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the inside walls of this bronzeage shed are made wind-proof with a mixture of sand, clay water and straw
A rice huller or rice husker is an agricultural machine used to automate the process of removing the chaff (the outer husks) of grains of rice. Throughout history, there have been numerous techniques to hull rice. Traditionally, it would be pounded using some form of mortar and pestle. An early simple machine to do this is a rice pounder. Later even more efficient machinery was developed to hull and polish rice. These machines are most widely developed and used throughout Asia where the most popular type is the Engelberg huller designed by German Brazilian engineer Evaristo Conrado Engelberg in Brazil and first patented in 1885.
The Engelberg huller uses steel rollers to remove the husk. Other types of huller include the disk or cono huller which uses an abrasive rotating disk to first remove the husk before passing the grain to conical rollers which polish it, this is done repeatedly since other sides of circular side of rice are not husked. Rubber rollers may be used to reduce the amount of breakage of the grains, so increasing the yield of the best quality head rice, but the rubber rollers tend to require frequent replacement, which can be a significant drawback.
Rice hulls (or rice husks) are the hard protecting coverings of grains of rice. In addition to protecting rice during the growing season, rice hulls can be put to use as building material, fertilizer, insulation material, or fuel. Rice hulls are part of the chaff of the rice.
PRODUCTION
Rice hulls are the coatings of seeds, or grains, of rice. The husk protects the seed during the growing season and is formed from hard materials, including opaline silica and lignin. The hull is hard to eat or swallow and mostly indigestible to humans because of its enriched fibre components. However, some poor people in ancient China made a type of pastry which mixes rice husks, wild vegetables, and soybean powder as the portion of daily food for satisfying the hunger, especially during periods of drought and crop-failure. One idiom, cereals hulls and vegetables as the chow of a half year, is to describe people suffering with economic hardships and food shortage. Winnowing, used to separate the rice from hulls, is to put the whole rice into a pan and throw it into the air while the wind blows. The light hulls are blown away while the heavy rice fall back into the pan. Later pestles and a simple machine called a rice pounder were developed to remove hulls. In 1885 the modern rice hulling machine was invented in Brazil. During the milling processes, the hulls are removed from the raw grain to reveal whole brown rice, which may then sometimes be milled further to remove the bran layer, resulting in white rice.
USES
ASH
Combustion of rice hulls affords rice husk ash (acronym RHA). This ash is a potential source of amorphous reactive silica, which has a variety of applications in materials science. Most of the ash is used in the production of Portland cement. When burnt completely, the ash can have a Blaine number of as much as 3,600 compared to the Blaine number of cement (between 2,800 and 3,000), meaning it is finer than cement. Silica is the basic component of sand, which is used with cement for plastering and concreting. This fine silica will provide a very compact concrete. The ash also is a very good thermal insulation material. The fineness of the ash also makes it a very good candidate for sealing fine cracks in civil structures, where it can penetrate deeper than the conventional cement sand mixture.
A number of possible uses for RHA include absorbents for oils and chemicals, soil ameliorants, a source of silicon, insulation powder in steel mills, as repellents in the form of "vinegar-tar" release agent in the ceramics industry, as an insulation material. More specialized applications include the use of this material as a catalyst support.
Goodyear announced plans to use rice husk ash as a source for tire additive.
Rice hulls are a low-cost material from which silicon carbide "whiskers" can be manufactured. The SiC whiskers are then used to reinforce ceramic cutting tools, increasing their strength tenfold.
TOOTHPASTE
In Kerala, India, charcoal from Rice husks (Umikari in Malayalam) were universally used for over centuries in cleaning teeth, before toothpaste replaced it.
BREWING
Rice hulls can be used in brewing beer to increase the lautering ability of a mash. Rice husk is also used in one step of traditional preparation processes of Kaoliang (Sorghum) liquid. After fermentation, rice husk can be added into the wine tank to increase the void, which is advantageous for distillation.
FERTILIZER AND SUBSTRATE
Rice hulls can be composted, but their high lignin content can make this a slow process. Sometimes earthworms are used to accelerate the process. Using vermicomposting techniques, hulls can be converted to fertilizer in about four months.
