View allAll Photos Tagged openwork
Knit in an openwork pattern that makes the scarf, lightweight, but warm. The high quality Merino wool is so soft and cozy.
KPM, Berlin, Teller, Wandteller, Prunkteller, Sammelteller, cabinet plate, charger, Antoine Watteau, Watteauszene, Galantes Paar, Rokoko, Durchbruch, www.kabelitz-porzellan.de
Built in 1896/97, the architect was Ewan Harper. His openwork spire is very much a local landmark and icon. Following the discovery of dry rot, the church closed for worship in 2009 when the congregation joined with the Parish Church of St Luke's to form a Local Ecumenical Partnership known as The Bridge Church. (See previous postings)
In 2014 the building was sold and is now subject to a planning application to demolish and replace it with a residential development. It is hoped that a campaign, led by the Victorian Society, will be able to save the tower and/or the spire.
www.worcesteranddudleyhistoricchurches.org.uk/index.php?p...
Series of historical planes on the parapet of Anamori-bashi again.
These two planes make one picture, since they are the first powered aircrafts flew in Japan. Each name comes from the person's name who built it: Henry Farman and Hans Grade. They were aviation pioneers in France and Germany, respectively.
In 1910, Japanese army sent two persons to France and Germany. Their mission was to learn how to fly an aircraft. They returned with planes, and performed first flight in Japan. It was 1910 December 19th. Just 7 years after Wright Flyer.
Eastgate is a permanently open gate through the Chester city walls, on the site of the original entrance to the Roman fortress of Deva Victrix in Chester, Cheshire, England. It is a prominent landmark in the city of Chester and the Eastgate clock on top of it is said to be the most photographed clock in England after Big Ben.
The original gate was guarded by a timber tower which was replaced by a stone tower in the 2nd century, and this in turn was replaced probably in the 14th century. The present gateway dates from 1768 and is a three-arched sandstone structure which carries the walkway forming part of Chester city walls. In 1899 a clock was added to the top of the gateway to celebrate the diamond jubilee of Queen Victoria two years earlier. It is carried on openwork iron pylons, has a clock face on all four sides, and a copper ogee cupola. The clock was designed by the Chester architect John Douglas. The whole structure, gateway and clock, was designated as a Grade I listed building on 28 July 1955.
Eastgate
History
Chester was first established as a Roman fortress and town, known as Deva Victrix, in about AD 74 or 75. The fortress was in the shape of a rectangle with rounded corners. This was protected by a turf and earth rampart on which was a timber palisade, and outside this was a V-shaped ditch. On each of the sides was a gate; the gate on the east side has survived as the Eastgate. It was defended by a timber tower. The road running through the gate led to Manchester, then across the Pennines to York. It is thought that outside the fortress this road was lined by timber buildings that were used as shops or for other kinds of commercial activities. Just outside the gate, to the north, was a large open area used as a parade ground.[2] From about AD 100 the defences of the fortress were reinforced by a sandstone wall and at this time the gates and their towers were rebuilt in stone.
In 907 the Saxon kings of Wessex refounded Chester as a burh. It is likely that at this time the Roman Eastgate was still present. By the medieval period the Eastgate was the most important entrance to the city. The Roman Eastgate had been replaced but the date of the replacement is not known. Its design was possibly influenced by Caernarvon Castle, which makes the early 14th century the most likely date for its construction. It consisted of a tall rectangular tower with octagonal corner turrets. At its flanks were lower towers that also had octagonal turrets. During an excavation in 1971 a portion of the northern flanking turret was found, consisting of cream-coloured sandstone (in contrast to the red sandstone normally used in Chester).
Outside the Eastgate, excavations in 1991 revealed the presence of three ditches. The ditch made during the Saxon period was wide but shallow, being only a little over 3 feet (1 m) in depth. It had been filled with rubble and masonry. The next ditch was deeper, 7.5 feet (2 m) deep, and this may have been constructed when the new Eastgate was built, probably in the 14th century. The third ditch was built during the later medieval period, probably to assist with drainage. The two later ditches were later used for the disposal of rubbish and became waterlogged, so that they contained organic materials that do not normally survive well in Chester.
By the 18th century the city walls were no longer needed for defensive purposes and so, rather than being pulled down, they were converted into walkways. The medieval gateways were obstructing the traffic into the city and were replaced by wider-arched gateways with balustraded parapets. The first gateway to be replaced was Eastgate in 1768, which was rebuilt as an "elegant arch". It was built at the expense of Richard Grosvenor, 1st Earl Grosvenor, and designed by Mr Hayden (or Heyden), the earl's surveyor of buildings.
