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World leader, scientist, medical scientist, virologist, pharmacist, Professor Fangruida (F.D Smith) on the world epidemic and the nemesis and prevention of new coronaviruses and mutant viruses (Jacques Lucy) 2021v1.5)
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The Nemesis and Killer of New Coronavirus and Mutated Viruses-Joint Development of Vaccines and Drugs (Fangruida) July 2021
*The particularity of new coronaviruses and mutant viruses*The broad spectrum, high efficiency, redundancy, and safety of the new coronavirus vaccine design and development , Redundancy and safety
*New coronavirus drug chemical structure modification*Computer-aided design and drug screening. *"Antiviral biological missile", "New Coronavirus Anti-epidemic Tablets", "Composite Antiviral Oral Liquid", "New Coronavirus Long-acting Oral Tablets", "New Coronavirus Inhibitors" (injection)
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(World leader, scientist, medical scientist, biologist, virologist, pharmacist, FD Smith) "The Nemesis and Killer of New Coronavirus and Mutated Viruses-The Joint Development of Vaccines and Drugs" is an important scientific research document. Now it has been revised and re-published by the original author several times. The compilation is published and published according to the original manuscript to meet the needs of readers and netizens all over the world. At the same time, it is also of great benefit to the vast number of medical clinical drug researchers and various experts and scholars. We hope that it will be corrected in the reprint.------Compiled by Jacques Lucy in Geneva, August 2021
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According to Worldometer's real-time statistics, as of about 6:30 on July 23, there were a total of 193,323,815 confirmed cases of new coronary pneumonia worldwide, and a total of 4,150,213 deaths. There were 570,902 new confirmed cases and 8,766 new deaths worldwide in a single day. Data shows that the United States, Brazil, the United Kingdom, India, and Indonesia are the five countries with the largest number of new confirmed cases, and Indonesia, Brazil, Russia, South Africa, and India are the five countries with the largest number of new deaths.
The new coronavirus and delta mutant strains have been particularly serious in the recent past. Many countries and places have revived, and the number of cases has not decreased, but has increased.
, It is worthy of vigilance. Although many countries have strengthened vaccine prevention and control and other prevention and control measures, there are still many shortcomings and deficiencies in virus suppression and prevention. The new coronavirus and various mutant strains have a certain degree of antagonism to traditional drugs and most vaccines. Although most vaccines have great anti-epidemic properties and have important and irreplaceable effects and protection for prevention and treatment, it is impossible to completely prevent the spread and infection of viruses. The spread of the new crown virus pneumonia has been delayed for nearly two years. There are hundreds of millions of people infected worldwide, millions of deaths, and the time is long, the spread is widespread, and billions of people around the world are among them. The harm of the virus is quite terrible. This is well known. of. More urgent
What is more serious is that the virus and mutant strains have not completely retreated, especially many people are still infected and infected after being injected with various vaccines. The effectiveness of the vaccine and the resistance of the mutant virus are worthy of medical scientists, virologists, pharmacologists Zoologists and others seriously think and analyze. The current epidemic situation in European and American countries, China, Brazil, India, the United States, Russia and other countries has greatly improved from last year. However, relevant figures show that the global epidemic situation has not completely improved, and some countries and regions are still very serious. In particular, after extensive use of various vaccines, cases still occur, and in some places they are still very serious, which deserves a high degree of vigilance. Prevention and control measures are very important. In addition, vaccines and various anti-epidemic drugs are the first and necessary choices, and other methods are irreplaceable. It is particularly important to develop and develop comprehensive drugs, antiviral drugs, immune drugs, and genetic drugs. Research experiments on new coronaviruses and mutant viruses require more rigorous and in-depth data analysis, pathological pathogenic tissues, cell genes, molecular chemistry, quantum chemistry, etc., as well as vaccine molecular chemistry, quantum physics, quantum biology, cytological histology, medicinal chemistry, and drugs And the vaccine’s symptomatic, effectiveness, safety, long-term effectiveness, etc., of course, including tens of thousands of clinical cases and deaths and other first-hand information and evidence. The task of RNA (ribonucleic acid) in the human body is to use the information of our genetic material DNA to produce protein. It accomplishes this task in the ribosome, the protein-producing area of the cell. The ribosome is the place where protein biosynthesis occurs.
Medicine takes advantage of this: In vaccination, artificially produced mRNA provides ribosomes with instructions for constructing pathogen antigens to fight against—for example, the spike protein of coronavirus.
Traditional live vaccines or inactivated vaccines contain antigens that cause the immune system to react. The mRNA vaccine is produced in the cell
(1) The specificity of new coronaviruses and mutant viruses, etc., virology and quantum chemistry of mutant viruses, quantum physics, quantum microbiology
(2) New crown vaccine design, molecular biology and chemical structure, etc.
(3) The generality and particularity of the development of new coronavirus drugs
(4) Various drug design for new coronavirus pneumonia, medicinal chemistry, pharmacology, etc., cells, proteins, DNA, enzyme chemistry, pharmaceutical quantum chemistry, pharmaceutical quantum physics, human biochemistry, human biophysics, etc.
(5) The evolution and mutation characteristics of the new coronavirus and various mutant viruses, the long-term nature, repeatability, drug resistance, and epidemic resistance of the virus, etc.
(6) New coronavirus pneumonia and the infectious transmission of various new coronaviruses and their particularities
(7) The invisible transmission of new coronavirus pneumonia and various mutant viruses in humans or animals, and the mutual symbiosis of cross infection of various bacteria and viruses are also one of the very serious causes of serious harm to new coronaviruses and mutant viruses. Virology, pathology, etiology, gene sequencing, gene mapping, and a large number of analytical studies have shown that there are many cases in China, the United States, India, Russia, Brazil, and other countries.
