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History
Completed in 1906, it is a landmark in building engineering, laying claim to being the first air conditioned building in the world. Belfast's Sirocco Works factory pioneered the development of air conditioning. The original hospital was designed in 1899 by architects Henman and Cooper of Birmingham, the culmination of preparations from the mid-1890s to modernise hospital design with special regard to advances in both antiseptic treatment in surgery and the successful application of Plenum ventilation. Notable elements of the design of the original hospital were in the layout and technology. This was a time in the UK when there was concern in a period of relative social responsibility in having a sufficient hospital treatment facility within or close to city centres when it was recognised there was little available space for expanding existing hospitals or building new institutions. The design of the Royal Victoria Hospital paid much less attention to the usual requirements of hospital sites, for good access to sun and fresh air. Traditional pavilion-style hospital design was forsaken. Wards were placed compactly side to side, on one level, wall to wall, without intervening opening spaces. There were many long communal wards in which large windows were at the ends of wards, with clerestory windows providing daylight otherwise. Balconies, small for the ward sizes, were placed at the end of long wards, and also that there were some outdoor areas for access. Outdoor access had no integral relation to the design of the hospital buildings. As the hospital grew, the exterior area available for patients diminished. Today this amounts nearly fully to roads within the site and parking areas. For clothed and able patients, the very small Dunville Park lies beside the hospital, a park unsheltered from traffic noise. Close housed city hospital accommodation with little open space was not unique in Europe, nor even in the British Isles at that time, though it was not of the trend of the times and before in the British Isles, notably at a time of social responsibility. The design of the Royal Victoria Hospital may be important as it reacted against that trend at a time when cities were expanding rapidly. Perhaps this design and similar designs of the time of large growth became a foundational inspiration, or facilitating precedent, for the many city hospitals in the UK today which are of a different world to those of the Victorian era where outdoor access was seen as important, sometimes even possibly essential, for recuperation. (Notably, it could not be said there has been any clearly identifiable principle or trend nationally to develop hospitals including good open spaces since that time.) Fresh air supply in the original R.V.H. was based on the Plenum principle, the real 'first' status of the large public building being that it had humidity control, the function of choice of temperature. The Royal Victoria Hospital and its subsidiary hospitals became the Royal Group of Hospitals (or The Royal Hospitals). The Royal Hospitals site has developed through the years to occupy one very large area in the city of Belfast to the west of the city, a walkable distance from the city centre. Most of this site is occupied by The Royal Victoria Hospital (this name is sometimes casually spoken to refer to any department from within the Royal Group of Hospitals, and more frequently, The Royal Hospital, as if one body, is spoken to identify any department within the Royal Hospitals). Today this site is clearly made of the original historic buildings of designs agreeable to typical designs of the Victorian period, some visible from Grosvenor Road, and also many later, less architecturally distinguished buildings. It has been seen that the original Victorian designs are partly a free adaptation of an English Renaissance style. The material of the original buildings is very typical in Belfast, red brick with Portland Stone dressings. Quite tall, long, simply functionary middle period Twentieth Century buildings dominate most of the long Falls Road side of the hospital, and give a quite plain character to a section of that busy thoroughfare on one side of the road, west of Grosvenor Road and Springfield Road junction. On this stretch of Falls Road, the mid-20th century hospital buildings face Saint Paul's Roman Catholic Church, Saint Dominic's Grammar School for Girls and typical, simple historic terraced housing of Belfast, some converted to small shops and cafés. At the end of this stretch, near Broadway, The Royal Belfast Hospital for Sick Children occupies a much smaller historic building of Victorian design. Buildings from recent decades and the last few years of typically simple functionary design are located in the middle of the site and bordering the Westlink, largely invisible the Falls Road and Grosvenor Road. The hospital site stretches along near to Broadway to the west and downhill to border the Westlink city link carriageway at the south where some very recent functionary structures can be seen. A slight addition to the main front of the site in West Belfast of very recent years is new railings (Falls Road, going west from the junction of Grosvenor and Springfield Roads). The wavy pattern of the railings implies the structure of DNA. There are little yellow Xs and Ys detailed for X- and Y-chromosomes, and portraits (laser-cut in sheet steel) chart the progress of a human life from birth to the age of 100. Frank Pantridge, the "father of emergency medicine", was a cardiac consultant at the hospital for over thirty years. During his time at the Royal, Pantridge developed the portable defibrillator. The portable defibrillator revolutionised emergency medicine, allowing patients to be treated early by paramedics. Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP) politician Carmel Hanna worked as a nurse in the hospital. Progressive Unionist Party (PUP) politician David Ervine was admitted on January 7, 2007, and died there the following day. During the Northern Ireland Troubles, the R.V.H. was regarded in some quarters as the best hospital in the world for the treatment of gunshot wounds. Gunshots to the knee, associated with a large number of 'punishment' shootings, enabled the surgeons at the R.V.H. to gain renown with their treatment of such injuries.