Architecture
Eastgate is built in red sandstone and consists of a wide central arch, with rusticated jambs and voussoirs, and a small pedestrian arch on each side. On the inner keystone are the arms of the county palatine, a sword of justice and three sheaves. On this side of the gateway is a frieze-band with an inscription reading "THIS GATE BEGUN MDCCLXVIII JOHN KELSAL ESQ. MAYOR: FINISHED MDCCLXIX CHA. BOSWELL ESQ. MAYOR". The outer keystone has the arms of Richard Grosvenor with the motto "NOBILITATE VIRTUS NON STEMMA CHARACTER". The frieze-band inscription reads "ERECTED AT THE EXPENCE OF RICHARD LORD GROSVENOR A:D:MDCCLXIX". The walkway that forms part of the circuit of the city walls crosses the top of Eastgate, which is surmounted by the Victorian clock.
History
The first scheme to enhance Eastgate came following the visit of the Prince of Wales to the city in 1869. In 1872 Hugh Grosvenor, who was at that time the 3rd Marquess of Westminster, asked the local architect John Douglas to prepare a number of designs. The Marquess offered to pay half the cost of the project but the Chester Improvement Committee would not allow any council funds for it, and the scheme came to nothing. The idea was revived to celebrate the diamond jubilee of Queen Victoria in 1896. At this time the 1st Duke of Westminster suggested that the city should support Queen Victoria's Jubilee Institute of Nurses. Other ideas suggested at the time were a statue of Queen Victoria in the Town Hall square, or a clock in the Town Hall tower.
A committee was set up and, despite early support for the Queen's Institute and for general festivities, it was finally decided to erect a memorial tower and clock on Eastgate. John Douglas was again invited to prepare a design. His first design was for a stone structure costing £1,000 (equivalent to £121,000 in 2021). However, a wooden model showed that this would restrict the daylight to the neighbouring properties. In October 1897 a meeting of the subscribers to the fund (who had by that time raised nearly £651 (equivalent to £79,000 in 2021) carried a motion to erect a light iron-work structure containing a clock. John Douglas prepared a new design, which was approved in March 1898.
The clock's faces and mechanism were paid for by Edward Evans-Lloyd, a local solicitor and freeman of the city, while the cost of the tower was financed by public subscription, and the city corporation were to pay for its subsequent maintenance. The clock mechanism was made in 1897 by J. B. Joyce & Company of Whitchurch, Shropshire, who until 1974 supplied a technician to travel to Chester each week to wind it. The cast iron inscriptions on the clock were made by the Coalbrookdale Iron Company. The ironwork for the tower was made by the firm of James Swindley of Handbridge; James Swindley was John Douglas's cousin. The official opening of the clock was performed on 27 May 1899, Queen Victoria's 80th birthday.
After souvenir-hunters stole the hands of the clock, the city council glazed the clock faces in 1988. In 1992 an electric mechanism replaced the original wind-up mechanism. In 1996 the clock faces were restored with their original colours. It is said to be the most photographed clock in England after Big Ben.
Architecture
The clock has a face on each of its four sides, and is supported on an open-work wrought iron pavilion on pylons with a round arch on each side. Its plinth is inscribed on each face. The inscription on the east side reads "THIS CLOCK TOWER WAS ERECTED IN COMMEMORATION OF THE 60TH YEAR OF THE REIGN OF VICTORIA, QUEEN AND EMPRESS", on the west side "ANTIQUI COLANT ANTIQUUM DIERUM: B.C. ROBERTS, MAYOR 1897; J.C. HOLMES, MAYOR 1898", on the south side "THIS CLOCK WAS ERECTED BY EDWARD EVANS-LLOYD CITIZEN AND FREEMAN 1897", and on the north side "ERECTED BY PUBLIC SUBSCRIPTION & COMPLETED A.D. 1899 H. STOLTEFORTH MAYOR". Beneath each clock face in gilt is the date 1897, and above each face, again in gilt, the initials "VR". Over the clock is a copper ogee cupola which is surmounted by a weather vane with lions rampant or on gules background.
Chester is a cathedral city and the county town of Cheshire, England, on the River Dee, close to the England-Wales border. With a population of 79,645 in 2011, it is the most populous settlement of Cheshire West and Chester (a unitary authority which had a population of 329,608 in 2011) and serves as its administrative headquarters. It is also the historic county town of Cheshire and the second-largest settlement in Cheshire after Warrington.
Chester was founded in 79 AD as a "castrum" or Roman fort with the name Deva Victrix during the reign of Emperor Vespasian. One of the main army camps in Roman Britain, Deva later became a major civilian settlement. In 689, King Æthelred of Mercia founded the Minster Church of West Mercia, which later became Chester's first cathedral, and the Angles extended and strengthened the walls to protect the city against the Danes. Chester was one of the last cities in England to fall to the Normans, and William the Conqueror ordered the construction of a castle to dominate the town and the nearby Welsh border. Chester was granted city status in 1541.