(8) For the symptomatic prevention and treatment of the new coronavirus, the combination of various vaccines and various antiviral drugs is critical.
(9) According to the current epidemic situation and research judgments, the epidemic situation may improve in the next period of time and 2021-2022, and we are optimistic about its success. However, completely worry-free, it is still too early to win easily. It is not just relying on vaccination. Wearing masks to close the city and other prevention and control measures and methods can sit back and relax, and you can win a big victory. Because all kinds of research and exploration still require a lot of time and various experimental studies. It is not a day's work. A simple taste is very dangerous and harmful. The power and migratory explosiveness of viruses sometimes far exceed human thinking and perception. In the future, next year, or in the future, whether viruses and various evolutionary mutation viruses will re-attack, we still need to study, analyze, prevent and control, rather than being complacent, thinking that the vaccine can win a big victory is inevitably naive and ridiculous. Vaccine protection is very important, but it must not be taken carelessly. The mutation of the new crown virus is very rampant, and the cross-infection of recessive and virulent bacteria makes epidemic prevention and anti-epidemic very complicated.
(10) New crown virus pneumonia and the virus's stubbornness, strength, migration, susceptibility, multi-infectiousness, and occult. The effectiveness of various vaccines and the particularity of virus mutations The long-term hidden dangers and repeated recurrences of the new coronavirus
(11) The formation mechanism and invisible transmission of invisible viruses, asymptomatic infections and asymptomatic infections, asymptomatic transmission routes, asymptomatic infections, pathological pathogens. The spread and infection of viruses and mutated viruses, the blind spots and blind spots of virus vaccines, viral quantum chemistry and
The chemical and physical corresponding reactions at the meeting points of highly effective vaccine drugs, etc. The variability of mutated viruses is very complicated, and vaccination cannot completely prevent the spread of infection.
(12) New crown virus pneumonia and various respiratory infectious diseases are susceptible to infections in animals and humans, and are frequently recurring. This is one of the frequently-occurring and difficult diseases of common infectious diseases. Even with various vaccines and various antiviral immune drugs, it is difficult to completely prevent the occurrence and spread of viral pneumonia. Therefore, epidemic prevention and anti-epidemic is a major issue facing human society, and no country should take it lightly. The various costs that humans pay on this issue are very expensive, such as Ebola virus, influenza A virus,
Hepatitis virus,
Marburg virus
Sars coronavirus, plague, anthracnose, cholera
and many more. The B.1.1.7 mutant virus that was first discovered in the UK was renamed Alpha mutant virus; the B.1.351 that was first discovered in South Africa was renamed Beta mutant virus; the P.1 that was first discovered in Brazil was renamed Gamma mutant virus; the mutation was first discovered in India There are two branches of the virus. B.1.617.2, which was listed as "mutated virus of concern", was renamed Delta mutant virus, and B.1.617.1 of "mutated virus to be observed" was renamed Kappa mutant virus.
However, experts in many countries believe that the current vaccination is still effective, at least it can prevent severe illness and reduce deaths.
Delta mutant strain
According to the degree of risk, the WHO divides the new crown variant strains into two categories: worrying variant strains (VOC, variant of concern) and noteworthy variant strains (VOI, variant of interest). The former has caused many cases and a wide range of cases worldwide, and data confirms its transmission ability, strong toxicity, high power, complex migration, and high insidious transmission of infection. Resistance to vaccines may lead to the effectiveness of vaccines and clinical treatments. Decrease; the latter has confirmed cases of community transmission worldwide, or has been found in multiple countries, but has not yet formed a large-scale infection. Need to be very vigilant. Various cases and deaths in many countries in the world are related to this. In some countries, the epidemic situation is repeated, and it is also caused by various reasons and viruses, of course, including new cases and so on.
At present, VOC is the mutant strain that has the greatest impact on the epidemic and the greatest threat to the world, including: Alpha, Beta, Gamma and Delta. , Will the change of the spur protein in the VOC affect the immune protection effect of the existing vaccine, or whether it will affect the sensitivity of the VOC to the existing vaccine? For this problem, it is necessary to directly test neutralizing antibodies, such as those that can prevent the protection of infection. Antibodies recognize specific protein sequences on viral particles, especially those spike protein sequences used in mRNA vaccines.
(13) Countries around the world, especially countries and regions with more severe epidemics, have a large number of clinical cases, severe cases, and deaths, especially including many young and middle-aged patients, including those who have been vaccinated. The epidemic is more complicated and serious. Injecting various vaccines, taking strict control measures such as closing the city and wearing masks are very important and the effect is very obvious. However, the new coronavirus and mutant viruses are so repeated, their pathological pathogen research will also be very complicated and difficult. After the large-scale use of the vaccine, many people are still infected. In addition to the lack of prevention and control measures, it is very important that the viability of the new coronavirus and various mutant viruses is very important. It can escape the inactivation of the vaccine. It is very resistant to stubbornness. Therefore, the recurrence of new coronavirus pneumonia is very dangerous. What is more noteworthy is that medical scientists, virologists, pharmacists, biologists, zoologists and clinicians should seriously consider the correspondence between virus specificity and vaccine drugs, and the coupling of commonality and specificity. Only in this way can we find targets. Track and kill viruses. Only in this sense can the new crown virus produce a nemesis, put an end to and eradicate the new crown virus pneumonia. Of course, this is not a temporary battle, but a certain amount of time and process to achieve the goal in the end.
(14) The development and evolution of the natural universe and earth species, as well as life species. With the continuous evolution of human cell genes, microbes and bacterial viruses are constantly mutated and inherited. The new world will inevitably produce a variety of new pathogens.
