durch den volkstümlichen italienischen Namen „Amor nascosto“ (=Geheime
Liebe) haben vor allem italienische Maler die Akelei in einem etwas anderen Zusammenhang
gedeutet. Auf dem "Frauenporträt „La Colombine“ von Francesco Melzi, das sich heute in der
Eremitage von Sankt Petersburg befindet, ist die Akelei Sinnbild für eine heimliche Liebe und
Verführung. Auf Melzis Bild ist eine verführerische schöne Frau mit entblößter Brust zu sehen,
die in ihrer Hand eine Akelei mit einer geöffneten Blüte und zwei hängenden Knospen hält. Im
Bildhintergrund rankt ein efeublättriges Leinkraut (Cymbalaria muralis) an der Wand entlang.
Dieses Leinkraut wird im Code Rinio als umbilicus veneris, also als Nabel der Venus be-
zeichnet. Von der Kunstwissenschaft wird das Bild daher als Darstellung einer geheimen Liebe
(„amor nascosto“) gedeutet.
Eine ähnliche Bedeutung hat die Akelei auf dem im Louvre befindlichen Bildnis der Margherita
Gonzaga von Pisanello. Auch Leonardo da Vinci malte die Gemeine Akelei neben Bacchus, und
auf einer nicht erhaltenen Zeichnung, deren Kopie in der Bibliothek von Schloss Windsor aufbe-
wahrt wird, zeigt er Akelei neben Leda mit ihren Kindern.
Die Kunst nach dem 16. Jahrhundert hat die mittelalterlich-religiöse als auch die spätere sex-
uelle Symbolik der Akelei zunehmend vergessen. Die Akelei erscheint in späteren Jahr-
hunderten nur noch selten und hier meist in profanen Stillleben.
Die Akelei im Aberglauben [Bearbeiten]Lange vor dem Christentum galt die zarte Blüte als
Aphrodisiakum der Männer. In Europa waren vor allem die Samen Bestandteil vieler Hexen-
salben. Doch auch die Meskaki-Indianer Nordamerikas kochten aus Ginseng, Glimmererde,
Schlangenfleisch, Gelatine und Akelei einen Liebestrank.
Im Altertum glaubte man, Löwen fräßen die Akelei im Frühling, um ihre Körperkräfte zu steigern.
Botaniker nannten die Blume demzufolge Herba Leonis.
Im Volksglauben gilt ein aus der Akelei bereiteter Trank als wirksam gegen die durch Zauberei
bewirkte Impotenz:
So einem Mann seine Krafft genommen und durch Zauberey oder andere Hexenkunst zu den
ehelichen Werken unvermöglich worden war der trinck stätig von dieser Wurtzel und dem
Samen er genieset und kompt wieder zurecht empfahl Tabernaemontanus in seinem Kräuter-
buch von 1613. Hilfreich sollte es auch sein, wenn das Membrum virile mit dem Absud der
Akelei gewaschen wurde. Auch in Fruchtbarkeitsritualen spielte es eine Rolle, denn gegen
die Unfruchtbarkeit sollte man sie ins Bettstroh legen.
Nach dem Handwörterbuch des Deutschen Aberglaubens geht allerdings der Einsatz von
Akelei als Potenzmittel eher auf gelehrte literarische Überlieferung (Tabernaemontanus
und Matthioli, 1563) zurück als auf einen deutschen Volksaberglauben.
.
.
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Die Akelei in der Symbolsprache
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.
.
Deutlicher noch als bei anderen Pflanzensymbolen sind die symbolischen Bedeutungen
der Gemeinen Akelei gegensätzlich. Auf der einen Seite interpretierte man den gesenkten,
nickenden Blütenkopf als Zeichen für Demut. Man sah darin auch die Sorgen der Jungfrau
Maria symbolisiert, da man in dem französischen Namen Ancholie die Verkürzung von
Melancholie sah. In der Renaissance zählte die Akelei zu den Begräbnispflanzen. Gleich-
zeitig symbolisierte die Akelei Sexualkraft, Unbeständigkeit oder auch den verlassenen Lieb-
haber. Einer jungen Frau im 17. Jahrhundert einen Akeleistrauß zu schenken, galt aufgrund
der Symbolik der Pflanze als unschicklich.
.
.
.
.
( VorlageGemeinAkelei VorlageWaldAkelei Blume Blumen Flower Flowers Flora Natur
Nature Flor Fleur Blomman Kukka Цветочные Wilde Wild AlbumBlumenderSchweiz )
.
.
.
.
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.
.
A.usf.lug mit den E.ltern zum N.iederr.ieds.taus.ee am Dienstag den 03. Mai 2011
.
.
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Hurni110503 AlbumZZZZ110503W.anderungS.aanes.pitz KantonFreiburg KantonFribourg
E - Mail : chrigu.hurni@bluemail.ch
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Letzte Aktualisierung - Ergänzung des Textes : 030124
***************************************************************************************************************
NIF
The viviparous lizard or common lizard, Zootoca vivipara (formerly Lacerta vivipara), is a Eurasian lizard. It lives farther north than any other species of non-marine reptile, and most populations are viviparous (giving birth to live young), rather than laying eggs as most other lizards do. It is the only species in the monotypic genus Zootoca.[3]
Zootoca vivipara can be seen in a variety of different colors. Female Zootoca vivipara undergo color polymorphism (biology) more commonly than males. A female lizard's display differs in ventral coloration, ranging from pale yellow to bright orange and a mixed coloration. There have been many hypothesis for the genetic cause of this polymorphic coloration. These hypothesis test for coloration due to thermoregulation, predator avoidance, and social cues, specifically sexual reproduction. Through an experiment conducted by Vercken et al., color polymorphism in viviparous lizard is caused by social cues, rather than the other hypotheses. More specifically, the ventral coloration that is seen in female lizards is associated with patterns of sexual reproduction and sex allocation.[4]
.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viviparous_lizard
[order] Cuculiformes | [family] Cuculidae | [latin] Cuculus canorus | [UK] Cuckoo | [FR] Coucou gris | [DE] Kuckuck | [ES] Cuco Europeo | [IT] Cuculo eurasiatico | [NL] Koekoek | [IRL] Cuach
Measurements
spanwidth min.: 54 cm
spanwidth max.: 60 cm
size min.: 32 cm
size max.: 36 cm
Breeding
incubation min.: 11 days
incubation max.: 12 days
fledging min.: 17 days
fledging max.: 17 days
broods 15
eggs min.: 1
eggs max.: 25
Status: Widespread summer visitor to Ireland from April to August.
Conservation Concern: Green-listed in Ireland. The European population is currently evaluated as secure.
Identification: Despite its obvious song, relatively infrequently seen. In flight, can be mistaken for a bird of prey such as Sparrowhawk, but has rapid wingbeats below the horizontal plane - ie. the wings are not raised above the body. Adult male Cuckoos are a uniform grey on the head, neck, back, wings and tail. The underparts are white with black barring. Adult females can appear in one of two forms. The so-called grey-morph resembles the adult male plumage, but has throat and breast barred black and white with yellowish wash. The rufous-morph has the grey replaced by rufous, with strong black barring on the wings, back and tail. Juvenile Cuckoos resemble the female rufous-morph, but are darker brown above.
Similar Species: Sparrowhawk
Call: The song is probably one of the most recognisable and well-known of all Irish bird species. The male gives a distinctive “wuck-oo”, which is occasionally doubled “wuck-uck-ooo”. The female has a distinctive bubbling “pupupupu”. The song period is late April to late June.
Diet: Mainly caterpillars and other insects.
Breeding: Widespread in Ireland, favouring open areas which hold their main Irish host species – Meadow Pipit. Has a remarkable breeding biology unlike any other Irish breeding species.
Wintering: Cuckoos winter in central and southern Africa.
To minimise the chance of being recognised and thus attacked by the birds they are trying to parasitize, female cuckoos have evolved different guises.
The common cuckoo (Cuculus canorus) lays its eggs in the nests of other birds. On hatching, the young cuckoo ejects the host's eggs and chicks from the nest, so the hosts end up raising a cuckoo chick rather than a brood of their own. To fight back, reed warblers (a common host across Europe) have a first line of defence: they attack, or ‘mob’, the female cuckoo, which reduces the chance that their nest is parasitized.
To deter the warbler from attacking, the colouring of the grey cuckoo mimics sparrow hawks, a common predator of reed warblers. However, other females are bright rufous (brownish-red). The presence of alternate colour morphs in the same species is rare in birds, but frequent among the females of parasitic cuckoo species. The new research shows that this is another cuckoo trick: cuckoos combat reed warbler mobbing by coming in different guises.
In the study, the researchers manipulated local frequencies of the more common grey colour cuckoo and the less common (in the United Kingdom) rufous colour cuckoo by placing models of the birds at neighbouring nests. They then recorded how the experience of watching their neighbours mob changed reed warbler responses to both cuckoos and a sparrow hawk at their own nest.
They found that reed warblers increased their mobbing, but only to the cuckoo morph that their neighbours had mobbed. Therefore, as one cuckoo morph increases in frequency, local host populations will become alerted specifically to that morph. This means the alternate morph will be more likely to slip past host defences and lay undetected. This is the first time that ‘social learning’ has been documented in the evolution of mimicry as well as the evolution of different observable characteristics - such as colour - in the same species (called polymorphism).
From the University of Cambridge “When mimicry becomes less effective, evolving to look completely different can be a successful trick. Our research shows that individuals assess disguises not only from personal experience, but also by observing others. However, because their learning is so specific, this social learning then selects for alternative cuckoo disguises and the arms race continues.”.
“It’s well known that cuckoos have evolved various egg types which mimic those of their hosts in order to combat rejection. This research shows that cuckoos have also evolved alternate female morphs to sneak through the hosts' defenses. This explains why many species which use mimicry, such as the cuckoo, evolve different guises.”
A text In English:
The Swallow-tailed Hummingbird, so called from its forked tail, is one of the largest hummingbirds in cities and gardens, but it also occurs in gallery forests, bushy pastures and edges of woods or coppices. It is green, except for the blue head and upper breast, turning to iridescent purple according to the direction of light; it has dark wings and a heavy black bill. The tail is dark blue with the external feathers longer than central ones. It is very aggressive and attacks other hummingbirds that dare to visit flowers in certain trees. Where the flowers are available for many months, the individual is fiercely territorial, but generally needs to search soon for other flowering plants. It flies to catch small insets on or under leaves in the gallery forests or woodlands. The female builds a small cup-shaped nest saddled on a branch, not far from the main trunk in the shade of leaves. Perched on favorite branches, the male can utter long but low chirps. Once in a while, it interrupts these singing sessions to feed, and flies back for more song or to clean the plumage. They occur from the Guianas and Amazon River to Paraguay and southeastern Peru. They can get along with partially deforested zones, but may disappear with intensive agriculture and with the development of treeless cities.