The city walls of Chester are some of the best-preserved in the country and have Grade I listed status. It has a number of medieval buildings, but many of the black-and-white buildings within the city centre are Victorian restorations, originating from the Black-and-white Revival movement. Apart from a 100-metre (330 ft) section, the walls are almost complete. The Industrial Revolution brought railways, canals, and new roads to the city, which saw substantial expansion and development; Chester Town Hall and the Grosvenor Museum are examples of Victorian architecture from this period. Tourism, the retail industry, public administration, and financial services are important to the modern economy. Chester signs itself as Chester International Heritage City on road signs on the main roads entering the city.
The history of Chester extends back nearly two millennia, covering all periods of British history in between then and the present day. The city of Chester was founded as a fort, known as Deva Vitrix, by the Romans in AD 70s, as early as AD 74 based on discovered lead pipes. The city was the scene of battles between warring Welsh and Saxon kingdoms throughout the post-Roman years until the Saxons strengthened the fort against raiding Danes.
Following the Norman Conquest in 1066, Chester came under the Earl of Chester. It became a centre of the defence against Welsh raiders and a launch point for raids on Ireland.
The city grew as a trading port until the power of the Port of Liverpool overtook it. However the city did not decline and during the Georgian and Victorian periods was seen as a place of escape from the more industrial cities of Manchester and Liverpool.
Roman
The Romans founded Chester as Deva Victrix in AD 70s in the land of the Celtic Cornovii, according to ancient cartographer Ptolemy, as a fortress during the Roman expansion north.
It was named Deva either after the goddess of the Dee, or directly from the British name for the river. The 'victrix' part of the name was taken from the title of the Legio XX Valeria Victrix who were based at Deva. A civilian settlement grew around the settlement, probably starting as a group of traders and their families who were profiting from trade with the fortress. The fortress was 20% larger than other fortresses in Britannia built around the same time at York (Eboracum) and Caerleon (Isca Augusta); this has led to the suggestion that the fortress may have been intended to become the capital of the province rather than London (Londinium).
The civilian amphitheatre which was built in 1st century could sit between 8,000 and 10,000 people, is the largest known military amphitheatre in Britain, and is also a Scheduled Monument. The Minerva Shrine in the Roman quarry is the only rock cut Roman shrine still in situ in Britain. The fortress was garrisoned by the legion until at least the late 4th century. Although the army would have abandoned the fortress by 410 when the Romans retreated from Britannia the civilians settlement continued and its occupants probably continued to use the fortress and its defences as protection from raiders in the Irish Sea.
Sub-Roman and Saxon period
The Roman withdrawal from Britain was effectively complete by 410 and the Britons established a number of successor states. The area of Chester is thought to have formed part of the kingdom of Powys, whose early kings claimed descent from the exile Vortigern. Chester is generally identified with the Cair Legion ("Fort Legion") listed as one of the 28 cities of Britain in the History of the Britons traditionally attributed to Nennius. In Welsh legend, King Arthur is said to have fought his ninth battle against the Saxon invasion at the "city of the legions" and later St Augustine came to the city to try and subjugate the Welsh bishops to his mission. In 616, Æthelfrith of Northumbria defeated a Welsh army at the Battle of Chester and probably established the Anglo-Saxon position in the area from then on.
The Anglo-Saxons adopted the native name as the calque Legeceaster, which over time was shortened to Ceaster and finally corrupted to Chester. In 689, King Æthelred of Mercia founded the Minster Church of West Mercia on what is considered to be an early Christian site and known as the Minster of St John the Baptist, Chester (now St John the Baptist's Church), which later became the city's first cathedral. In the 9th century, the body of Æthelred's niece, St Werburgh was removed from Hanbury in Staffordshire; in order to save its desecration by Danish marauders, she was reburied in the Church of SS Peter & Paul—later to become the Abbey Church and present cathedral. Her name is still remembered by the St Werburgh's Street which passes beside the cathedral. The Saxons extended and strengthened the city walls to protect the city against the Danes, who occupied it for a short time until Alfred seized all the cattle and laid waste the surrounding land to drive them out. In fact it was Alfred's daughter Æthelfleda, "Lady of the Mercians", who rebuilt the Saxon burh. In 907, she dedicated a new church to St Peter.
The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records that, in 973, King Edgar came to Chester following his coronation at Bath. He held his court in a place located in what is now called "Edgar's Field", near the old Dee bridge in Handbridge. Taking a barge up the River Dee from his court to the Minster of St John the Baptist, Edgar supposedly took the helm of the vessel while it was rowed by six or eight tributary "kings" (Latin: reguli, lit. "little kings").
The Chronicles of Melrose and of Florence of Worcester describe that "eight petty kings, namely, Kynath, king of the Scots, Malcolm, king of the Cumbrians, Maccus, king of several isles and five others, named Dufnall, Siferth, Huwall, Jacob and Juchill, met him there as he had appointed and swore that they would be faithful to him, and assist him by land and by sea".