And viruses. For example, neurological genetic disease, digestive system disease, respiratory system disease, blood system disease, cardiopulmonary system disease, etc., new diseases will continue to emerge as humans develop and evolve. Human migration to space, space diseases, space psychological diseases, space cell diseases, space genetic diseases, etc. Therefore, for the new coronavirus and mutated viruses, we must have sufficient knowledge and response, and do not think that it will be completely wiped out.
, And is not a scientific attitude. Viruses and humans mutually reinforce each other, and viruses and animals and plants mutually reinforce each other. This is the iron law of the natural universe. Human beings can only adapt to natural history, but cannot deliberately modify natural history.
Active immune products made from specific bacteria, viruses, rickettsiae, spirochetes, mycoplasma and other microorganisms and parasites are collectively called vaccines. Vaccination of animals can make the animal body have specific immunity. The principle of vaccines is to artificially attenuate, inactivate, and genetically attenuate pathogenic microorganisms (such as bacteria, viruses, rickettsia, etc.) and their metabolites. Purification and preparation methods, made into immune preparations for the prevention of infectious diseases. In terms of ingredients, the vaccine retains the antigenic properties and other characteristics of the pathogen, which can stimulate the body's immune response and produce protective antibodies. But it has no pathogenicity and does not cause harm to the body. When the body is exposed to this pathogen again, the immune system will produce more antibodies according to the previous memory to prevent the pathogen from invading or to fight against the damage to the body. (1) Inactivated vaccines: select pathogenic microorganisms with strong immunogenicity, culture them, inactivate them by physical or chemical methods, and then purify and prepare them. The virus species used in inactivated vaccines are generally virulent strains, but the use of attenuated attenuated strains also has good immunogenicity, such as the inactivated polio vaccine produced by the Sabin attenuated strain. The inactivated vaccine has lost its infectivity to the body, but still maintains its immunogenicity, which can stimulate the body to produce corresponding immunity and resist the infection of wild strains. Inactivated vaccines have a good immune effect. They can generally be stored for more than one year at 2～8°C without the risk of reversion of virulence; however, the inactivated vaccines cannot grow and reproduce after entering the human body. They stimulate the human body for a short time and must be strong and long-lasting. In general, adjuvants are required for immunity, and multiple injections in large doses are required, and the local immune protection of natural infection is lacking. Including bacteria, viruses, rickettsiae and toxoid preparations.
Bighorn sheep in the Badlands National Park, South Dakota, are monitored to understand their dynamics and to help ensure their long-term survival. They carry GPS and VHF (Very High Frequency) collars around their necks to track their movements.
In summer 2021, Badlands National Park was home to a healthy and growing population of Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep, with approximately 300 total among the three herds. Then the sheep contracted a deadly, pneumonia-causing bacteria — Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae — that nearly wiped out a herd located in Custer State Park in the early 2000s. Pneumonia quickly spread throughout the rest of the three herds in Badlands and wildlife officials began to notice bighorns coughing regularly. Within three months, 50% of the radio-collared sheep were dead.
Now, three years later, with nearly 85% of the population lost, around 50 bighorns remain in the park.
It is suspected that some of the Badlands Bighorn Sheep came into contact with domestic sheep who are carriers of Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae and are seemingly unaffected by the bacterium. But for wild sheep, pneumonia is a death sentence, with mortality rates hovering between 50% and 80% for infected bighorns.
Pequeño gráfico (breaking news) para El Mundo sobre la primera célula artificial creada por Venter. dbjdv@hotmail.com
mycoplasma seen in live blood during Decemver 2009.
These seemed very similar to the early blood stage of morgellons as described by Clifford Carnicom inNovember 2009
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The chukar partridge or chukar (Alectoris chukar) is a Eurasian upland gamebird in the pheasant family Phasianidae. It has been considered to form a superspecies complex along with the rock partridge, Philby's partridge and Przevalski's partridge and treated in the past as conspecific particularly with the first. This partridge has well marked black and white bars on the flanks and a black band running from the forehead across the eye and running down the head to form a necklace that encloses a white throat. The species has been introduced into many other places and feral populations have established themselves in parts of North America and New Zealand. This bird can be found in parts of Middle East.
Description:
The chukar is a rotund 32–35 cm (13–14 in) long partridge, with a light brown back, grey breast, and buff belly. The shades vary across the various populations. The face is white with a black gorget. It has rufous-streaked flanks, red legs and coral red bill. Sexes are similar, the female slightly smaller in size and lacking the spur.[2] The tail has 14 feathers, the third primary is the longest while the first is level with the fifth and sixth primaries.[3]
It is very similar to the rock partridge (Alectoris graeca) with which it has been lumped in the past[4] but is browner on the back and has a yellowish tinge to the foreneck. The sharply defined gorget distinguishes this species from the red-legged partridge which has the black collar breaking into dark streaks near the breast. Their song is a noisy chuck-chuck-chukar-chukar from which the name is derived.[5] The Barbary partridge (Alectoris barbara) has a reddish brown rather than black collar with a grey throat and face with a chestnut crown.[6]
Other common names of this bird include chukker (chuker or chukor), Indian chukar and keklik.