Um texto em Português:
Beija-flor Tesoura (Eupetomena macroura), fotografado em Brasília-DF, Brasil.
Eupetomena macroura (Gmelin, 1788): tesoura; swallow-tailed hummingbird c.
Destaca-se das espécies estudadas pelo maior porte e pela cauda comprida e bifurcada, o que lhe valeu o nome popular. Como é comum entre os beija-flores, é uma espécie agressiva que disputa com outras o seu território e fontes de alimento.
Nidificação: o ninho, em forma de tigela, é assentado numa forquilha de arbusto ou árvores, a cerca de 2 a 3 m do solo. O material utilizado na construção é composto por fibras vegetais incluindo painas, musgos e liquens, aderidos externamente com teias de aranhas.
Hábitat: capoeiras, cerrados, borda de matas e jardins.
Tamanho: 17,0 cm
A SEGUIR UM TEXTO ENCONTRADO E REPRODUZIDO DO ENDEREÇO nationalgeographic.abril.uol.com.br/ng/edicoes/83/reporta... DA NATIONAL GEOGRAFIC:
Prodígios da micro-engenharia, os beija-flores são os campeões dos pesos-leves entre as aves
Uma faísca safira, um frêmito de asas, e o minúsculo pássaro - ou seria um inseto? - some como miragem fugaz. Reaparece instantes depois, agora num ângulo melhor. É pássaro mesmo, um dervixe do tamanho do meu polegar com asas que batem 80 vertiginosas vezes por segundo, produzindo um zumbido quase inaudível. As penas da cauda, à guisa de leme, delicadamente direcionam o vôo em três direções. Ele fita a trombeta de uma vistosa flor alaranjada e do bico fino como agulha projeta uma língua delgada feito linha. Um raio de Sol ricocheteia de suas penas iridescentes. A cor refletida deslumbra como uma pedra preciosa contra uma janela ensolarada. Não admira que os beija-flores sejam tão queridos e que tanta gente já tenha tropeçado ao tentar descrevê-los. Nem mesmo circunspectos cientistas resistem a termos como "belo", "magnífico", "exótico".
Surpresa maior é o fato de o aparentemente frágil beija-flor ser uma das mais resistentes criaturas do reino animal. Cerca de 330 espécies prosperam em ambientes diversos, muitos deles brutais: do Alasca à Argentina, do deserto do Arizona à costa de Nova Scotia, da Amazônia à linha nevada acima dos 4,5 mil metros nos Andes (misteriosamente, essas aves só são encontradas no Novo Mundo).
"Eles vivem no limite do que é possível aos vertebrados, e com maestria", diz Karl Schuchmann, ornitólogo do Instituto Zoológico Alexander Koenig e do Fundo Brehm, na Alemanha. Schuchmann ouviu falar de um beija-flor que viveu 17 anos em cativeiro. "Imagine a resistência de um organismo de 5 ou 6 gramas para viver tanto tempo!", diz ele espantado. Em média, o minúsculo coração de um beija-flor bate cerca de 500 vezes por minuto (em repouso!). Assim, o desse pequeno cativo teria batido meio bilhão de vezes, quase o dobro do total de uma pessoa de 70 anos.
Mas esses passarinhos são duráveis apenas em vida. Quando morrem, seus ossos delicados e ocos quase nunca se fossilizam. Daí o assombro causado pela recente descoberta de um amontoado de fósseis de aves que talvez inclua um beija-flor ancestral de 30 milhões de anos. Como os beija-flores modernos, os espécimes fósseis tinham o bico longo e fino e os ossos superiores das asas mais curtos, terminando em uma saliência arredondada que talvez lhes permitisse fazer a rotação na articulação do ombro e parar no ar.
A outra surpresa foi o local do achado: no sul da Alemanha, longe do território dos beija-flores atuais. Para alguns cientistas, essa descoberta mostra que já existiram beija-flores fora das Américas, mas se extinguiram. Ou quem sabe os fósseis não fossem de beija-flor. Os céticos, entre eles Schuchmann, afirmam que muitas vezes, ao longo da evolução, outros grupos de aves adquiriram características semelhantes às do beija-flor. Os verdadeiros beija-flores, diz Schuchmann, evoluíram nas florestas do leste do Brasil, onde competiam com insetos pelo néctar das flores.
"O Brasil foi o laboratório do protótipo", diz o ornitólogo. "E o modelo funcionou." O beija-flor tornou-se a obra-prima da microengenharia da natureza. Aperfeiçoou sua habilidade de parar no ar há dezenas de milhões de anos para competir por parte das flores do Novo Mundo.
"Eles são uma ponte entre o mundo das aves e o dos insetos", diz Doug Altshuler, da Universidade da Califórnia em Riverside. Altshuler, que estuda o vôo dos beija-flores, examinou os movimentos das asas do pássaro. Observou que, nele, os impulsos elétricos propulsores dos músculos das asas lembram mais os dos insetos que os das aves. Talvez por isso o beija-flor produza tanta energia por batida de asas: mais, por unidade de massa, que qualquer outro vertebrado. Altshuler também analisou os trajetos neurais do beija-flor, que funcionam com a mesma vertiginosa velocidade encontrada nas aves mais ágeis, como seu primo mais próximo, o andorinhão. "São incríveis; uns pequenos Frankesteins", compara.
Certamente eles sabem intimidar: grama por grama, talvez sejam os maiores confrontadores da natureza. "O vocabulário do beija-flor deve ser 100% composto de palavrões", graceja Sheri Williamson, naturalista do Southeastern Arizona Bird Observatory. A agressão do beija-flor nasce de ferozes instintos territoriais moldados à necessidade de sugar néctar a cada poucos minutos. Os beija-flores competem desafiando e ameaçando uns aos outros. Postam-se face a face no ar, rodopiam, mergulham na direção da grama e voam de ré, em danças de dominância que terminam tão subitamente quanto começam.
O melhor lugar para vermos tais batalhas é nas montanhas, especialmente no Equador, em que ricos ecossistemas se apresentam em suas várias altitudes. Sheri supõe que o sentido norte-sul das cordilheiras americanas também crie rotas favoráveis à migração para onde haja constante suprimento de flores. O que contrasta, diz ela, com as barreiras naturais que se estendem de leste a oeste na África, como o Saara e o Mediterrâneo.
Algumas espécies de beija-flor, porém, adaptaram-se a atravessar vastidões planas, onde o alimento é escasso. Antes de sua intrépida migração da primavera para os Estados Unidos e o Canadá, os beija-flores-de-garganta-vermelha reúnem-se no México e empanturram-se de insetos e néctar. Armazenam gordura e duplicam de peso em uma semana. Em seguida, atravessam o golfo do México, voando 800 quilômetros sem escalas por 20 horas, até a costa distante.
A região próxima à linha do equador é um reino de beija-flores. Quem sai do aeroporto de Quito, no Equador, pode ser logo saudado por um cintilante beija-flor-violeta, com pintura de guerra de manchas púrpura iridescentes nos lados da face. A leste da cidade, nas cabeceiras da bacia Amazônica, o beija-flor-bico-de-espada esvoaça na mata portando o bico mais longo de todas as aves em proporção a seu tamanho: mais de metade do comprimento total do animal. Nas encostas do Cotopaxi, um vulcão ao sul de Quito, o beija-flor-do-chimborazo foi avistado acima dos 4,5 mil metros. Ali ele passa a noite entorpecido em cavernas, pois desacelera seu ritmo metabólico o suficiente para não morrer de fome antes de amanhecer. Mais tarde, aquecido pelo Sol, ele recomeça a se alimentar.
"Quem estuda beija-flores fica irremediavelmente enfeitiçado", diz Sheri Williamson. "São criaturinhas sedutoras. Tentei resistir, mas agora tenho sangue de beija-flor correndo nas veias."
Canon EOS 50D
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Ipê Amarelo, Tabebuia [chrysotricha or ochracea].
Text, in english, from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"Trumpet tree" redirects here. This term is occasionally used for the Shield-leaved Pumpwood (Cecropia peltata).
Tabebuia
Flowering Araguaney or ipê-amarelo (Tabebuia chrysantha) in central Brazil
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Eudicots
(unranked): Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Bignoniaceae
Tribe: Tecomeae
Genus: Tabebuia
Gomez
Species
Nearly 100.
Tabebuia is a neotropical genus of about 100 species in the tribe Tecomeae of the family Bignoniaceae. The species range from northern Mexico and the Antilles south to northern Argentina and central Venezuela, including the Caribbean islands of Hispaniola (Dominican Republic and Haiti) and Cuba. Well-known common names include Ipê, Poui, trumpet trees and pau d'arco.
They are large shrubs and trees growing to 5 to 50 m (16 to 160 ft.) tall depending on the species; many species are dry-season deciduous but some are evergreen. The leaves are opposite pairs, complex or palmately compound with 3–7 leaflets.
Tabebuia is a notable flowering tree. The flowers are 3 to 11 cm (1 to 4 in.) wide and are produced in dense clusters. They present a cupular calyx campanulate to tubular, truncate, bilabiate or 5-lobed. Corolla colors vary between species ranging from white, light pink, yellow, lavender, magenta, or red. The outside texture of the flower tube is either glabrous or pubescentThe fruit is a dehiscent pod, 10 to 50 cm (4 to 20 in.) long, containing numerous—in some species winged—seeds. These pods often remain on the tree through dry season until the beginning of the rainy.
Species in this genus are important as timber trees. The wood is used for furniture, decking, and other outdoor uses. It is increasingly popular as a decking material due to its insect resistance and durability. By 2007, FSC-certified ipê wood had become readily available on the market, although certificates are occasionally forged.
Tabebuia is widely used as ornamental tree in the tropics in landscaping gardens, public squares, and boulevards due to its impressive and colorful flowering. Many flowers appear on still leafless stems at the end of the dry season, making the floral display more conspicuous. They are useful as honey plants for bees, and are popular with certain hummingbirds. Naturalist Madhaviah Krishnan on the other hand once famously took offense at ipé grown in India, where it is not native.
Lapacho teaThe bark of several species has medical properties. The bark is dried, shredded, and then boiled making a bitter or sour-tasting brownish-colored tea. Tea from the inner bark of Pink Ipê (T. impetiginosa) is known as Lapacho or Taheebo. Its main active principles are lapachol, quercetin, and other flavonoids. It is also available in pill form. The herbal remedy is typically used during flu and cold season and for easing smoker's cough. It apparently works as expectorant, by promoting the lungs to cough up and free deeply embedded mucus and contaminants. However, lapachol is rather toxic and therefore a more topical use e.g. as antibiotic or pesticide may be advisable. Other species with significant folk medical use are T. alba and Yellow Lapacho (T. serratifolia)
Tabebuia heteropoda, T. incana, and other species are occasionally used as an additive to the entheogenic drink Ayahuasca.
