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IMG_9676 Rome, Italy
The rotunda is under a coffered concrete dome, with a central opening (oculus) to the sky. Almost two thousand years after it was built, the Pantheon's dome is still the world's largest unreinforced concrete dome. The height to the oculus and the diameter of the interior circle are the same, 142 feet (43 m).
It is one of the best-preserved of all Ancient Roman buildings, in large part because it has been in continuous use throughout its history, and since the 7th century, the Pantheon has been used as a church dedicated to "St. Mary and the Martyrs" (Latin: Sancta Maria ad Martyres) but informally known as "Santa Maria Rotonda". The square in front of the Pantheon is called Piazza della Rotonda. The Pantheon is a state property, ruled by Italy's Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Activities and Tourism through the Polo Museale del Lazio; in 2013 it was visited by over 6 million people.
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This photo began as a five shot hand held exposure spread with my 5D Mk iv, then roundtrip from Lightroom to Aurora HDR 2019, finally back to Lightroom to create the black and white interpretation
Staying fairly close to the Pantheon I walk through the piazza numerous times but it was always packed with people day and night. But in the early morning the crowds were gone. The Pantheon is a magnificent structure, not to be missed when in Rome.
The Pantheon is a building in Rome commissioned by Marcus Agrippa during the reign of Augustus (27 BC - 14 AD) and rebuilt by the emperor Hadrian about 126 AD. It is one of the best-preserved of all Ancient Roman buildings. It has been in continuous use throughout its history.
The building is circular with a portico of large granite Corinthian columns under a pediment. A rectangular vestibule links the porch to the rotunda, which is under a coffered concrete dome, with a central opening (oculus) to the sky. Almost two thousand years after it was built, the Pantheon's dome is still the world's largest unreinforced concrete dome. The height to the oculus and the diameter of the interior circle are the same, 43.3 metres.
The concrete for the coffered dome of the Pantheon was poured in moulds, probably mounted on temporary scaffolding. The oculus is the main source of natural light.
(Adapted from the Wikipedia)
Il Pantheon, così come suggerisce il nome, era il tempio per eccellenza che gli antichi Romani dedicavano ai loro dei. L’edificio che si presenta oggi ai nostri occhi fu costruito durante il regno dell’Imperatore Adriano, fra il 118 e il 128 d.C.
Ancora oggi entrando nel Pantheon l’impatto è indimenticabile: si tratta forse dell’unico monumento dell’antica Roma in cui si ha la sensazione di entrare in un antico edificio ancora vivo come nel passato. E, insieme, ci si trova di fronte a un meraviglioso spettacolo di proporzioni, di magnificenza, di eleganza e di armonia.
Il Pantheon ha conservato per secoli l’aspetto che aveva quando fu costruito: da quel momento ha attratto milioni di visitatori e influenzato innumerevoli progetti di altre costruzioni in tutto il mondo, diventando un emblema dell’architettura occidentale e di Roma in tutto il mondo.
from www.pantheonroma.com/it/fr/news/38-modello-news.html#bclb
Lonely Planet: A 2000-year-old temple, now church, the Pantheon is the best preserved of ancient Rome’s great monuments. In its current form it dates to around AD 120 when the emperor Hadrian built over Marcus Agrippa’s original 27 BC temple – note Agrippa's name inscribed on the pediment. The dome, considered the Romans’ greatest architectural achievement, is the largest unreinforced concrete dome ever built. Hadrian's temple was dedicated to the classical gods – hence the name Pantheon, a derivation of the Greek words pan (all) and theos (god) – but in AD 608 it was consecrated as a Christian church. During the Renaissance it was much studied (Brunelleschi used it as inspiration for his Duomo in Florence) and became an important burial chamber. Today you'll find the tomb of the artist Raphael, alongside those of kings Vittorio Emanuele II and Umberto I. However, the real fascination of the Pantheon lies in its massive dimensions and extraordinary dome. A tour de force of ancient engineering, it was the largest dome in the world until the 15th century and is still the largest unreinforced concrete dome in existence. Its harmonious appearance is due to a precisely calibrated symmetry – its diameter is exactly equal to the Pantheon's interior height of 43.3m. Light enters through the oculus, an 8.7m opening in the dome that also served as a symbolic connection between the temple and the gods. Rainwater enters but drains away through 22 almost-invisible holes in the sloping marble floor. Somewhat the worse for wear, the exterior is still imposing, with 16 Corinthian columns (each a single block of stone) supporting a triangular pediment. Rivets and holes in the brickwork indicate where the original marble-veneer panels were removed. Thanks to its consecration as a church in the 7th century, the building was spared the Christian neglect that left other structures to crumble, although it wasn't entirely safe from plundering hands. The gilded-bronze roof tiles were removed and Bernini used bronze from the portico for the baldachin at St Peter's Basilica. Thankfully, the original Roman bronze doors remain.