Distribution and habitat
This partridge has its native range in Asia, including Israel, Lebanon, Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan and India, along the inner ranges of the Western Himalayas to Nepal. Further west in southeastern Europe it is replaced by the red-legged partridge, Alectoris rufa. It barely ranges into Africa on the Sinai Peninsula. The habitat in the native range is rocky open hillsides with grass or scattered scrub or cultivation. In Israel and Jordan it is found at low altitudes, starting at 400 m (1,300 ft) below sea level in the Dead Sea area, whereas in the more eastern areas it is mainly found at an altitude of 2,000 to 4,000 m (6,600 to 13,100 ft) except in Pakistan, where it occurs at 600 m (2,000 ft).[2][7] They are not found in areas of high humidity or rainfall.[8]
It has been introduced widely as a game bird, and feral populations have become established in the United States (Rocky Mountains, Great Basin, high desert areas of California), Canada, Chile, Argentina, New Zealand and Hawaii.[9] Initial introductions into the US were from the nominate populations collected from Afghanistan and Nepal.[10] It has also been introduced to New South Wales in Australia but breeding populations have not persisted and are probably extinct.[11] A small population exists on Robben Island in South Africa since it was introduced there in 1964.[12]
The chukar readily interbreeds with the red-legged partridge (Alectoris rufa), and the practice of breeding and releasing captive-bred hybrids has been banned in various countries including the United Kingdom, as it is a threat to wild populations.[13]
Systematics and taxonomy
Alectoris chukar@
The chukar partridge is part of a confusing group of "red-legged partridges". Several plumage variations within the widespread distribution of the chukar partridge have been described and designated as subspecies. In the past the chukar group was included with the rock partridge (also known as the Greek partridge). The species from Turkey and farther east was subsequently separated from A. graeca of Greece and Bulgaria and western Europe.[14][15]
Subspecies:
There are fourteen recognized subspecies:
A. c. chukar (JE Gray, 1830) – nominate – eastern Afghanistan to eastern Nepal
A. c. cypriotes (Hartert, 1917) – island chukar – southeastern Bulgaria to southern Syria, Crete, Rhodes and Cyprus
A. c. dzungarica (Sushkin, 1927) – northwestern Mongolia to Russian Altai and eastern Tibet
A. c. falki (Hartert, 1917) – north central Afghanistan to Pamir Mountains and western China
A. c. kleini (Hartert, 1925)
A. c. koroviakovi (Zarudny, 1914) – Persian chukar – eastern Iran to Pakistan
A. c. kurdestanica (Meinertzhagen, 1923) – Kurdestan chukar – Caucasus Mountains to Iran
A. c. pallescens (Hume, 1873) – northern chukar – northeastern Afghanistan to Ladakh and western Tibet
A. c. pallida (Hume, 1873) – northwestern China
A. c. potanini (Sushkin, 1927) – western Mongolia
A. c. pubescens (Swinhoe, 1871) – inner Mongolia to northwestern Sichuan and eastern Qinghai
A. c. sinaica (Bonaparte, 1858) – northern Syrian Desert to Sinai Peninsula
A. c. subpallida (Zarudny, 1914) – Tajikistan (Kyzyl Kum and Kara Kum mountains)
A. c. werae (Zarudny and Loudon, 1904) – Iranian chukar – eastern Iraq and southwestern Iran
Population and status
Chukar partridge in the Antelope Island State Park, Utah, US
This species is relatively unaffected by hunting or loss of habitat. Its numbers are largely affected by weather patterns during the breeding season. The release of captive stock in some parts of southern Europe can threaten native populations of rock partridge and red-legged partridge with which they may hybridize.[16][17]
British sportsmen in India considered the chukar as good sport although they were not considered to be particularly good in flavour. Their fast flight and ability to fly some distance after being shot made recovery of the birds difficult without retriever dogs.[18] During cold winters, when the higher areas are covered in snow, people in Kashmir have been known to use a technique to tire the birds out to catch them.[19]
Behaviour and ecology:
Chukar partridge at Weltvogelpark Walsrode (Walsrode Bird Park, Germany)
Alectoris chukar falki – MHNT
In the non-breeding season, chukar partridge are found in small coveys of 10 or more (up to 50) birds. In summer, chukars form pairs to breed. During this time, the cocks are very pugnacious calling and fighting.[7][8][20][21] During winter they descend into the valleys and feed in fields. They call frequently during the day and especially in the mornings and evenings. The call is loud and includes loud repeated "Chuck" notes and sometimes duetting "Chuker" notes. Several calls varying with context have been noted.[22] The commonest call is a "rallying call" which when played back elicits a response from birds and has been used in surveys, although the method is not very reliable.[23][24] When disturbed, it prefers to run rather than fly, but if necessary it flies a short distance often down a slope on rounded wings, calling immediately after alighting.[2][18][25] In Utah, birds were found to forage in an area of about 2.6 km2 (1.0 sq mi). and travel up to 4.8 km (3.0 mi) to obtain water during the dry season. The home range was found to be even smaller in Idaho.[26][27][28]
The breeding season is summer. Males perform tidbitting displays, a form of courtship feeding where the male pecks at food and a female may visit to peck in response. The males may chase females with head lowered, wing lowered and neck fluffed. The male may also performs a high step stiff walk while making a special call. The female may then crouch in acceptance and the male mounts to copulate, while grasping the nape of the female. Males are monogamous.[15] The nest is a scantily lined ground scrape, though occasionally a compact pad is created with a depression in the center. Generally, the nests are sheltered by ferns and small bushes, or placed in a dip or rocky hillside under an overhanging rock. About 7 to 14 eggs are laid.[8][21][29] The eggs hatch in about 23–25 days. In captivity they can lay an egg each day during the breeding season if eggs are collected daily.[30] Chicks join their parents in foraging and will soon join the chicks of other members of the covey.[6]
As young chukars grow, and before flying for the first time, they utilize wing-assisted incline running as a transition to adult flight. This behaviour is found in several bird species, but has been extensively studied in chukar chicks, as a model to explain the evolution of avian flight.[31][32][33][34]
Chukar will take a wide variety of seeds and some insects as food. It also ingests grit.[25] In Kashmir, the seeds of a species of Eragrostis was particularly dominant in their diet[35] while those in the US favoured Bromus tectorum.[6] Birds feeding on succulent vegetation make up for their water needs but visit open water in summer.[36]
Chukar roost on rocky slopes or under shrubs. In winter, birds in the US selected protected niches or caves. A group may roost in a tight circle with their heads pointed outwards to conserve heat and keep a look out for predators.[6]
Chukar are sometimes preyed on by golden eagles.[37]
Birds in captivity can die from mycoplasma infection and outbreaks of other diseases such as Erysipelas.[38][39][40]
In culture
A chukar in a 17th-century Persian encyclopedia:
The chukar is the National bird of Iraq[41] and of Pakistan, where its name is derived from chakor in Sanskrit. Literary mentions of it in the northern areas of the Indian subcontinent date back to the Rig Veda (c. 1700 BC).[42] In North Indian and Pakistani culture, as well as in Indian mythology, the chukar sometimes symbolizes intense, and often unrequited, love.[43][44] It is said to be in love with the moon and to gaze at it constantly.[45] Because of their pugnacious behaviour during the breeding season they are kept in some areas as fighting birds.[8][20]
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Ticehurst CB (1927). "The Birds of British Baluchistan. Part 3". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 32 (1): 64–97.