Mycosphaerella tabebuiae, a plant pathogenic sac fungus, was first discovered on an ipê tree.
Tabebuia alba
Tabebuia anafensis
Tabebuia arimaoensis
Tabebuia aurea – Caribbean Trumpet Tree
Tabebuia bilbergii
Tabebuia bibracteolata
Tabebuia cassinoides
Tabebuia chrysantha – Araguaney, Yellow Ipê, tajibo (Bolivia), ipê-amarelo (Brazil), cañaguate (N Colombia)
Tabebuia chrysotricha – Golden Trumpet Tree
Tabebuia donnell-smithii Rose – Gold Tree, "Prima Vera", Cortez blanco (El Salvador), San Juan (Honduras), palo blanco (Guatemala),duranga (Mexico)
A native of Mexico and Central Americas, considered one of the most colorful of all Central American trees. The leaves are deciduous. Masses of golden-yellow flowers cover the crown after the leaves are shed.
Tabebuia dubia
Tabebuia ecuadorensis
Tabebuia elongata
Tabebuia furfuracea
Tabebuia geminiflora Rizz. & Mattos
Tabebuia guayacan (Seem.) Hemsl.
Tabebuia haemantha
Tabebuia heptaphylla (Vell.) Toledo – tajy
Tabebuia heterophylla – roble prieto
Tabebuia heteropoda
Tabebuia hypoleuca
Tabebuia impetiginosa – Pink Ipê, Pink Lapacho, ipê-cavatã, ipê-comum, ipê-reto, ipê-rosa, ipê-roxo-damata, pau d'arco-roxo, peúva, piúva (Brazil), lapacho negro (Spanish); not "brazilwood"
Tabebuia incana
Tabebuia jackiana
Tabebuia lapacho – lapacho amarillo
Tabebuia orinocensis A.H. Gentry[verification needed]
Tabebuia ochracea
Tabebuia oligolepis
Tabebuia pallida – Cuban Pink Trumpet Tree
Tabebuia platyantha
Tabebuia polymorpha
Tabebuia rosea (Bertol.) DC.[verification needed] (= T. pentaphylla (L.) Hemsley) – Pink Poui, Pink Tecoma, apama, apamate, matilisguate
A popular street tree in tropical cities because of its multi-annular masses of light pink to purple flowers and modest size. The roots are not especially destructive for roads and sidewalks. It is the national tree of El Salvador and the state tree of Cojedes, Venezuela
Tabebuia roseo-alba – White Ipê, ipê-branco (Brazil), lapacho blanco
Tabebuia serratifolia – Yellow Lapacho, Yellow Poui, ipê-roxo (Brazil)
Tabebuia shaferi
Tabebuia striata
Tabebuia subtilis Sprague & Sandwith
Tabebuia umbellata
Tabebuia vellosoi Toledo
Ipê-do-cerrado
Texto, em português, da Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre.
Ipê-do-cerrado
Classificação científica
Reino: Plantae
Divisão: Magnoliophyta
Classe: Magnoliopsida
Subclasse: Asteridae
Ordem: Lamiales
Família: Bignoniaceae
Género: Tabebuia
Espécie: T. ochracea
Nome binomial
Tabebuia ochracea
(Cham.) Standl. 1832
Sinónimos
Bignonia tomentosa Pav. ex DC.
Handroanthus ochraceus (Cham.) Mattos
Tabebuia chrysantha (Jacq.) G. Nicholson
Tabebuia hypodictyon A. DC.) Standl.
Tabebuia neochrysantha A.H. Gentry
Tabebuia ochracea subsp. heteropoda (A. DC.) A.H. Gentry
Tabebuia ochracea subsp. neochrysantha (A.H. Gentry) A.H. Gentry
Tecoma campinae Kraenzl.
ecoma grandiceps Kraenzl.
Tecoma hassleri Sprague
Tecoma hemmendorffiana Kraenzl.
Tecoma heteropoda A. DC.
Tecoma hypodictyon A. DC.
Tecoma ochracea Cham.
Ipê-do-cerrado é um dos nomes populares da Tabebuia ochracea (Cham.) Standl. 1832, nativa do cerrado brasileiro, no estados de Amazonas, Pará, Maranhão, Piauí, Ceará, Pernambuco, Bahia, Espírito Santo, Goiás, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo e Paraná.
Está na lista de espécies ameaçadas do estado de São Paulo, onde é encontrda também no domínio da Mata Atlântica[1].
Ocorre também na Argentina, Paraguai, Bolívia, Equador, Peru, Venezuela, Guiana, El Salvador, Guatemala e Panamá[2].
Há uma espécie homônima descrita por A.H. Gentry em 1992.
Outros nomes populares: ipê-amarelo, ipê-cascudo, ipê-do-campo, ipê-pardo, pau-d'arco-do-campo, piúva, tarumã.
Características
Altura de 6 a 14 m. Tronco tortuso com até 50 cm de diâmetro. Folhas pilosas em ambas as faces, mais na inferior, que é mais clara.
Planta decídua, heliófita, xerófita, nativa do cerrado em solos bem drenados.
Floresce de julho a setembro. Os frutos amadurecem de setembro a outubro.
FloresProduz grande quantidade de sementes leves, aladas com pequenas reservas, e que perdem a viabilidade em menos de 90 dias após coleta. A sua conservação vem sendo estudada em termos de determinação da condição ideal de armazenamento, e tem demonstrado a importância de se conhecer o comportamento da espécie quando armazenada com diferentes teores de umidade inicial, e a umidade de equilíbrio crítica para a espécie (KANO; MÁRQUEZ & KAGEYAMA, 1978). As levíssimas sementes aladas da espécie não necessitam de quebra de dormência. Podem apenas ser expostas ao sol por cerca de 6 horas e semeadas diretamente nos saquinhos. A germinação ocorre após 30 dias e de 80%. As sementes são ortodoxas e há aproximadamente 72 000 sementes em cada quilo.
O desenvolvimento da planta é rápido.
Como outros ipês, a madeira é usada em tacos, assoalhos, e em dormentes e postes. Presta-se também para peças torneadas e instrumento musicais.
Tabebuia alba (Ipê-Amarelo)
Texto, em português, produzido pela Acadêmica Giovana Beatriz Theodoro Marto
Supervisão e orientação do Prof. Luiz Ernesto George Barrichelo e do Eng. Paulo Henrique Müller
Atualizado em 10/07/2006
O ipê amarelo é a árvore brasileira mais conhecida, a mais cultivada e, sem dúvida nenhuma, a mais bela. É na verdade um complexo de nove ou dez espécies com características mais ou menos semelhantes, com flores brancas, amarelas ou roxas. Não há região do país onde não exista pelo menos uma espécie dele, porém a existência do ipê em habitat natural nos dias atuais é rara entre a maioria das espécies (LORENZI,2000).
A espécie Tabebuia alba, nativa do Brasil, é uma das espécies do gênero Tabebuia que possui “Ipê Amarelo” como nome popular. O nome alba provém de albus (branco em latim) e é devido ao tomento branco dos ramos e folhas novas.
As árvores desta espécie proporcionam um belo espetáculo com sua bela floração na arborização de ruas em algumas cidades brasileiras. São lindas árvores que embelezam e promovem um colorido no final do inverno. Existe uma crença popular de que quando o ipê-amarelo floresce não vão ocorrer mais geadas. Infelizmente, a espécie é considerada vulnerável quanto à ameaça de extinção.
A Tabebuia alba, natural do semi-árido alagoano está adaptada a todas as regiões fisiográficas, levando o governo, por meio do Decreto nº 6239, a transformar a espécie como a árvore símbolo do estado, estando, pois sob a sua tutela, não mais podendo ser suprimida de seus habitats naturais.
Taxonomia
Família: Bignoniaceae
Espécie: Tabebuia Alba (Chamiso) Sandwith
Sinonímia botânica: Handroanthus albus (Chamiso) Mattos; Tecoma alba Chamisso
Outros nomes vulgares: ipê-amarelo, ipê, aipê, ipê-branco, ipê-mamono, ipê-mandioca, ipê-ouro, ipê-pardo, ipê-vacariano, ipê-tabaco, ipê-do-cerrado, ipê-dourado, ipê-da-serra, ipezeiro, pau-d’arco-amarelo, taipoca.
Aspectos Ecológicos
O ipê-amarelo é uma espécie heliófita (Planta adaptada ao crescimento em ambiente aberto ou exposto à luz direta) e decídua (que perde as folhas em determinada época do ano). Pertence ao grupo das espécies secundárias iniciais (DURIGAN & NOGUEIRA, 1990).
Abrange a Floresta Pluvial da Mata Atlântica e da Floresta Latifoliada Semidecídua, ocorrendo principalmente no interior da Floresta Primária Densa. É característica de sub-bosques dos pinhais, onde há regeneração regular.
Informações Botânicas
Morfologia
As árvores de Tabebuia alba possuem cerca de 30 metros de altura. O tronco é reto ou levemente tortuoso, com fuste de 5 a 8 m de altura. A casca externa é grisáceo-grossa, possuindo fissuras longitudinais esparas e profundas. A coloração desta é cinza-rosa intenso, com camadas fibrosas, muito resistentes e finas, porém bem distintas.
Com ramos grossos, tortuosos e compridos, o ipê-amarelo possui copa alongada e alargada na base. As raízes de sustentação e absorção são vigorosas e profundas.
As folhas, deciduais, são opostas, digitadas e compostas. A face superior destas folhas é verde-escura, e, a face inferior, acinzentada, sendo ambas as faces tomentosas. Os pecíolos das folhas medem de 2,5 a 10 cm de comprimento. Os folíolos, geralmente, apresentam-se em número de 5 a 7, possuindo de 7 a 18 cm de comprimento por 2 a 6 cm de largura. Quando jovem estes folíolos são densamente pilosos em ambas as faces. O ápice destes é pontiagudo, com base arredondada e margem serreada.
As flores, grandes e lanceoladas, são de coloração amarelo-ouro. Possuem em média 8X15 cm.
Quanto aos frutos, estes possuem forma de cápsula bivalvar e são secos e deiscentes. Do tipo síliqua, lembram uma vagem. Medem de 15 a 30 cm de comprimento por 1,5 a 2,5 cm de largura. As valvas são finamente tomentosas com pêlos ramificados. Possuem grande quantidade de sementes.