After the kings swore fealty and allegiance they rowed him back to the palace. As he entered he is reported to have said that with so many kings' allegiance his successors could boast themselves to be kings of the English.
Middle Ages
After the 1066 Norman Conquest and the Harrying of the North, the Normans took Chester, destroying 200 houses in the city. Hugh d'Avranches, the first Norman earl (it was first given to a Fleming, Gherbod, who never took up residence but returned to Flanders where he was captured, and later killed) was William's nephew. He built a motte and bailey near the river, as another defence from the Celts. It is now known as Chester Castle and was rebuilt in stone by Henry III in 1245, after the last of six Norman earls died without issue.
Chester's earls were a law unto themselves. They kept huge hunting forests - Hugo was said to have 'preferred falconers and huntsmen to the cultivators of the soil', and Ranulf I converted the Wirral farmlands into another hunting forest. Before Ranulph, Hugo's son had inherited at the age of seven but died in the White Ship, along with the king's heir, William, on his way to England from France, where he was educated under the guardianship of Henry I. Earl Ranulf II, Ranulph's son, even helped to capture King Stephen in 1140, and ended up controlling a third of England after supporting Henry II's claim to the throne.
Other earls were Hugh II, Ranulf III and John the Scot. The traditional independence that Chester had under the earls was confirmed by a charter of Richard II in 1398 stating that 'the said county of Chester shall be the principality of Chester'. The earls are remembered with their shields on the suspension bridge over the river Dee, and again on the Grosvenor Park lodge.
The first earl had endowed a great Benedictine monastery dedicated to Saint Werburgh in 1092 (on the site of the church of dedicated to St Peter and St Paul). The monastery was dissolved under Henry VIII in 1540 and was rededicated to Christ and the Blessed Virgin Mary to become Chester Cathedral. Previously, the first Chester Cathedral was begun in 1075 by the first Norman Bishop of Mercia, Peter de Leya after the See was moved from Lichfield in Chester. De Leya's successor moved the See to Coventry and it later returned to Lichfield. St John's became the co-Cathedral and Collegiate Church.
There is a popular belief that it was the silting of the River Dee that created the land which is now Chester's racecourse (known as the Roodee), on which a stone cross still stands which is said to have been erected in memory of Lady Trawst who died as a result of an image of the Virgin Mary called Holy Rood falling upon her in Hawarden church a few miles down the river). But the Roodee was in existence as early as the 13th and 14th centuries, so it cannot have been created by later silting. The silting which led to the creation of the Roodee, in its current form, is well established on a sequence of post-medieval maps dating from the later 16th century. It has also been established by archaeological evaluations and excavations in the area of the Old Port, known as the Roodee tail. Physical evidence for the silting of this area of the city is shown by the building of the 14th-century port watch tower, now known as the Water Tower, which projects from the north-west corner of the city walls. This tower was originally built out into the river. Maps of the 16th century, its archaeological form and related documentary evidence all demonstrate this.
Despite stories to the contrary, the weir above the Old Dee Bridge was not built by the Romans but by Hugh Lupus, Earl of Chester between 1077 and 1101 to hold water for his river mills. The purpose of the weir on the river was to keep water levels high for these mills, one of which gave rise to the traditional song "Miller of Dee", which reflects the attitude of the happy miller who was granted a monopoly on grinding. It also prevents the salty tidal waters from entering the Dee fresh water basin.
Chester's port flourished under Norman rule. In 1195 a monk, Lucian, wrote 'ships from Aquitaine, Spain, Ireland and Germany unload their cargoes of wine and other merchandise'. In fact wine was imported through only four other English ports. During the 13th century Chester was famous for its fur trade and even by the mid-16th century the port was importing large amounts of fur and skins. In 1543 one ship alone brought in '1600 shhep fells, 68 dere, 69 fawne skins and 6300 broke (badger skins)' .
However the estuary was silting up so that trading ships to the port of Chester had to harbour downstream at Neston, Parkgate, and "Hoyle Lake" or Hoylake.
Chester's first known mayor was William the Clerk. The second known mayor was Walter of Coventry, who served between 1241 and 1245. The town's third mayor was Walter de Livet (Levett) who was named as mayor in a royal decree from May 1246. (Walter of Coventry and Walter de Livet may be the same person.) During early Chester history, the mayor often held his position for 10 years or more; apparently the early mayor's terms were open-ended.
Tudor and Stuart times
Originally the port was located to the north of the Watergate just below the city wall. To the south of the Watergate the Roodee existed in smaller form than today. The map sequence shows the river moving its course from against the wall north of the Watergate out to its current location between 1580 and approximately the 1830s. By the first edition OS map the river had reached its current position. However, it is apparent that some rivulets and inlets have been lost since, although some have been identified in archaeological work on the site of the former House of Industry and Gasworks.