Lateef M, Rauf U, Sajid MA (2006). "Outbreak of respiratory syndrome in Chukar Partridge (Alectoris chukar)" (PDF). J. Anim. Pl. Sci. 16 (1–2).
Pettit JR, Gough AW, Truscott RB (1976). "Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae infection in Chukar Partridge (Alectoris graeca)" (PDF). Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 12 (2): 254–245. doi:10.7589/0090-3558-12.2.254. PMID 933318.
Dubey JP, Goodwin AM, Ruff MD, Shen SK, Kwok OC, Wizlkins GL, Thulliez P (1995). "Experimental toxoplasmosis in chukar partridges (Alectoris graeca)". Avian Pathology. 24 (1): 95–107. doi:10.1080/03079459508419051. PMID 18645768.
Iraq Culture, Map, Flag, Tourist Places. sphereinfo.com
Ram Bir Singh Kushwah; Vijay Kumar (2001-01-01). Economics of Protected Areas and Its Effect on Biodiversity. APH Publishing, 2001. ISBN 9788176482097. "In the Rig Veda the references of some Himalayan species of partridges includes black partridge, chakor partridge, snow partridge and the common hill partridge"
Temple, Richard Carnac (1884). The legends of the Panjâb. Volume 2. Education Society's Press, Bombay. p. 257.
Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal v. 55. Asiatic Society of Bengal. 1881. "When I beheld thy face mournful, lady, I wandered restlessly o'er the world, Thy face is like the moon, and my heart like the chakor"
Balfour, Edward (1871). Cyclopædia of India and of eastern and southern Asia, commercial, industrial and scientific: products of the mineral, vegetable and animal kingdoms, useful arts and manufactures. Scottish & Adelphi Presses. "The birds are said by the natives to be enamoured of the moon and, at full moon, to eat fire"
What Is Chronic prostatitis
An inflammation of the prostate gland. The prostate is a small gland located below a man's bladder.It surrounds the urethra and produces most of the fluid in semen. Prostatitis may be caused by a bacterial infection, but in many cases the cause of the condition is unknown.
Types of Chronic Prostatitis
Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis
Chronic Prostatitis or Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome (CP or CPPS)
Treatment:
Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis(CBP): When chronic prostatitis is caused by a bacterial infection, it can be treated with antibiotics. When the cause is unknown, treatment of the symptoms may be the best course of action.
CP or CPPS: Chronic Prostatitis or Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome can be treated by safe and effective herbal medicine better.
Antibiotic is one of the most typical treatments on clinical, once you noticed being with prostatitis,take Antibiotics to treat immediately, do not allow the inflamation go deeping. Antibiotics for prostatitis include:
Avelox
Bactrim
Doxycycline
Cipro
Keflex
Levaquin
Rocephin
Tetracycline
IV Infusions
We all know with long-term apply of antibiotics, some diseases may develop strong resistance, so with the abuse of antibiotic, more and more antibiotics are useless. Sometimes, even the symptoms become milder, it sooner become severer. Furthermore, the side-effect of antibiotic is huge which can damage kidney’s function, so patients should take antibiotic carefully. Once you have recurrent prostatitis, antibiotics will not be a wise choice.
The most common type of chronic prostatitis is CHRONIC NONBACTRRIAL PROSTATITIS, it's Chronic Prostatitis or Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome, which is easy to recurent and hard to cure.
Alternative treatments for prostatitis can include supplements, dietary changes, and lifestyle remedies like sitz baths. To cure chronic prostatiti some safe and efficient medicine would be necessary. The medical system of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has more than 5000 years' history. To treat chronic disease such as chronic prostatitis, herbal medicine is much better than antibiotics. Generally herbal Diuretic and Anti-Inflammatory pill created by purely herbs. And its special formula makes it work effectively and directly into reproductive system and urinary system, to completely clear up infections. It terminates chronic pain by notably improving blood circulation and eliminate inflammation gradually.
How does Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill work on these diseases?
1. It is a formula-completed recipe with intact effects.The herbal medicine is made by the combination of these herbs based on the ancient prescription. So it is a completed formula for these urinary and reproductive diseases mentioned above, not only curing these diseases from the symptoms but also from the root causes.