As sementes são membranáceas brilhantes e esbranquiçadas, de coloração marrom. Possuem de 2 a 3 cm de comprimento por 7 a 9 mm de largura e são aladas.
Reprodução
A espécie é caducifólia e a queda das folhas coincide com o período de floração. A floração inicia-se no final de agosto, podendo ocorrer alguma variação devido a fenômenos climáticos. Como a espécie floresce no final do inverno é influenciada pela intensidade do mesmo. Quanto mais frio e seco for o inverno, maior será a intensidade da florada do ipê amarelo.
As flores por sua exuberância, atraem abelhas e pássaros, principalmente beija-flores que são importantes agentes polinizadores. Segundo CARVALHO (2003), a espécie possui como vetor de polinização a abelha mamangava (Bombus morio).
As sementes são dispersas pelo vento.
A planta é hermafrodita, e frutifica nos meses de setembro, outubro, novembro, dezembro, janeiro e fevereiro, dependendo da sua localização. Em cultivo, a espécie inicia o processo reprodutivo após o terceiro ano.
Ocorrência Natural
Ocorre naturalmente na Floresta Estaciobal Semidecicual, Floresta de Araucária e no Cerrado.
Segundo o IBGE, a Tabebuia alba (Cham.) Sandw. é uma árvore do Cerrado, Cerradão e Mata Seca. Apresentando-se nos campos secos (savana gramíneo-lenhosa), próximo às escarpas.
Clima
Segundo a classificação de Köppen, o ipê-amarelo abrange locais de clima tropical (Aw), subtropical úmido (Cfa), sutropical de altitude (Cwa e Cwb) e temperado.
A T.alba pode tolerar até 81 geadas em um ano. Ocorre em locais onde a temperatura média anual varia de 14,4ºC como mínimo e 22,4ºC como máximo.
Solo
A espécie prefere solos úmidos, com drenagem lenta e geralmente não muito ondulados (LONGHI, 1995).
Aparece em terras de boa à média fertilidade, em solos profundos ou rasos, nas matas e raramente cerradões (NOGUEIRA, 1977).
Pragas e Doenças
De acordo com CARVALHO (2003), possui como praga a espécie de coleópteros Cydianerus bohemani da família Curculionoideae e um outro coleóptero da família Chrysomellidae. Apesar da constatação de elevados índices populacionais do primeiro, os danos ocasionados até o momento são leves. Nas praças e ruas de Curitiba - PR, 31% das árvores foram atacadas pela Cochonilha Ceroplastes grandis.
ZIDKO (2002), ao estudar no município de Piracicaba a associação de coleópteros em espécies arbóreas, verificou a presença de insetos adultos da espécie Sitophilus linearis da família de coleópteros, Curculionidae, em estruturas reprodutivas. Os insetos adultos da espécie emergiram das vagens do ipê, danificando as sementes desta espécie nativa.
ANDRADE (1928) assinalou diversas espécies de Cerambycidae atacando essências florestais vivas, como ingazeiro, cinamomo, cangerana, cedro, caixeta, jacarandá, araribá, jatobá, entre outras como o ipê amarelo.
A Madeira
A Tabebuia alba produz madeira de grande durabilidade e resistência ao apodrecimento (LONGHI,1995).
MANIERI (1970) caracteriza o cerne desta espécie como de cor pardo-havana-claro, pardo-havan-escuro, ou pardo-acastanhado, com reflexos esverdeados. A superfície da madeira é irregularmente lustrosa, lisa ao tato, possuindo textura media e grã-direita.
Com densidade entre 0,90 e 1,15 grama por centímetro cúbico, a madeira é muito dura (LORENZI, 1992), apresentando grande dificuldade ao serrar.
A madeira possui cheiro e gosto distintos. Segundo LORENZI (1992), o cheiro característico é devido à presença da substância lapachol, ou ipeína.
Usos da Madeira
Sendo pesada, com cerne escuro, adquire grande valor comercial na marcenaria e carpintaria. Também é utilizada para fabricação de dormentes, moirões, pontes, postes, eixos de roda, varais de carroça, moendas de cana, etc.
Produtos Não-Madeireiros
A entrecasca do ipê-amarelo possui propriedades terapêuticas como adstringente, usada no tratamento de garganta e estomatites. É também usada como diurético.
O ipê-amarelo possui flores melíferas e que maduras podem ser utilizadas na alimentação humana.
Outros Usos
É comumente utilizada em paisagismo de parques e jardins pela beleza e porte. Além disso, é muito utilizada na arborização urbana.
Segundo MOREIRA & SOUZA (1987), o ipê-amarelo costuma povoar as beiras dos rios sendo, portanto, indicado para recomposição de matas ciliares. MARTINS (1986), também cita a espécie para recomposição de matas ciliares da Floresta Estacional Semidecidual, abrangendo alguns municípios das regiões Norte, Noroeste e parte do Oeste do Estado do Paraná.
Aspectos Silviculturais
Possui a tendência a crescer reto e sem bifurcações quando plantado em reflorestamento misto, pois é espécie monopodial. A desrrama se faz muito bem e a cicatrização é boa. Sendo assim, dificilmente encopa quando nova, a não ser que seja plantado em parques e jardins.
Ao ser utilizada em arborização urbana, o ipê amarelo requer podas de condução com freqüência mediana.
Espécie heliófila apresenta a pleno sol ramificação cimosa, registrando-se assim dicotomia para gema apical. Deve ser preconizada, para seu melhor aproveitamento madeireiro, podas de formação usuais (INQUE et al., 1983).
Produção de Mudas
A propagação deve realizada através de enxertia.
Os frutos devem ser coletados antes da dispersão, para evitar a perda de sementes. Após a coleta as sementes são postas em ambiente ventilado e a extração é feita manualmente. As sementes do ipê amarelo são ortodoxas, mantendo a viabilidade natural por até 3 meses em sala e por até 9 meses em vidro fechado, em câmara fria.
A condução das mudas deve ser feita a pleno sol. A muda atinge cerca de 30 cm em 9 meses, apresentando tolerância ao sol 3 semanas após a germinação.
Sementes
Os ipês, espécies do gênero Tabebuia, produzem uma grande quantidade de sementes leves, aladas com pequenas reservas, e que perdem a viabilidade em poucos dias após a sua coleta. A sua conservação vem sendo estudada em termos de determinação da condição ideal de armazenamento, e tem demonstrado a importância de se conhecer o comportamento da espécie quando armazenada com diferentes teores de umidade inicial, e a umidade de equilíbrio crítica para a espécie (KANO; MÁRQUEZ & KAGEYAMA, 1978).
As levíssimas sementes aladas da espécie não necessitam de quebra de dormência. Podem apenas ser expostas ao sol por cerca de 6 horas e semeadas diretamente nos saquinhos. A quebra natural leva cerca de 3 meses e a quebra na câmara leva 9 meses. A germinação ocorre após 30 dias e de 80%.
As sementes são ortodoxas e há aproximadamente 87000 sementes em cada quilo.
Preço da Madeira no Mercado
O preço médio do metro cúbico de pranchas de ipê no Estado do Pará cotado em Julho e Agosto de 2005 foi de R$1.200,00 o preço mínimo, R$ 1509,35 o médio e R$ 2.000,00 o preço máximo (CEPEA,2005).
Under Dew is Life
Description: Picture taken in a pet shop. No product nor the fish were acquired or bought, and the picture I took was merely for educational purposes in benefit of the species depicted.
They are also known as lowland cichlid, pearlscale cichlid, Texas blue or green Texas cichlid.
This is a Herichthys carpintis of the variation "Short Body" commonly known as Texas Short Body and belongs in the superclass Osteichthyes, class Actinopterygii, subclass Neopterygii, superorder Acanthopterygii, order Perciformes (Cichliformes?), suborder Labroidei, family Cichlidae, subfamily Cichlasomatinae and tribe Heroini. Bear in mind that this taxonomy was very confusing and there may be mistakes, not to mention that I skipped plenty of subdivisions within Neopterygii to make this shorter. If you saw any mistakes, please warn me so I can change this text accordingly. All I ask is for you to provide a reliable source to your correction of my mistake. "Guesses" or speculations won't make me immediately change the text, but are welcome.
Apparently, the subject portrayed is a male but through a picture it's hard to tell with 100% precision. Some females look a lot like the males, with many being mistaken for each other. The differentiation is more reliable by annalyzing the behaviour or through the observation of the sexual and excretory organs through a process called "venting" after the subject reaches sexual maturity. In general, the males are larger than the females and display a characteristic black spot on the center of the dorsal fin, but this can't be used to differentiate the sex of these fishes with 100% reliability.
Herichthys carpintis can be found in harder waters with a pH of 7,5 to 9 and temperatures between 18ºC and 28ºC, which varies with the seasons. They can also inhabit transparent waters with visibility inferior to 1 meter.
Sexual maturity is reached after the fish reaches around 10cm. They will try to reproduce as soon as the sexual maturity is achieved and will search for a smooth surface to lay the eggs. More than 800 eggs can be laid. The offspring are transferred between sites in crevices multiple times by the female to fend off predators. Both the males and the females will guard the offsprings for around 8 weeks.
This species is somewhat aggressive and are known to provoke problems with other creatures even when they are bigger than them, which may result in the death of the Herichthys carpintis, although this behaviour is more often seen when they are under captivity.
They are omnivorous and feed on debris, vegetable matter (they are diggers and will uproot vegetation), other fishes, small insects, gastropods, and so on.
This species is polymorphic, meaning they can present various patterns depending on their zone of distribution, which includes the Eastern coast of Mexico, until the Rio Soto La Marina to the North, and to the South until the Panuco's River Bay, Laguna de Tamiahua. They have been introduced in many places.
They live around 8 years under captivity. This expectancy is usually halved in nature. The individual portrayed measured approximately 13 or 14cm in length and approximately 9cm in height.
Sources:
www.ciclideos.com/herichthys-carpintis-f195.html
www.aquarismopaulista.com/texas-blue-herichthys-carpintis/
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymorphism_(biology)
www.seriouslyfish.com/species/herichthys-carpintis/
PROJECT NOAH (Português): www.projectnoah.org/spottings/1400149398
Canon EOS 50D, Canon EF 100-400mm f/4,5-5,6 L IS USM, development in Lightroom.
Photographed on a birdwatchers' boat trip to the Farne Islands, Northumberland.
Uria aalge - Common Guillemot (Common Murre) - Trottellumme - Zeekoet - Guillemot de Troïl - Arao común - Uria - Sillgrissla - Lomvie - Nurzyk zwyczajny - . . .
