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The oculus is the Pantheon's only source of light and its not covered. When it rains, the Pantheon gets wet inside.
Dome of the Pantheon.
The dome weighs nearly 5000 tons and and is made of concrete,and is still world's largest unreinforced concrete dome, Its142 feet in diameter and 142 feet high, the oculus in the center is 30 feet across
Photographed in the World Trade Centre site at the Oculus Shopping and transportation centre in Manhattan, New York City, NY, USA.
... die Haupthalle des neuen Bahnhofs World-Trade-Center-Transportation-Hub. Die Baukosten des gesamten Bahnhofes beliefen sich auf etwa 4 Milliarden US-Dollar und er war damit zum Zeitpunkt seiner Inbetriebnahme der teuerste Bahnhof, der jemals weltweit errichtet wurde.
Photographer: Mohamed Baouch - All rights reserved © 2018
The City of New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2017 population of 8,622,698 distributed over a land area of about 784 km2, New York City is also the most densely populated major city in the United States and is the largest metropolitan area in the world by urban landmass.
We were in New York City for the 2017 Photo Expo and decided to check out the $4 BILLION transportation hub called "The Oculus". Formally, it's known as "The World Trade Center Transportation Hub".
Workers begin preparations to install a new oculus in the Rotunda as part of continuing renovations.
Lincoln School of Media Degree Show 2014. A progressive diary of photos exploring students work ranging from interactive projection mapping to radio dramas.
Photographed in the World Trade Centre site at the Oculus Shopping and transportation centre in Manhattan, New York City, NY, USA.
Gargoyle with mouth open above oculus window on top of Building 45th Street between 7th and 8th Avenue in Theater District - New York City 2011 NYC Baron Munchausen type mask face Booth Theatre
We were in New York City for the 2017 Photo Expo and decided to check out the $4 BILLION transportation hub called "The Oculus". Formally, it's known as "The World Trade Center Transportation Hub".
Rotunda
South east view of the Pantheon from Piazza della Minerva, 2006.
The 4,535 metric tons (4,999 short tons) weight of the Roman concrete dome is concentrated on a ring of voussoirs 9.1 metres (30 ft) in diameter which form the oculus while the downward thrust of the dome is carried by eight barrel vaults in the 6.4 metres (21 ft) thick drum wall into eight piers. The thickness of the dome varies from 6.4 metres (21 ft) at the base of the dome to 1.2 metres (3.9 ft) around the oculus. No tensile test results are available on the concrete used in the Pantheon; however Cowan discussed tests on ancient concrete from Roman ruins in Libya which gave a compressive strength of 2.8 ksi (20 MPa). An empirical relationship gives a tensile strength of 213 psi (1.47 MPa) for this specimen.[20] Finite element analysis of the structure by Mark and Hutchison[21] found a maximum tensile stress of only 18.5 psi (0.128 MPa) at the point where the dome joins the raised outer wall.[22] The stresses in the dome were found to be substantially reduced by the use of successively less dense aggregate stones in higher layers of the dome. Mark and Hutchison estimated that if normal weight concrete had been used throughout the stresses in the arch would have been some 80% higher. The interior coffering was not only decorative, but also reduced the weight of the roof, as did the elimination of the apex by means of the oculus.
The top of the rotunda wall features a series of brick relieving arches, visible on the outside and built into the mass of the brickwork. The Pantheon is full of such devices — for example, there are relieving arches over the recesses inside — but all these arches were hidden by marble facing on the interior and possibly by stone revetment or stucco on the exterior.
The height to the oculus and the diameter of the interior circle are the same, 43.3 metres (142 ft), so the whole interior would fit exactly within a cube (alternatively, the interior could house a sphere 43.3 metres (142 ft) in diameter).[23] These dimensions make more sense when expressed in ancient Roman units of measurement: the dome spans 150 Roman feet; the oculus is 30 Roman feet in diameter; the doorway was 40 Roman feet high.[24] The Pantheon holds the record for the largest unreinforced concrete dome. It is also substantially larger than earlier domes.[25]
Though often drawn as a free-standing building, there was a building at its rear into which it abutted. While this building helped buttress the rotunda, there is no interior passage from one to the other.
Vesterheim Commons is 2023 addition to Vesterheim National Norwegian-American Museum. Designed by architect Snøhetta, with BNIM as architect of record. Decorah, Iowa.
Winged dove or beached whale carcass? These are just two of the descriptions being used for the $4 billion structure that encloses the World Trade Center Transportation hub in New York.
Designed by Spanish architect Santiago Calatrava, I think it is a beautiful glass and steel structure. Consider it a modern - very modern - Grand Central station update. People still gaze in awe at Grand Central and people will still gaze at this structure for decades to come.
The Oculus at the World Trade Center Transportation Hub | Santiago Calatrava
Manhattan | New York
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