In September 1642 tension between King Charles I and Parliament was growing and civil war looked like it might be a possibility. Charles visited Chester and ensured the election of pro-royalist mayor William Ince. In March 1643, leading Chester royalist Francis Gamull was commissioned to raise a regiment of foot to defend the city. Colonel Robert Ellis, an experienced soldier, was asked to construct outer defences to the city. A series of earthworks were constructed around the city from Boughton through Hoole and Newton to the Water Tower. The earthworks consisted of a ditch and mud wall with a series of 'mounts' or gun platforms were added along with turnpike gates on incoming roads.
Parliamentary forces began to lay siege to the city of Chester. In the early morning of 20 September 1645, parliamentary forces overran the eastern earthworks at the Boughton turnpike and captured the east suburbs of the city up to the walls. They began to construct cannon batteries within range of the city.
A cannon battery placed in St John's churchyard breached the city walls on 22 September near the Roman amphitheatre. A hole some 25 feet wide was made with thirty-two cannon shots. Following the breach an attempt was made to storm the city, but the defenders repelled the charge. According to an account at the time by Lord Byron, the breach was stopped up with woolpacks and featherbeds from all parts of the town. One can see to this day the repairs made to the wall, the section of which is next to the Roman Gardens (see photo below).
On the evening of 23 September 1645, King Charles I entered the City of Chester with 600 men via the Old Dee Bridge. He stayed the night at Sir Francis Gamull's house on Bridge Street. Also during the evening Sydenham Poyntz, a Parliamentarian in pursuit of the King's forces, entered Whitchurch (15 miles to the south) with 3000 horse. A battle looked likely.
Later that evening the King became aware of Poyntz's movements, as a messenger was intercepted at Holt. A decision was made to send out Lord Gerrard's horse troops and five hundred foot soldiers in the morning.
On the morning of 24 September 1645 the Battle of Rowton Heath occurred in moor land called Miller's Heath near the village of Rowton, two miles to the south east of Chester on the modern A41 road. Parliamentary forces crushed the Royalist loyal Cavaliers. The city was under siege at the time by the Parliamentary army. Royalist forces were coming to lift the siege and join up with Scottish allies, but were intercepted by Parliamentary Forces outside Chester.
The engagement lasted all day starting at 9am and continued throughout the day in three stages as Royalists were pushed back towards the City and its walls. The battle was mainly conducted on horseback with musketeers supporting the cavalry's flanks. As the battle went on into the afternoon, more troops were ordered to march out of the Northgate in support of the Royalists on Rowton Moor, but this decision was too late—the battle was already lost.
As the fighting reached the suburbs it was watched by King Charles I and Sir Francis Gamull from Chester's Phoenix Tower (now also called King Charles' Tower) on the city walls. The King quickly withdrew to the Cathedral tower, but even this was not safe, as the captain standing next to him was shot in the head by musket fire from the victorious Parliamentarians who took residence in the St John's Church tower.
The battle cost the lives of 600 Royalists and an unknown number of Parliamentarians. Among the Royalist dead was Lord Bernard Stuart (1622–1645) Earl of Lichfield, the king's cousin. His portrait is displayed in the National Gallery.
Also slain at the same time was William Lawes (1602–1645) a noted English composer and musician. He was buried in Chester Cathedral without a memorial. He was remembered by the king as the 'Father of Musick' and his portrait as a cavalier hangs in the Faculty of Music at Oxford.
Today there is a small memorial to the battle in the village of Rowton. It consists of a brief history and a battle plan of field at the time.
The next day the king slipped out of Chester and crossed the Old Dee Bridge en route to Denbigh. He left instructions for the city to hold out for 10 days more.
By 1646, after having refused to surrender nine times and with Lord Byron at the head of the city's defences, having only spring water and boiled wheat for lunch — the citizens (17,000) had already eaten their dogs — a treaty was signed. The mills and the waterworks lay in ruins. When the exultant Puritan forces were let loose on the city, despite the treaty, they destroyed religious icons including the high cross, which was not erected again for over three centuries. In 1646 King Charles I was proclaimed a traitor beside its base.
Worse was to come. The starved citizens then bore the full brunt of the plague, with 2099 people dead from the summer of 1647 to the following spring.
In 1643 Sir Richard Grosvenor petitioned the Assembly to enclose the Row which ran through the front of his town house on Lower Bridge Street, and his request was granted. At the time he was employed in the Royalist army as a Commander. Some speculate that perhaps the room was being used to organise the Royalist Resistance in Chester. In the years after the war, people further down the street also asked for the Row to be enclosed. Eventually Lower Bridge Street lost its rows. The only trace can now be found at number 11.
Most of Chester was rebuilt after the Civil War. There are many fine half-timbered houses dating from this time still standing today.