Wikipedia (edited): "The common murre or common guillemot (Uria aalge) is a large auk. It has a circumpolar distribution, occurring in low-Arctic and boreal waters in the North Atlantic and North Pacific. It spends most of its time at sea, only coming to land to breed on rocky cliff shores or islands.
Guillemots are fast in direct flight but are not very agile. They can manoeuvre better underwater, where they typically dive to depths of 30–60m. They breed in colonies at high densities; nesting pairs may be in bodily contact with their neighbours. They make no nest; their single egg is incubated on a bare rock ledge on a cliff face.
Some individuals in the North Atlantic, known as "bridled guillemots", have a white ring around the eye extending back as a white line. This is not a distinct subspecies, but a polymorphism that becomes more common the farther north the birds breed."
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farne_Islands
Détail de la façade de la Philharmonie de Paris
La Philharmonie est un équipement novateur à plus d’un titre. D’un point de vue strictement architectural tout d’abord, tant le projet de Jean Nouvel ne ressemble à rien de connu dans le paysage urbain. Un bâtiment minéral aux allures de butte, situé dans le parc de la Villette, et dont il sera même possible de parcourir le toit ! Par ses dimensions comme par ses matériaux (des façades en fonte d’aluminium et en inox brillant), cet édifice s’inscrit fièrement dans la modernité. extraits du site officiel
Malgré cette autosatisfaction sur la créativité de l'architecte star français, on constate aisément que le bâtiment de la Philharmonie (non terminé ce 18 janvier 2015) écrase totalement l'ancienne Cité de la musique conçue avec beaucoup plus de raffinement et de finesse architecturale par Christian de Portzampac.
Quant aux Folies de Bernard Tschumi, situées dans le parc à proximité de la Philharmonie, elles disparaissent dans la masse et semblent reléguées au rang de maisons des gardiens !
Les dimensions de la Philharmonie, grise et lourde, sont inutilement imposantes, car elles dépassent largement celles de la grande salle de concert qu'elle abrite. Le mur-rideau qui donne cette impression de massivité n'a, à ma connaissance, qu'une fonction de belvédère accessible aux visiteurs pour admirer le parc et la banlieue environnante dont on peut pourtant douter de l'intérêt exceptionnel.
Cet ensemble architectural nouveau ressemble à un château médiéval construit sur une butte dominant un village. Au-delà de son rôle défensif, la taille du château avait aussi à cette époque la fonction de rappeler à la population la puissance du pouvoir dont elle dépendait. Il semble en être de même du bâtiment de Jean Nouvel.
Le service de communication de la Philharmonie écrit candidement que le bâtiment de Jean Nouvel ne cherche pas à dominer le site, et que cet édifice s’inscrit dans le contexte urbain et architectural, dialoguant avec les autres architectes du site.
On peut vraiment douter d'une telle affirmation contredite par le bon sens, tant ce manque d'équilibre entre les volumes architecturaux, proches les uns des autres, saute aux yeux.
Il existe heureusement des raisons de se réjouir de l'ouverture de la Philharmonie car la salle de concert est très réussie et les espaces éducatifs sont vastes et diversifiés ; cet équipement, qui a coûté très cher aux contribuables français, contribuera heureusement à mieux satisfaire la demande sociale vis à vis de la musique qui s'exprime largement en Ile-de-France. Mais une fois de plus, il est situé à Paris, et renforce encore la centralisation culturelle de notre pays.
Enfin, l'appellation "Cité de la musique" qui pourtant traduisait bien le caractère original et polymorphe du site de la Villette disparaît au profit de Philharmonie 1 pour le bâtiment de Jean Nouvel et Philharmonie 2 pour celui de Christian de Portzampac (le conservatoire reste distinct).
C'est le souci de rivaliser avec Berlin ou Rome qui a, paraît-il, prévalu afin de montrer qu'enfin Paris était doté de la salle symphonique qui lui manquait, comme l'a affirmé Pierre Boulez durant des décennies !
Le site de la Philharmonie de Paris
I love the interspecies variation you can see in this huddle of shieldbugs, I dont know if these are adults or still have some growing left to do but I think its awesome that they all have a different pattern. I dont know what causes this, whether its polymorphism or some other factor(s)?
EDIT: I think I figured out the species... Spotted Shield Bug (Pachycoris torridus)
FR Marchantie protée - EN Star-headed liverwort
Marchantia polymorpha subsp. polymorpha L. (colonie)
Enrochement de fleuve canalisé (alt. 80 m)
Godinne (province de Namur, Wallonie, Belgique)
Indigène (Holarctique)
The Danaid Eggfly (Hypolimnas misippus), is a medium sized butterfly (with a wingspan of about 70-85 mm) belong to family Nymphalidae. It is well known for polymorphism and mimicry. The Upperside of male is velvety dark brownish black, with two oval white patches, one on the forewing and the other on the hind wing. There is another smaller white patch below the apex of the forewing. These pitches are surrounded by blue or violet rings which extends towards the center of the white patches. The underside has a beautiful golden brown color, with white bands and spots on each wing. The underside wings have black wavy margins with white spots. The female of the species mimics the plain tiger. It's also known as the Diadem or False Tiger.
Great news! I will be attending Dollsrendezvous Show Poupées in Paris in representation of Aileendoll!
Bonnes nouvelles! Je participerai Dollsrendezvous à Paris en représentation de Aileendoll!
Notición! Voy a atender el Dollsrendezvous en Paris en representación de Aileendoll!
Here is the list of dolls that will be available in the booth:
Voici la liste des poupées qui seront disponibles sur le stand:
La lista de muñecas que estarán en el stand:
- 1 Dragon Seed (green skin)(blank)
- 1 Dragon Rot (pink skin)(blank)
- 1 Dragon Ashes (grey skin)(Aileendoll make-up)
- 1 Dragon Lapis (blue skin)(Aileendoll make-up)
- 1 Dragon Shy (yellow skin)(blank)
- 1 Pico Dragon Violet (violet skin)(Custom make-up)
- 1 Sleeping Cyclops Camellia (cream skin)(blank)
- 1 Polymorph Rot (cream skin)(blank)
- Extra Polymorph wings and horns
Come by to say hello :D!!!
Venez dire bonjour:D!!!
Pasaros a saludar :D!!!
Cuculus canorus
[order] Cuculiformes | [family] Cuculidae | [latin] Cuculus canorus | [UK] Cuckoo | [FR] Coucou gris | [DE] Kuckuck | [ES] Cuco Europeo | [IT] Cuculo eurasiatico | [NL] Koekoek | [IRL] Cuach
Status: Widespread summer visitor to Ireland from April to August.
Conservation Concern: Green-listed in Ireland. The European population is currently evaluated as secure.
Identification: Despite its obvious song, relatively infrequently seen. In flight, can be mistaken for a bird of prey such as Sparrowhawk, but has rapid wingbeats below the horizontal plane - ie. the wings are not raised above the body. Adult male Cuckoos are a uniform grey on the head, neck, back, wings and tail. The underparts are white with black barring. Adult females can appear in one of two forms. The so-called grey-morph resembles the adult male plumage, but has throat and breast barred black and white with yellowish wash. The rufous-morph has the grey replaced by rufous, with strong black barring on the wings, back and tail. Juvenile Cuckoos resemble the female rufous-morph, but are darker brown above.
Similar Species: Sparrowhawk
Call: The song is probably one of the most recognisable and well-known of all Irish bird species. The male gives a distinctive “wuck-oo”, which is occasionally doubled “wuck-uck-ooo”. The female has a distinctive bubbling “pupupupu”. The song period is late April to late June.
Diet: Mainly caterpillars and other insects.
Breeding: Widespread in Ireland, favouring open areas which hold their main Irish host species – Meadow Pipit. Has a remarkable breeding biology unlike any other Irish breeding species.
Wintering: Cuckoos winter in central and southern Africa.
To minimise the chance of being recognised and thus attacked by the birds they are trying to parasitize, female cuckoos have evolved different guises.
The common cuckoo (Cuculus canorus) lays its eggs in the nests of other birds. On hatching, the young cuckoo ejects the host's eggs and chicks from the nest, so the hosts end up raising a cuckoo chick rather than a brood of their own. To fight back, reed warblers (a common host across Europe) have a first line of defence: they attack, or ‘mob’, the female cuckoo, which reduces the chance that their nest is parasitized.
To deter the warbler from attacking, the colouring of the grey cuckoo mimics sparrow hawks, a common predator of reed warblers. However, other females are bright rufous (brownish-red). The presence of alternate colour morphs in the same species is rare in birds, but frequent among the females of parasitic cuckoo species. The new research shows that this is another cuckoo trick: cuckoos combat reed warbler mobbing by coming in different guises.
In the study, the researchers manipulated local frequencies of the more common grey colour cuckoo and the less common (in the United Kingdom) rufous colour cuckoo by placing models of the birds at neighbouring nests. They then recorded how the experience of watching their neighbours mob changed reed warbler responses to both cuckoos and a sparrow hawk at their own nest.
They found that reed warblers increased their mobbing, but only to the cuckoo morph that their neighbours had mobbed. Therefore, as one cuckoo morph increases in frequency, local host populations will become alerted specifically to that morph. This means the alternate morph will be more likely to slip past host defences and lay undetected. This is the first time that ‘social learning’ has been documented in the evolution of mimicry as well as the evolution of different observable characteristics - such as colour - in the same species (called polymorphism).
From the University of Cambridge “When mimicry becomes less effective, evolving to look completely different can be a successful trick. Our research shows that individuals assess disguises not only from personal experience, but also by observing others. However, because their learning is so specific, this social learning then selects for alternative cuckoo disguises and the arms race continues.”.
“It’s well known that cuckoos have evolved various egg types which mimic those of their hosts in order to combat rejection. This research shows that cuckoos have also evolved alternate female morphs to sneak through the hosts' defences. This explains why many species which use mimicry, such as the cuckoo, evolve different guises.”
Origem: Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre:
Em inglês:
From Wikipedia.
Kyanite, whose name derives from the Greek word kyanos, meaning blue, is a typically blue silicate mineral, commonly found in aluminium-rich metamorphic pegmatites and/or sedimentary rock. Kyanite is a diagnostic mineral of the Blueschist Facies of metamorphic rocks.
Kyanite is a member of the aluminosilicate series, which includes the polymorph andalusite and the polymorph sillimanite. Kyanite is strongly anisotropic, in that its hardness varies depending on its crystallographic direction. While this is a feature of almost all minerals, in kyanite this anisotropism can be considered an identifying characteristic.