2.It can kill Pathogens including e.coli, gonococcus, staphylococcus, chlamydia, ureaplasma urealyticum, mycoplasma hominis, etc.
3. It can dissolve stasis and dissipate abnormal tissue, which can open the blocked duct and make it function well.
4. It can promote urination to solve the urine problems like urinary frequency, urgency etc.
5.It can promote blood and Qi circulation to release the pain caused by infections.
6. It is made of natural herbs that can not bring any side effects like drug resistance and kidney damage etc.
Many thanks to all that were pulling for/praying for MeeToo during his fight. I'm sorry to have to tell everyone that he lost his fight on Monday October 19th.
He had been gaining in strength and recovering from the lung infection when the dreaded mycoplasma became active. With his lungs already weak, there was nothing that could be done. He started going downhill around 10PM Sunday night and was gone at 8AM Monday morning.
He was a love bug to the end, spending his last hours snuggled up to his buddy the AsheRat. He is greatly missed, but I know he is happy now bouncing around with new, healthy lungs, able to breath freely again.
All rats have micoplasma:
-----
"Mycoplasma : a bacterium lacking a cell wall.
Mycoplasma pulmonis: a commensal species specific organism carried by nearly all pet rats, and which colonizes the luminal surface of the respiratory epithelium. "
unless specially bred in a lab.
-----
Most of the time, it's dormant and causes no problems.
Some rats are genetically "high white" making them at more risk.
Rats like MeeToo, PEW (Pink Eyed White) are at the highest risk.
Common name
Green leafhopper (GLH)
Scientific name
Nephotettix virescens (Distant)Nephotettix nigropictus (Stal)Nephotettix malayanus Ishihara et KawaseNephotettix cincticeps (Uhler)
Plant-sucking pests—green leafhoppers
Nephotettix virescens (Distant)
Hemiptera: Cicadellidae
Green leafhoppers are the most common leafhoppers and are more prevalent in the upper portions of the rice plant. Four species, all of genus Nephotettix, vector viral and mycoplasma diseases, tungro virus being the most important. Leafhopper species can best be distinguished by the shape of the head (pointed or blunt) and the presence or absence of black lines or bands between the eyes. As with all leafhoppers and planthoppers, both nymphs and adults feed on rice by extracting plant sap with their needle-shaped mouthparts. The undigested sugary plant sap is expelled as honeydew, becoming a source of food for some natural enemies.
Nephotettix virescens is the most important species because rice is its best host. The adults can have black spots on the centers or tips of the wings ( Fig. 191 ) or be without spots ( Fig. 192 ).
Colora-tion is determined genetically and does not indicate sex. Nephotettix virescens are distinguished by their green, pointed heads and the absence of black lines between the eyes; the nymph is shown in Figure 193 .
books.google.com.ph/books/irri?id=G_RiGY4p2V4C&pg=PA1...
gen3rkb.irri.org/training/fact-sheets/pest-management/ins...
Part of the image collection of the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI)
Biological Inactivation Efficiency of HVAC In-Duct Ultraviolet Light Devices
This document does not constitute nor should be construed as an EPA endorsement of any particular product, service, or technology.
One potential method of terrorism is the intentional introduction of biological warfare agents (BWAs) into the heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems of target structures in order to distribute pathogens. Introducing BWAs into an HVAC system could harm many people, so there is an urgent need to identify and test devices that can destroy BWAs as they move through an air handling system. One technology that may meet this need uses ultraviolet (UV) lights deployed inside the building’s air ducts. Short-wave ultraviolet radiation in the “C” band (UVC or UVGI — germicidal irradiation) has been used for many years to inactivate microorganisms. Early research in this area focused on the controlling infectious pathogens in medical facilities. UVC effectively killed Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis, and other bacteria including mycoplasma, as well as viruses and fungi.
In testing and evaluating homeland security related technologies, EPA provides unbiased, third-party performance information that can supplement vendor-generated information. This information helps decision makers purchase and apply the tested technologies. EPA conducts its evaluations under rigorous quality assurance protocols to generate high-quality data.
Test Design
The UVC devices are designed to be mounted inside an HVAC system to inactivate bioaerosols as they migrate through the air handling system. The devices were tested separately in a laboratory-based test duct with advanced aerosol and microbiological generation and measurement equipment. Testing was conducted using three microorganisms, two bacteria (one spore-forming and one vegetative) and one virus, whose structural characteristics and susceptibility to UVC inactivation make them reasonable surrogates for BWAs. Each device was tested three times, once for each test microorganism. Test microorganisms were generated and introduced into the test duct upstream from the installed device. As air flowed through the duct, the bioaerosols passed through the device and were exposed to UVC.
Each device's ability to destroy the bioaerosols is reported as airborne inactivation efficiency. The greater this percentage, the more effective the device. To determine efficiency, bioaerosol samples were taken from the duct upstream and downstream from the device. These samples were cultured, and the bacterial colony forming units (CFUs) or viral plaque forming units (PFUs) were counted. Device efficiency was then calculated as a percentage from the ratio of the upstream to the downstream counts.
Performance and Results
All UVC devices were ≥99 percent efficient at inactivating the vegetative bacteria. Three UVC devices were ≥93 percent effective for all three microorganisms. Five devices had ≤46 percent efficiency for inactivation of the spore form of the bacteria and two had ≤46 percent efficiency in destroying the virus.