Chester port declined with most of the ships going from the colonies now going to Liverpool, although it was still the major port of passenger embarkation for Ireland until the early 19th century. A new port was established on the Wirral called Parkgate, but this also fell out of use. The road to the port of Chester was called the 'Great Irish Road' and ran from Bristol to Chester.
Georgian and Victorian eras
The port declined seriously from 1762 onwards. By 1840 it could no longer effectively compete with Liverpool as a port, although significant shipbuilding and ropemaking continued at Chester. It was once thought that Chester's maritime trade was brought to an end by the silting of the River Dee, although recent research has shown this was not the case. It was the use of larger ocean-going ships that led to the diversion of the trade to the relatively young town of Liverpool and other locations on the River Mersey, which had long been rivals to Chester, such as Runcorn.
In the Georgian era, Chester became again a centre of affluence, a town with elegant terraces where the landed aristocracy lived. This trend continued into the Industrial Revolution, when the city was populated with the upper classes in fleeing to a safe distance from the industrial sprawls of Manchester and Liverpool.
Edmund Halley (of comet fame) was the deputy controller of Chester Castle for a short time and on 10 May 1697 recorded a fall of one inch hailstones in the area. William Molyneux was in exile here from Ireland in 1691 and was working on his book Dioptrics published in London the following year.
The Industrial Revolution brought the Chester Canal (now part of the Shropshire Union Canal) to the city (which was dubbed 'England's first unsuccessful canal', after its failure to bring heavy industry to Chester) as well as railways and two large central stations, only one of which remains. The building of the route to Holyhead involved one particularly notable tragedy, when a cast iron bridge over the river Dee just by the Roodee race course, collapsed. The Dee bridge disaster sent shock waves through the whole nation because there were many other bridges of similar design on the growing national rail network. Robert Stephenson was the engineer to the new line, and he came in for heavy criticism at the inquest held locally. The design was faulty, and many other bridges had to be demolished or replaced. In an attempt to strengthen the brittle cast iron girders of the bridge, Stephenson added tough wrought iron straps along the length of the spans, but, far from improving the structure, added little or no extra strength. A Royal Commission was set up to investigate the problem, and they confirmed the conclusions of the Railway Inspectorate that the design was wrong.
A leadworks was established by the canal in 1799; its shot tower, which was used for making lead shot for the Napoleonic Wars, is the oldest remaining shot tower in the UK.
The Ruskinian Venetian Gothic Town Hall was ceremoniously opened by Prince of Wales in 1869; its design, following a public competition held to replace the Exchange building, which had stood at the centre of Northgate Street until it burnt down in 1862, was by William Henry Lynn (1829–1915) an Irish architect with a practice in Belfast. Along with the Cathedral Church of Christ & the Blessed Virgin Mary, it still dominates the city skyline. The Volunteer Street drill hall was completed in 1868. The three clock faces were added in 1980.
The Eastgate clock was also built at this time, and is a central feature as it crosses Eastgate street, and is part of the city walls. The clock is very popular with tourists, and this has given it the grand title of the second most photographed clock in the UK (perhaps even the World) after Big Ben.
Sword-guard (Tsuba 鍔)
Japanese, Momoyama Period, 16th century
Inscribed by Joka
Openwork design of snow and bamboo
here you can see how the skein ended up whiter on the top half and greener on the bottom half. see other photo for other details. 1 of 3.
Van Rijckevorsel commissioned the Belgian painter Fernand Khnopff to paint portraits of himself and his wife Maria, the artist’s aunt. The poetic quality of Khnopff’s paintings had won him popularity as a portraitist among the Brussels bourgeoisie in 1888. From the correspondence about the commission, it appears that Khnopff chose these openwork frames, inspired by Renaissance models, himself.
Complimentary Headshots at Openworks Resource Fair for displaced government employees, April 25, 2025
Moscow. Gorky Park. «Openwork arbor»
Peeped scenes (street photo)
Photo from a series: «Lomography».
Variations on a theme «...with a film across Moscow»
Camera: «Diana F+ 35mm Back»
Film: Fujifilm Superia X-Tra 400 ISO (expired film, the shelf life is ended 11.2006)
Scanned copy of the original negative + minimal changes in the level and contrast (photo editor LightRoom 5). Color correction, noise filtering (grain) and other manipulation of the image is not carried out. In the «as-is»
Scanner: Epson perfection 4870 (4800 dpi; 3,8 D; 48 bit), function Digital Ice when scanning is disabled.
It is said to have been erected in 1980 and if that is true it shows that midcentury modern design trends were super delayed in reaching Keyser, West Virginia, right? In most parts of the U.S. that style of concrete openwork on the balcony railings was super unfashionable by 1980, right?
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In downtown Keyser, West Virginia, on June 29th, 2019, the backside of an apartment building as viewed from the west side of North Water Street, south of Armstrong Street.