Kyanite is used primarily in refractory and ceramic products, including porcelain plumbing fixtures and dinnerware. It is also used in electrical insulators and abrasives. An interesting property of kyanite is that it undergoes an irreversible expansion when fired at high temperature. Kyanite has also been used as a gemstone, though this use is limited by its anisotropism and perfect cleavage. Finally, as with most minerals, kyanite is a collector's mineral.
Kyanite is usually found in association with its polymorphs, as well as other silicate minerals. These include:
*andalusite, Al2SiO5
*sillimanite, Al2SiO5
*quartz, SiO2
*staurolite, Fe2Al9Si4O22(OH)2
*micas, AB2-3(X, Si)4O10(O,F,OH)2
*garnets, A3B2(SiO4)3
Kyanite has several alternative names, including disthene, munkrudite and cyanite. White-grey kyanite is also called rhaeticite.
kyanite from the mine at Mt. Willis is transported by train on the Buckingham Branch Railroad.]]
Kyanite's elongated, columnar crystals are usually a good first indication of the mineral, as well as its color (when the specimen is blue). Associated minerals are useful as well, especially the presence of the polymorphs or staurolite, which occur frequently with kyanite. However, the most useful characteristic in identifying kyanite is its anisotropism. If one suspects a specimen to be kyanite, verifying that it has two distinctly different hardnesses on perpendicular axes is a key to identification.
Category:Gemstones
Category:Aluminium minerals
Category:Nesosilicates
de:Kyanit
et:Küaniit
es:Cianita
eo:Kianito
hr:Kianit
it:Cianite
he:??????
hu:Kianit
nl:Kyaniet
ja:???
pl:Dysten
pt:Cianite
ru:??????
sk:Kyanit
fi:Kyaniitti
sv:Kyanit
Em português:
A cianite ou cianita ou ainda distena , cujo nome (cianite) deriva do grego kyanos, que significa azul.O nome "distena" deriva do grego "stenos" que significa "dureza", apontando para um mineral com 2 medidas de dureza. A cianite é um mineral de silicato tipicamente azul. É geralmente encontrado em pegmatitos metamórficos ou rochas sedimentares ricos em alumínio.
A cianite é um membro da família dos aluminossilicatos, que inclui minerais polimórficos como a andaluzite e a silimanite. A cianite é um mineral fortemente anisotrópico. Na escala de Mohs, a sua dureza varia, dependendo da direção cristalográfica. Este é uma característica de quase todos os minerais, mas o anisotropismo da cianite pode considerar-se um traço identificativo.
Usa-se principalmente em produtos refractários e cerâmicos, incluindo porcelana. Utiliza-se na fabricação de utensílios de electricidade. A cianite também pode ser usada como pedra preciosa graças ao seu anisotropismo, que a dota de brilho. É importante também para os coleccionadores de minerais, já que devido à sua escassez é muito procurada por estes. A importância deste mineral é latente, já que inclusive, uma companhia, a Kyanite Mining Corporation dedica-se exclusivamente à sua extracção e refinamento.
Normalmente, este mineral ocorre associado aos seus polimorfos bem como a outros silicatos, incluindo:
* andaluzite, Al2SiO5
* silimanite, Al2SiO5
* quartzo, SiO2
* estaurolite, Fe2Al9Si4O22(OH)2
* micas, AB2-3(X, Si)4O10(O,F,OH)2
* granadas, A3B2(SiO4)3
Seus cristais colunares são normalmente um bom começo para identificar o espécimen de cianite. Sua cor (quando é azul) a define também perfeitamente. Outra característica é que pode estar misturada com minerais polimórficos ou com estaurolite. No entanto, a característica mais útil para sua identificação é o seu forte anisotropismo.
Snowflake obsidian (7.7 centimeters across at its widest; the bluish coloration shown above is an artifact of reflecting scanner light)
Igneous rocks form by the cooling & crystallization of hot, molten rock (magma & lava). If this happens at or near the land surface, or on the seafloor, they are extrusive igneous rocks. If this happens deep underground, they are intrusive igneous rocks. Most igneous rocks have a crystalline texture, but some are clastic, vesicular, frothy, or glassy.
Obsidian is an easily recognizable igneous rock. It is a glassy-textured, extrusive igneous rock. Obsidian is a natural glass - it lacks crystals, and therefore lacks minerals. Obsidian is typically black in color, but most obsidians have a felsic chemistry. Felsic igneous rocks are generally light-colored, so a felsic obsidian seems a paradox. Mafic obsidians are scarce, but they have the same appearance.
Obsidian is an uncommon rock, but can be examined at several famous localities in America, such as Obsidian Cliff at the Yellowstone Hotspot (northwestern Wyoming, USA) and Big Obsidian Flow at the Newberry Volcano (central Oregon, USA).
Obsidian is moderately hard, has conchoidal fracture (smooth and curved fracture surface), and has exceedingly sharp edges. Freshly-broken obsidian has the sharpest edges of any material known, natural or man-made (as seen under a scanning electron microscope).
Obsidian forms two ways: 1) very rapid cooling of lava, which prevents the formation of crystals; 2) cooling of high-viscosity lava, which prevents easy movement of atoms to form crystals. An example of obsidian that formed the first way is along the margins of basaltic lava flows at Kilaeua Volcano (Hawaii Hotspot, central Pacific Ocean). The obsidian sample shown above formed the second way.
Obsidian is unstable on geologic time scales. Eventually, obsidian will convert on its own to a finely-crystalline mass. A partially-converted obsidian is an attractive rock called snowflake obsidian. The black portions of the rock shown above are rhyolitic obsidian (glass). The white patches are devitrification spots composed of cristobalite (SiO2, a polymorph of quartz).
Dark blue anatase with rutile inclusions from the station platform at Tan-y-grisiau, Blaenau Ffestiniog, Wales. Two polymorphs.
The associated card describing this specimen lists it as "crystals coated with calcite on limestone." Looking around the interweb it may be that the crystals are calcite rather than "coated with", but maybe that wasn't known when the item was acquired. It comes from Alston in Cumbria, which is south-east of Carlisle and situated in the Pennines.
Calcite is a carbonate mineral and the most stable polymorph of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). Polymorphs are the various forms or crystal structures that can be created from the mineral. Aragonite and vaterite are the other polymorphs of this mineral but they both change to calcite in a matter of days or less.
Calcite is perhaps one of the oldest names for a mineral. It was given its name by Gaius Plinius Secundus, better-known as Pliny the Elder, in 79 AD. The name comes from Calx, which was Latin for lime.
A very common and widespread mineral with highly variable forms and colours, calcite is best recognised by its relatively low hardness and its high reactivity with even weak acids, such as vinegar.
Over 800 forms of calcite crystals have been identified. Ancient Egyptians carved many items out of calcite, relating it to their goddess Bast, whose name contributed to the term alabaster because of the close association. In the 21st century, experiments have been conducted to use calcite for a cloak of invisibility!
The specimen seen above can be found in the Minerals section of the Natural History Museum in South Kensington, London. It is about 75cm on its long axis.
Gentiana is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the Gentian family (Gentianaceae), tribe Gentianeae and monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. This a large genus, with about 400 species.
This is a cosmopolitan genus, occurring in alpine habitats of temperate regions of Asia, Europe and the Americas. Some species also occur in northwest Africa, eastern Australia and New Zealand. They consist of annual, biennial and perennial plants. Some are evergreen, others are not.
Gentians have opposite leaves that are sometimes arranged in a basal rosette, and trumpet-shaped flowers that are usually deep blue or azure, but may vary from white, creamy and yellow to red. Many species also show considerable polymorphism with respect to flower color. Typically, blue-flowered species predominate in the Northern Hemisphere, with red-flowered species dominant in the Andes (where bird pollination is probably more heavily favored by natural selection). White-flowered species are scattered throughout the range of the genus but dominate in New Zealand. All gentian species have terminal tubular flowers and most are pentamerous, i.e. with 5 corolla lobes (petals), and 5 sepals, but 4-7 in some species. The style is rather short or absent. The corolla shows folds (= plicae) between the lobes. The ovary is mostly sessile and has nectary glands.
Gentians are fully hardy and like full sun or partial shade, and neutral to acid soil that is rich in humus and well drained. They are popular in rock gardens.
According to Pliny the Elder, Gentian is an eponym of Gentius (180-168 BC), the King of Illyria, said to have discovered its healing properties. Some species are of medicinal use and their roots were harvested for the manufacture of tonic liquor, for instance in France "Suze" or similar liquors. Gentian is also used as a flavouring, for example in bitters, and the soft drink "Moxie" which contains "Gentian Root Extractives"
La Genziana (Gentiana) è un genere di piante della famiglia delle Gentianaceae, che comprende circa 400 specie.
Questo genere si trova un po' ovunque nell'habitat alpino delle regioni temperate dell'Asia, dell'Europa e del continente americano. Alcune specie si trovano anche nell'Africa nord-occidentale, nell'Australia orientale ed in Nuova Zelanda. Si tratta di piante annuali, biennali e perenni. Alcune sono sempreverdi, altre no. Sul versante italiano delle Alpi sono presenti diverse specie, che fioriscono durante l'estate. Sono quasi tutte "specie protette". Alcune specie si trovano anche sugli Appennini.
I fiori sono a forma di imbuto; il colore è più comunemente azzurro o blu scuro, ma può variare dal bianco, avorio e giallo al rosso. Le specie col fiore di colore blu predominano nell'emisfero settentrionale, quelle col fiore rosso sulle Ande; le specie a fiore bianco sono più rare, ma più frequenti in Nuova Zelanda.
Le genziane crescono su terreni acidi o neutri, ricchi di humus e ben drenati; si possono trovare in luoghi pienamente o parzialmente soleggiati.
Fonte : Vikipedia
I love when my dolls help me in planning evil things for the Dolls & Party. Today we tried a couple of dancing poses for the promotional photoshots. I need to sort the light because it is obviously too bright. And will need to use a hard floor, double carpet means high heels won't stand...
(Also, can you tell I recently went to the cinema to see Cinderella?)
Erythrina /ˌɛrᵻˈθraɪnə/[3] is a genus of flowering plants in the pea family, Fabaceae. It contains about 130 species, which are distributed in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. They are trees, growing up to 30 m (98 ft) in height. The generic name is derived from the Greek word ερυθρóς (erythros), meaning "red," referring to the flower color of certain species.
Particularly in horticulture, the name coral tree is used as a collective term for these plants. "Flame trees" is another vernacular name, but may refer to a number of unrelated plants as well. Many species of Erythrina have bright red flowers, and this may be the origin of the common name. However, the growth of the branches can resemble the shape of sea coral rather than the color of Corallium rubrum specifically, and this is an alternative source for the name. Other popular names, usually local and particular to distinct species, liken the flowers' red hues to those of a male chicken's wattles, and/or the flower shape to its leg spurs. Commonly seen Spanish names for any local species are bucaré, frejolillo or porotillo, and in Afrikaans some are called kafferboom. Mullumurikku is a widespread name in Kerala.