UVC Device
Lamps
Measured Dosagea
(µW-s/cm2)
Power (w)
Airborne Inactivation Efficiencies(%)
Spore form of bacteria
(B.atrophaeus)
Vegetative form of bacteria (S.marcescens)
Virus
(MS2 bacteriophage)
Abracair, LLC12447
(376–550)6480-67206.999.859
American Ultraviolet Corporation ACP-24/HO-44582
(490–716)1699≥99.96b75
Atlantic Ultraviolet Corporation AeroLogic Model AD24-44295
(249–363)940≥99.8b46
Dust Free Bio-Fighter 4Xtreme Model 211247
(208–304)5349939
Lumalier ADPL-60-883180 (2678 –3914)56840≥99.98b82
Novatron, Inc. BioProtector BP114i6>42,342 (35,656– 52,113)748≥99.9b≥99.94b≥99.9b
Sanuvox Technologies Inc. UV Bio-Wall 50 Outwardly Projecting Air Purifier516,439
(13,843–
20,223)94493≥99.97b99
Steril-Aire, Inc. Model SE1 VO with GTS 24 Emitter619,826 (16,696– 24,401)42196≥99.96b99
UltraViolet Devices, Inc. Altru-V V-Flex127,651 (6,443 – 9,416)75571≥99.98b98
a: The systems were run at 0.93 m3/sec (1970 CFM), except the Novatron device was run at 0.14 m3/sec (300 CFM).
b: These values are based on the upper 95% confidence limit for the mean downstream count of the test organism. There were no downstream counts measured.
Other attributes besides airborne inactivation efficiency were assessed. These included dosage measurements, power consumption, single measurement intensity, pressure drop across the device, and air temperature rise through the device.
World leader, scientist, medical scientist, virologist, pharmacist, Professor Fangruida (F.D Smith) on the world epidemic and the nemesis and prevention of new coronaviruses and mutant viruses (Jacques Lucy) 2021v1.5)
_-----------------------------------------
The Nemesis and Killer of New Coronavirus and Mutated Viruses-Joint Development of Vaccines and Drugs (Fangruida) July 2021
*The particularity of new coronaviruses and mutant viruses*The broad spectrum, high efficiency, redundancy, and safety of the new coronavirus vaccine design and development , Redundancy and safety
*New coronavirus drug chemical structure modification*Computer-aided design and drug screening. *"Antiviral biological missile", "New Coronavirus Anti-epidemic Tablets", "Composite Antiviral Oral Liquid", "New Coronavirus Long-acting Oral Tablets", "New Coronavirus Inhibitors" (injection)
——————————————————————————
(World leader, scientist, medical scientist, biologist, virologist, pharmacist, FD Smith) "The Nemesis and Killer of New Coronavirus and Mutated Viruses-The Joint Development of Vaccines and Drugs" is an important scientific research document. Now it has been revised and re-published by the original author several times. The compilation is published and published according to the original manuscript to meet the needs of readers and netizens all over the world. At the same time, it is also of great benefit to the vast number of medical clinical drug researchers and various experts and scholars. We hope that it will be corrected in the reprint.------Compiled by Jacques Lucy in Geneva, August 2021
-------------------------------------------------- ---------------------
According to Worldometer's real-time statistics, as of about 6:30 on July 23, there were a total of 193,323,815 confirmed cases of new coronary pneumonia worldwide, and a total of 4,150,213 deaths. There were 570,902 new confirmed cases and 8,766 new deaths worldwide in a single day. Data shows that the United States, Brazil, the United Kingdom, India, and Indonesia are the five countries with the largest number of new confirmed cases, and Indonesia, Brazil, Russia, South Africa, and India are the five countries with the largest number of new deaths.
The new coronavirus and delta mutant strains have been particularly serious in the recent past. Many countries and places have revived, and the number of cases has not decreased, but has increased.
, It is worthy of vigilance. Although many countries have strengthened vaccine prevention and control and other prevention and control measures, there are still many shortcomings and deficiencies in virus suppression and prevention. The new coronavirus and various mutant strains have a certain degree of antagonism to traditional drugs and most vaccines. Although most vaccines have great anti-epidemic properties and have important and irreplaceable effects and protection for prevention and treatment, it is impossible to completely prevent the spread and infection of viruses. The spread of the new crown virus pneumonia has been delayed for nearly two years. There are hundreds of millions of people infected worldwide, millions of deaths, and the time is long, the spread is widespread, and billions of people around the world are among them. The harm of the virus is quite terrible. This is well known. of. More urgent
What is more serious is that the virus and mutant strains have not completely retreated, especially many people are still infected and infected after being injected with various vaccines. The effectiveness of the vaccine and the resistance of the mutant virus are worthy of medical scientists, virologists, pharmacologists Zoologists and others seriously think and analyze. The current epidemic situation in European and American countries, China, Brazil, India, the United States, Russia and other countries has greatly improved from last year. However, relevant figures show that the global epidemic situation has not completely improved, and some countries and regions are still very serious. In particular, after extensive use of various vaccines, cases still occur, and in some places they are still very serious, which deserves a high degree of vigilance. Prevention and control measures are very important. In addition, vaccines and various anti-epidemic drugs are the first and necessary choices, and other methods are irreplaceable. It is particularly important to develop and develop comprehensive drugs, antiviral drugs, immune drugs, and genetic drugs. Research experiments on new coronaviruses and mutant viruses require more rigorous and in-depth data analysis, pathological pathogenic tissues, cell genes, molecular chemistry, quantum chemistry, etc., as well as vaccine molecular chemistry, quantum physics, quantum biology, cytological histology, medicinal chemistry, and drugs And the vaccine’s symptomatic, effectiveness, safety, long-term effectiveness, etc., of course, including tens of thousands of clinical cases and deaths and other first-hand information and evidence. The task of RNA (ribonucleic acid) in the human body is to use the information of our genetic material DNA to produce protein. It accomplishes this task in the ribosome, the protein-producing area of the cell. The ribosome is the place where protein biosynthesis occurs.