Die neue Bundesregierung wird angelobt. Sebastian wird Minister für Europa, Integration und Äußeres.
The two intake plenum "logs" and their cross-connector are far redder than this scan shows. They are a lovely Italian red, not the faded, brownish-orange. - my scanner got this wrong, I've compensated and turned everything pink... but at least it looks redish. And you can see a prancing horse on yellow on the steering wheel.
Note that for the 430 (and who knows how long) these V8s have had their engines with the crankshaft fore and aft...
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[North America / 北米]
Distribution: E. Canada to NC. & E. U.S.A. (72 NSC ONT QUE 74 ILL IOW MIN WIS 75 CNT INI MAI MAS MIC NWH NWJ NWY OHI PEN VER WVA 78 ALA DEL GEO KTY MRY NCA SCA TEN VRG)
Lifeform: Rhizome geophyte
Basionym/Replaced Synonym:
Trillium rhomboideum var. grandiflorum Michx., Fl. Bor.-Amer. 1: 216 (1803).
Heterotypic Synonyms:
Trillium erythrocarpum Curtis, Bot. Mag. 22: t. 855 (1805), nom. illeg.
Trillium lirioides Raf., Med. Fl. 2: 100 (1830).
Trillium obcordatum Raf., Med. Fl. 2: 101 (1830).
Trillium grandiflorum var. macropetalum Regel, Index Seminum (LE, Petropolitanus) 1868: 78 (1869).
Trillium grandiflorum var. minimum N.Coleman, Cat. Fl. Pl. S. Pen. Michigan: 40 (1874).
Trillium scouleri Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 33: 394 (1906).
Trillium chandleri f. foliaceum Farw., Rep. (Annual) Michigan Acad. Sci. 20: 158 (1918).
Trillium chandleri f. gladewitzii Farw., Rep. (Annual) Michigan Acad. Sci. 20: 158 (1918).
Trillium chandleri f. palaceum Farw., Rep. (Annual) Michigan Acad. Sci. 20: 158 (1918).
Trillium chandleri f. plenum Farw., Rep. (Annual) Michigan Acad. Sci. 20: 159 (1918).
Trillium chandleri f. subulatum Farw., Rep. (Annual) Michigan Acad. Sci. 20: 158 (1918).
Trillium grandiflorum f. viride Farw., Rep. (Annual) Michigan Acad. Sci. 20: 157 (1918).
Trillium lirioides f. albomarginatum Farw., Rep. (Annual) Michigan Acad. Sci. 20: 157 (1918).
Trillium lirioides f. giganteum Farw., Rep. (Annual) Michigan Acad. Sci. 20: 157 (1918).
Trillium lirioides var. longipetiolatum Farw., Rep. (Annual) Michigan Acad. Sci. 20: 158 (1918).
Trillium lirioides f. ungulatum Farw., Rep. (Annual) Michigan Acad. Sci. 20: 158 (1918).
Trillium lirioides f. variegatum Farw., Rep. (Annual) Michigan Acad. Sci. 20: 158 (1918).
Trillium liroides f. vegetum Farw., Rep. (Annual) Michigan Acad. Sci. 20: 158 (1918).
Trillium chandleri Farw., Rep. (Annual) Michigan Acad. Sci. 20: 158 (1919).
Trillium grandiflorum f. roseum Farw., Rep. (Annual) Michigan Acad. Sci. 21: 364 (1919).
Trillium lirioides f. subsessile Farw., Amer. Midl. Naturalist 11: 51 (1928).
Trillium grandiflorum f. chandleri (Farw.) Vict., Contr. Lab. Bot. Univ. Montréal 14: 30 (1929).
Trillium grandiflorum f. lirioides (Raf.) Vict., Contr. Lab. Bot. Univ. Montréal 14: 30 (1929).
Trillium grandiflorum f. polymerum Vict., Contr. Lab. Bot. Univ. Montréal 14: 31 (1929).
Trillium grandiflorum f. dimerum Louis-Marie, Rev. Oka Agron. Inst. Agric. 14: 146 (1940).
Trillium grandiflorum f. divisum Louis-Marie, Rev. Oka Agron. Inst. Agric. 14: 148 (1940).
Trillium grandiflorum f. elongatum Louis-Marie, Rev. Oka Agron. Inst. Agric. 14: 148 (1940).
Trillium grandiflorum f. petalosum Louis-Marie, Rev. Oka Agron. Inst. Agric. 14: 149 (1940).
Trillium grandiflorum f. regressum Louis-Marie, Rev. Oka Agron. Inst. Agric. 14: 149 (1940).
Trillium grandiflorum f. striatum Louis-Marie, Rev. Oka Agron. Inst. Agric. 14: 147 (1940).