Not all species of Erythrina have bright red flowers; the Wiliwili (E. sandwicensis) has extraordinary variation in its flower colour, with orange, yellow, salmon, green and white all being found within natural populations. This striking color polymorphism is also found in Erythrina lysistemon and Erythrina caffra.
All species except the sterile hybrids E. × sykesii and E. × bidwillii have legume-type fruit, sometimes called pods, containing one of more seeds. The resilient buoyant seeds are often carried by the sea for large distances and are commonly called "sea beans".
Erythrina leaves are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including the swift moth Endoclita damor and the woolly bears Hypercompe eridanus and Hypercompe icasia. The mite Tydeus munsteri is a pest on the coastal coral tree (E. caffra).
Many birds visit the nectar-rich Erythrina flowers. In the Neotropics, these are usually larger hummingbirds, for example the swallow-tailed hummingbird (Eupetomena macroura) and the black-throated (Anthracothorax nigricollis) and green-breasted mangos (A. prevostii) – though they seem not to be especially fond of E. speciosa at least, which they visit rather opportunistically. In Southeast Asia, the black drongo (Dicrurus macrocercus) which usually does not eat nectar in quantity has been observed feeding on E. suberosa flowers, and mynas and of course more specialized nectar feeders also utilize coral tree flowers. Lorikeets such as the collared lory (Phigys solitarius) and the possibly extinct New Caledonian lorikeet (Charmosyna diadema) are known to consume (or have consumed) large amounts of Erythrina nectar.
Gentiana is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the Gentian family (Gentianaceae), tribe Gentianeae and monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. This a large genus, with about 400 species.
This is a cosmopolitan genus, occurring in alpine habitats of temperate regions of Asia, Europe and the Americas. Some species also occur in northwest Africa, eastern Australia and New Zealand. They consist of annual, biennial and perennial plants. Some are evergreen, others are not.
Gentians have opposite leaves that are sometimes arranged in a basal rosette, and trumpet-shaped flowers that are usually deep blue or azure, but may vary from white, creamy and yellow to red. Many species also show considerable polymorphism with respect to flower color. Typically, blue-flowered species predominate in the Northern Hemisphere, with red-flowered species dominant in the Andes (where bird pollination is probably more heavily favored by natural selection). White-flowered species are scattered throughout the range of the genus but dominate in New Zealand. All gentian species have terminal tubular flowers and most are pentamerous, i.e. with 5 corolla lobes (petals), and 5 sepals, but 4-7 in some species. The style is rather short or absent. The corolla shows folds (= plicae) between the lobes. The ovary is mostly sessile and has nectary glands.
Gentians are fully hardy and like full sun or partial shade, and neutral to acid soil that is rich in humus and well drained. They are popular in rock gardens.
According to Pliny the Elder, Gentian is an eponym of Gentius (180-168 BC), the King of Illyria, said to have discovered its healing properties. Some species are of medicinal use and their roots were harvested for the manufacture of tonic liquor, for instance in France "Suze" or similar liquors. Gentian is also used as a flavouring, for example in bitters, and the soft drink "Moxie" which contains "Gentian Root Extractives"
La Genziana (Gentiana) è un genere di piante della famiglia delle Gentianaceae, che comprende circa 400 specie.
Questo genere si trova un po' ovunque nell'habitat alpino delle regioni temperate dell'Asia, dell'Europa e del continente americano. Alcune specie si trovano anche nell'Africa nord-occidentale, nell'Australia orientale ed in Nuova Zelanda. Si tratta di piante annuali, biennali e perenni. Alcune sono sempreverdi, altre no. Sul versante italiano delle Alpi sono presenti diverse specie, che fioriscono durante l'estate. Sono quasi tutte "specie protette". Alcune specie si trovano anche sugli Appennini.
I fiori sono a forma di imbuto; il colore è più comunemente azzurro o blu scuro, ma può variare dal bianco, avorio e giallo al rosso. Le specie col fiore di colore blu predominano nell'emisfero settentrionale, quelle col fiore rosso sulle Ande; le specie a fiore bianco sono più rare, ma più frequenti in Nuova Zelanda.
Le genziane crescono su terreni acidi o neutri, ricchi di humus e ben drenati; si possono trovare in luoghi pienamente o parzialmente soleggiati.
Fonte : Vikipedia
The Hominidae, whose members are known as the great apes or hominids, are a taxonomic family of primates that includes eight extant species in four genera: Pongo (the Bornean, Sumatran and Tapanuli orangutan); Gorilla (the eastern and western gorilla); Pan (the chimpanzee and the bonobo); and Homo, of which only modern humans (Homo sapiens) remain.
Numerous revisions in classifying the great apes have caused the use of the term hominid to change over time. The original meaning of "hominid" referred only to humans (Homo) and their closest extinct relatives. However, by the 1990s humans, apes, and their ancestors were considered to be "hominids".
The earlier restrictive meaning has now been largely assumed by the term hominin, which comprises all members of the human clade after the split from the chimpanzees (Pan). The current meaning of "hominid" includes all the great apes including humans. Usage still varies, however, and some scientists and laypersons still use "hominid" in the original restrictive sense; the scholarly literature generally shows the traditional usage until the turn of the 21st century.
Within the taxon Hominidae, a number of extant and extinct genera are grouped with the humans, chimpanzees, and gorillas in the subfamily Homininae; others with orangutans in the subfamily Ponginae (see classification graphic below). The most recent common ancestor of all Hominidae lived roughly 14 million years ago, when the ancestors of the orangutans speciated from the ancestral line of the other three genera. Those ancestors of the family Hominidae had already speciated from the family Hylobatidae (the gibbons), perhaps 15 to 20 million years ago.
Due to the close genetic relationship between humans and the other great apes, certain animal rights organizations, such as the Great Ape Project, argue that nonhuman great apes are persons and should be given basic human rights. Twenty-nine countries have instituted research bans to protect great apes from any kind of scientific testing.
Evolution
See also: Human evolution
Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelii)
In the early Miocene, about 22 million years ago, there were many species of arboreally adapted primitive catarrhines from East Africa; the variety suggests a long history of prior diversification. Fossils from 20 million years ago include fragments attributed to Victoriapithecus, the earliest Old World monkey. Among the genera thought to be in the ape lineage leading up to 13 million years ago are Proconsul, Rangwapithecus, Dendropithecus, Limnopithecus, Nacholapithecus, Equatorius, Nyanzapithecus, Afropithecus, Heliopithecus, and Kenyapithecus, all from East Africa.
At sites far distant from East Africa, the presence of other generalized non-cercopithecids, that is, non-monkey primates, of middle Miocene age—Otavipithecus from cave deposits in Namibia, and Pierolapithecus and Dryopithecus from France, Spain and Austria—is further evidence of a wide diversity of ancestral ape forms across Africa and the Mediterranean basin during the relatively warm and equable climatic regimes of the early and middle Miocene. The most recent of these far-flung Miocene apes (hominoids) is Oreopithecus, from the fossil-rich coal beds in northern Italy and dated to 9 million years ago.
Molecular evidence indicates that the lineage of gibbons (family Hylobatidae), the "lesser apes", diverged from that of the great apes some 18–12 million years ago, and that of orangutans (subfamily Ponginae) diverged from the other great apes at about 12 million years. There are no fossils that clearly document the ancestry of gibbons, which may have originated in a still-unknown South East Asian hominoid population; but fossil proto-orangutans, dated to around 10 million years ago, may be represented by Sivapithecus from India and Griphopithecus from Turkey. Species close to the last common ancestor of gorillas, chimpanzees and humans may be represented by Nakalipithecus fossils found in Kenya and Ouranopithecus fossils found in Greece. Molecular evidence suggests that between 8 and 4 million years ago, first the gorillas (genus Gorilla), and then the chimpanzees (genus Pan) split off from the line leading to humans. Human DNA is approximately 98.4% identical to that of chimpanzees when comparing single nucleotide polymorphisms (see human evolutionary genetics). The fossil record, however, of gorillas and chimpanzees is limited; both poor preservation—rain forest soils tend to be acidic and dissolve bone—and sampling bias probably contribute most to this problem.
Other hominins probably adapted to the drier environments outside the African equatorial belt; and there they encountered antelope, hyenas, elephants and other forms becoming adapted to surviving in the East African savannas, particularly the regions of the Sahel and the Serengeti. The wet equatorial belt contracted after about 8 million years ago, and there is very little fossil evidence for the divergence of the hominin lineage from that of gorillas and chimpanzees—which split was thought to have occurred around that time. The earliest fossils argued by some to belong to the human lineage are Sahelanthropus tchadensis (7 Ma) and Orrorin tugenensis (6 Ma), followed by Ardipithecus (5.5–4.4 Ma), with species Ar. kadabba and Ar. ramidus.
Taxonomy
Further information: Human taxonomy
Terminology
Humans are one of the four extant hominid genera.
The classification of the great apes has been revised several times in the last few decades; these revisions have led to a varied use of the word "hominid" over time. The original meaning of the term referred to only humans and their closest relatives—what is now the modern meaning of the term "hominin". The meaning of the taxon Hominidae changed gradually, leading to a modern usage of "hominid" that includes all the great apes including humans.
A number of very similar words apply to related classifications:
A hominoid, sometimes called an ape, is a member of the superfamily Hominoidea: extant members are the gibbons (lesser apes, family Hylobatidae) and the hominids.
A hominid is a member of the family Hominidae, the great apes: orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees and humans.
A hominine is a member of the subfamily Homininae: gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans (excludes orangutans).
A hominin is a member of the tribe Hominini: chimpanzees and humans.
A homininan, following a suggestion by Wood and Richmond (2000), would be a member of the subtribe Hominina of the tribe Hominini: that is, modern humans and their closest relatives, including Australopithecina, but excluding chimpanzees.
A human is a member of the genus Homo, of which Homo sapiens is the only extant species, and within that Homo sapiens sapiens is the only surviving subspecies.
Extant and fossil relatives of humans
Hominidae was originally the name given to the family of humans and their (extinct) close relatives, with the other great apes (that is, the orangutans, gorillas and chimpanzees) all being placed in a separate family, the Pongidae. However, that definition eventually made Pongidae paraphyletic because at least one great ape species (the chimpanzees) proved to be more closely related to humans than to other great apes. Most taxonomists today encourage monophyletic groups—this would require, in this case, the use of Pongidae to be restricted to just one closely related grouping. Thus, many biologists now assign Pongo (as the subfamily Ponginae) to the family Hominidae. The taxonomy shown here follows the monophyletic groupings according to the modern understanding of human and great ape relationships.