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Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names terms:
• Keyser (2118817)
• Mineral (county) (2002279)
Art & Architecture Thesaurus terms:
• apartment houses (300005707)
• concrete blocks (300374976)
• Mid-Century Modernist (300343610)
• openwork (300253899)
• rear (300010287)
• recessed balconies (300375745)
Wikidata items:
• 29 June 2019 (Q57350255)
• 1980 in architecture (Q2812782)
• 1980s in architecture (Q11185955)
• Cumberland, MD-WV Metropolitan Statistical Area (Q5193813)
• Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia (Q1923612)
• June 29 (Q2659)
• June 2019 (Q47087599)
Disney Frozen Snowflake Openwork Silver Charm With Cubic Charm - PANDORA
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Handknit in soft black merino wool in a drop stitch pattern, this is a very soft and wearable scarf that will last a lifetime.
In downtown Nashville, Tennessee, on March 3rd, 2014, the south side of a parking garage apparently known as the "4th & Commerce Garage" or the "SunTrust Parking Garage," said to have been erected in 1960, at the northeast corner of Commerce Street and 4th Avenue North.
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Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names terms:
• Nashville-Davidson (7013959)
Art & Architecture Thesaurus terms:
• allover patterns (300010143)
• architectural ornament (300378995)
• concrete (300010737)
• geometric patterns (300165213)
• Mid-Century Modernist (300343610)
• openwork (300253899)
• parking garages (300007807)
• screen façades (300130953)
• trees (300132410)
• X-shaped (300378882)
Wikidata items:
• 3 March 2014 (Q17932658)
• 1960s architecture (Q7160120)
• Buildings and structures completed in 1960 (Q8318741)
• March 3 (Q2391)
• March 2014 (Q7131137)
• ornamental tree (Q33249028)
Library of Congress Subject Headings:
• Concrete construction (sh85030704)
• Defoliation (sh85036462)
• Grids (Crisscross patterns) (sh2006005408)
Gold openwork, scepter cup with engraved and openwork design of gods and animals. Chimu, 900 AD - 1470 AD, North Coast Peru. From the Dumbarton Oaks Museum, Washington, DC, USA. Special Exhibit, Golden Kingdoms: Luxury and Legacy in the Ancient Americas. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, New York, USA. Copyright 2018, James A. Glazier.
Coffin of the Lady of the House, Weretwahset, Reinscribed for Bensuipet Containing Face Mask and Openwork Body Covering
In this coffin set, Weretwahset combined the lid with the usually separate piece called the mummy board. A coffin lid is generally decorated to present the deceased as Osiris. Here, instead, the deceased wears a dress she would have worn in life—an image that more often formed the decoration for the mummy board, which would have rested inside the coffin and on top of the mummy.
Bensuipet erased Weretwahset’s name from the side of the coffin and added her own, about two hundred years after Weretwahset died. Bensuipet also added the mask and body cover, perhaps from another coffin set.
o Medium: Wood, painted (fragments a, b); Cartonnage, wood (fragment c; cartonnage (fragment d)
o Dates: ca. 1292-1190 B.C.E.
o Dynasty: early XIX Dynasty
o Period: New Kingdom
This necklace is an exquisite layering piece for your summer jewelry wardrobe, featuring a sterling silver openwork rose pendant (1.5" x .6" / 3.8cm x 1.6cm) suspended between strong sterling silver cable chain. A bead-flanked lobster clasp offers unity.
Early C12 nave, chancel added C13, alterations in C14, tower and nave heightened mid C15. Restored c1858 by G.E.Street and south-east chapel added; further restoration 1880s. Coursed and dressed stone, stone slate roof to chancel and chapel, nave roof not visible. Nave and chancel with central tower, north and south porches, south-east chapel. Large tower of 3 stages with offsets and stepped diagonal buttresses rising to crocketed pinnacles and openwork parapet. Three-light belfry openings on each side with stone mullions and arched hoodmould with carved stops; middle stage has small single light with square hoodmould below a square framed with 3 concave moulded lights, centre one blind; lowest stage has very large 4-light windows to north and south with king mullion, 2 transoms and Perpendicular tracery and single-light over to south, niche to north. Clock face on north side of tower. Nave retains deeply splayed round arch single-lights of Norman period and zig-zag moulded string course below additional Decorated windows added in C14. Clerestorey of mid C15 has three 3-light cusped trefoil-head windows with square hoodmould and string course with grotesques. North porch has Norman doorway with chevron arch and carved shafts, porch itself of early C16 with ogee-headed niche an) flanking crocketed pinnacles on east wall, a typical feature of the area, and 4-centred archway with concave mouldings and angel shields below gable rebuilt in late C19. South porch said to contain equally fine Norman doorway but inaccessible at time of survey (March 1985). Chancel of late C13/early C14 has 3-light trefoil-head lancet with cusped sexfoil at east end, north side fills 3-light Decorated window with reticulated tracery and small blocked trefoil-head doorway. Chapel by Street of 1858 has two 3-light with reticulated tracery on south side.