Rice hulls that are parboiled (PBH) are used as a substrate or medium for gardening, including certain hydrocultures. The hulls decay over time. Rice hulls allow drainage, and retain less water than growstones. It has been shown that rice hulls do not affect plant growth regulation.
FIREWORKS
Rice hulls are coated with fine-grained gunpowder and used as the main bursting charge in aerial fireworks shells.
FUEL
With proper techniques, rice hulls can be burned and used to power steam engines. Some rice mills originally disposed of hulls in this way. Unfortunately the direct combustion of rice hulls produces large quantities of smoke. An alternative is gasification. Rice hulls are easily gasified in top-lit updraft gasifiers. The combustion of this rice hull gas produces a blue flame, and rice hull biochar makes a good soil amendment.
JUICE EXTRACTION
Rice hulls are used as a "press aid" to improve extraction efficiency of apple pressing.
PET FOOD FIBER
Rice hulls are an inexpensive byproduct of human food processing, serving as a source of fiber that is considered a filler ingredient in pet foods.
PILLOW STUFFING
Rice hulls are used as pillow stuffing. The pillows are loosely stuffed and considered therapeutic as they retain the shape of the head.
INSULATING MATERIAL
Rice hulls themselves are a class A thermal insulating material because they are difficult to burn and less likely to allow moisture to propagate mold or fungi. It is also used as roofing after mixing it with mud and water.
PARTICLE BOARDS AND CARDBOARD
Rice hulls are also used to make particle boards and cardboard. The silica in rice husk make the particle boards less attractive to termites.
WIKIPEDIA
Brett commencing work on the final lime plaster layer on the north wall of the master bedroom. The wall top is the traditional starting point. The iPod has become a good friend and sanity saver to both of us.
Pool Plastering in Las Vegas, Henderson and Summerlin specializes in swimming pool replastering, tile repair, spray deck repair, concrete repair, resurfacing or remodeling. Swiming Pool replastering and repair with plaster, stone, rock, pebble, beadcrete, quartzscapes & jewelscapes.
Cali Pool Plastering
Las Vegas, NV
702-303-9085
At long last, we had the third bedroom plastered today... Yippee, no more ugly Artex on the ceiling!
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I really like that shot, I like the symmetry of it, and all the bright colours... ;-)
Brett putting the finishing touches to our lime plaster with a soft rounded plastic float and water spray, after a long day plastering this large and complicated wall. The detailing work around the tall, narrow windows was extremely fiddly and tiring, but we are happy with the finish. It's as good as two ordinary people working alone can make it.
610-413-1579
Plastering, decorative plaster, historic restoration and venetion plaster
R. Michael Bell,
402 S. Tulpehocken,
Reading, PA 19601
Andrew McKay came all the way down from Quebec Province to help with this project. His plaster bag technique proved to be superior to the hawk and trowel method because it frees up both his hands and he can load up with about 50 lbs of mix on his belt. Andrew is a true innovator in alternative building methods and had much to share.
610-413-1579
Plastering, decorative plaster, historic restoration and venetion plaster
R. Michael Bell,
402 S. Tulpehocken,
Reading, PA 19601
The finished interior. Plastering upstairs was done not on lathes (phew!) but on bits of rubbish plywood (reclaimed, of course) cut to shape and with hacks cut in them with an axe for the plaster to key into. Floor wass varnished with Fiddes Hardwax oil (bit cheaper than polyx, but pretty sticky due to evaporating white spirit). Fin's curvy beam nicely on show
During the plastering process the surface undergoes many transformations. There are stages where the surface will not look like the final product, DO NOT FRET! Since most finishes have exposed aggregates, the materials are troweled many times to compact the aggregate and tighten the matrix. The extra cement will come to the surface and will be washed away.
â—¦You will likely notice the crew moving around your pool quite rapidly once the plaster process has begun and that is because there is only so much time to work the material and make your pool look its best.
â—¦For this reason the crew may delay cleaning something up until after the plaster is set.
◦Don’t fret, the colored plaster is not like paint and can be cleaned off of most surfaces fairly easily.
The project is completed and the aftercare process begins for the new Wet Edge Satin Matrix Northshore Caribbean
Satin Matrix Aftercare Guide
www.wetedgetechnologies.com/pdf/2013-satin-matrix-start-u...