Humans and close relatives including the tribes Hominini and Gorillini form the subfamily Homininae (see classification graphic below). (A few researchers go so far as to refer the chimpanzees and the gorillas to the genus Homo along with humans.) But, those fossil relatives more closely related to humans than the chimpanzees represent the especially close members of the human family, and without necessarily assigning subfamily or tribal categories.
Many extinct hominids have been studied to help understand the relationship between modern humans and the other extant hominids. Some of the extinct members of this family include Gigantopithecus, Orrorin, Ardipithecus, Kenyanthropus, and the australopithecines Australopithecus and Paranthropus.
The exact criteria for membership in the tribe Hominini under the current understanding of human origins are not clear, but the taxon generally includes those species that share more than 97% of their DNA with the modern human genome, and exhibit a capacity for language or for simple cultures beyond their 'local family' or band. The theory of mind concept—including such faculties as empathy, attribution of mental state, and even empathetic deception—is a controversial criterion; it distinguishes the adult human alone among the hominids. Humans acquire this capacity after about four years of age, whereas it has not been proven (nor has it been disproven) that gorillas or chimpanzees ever develop a theory of mind. This is also the case for some New World monkeys outside the family of great apes, as, for example, the capuchin monkeys.
However, even without the ability to test whether early members of the Hominini (such as Homo erectus, Homo neanderthalensis, or even the australopithecines) had a theory of mind, it is difficult to ignore similarities seen in their living cousins. Orangutans have shown the development of culture comparable to that of chimpanzees, and some say the orangutan may also satisfy those criteria for the theory of mind concept. These scientific debates take on political significance for advocates of great ape personhood.
See also: List of hominoids
There are eight living species of great ape which are classified in four genera. The following classification is commonly accepted:
Family Hominidae: humans and other great apes; extinct genera and species excluded
Subfamily Ponginae
Tribe Pongini
Genus Pongo
Bornean orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus
Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus
Pongo pygmaeus morio
Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii
Sumatran orangutan, Pongo abelii
Tapanuli orangutan, Pongo tapanuliensis
Subfamily Homininae
Tribe Gorillini
Genus Gorilla
Western gorilla, Gorilla gorilla
Western lowland gorilla, Gorilla gorilla gorilla
Cross River gorilla, Gorilla gorilla diehli
Eastern gorilla, Gorilla beringei
Mountain gorilla, Gorilla beringei beringei
Eastern lowland gorilla, Gorilla beringei graueri
Tribe Hominini
Subtribe Panina
Genus Pan
Chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes
Central chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes troglodytes
Western chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes verus
Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes ellioti
Eastern chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii
Bonobo, Pan paniscus
Subtribe Hominina
Genus Homo
Human, Homo sapiens
Anatomically modern human, Homo sapiens sapiens
Fossil
In addition to the extant species and subspecies, archaeologists, paleontologists, and anthropologists have discovered and classified numerous extinct great ape species as below, based on the taxonomy shown.
Tribe Lufengpithecini †
Lufengpithecus
Lufengpithecus lufengensis
Lufengpithecus keiyuanensis
Lufengpithecus hudienensis
Meganthropus
Meganthropus palaeojavanicus
Tribe Sivapithecini†
Ankarapithecus
Ankarapithecus meteai
Sivapithecus
Sivapithecus brevirostris
Sivapithecus punjabicus
Sivapithecus parvada
Sivapithecus sivalensis
Sivapithecus indicus
Gigantopithecus
Gigantopithecus bilaspurensis
Gigantopithecus blacki
Gigantopithecus giganteus
Tribe Pongini
Khoratpithecus†
Khoratpithecus ayeyarwadyensis
Khoratpithecus piriyai
Khoratpithecus chiangmuanensis
Pongo (orangutans)
Pongo hooijeri†
Subfamily Homininae
Tribe Dryopithecini †
Kenyapithecus
Kenyapithecus wickeri
Danuvius
Danuvius guggenmosi
Pierolapithecus
Pierolapithecus catalaunicus
Udabnopithecus
Udabnopithecus garedziensis
Ouranopithecus
Ouranopithecus macedoniensis
Otavipithecus
Otavipithecus namibiensis
Morotopithecus (placement disputed)
Morotopithecus bishopi
Oreopithecus (placement disputed)
Oreopithecus bambolii
Nakalipithecus
Nakalipithecus nakayamai
Anoiapithecus
Anoiapithecus brevirostris
Hispanopithecus
Hispanopithecus laietanus
Hispanopithecus crusafonti
Dryopithecus
Dryopithecus wuduensis
Dryopithecus fontani
Dryopithecus brancoi
Dryopithecus laietanus
Dryopithecus crusafonti
Rudapithecus
Rudapithecus hungaricus
Samburupithecus
Samburupithecus kiptalami
Tribe Gorillini
Chororapithecus † (placement debated)
Chororapithecus abyssinicus
Tribe Hominini
Subtribe Panina
Subtribe Hominina
Graecopithecus †
Graecopithecus freybergi
Sahelanthropus†
Sahelanthropus tchadensis
Orrorin†
Orrorin tugenensis
Ardipithecus†
Ardipithecus ramidus
Ardipithecus kadabba
Kenyanthropus†
Kenyanthropus platyops
Praeanthropus†
Praeanthropus bahrelghazali
Praeanthropus anamensis
Praeanthropus afarensis
Australopithecus†
Australopithecus africanus
Australopithecus garhi
Australopithecus sediba
Australopithecus deyiremeda
Paranthropus†
Paranthropus aethiopicus
Paranthropus robustus
Paranthropus boisei
Homo – close relatives of modern humans
Homo gautengensis† (also classified as H. habilis)
Homo rudolfensis† (membership in Homo uncertain)
Homo habilis† (membership in Homo uncertain)
Homo naledi†
Dmanisi Man, Homo georgicus† (thought by some to be an early subspecies of Homo erectus)
Homo ergaster† (considered by some to be an early subspecies of Homo erectus)
Homo erectus†
Homo erectus bilzingslebenensis †
Java Man, Homo erectus erectus †
Lantian Man, Homo erectus lantianensis †
Nanjing Man, Homo erectus nankinensis †
Peking Man, Homo erectus pekinensis †
Solo Man, Homo erectus soloensis †
Tautavel Man, Homo erectus tautavelensis †
Yuanmou Man, Homo erectus yuanmouensis †
Flores Man or Hobbit, Homo floresiensis†
Homo luzonensis †
Homo antecessor† (thought by some to be a late H. erectus or early H. heidelbergensis)
Homo heidelbergensis† (also classified as H. sapiens heidelbergensis)
Homo cepranensis† (also classified as H. heidelbergensis)
Homo helmei† (also classified as late H. heidelbergensis or early H. sapiens)
Homo tsaichangensis† (thought by some to be a subspecies of H. erectus or a Denisovan)
Denisovans (scientific name not yet assigned)†
Neanderthal, Homo neanderthalensis† (sometimes called Homo sapiens neanderthalensis)
Homo rhodesiensis† (thought by some to be an African subspecies of H. heidelbergensis or an early H. sapiens)
Modern human, Homo sapiens (sometimes called Homo sapiens sapiens)
Homo sapiens idaltu†
Archaic Homo sapiens†
Description
The great apes are tailless primates, with the smallest living species being the bonobo at 30 to 40 kilograms (66 to 88 lb) in weight, and the largest being the eastern gorillas, with males weighing 140 to 180 kilograms (310 to 400 lb). In all great apes, the males are, on average, larger and stronger than the females, although the degree of sexual dimorphism varies greatly among species. Hominid teeth are similar to those of the Old World monkeys and gibbons, although they are especially large in gorillas. The dental formula is
2.1.2.3
2.1.2.3
. Human teeth and jaws are markedly smaller for their size than those of other apes, which may be an adaptation to not only having supplanted with extensive tool use the role of jaws in hunting and fighting, but also eating cooked food since the end of the Pleistocene.
Behavior
Although most living species are predominantly quadrupedal, they are all able to use their hands for gathering food or nesting materials, and, in some cases, for tool use. They build complex sleeping platforms, also called nests, in trees to sleep in at night, but chimpanzees and gorillas also build terrestrial nests, and gorillas can also sleep on the bare ground.
All species are omnivorous, although chimpanzees and orangutans primarily eat fruit. When gorillas run short of fruit at certain times of the year or in certain regions, they resort to eating shoots and leaves, often of bamboo, a type of grass. Gorillas have extreme adaptations for chewing and digesting such low-quality forage, but they still prefer fruit when it is available, often going miles out of their way to find especially preferred fruits. Humans, since the Neolithic revolution, have consumed mostly cereals and other starchy foods, including increasingly highly processed foods, as well as many other domesticated plants (including fruits) and meat.
Gestation in great apes lasts 8–9 months, and results in the birth of a single offspring, or, rarely, twins. The young are born helpless, and require care for long periods of time. Compared with most other mammals, great apes have a remarkably long adolescence, not being weaned for several years, and not becoming fully mature for eight to thirteen years in most species (longer in orangutans and humans). As a result, females typically give birth only once every few years. There is no distinct breeding season.
Gorillas and chimpanzees live in family groups of around five to ten individuals, although much larger groups are sometimes noted. Chimpanzees live in larger groups that break up into smaller groups when fruit becomes less available. When small groups of female chimpanzees go off in separate directions to forage for fruit, the dominant males can no longer control them and the females often mate with other subordinate males. In contrast, groups of gorillas stay together regardless of the availability of fruit. When fruit is hard to find, they resort to eating leaves and shoots.
This fact is related to gorillas' greater sexual dimorphism relative to that of chimpanzees; that is, the difference in size between male and female gorillas is much greater than that between male and female chimpanzees. This enables gorilla males to physically dominate female gorillas more easily. In both chimpanzees and gorillas, the groups include at least one dominant male, and young males leave the group at maturity.
Legal status
Main articles: Great ape personhood, Great Ape Project, and Countries banning non-human ape experimentation
Due to the close genetic relationship between humans and the other great apes, certain animal rights organizations, such as the Great Ape Project, argue that nonhuman great apes are persons and, per the Declaration on Great Apes, should be given basic human rights. In 1999, New Zealand was the first country to ban any great ape experimentation, and now 29 countries have currently instituted a research ban to protect great apes from any kind of scientific testing.
On 25 June 2008, the Spanish parliament supported a new law that would make "keeping apes for circuses, television commercials or filming" illegal. On 8 September 2010, the European Union banned the testing of great apes.