Interior: 8 bay nave roof with 3 tiers of arched wind bracing, corbels for rood screen at east end of nave. Tower has doorway in north-west corner, lierne vault decorated in heraldry in 1862 and stone seats around side walls. Fine stained glass by Kempe in north window. Chancel has wagon roof, with painted ciborium probably of same date as tower decoration, plaster has been removed from walls in chancel, probably when 2-bay arcade opened up by Street to form south chapel. Large Perpendicular tomb on north wall with 2 mutilated seated figures and recumbent effigy probably of earlier date. Pulpit by Street, with marble painted over, choir stalls with fanning leaf finials also by Street.
Sundial, 1815, plate by T. Pritt, dated 1815. Stone, with brass plate and gnomon. Base of two circular stone steps, square plinth, octagonal column, with circular moulded capital and top; plate engraved on inner ring 'T PRITT FECIT' with '1815' below and J. PEMBERTON) T. HOLME) I. CLIFF) CHURCHWARDENS D.MOSS) Gnomon of cast openwork. Grade 2 (1)
www.ravelry.com/projects/indigoyarn/silverwater-scarf
I designed this pattern myself, I hope to have it ready for testing sometime this weekend!
another view of ladies' nightgowns, this is more current to the play
less fullness in the hem as in earlier nightgown
there is also more horizontal detail in the lace at the neckline
i like the idea of more lace around the neckline, kind of adds to the transparency of layers next to her body
also, the openwork of the lace looks less solid and less stable that actual fabric
white of course
The Pulpit (north side of chancel arch): The upper openwork arcade displays the carved heads of the Apostles in its spandrels.
Designed by G E Street, and carved by T W Earp of Kennington Road, it was exhibited at the Great London Exposition (International Exhibition) of 1862 in South Kensington.
Silver openwork, scepter cups with engraved and openwork design of gods and animals. Chimu, 900 AD - 1470 AD, North Coast Peru. From the Dumbarton Oaks Museum, Washington, DC, USA. Special Exhibit, Golden Kingdoms: Luxury and Legacy in the Ancient Americas. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, New York, USA. Copyright 2018, James A. Glazier.
Crocheted in soft and warm Merino wool and handspun wool singles. Openwork stripes of pink and gray with a simple tie closure brings back the look of the 1950's.
Haute couture Spring/Summer 1997 collection ("Les Insectes")
Suit with tulle openwork
"Insect" helmet and glasses
(From the Brooklyn Museum)
Myer Myers
American, 1723-1795
Pair of finials for a Torah scroll
New York
about 1766-76
Silver, brass, gilt silver
Among the rarest works of American silver, characterized by brilliant openwork and exuberant shapes, these finials for a Torah scroll are masterpieces of the new York silversmith Myer Myers. Since before the Revolution, they have been associated with Congregation Jeshuat Israel of Newport, Rhode Island, whose 1763 building, Touro Synagogue, is the oldest synagogue in the United states still in use. George Washington recognized Newport as a beacon of religious tolerance in a letter he sent to the Hebrew Congregation there in 1790. Washington elaborated on the inspiring words penned by Moses Seixas, the synagogue's warden, describing the young nation as having a government "which gives to bigotry no sanction, to persecution no assistance." These finials stand as witnesses to the ideal of religious freedom in America.
The Torah Scroll and its Finials
The Torah is composed of the first five books of the Bible (the Pentateuch), and Torah scrolls are the holiest objects in the Jewish faith, handwritten on parchment prepared according to the rules of kosher practice. Called rimmonim (Hebrew for pomegranates), finials are traditional ornaments for Torah scroll rollers. These finials called attention to every movement of the scroll within the synagogue, as the shining silver and gilding caught the light and the eye, and the tinkling of bells focused the attention of the congregation. The form has been used for centuries and evokes the Biblical description of the pillars of the Temple of Jerusalem, decorated with pomegranates as symbols of fruitfulness. Myer Myers, who was Jewish, based his designs on European Torah finials, creating among the earliest and rarest examples of Jewish ceremonial art in America. Around 1769, Jewish merchant Aaron Lopez ordered a pair of mahogany staves for a Torah from the Newport cabinetmaker John Goddard, perhaps for these very finials.
PANDORA Shimmering Sentiments Openwork Silver Charm
Colour: No Colour Material: No other material Metal: Sterling silver Stone: Cubic Zirconia Celebrate romance and femininity with this gorgeous openwork charm by PANDORA, delicately created from a row of hand-finished, stone-embellished sterling silver bows. Style it with matching bow jewellery to accentuate the look.
Special Price: £25.98 Buy now: www.pandorasale2012.com/pandora-silver-charms.html