Medicine takes advantage of this: In vaccination, artificially produced mRNA provides ribosomes with instructions for constructing pathogen antigens to fight against—for example, the spike protein of coronavirus.
Traditional live vaccines or inactivated vaccines contain antigens that cause the immune system to react. The mRNA vaccine is produced in the cell
(1) The specificity of new coronaviruses and mutant viruses, etc., virology and quantum chemistry of mutant viruses, quantum physics, quantum microbiology
(2) New crown vaccine design, molecular biology and chemical structure, etc.
(3) The generality and particularity of the development of new coronavirus drugs
(4) Various drug design for new coronavirus pneumonia, medicinal chemistry, pharmacology, etc., cells, proteins, DNA, enzyme chemistry, pharmaceutical quantum chemistry, pharmaceutical quantum physics, human biochemistry, human biophysics, etc.
(5) The evolution and mutation characteristics of the new coronavirus and various mutant viruses, the long-term nature, repeatability, drug resistance, and epidemic resistance of the virus, etc.
(6) New coronavirus pneumonia and the infectious transmission of various new coronaviruses and their particularities
(7) The invisible transmission of new coronavirus pneumonia and various mutant viruses in humans or animals, and the mutual symbiosis of cross infection of various bacteria and viruses are also one of the very serious causes of serious harm to new coronaviruses and mutant viruses. Virology, pathology, etiology, gene sequencing, gene mapping, and a large number of analytical studies have shown that there are many cases in China, the United States, India, Russia, Brazil, and other countries.
(8) For the symptomatic prevention and treatment of the new coronavirus, the combination of various vaccines and various antiviral drugs is critical.
(9) According to the current epidemic situation and research judgments, the epidemic situation may improve in the next period of time and 2021-2022, and we are optimistic about its success. However, completely worry-free, it is still too early to win easily. It is not just relying on vaccination. Wearing masks to close the city and other prevention and control measures and methods can sit back and relax, and you can win a big victory. Because all kinds of research and exploration still require a lot of time and various experimental studies. It is not a day's work. A simple taste is very dangerous and harmful. The power and migratory explosiveness of viruses sometimes far exceed human thinking and perception. In the future, next year, or in the future, whether viruses and various evolutionary mutation viruses will re-attack, we still need to study, analyze, prevent and control, rather than being complacent, thinking that the vaccine can win a big victory is inevitably naive and ridiculous. Vaccine protection is very important, but it must not be taken carelessly. The mutation of the new crown virus is very rampant, and the cross-infection of recessive and virulent bacteria makes epidemic prevention and anti-epidemic very complicated.
(10) New crown virus pneumonia and the virus's stubbornness, strength, migration, susceptibility, multi-infectiousness, and occult. The effectiveness of various vaccines and the particularity of virus mutations The long-term hidden dangers and repeated recurrences of the new coronavirus
(11) The formation mechanism and invisible transmission of invisible viruses, asymptomatic infections and asymptomatic infections, asymptomatic transmission routes, asymptomatic infections, pathological pathogens. The spread and infection of viruses and mutated viruses, the blind spots and blind spots of virus vaccines, viral quantum chemistry and
The chemical and physical corresponding reactions at the meeting points of highly effective vaccine drugs, etc. The variability of mutated viruses is very complicated, and vaccination cannot completely prevent the spread of infection.
(12) New crown virus pneumonia and various respiratory infectious diseases are susceptible to infections in animals and humans, and are frequently recurring. This is one of the frequently-occurring and difficult diseases of common infectious diseases. Even with various vaccines and various antiviral immune drugs, it is difficult to completely prevent the occurrence and spread of viral pneumonia. Therefore, epidemic prevention and anti-epidemic is a major issue facing human society, and no country should take it lightly. The various costs that humans pay on this issue are very expensive, such as Ebola virus, influenza A virus,
Hepatitis virus,
Marburg virus
Sars coronavirus, plague, anthracnose, cholera
and many more. The B.1.1.7 mutant virus that was first discovered in the UK was renamed Alpha mutant virus; the B.1.351 that was first discovered in South Africa was renamed Beta mutant virus; the P.1 that was first discovered in Brazil was renamed Gamma mutant virus; the mutation was first discovered in India There are two branches of the virus. B.1.617.2, which was listed as "mutated virus of concern", was renamed Delta mutant virus, and B.1.617.1 of "mutated virus to be observed" was renamed Kappa mutant virus.
However, experts in many countries believe that the current vaccination is still effective, at least it can prevent severe illness and reduce deaths.
Delta mutant strain
According to the degree of risk, the WHO divides the new crown variant strains into two categories: worrying variant strains (VOC, variant of concern) and noteworthy variant strains (VOI, variant of interest). The former has caused many cases and a wide range of cases worldwide, and data confirms its transmission ability, strong toxicity, high power, complex migration, and high insidious transmission of infection. Resistance to vaccines may lead to the effectiveness of vaccines and clinical treatments. Decrease; the latter has confirmed cases of community transmission worldwide, or has been found in multiple countries, but has not yet formed a large-scale infection. Need to be very vigilant. Various cases and deaths in many countries in the world are related to this. In some countries, the epidemic situation is repeated, and it is also caused by various reasons and viruses, of course, including new cases and so on.
At present, VOC is the mutant strain that has the greatest impact on the epidemic and the greatest threat to the world, including: Alpha, Beta, Gamma and Delta. , Will the change of the spur protein in the VOC affect the immune protection effect of the existing vaccine, or whether it will affect the sensitivity of the VOC to the existing vaccine? For this problem, it is necessary to directly test neutralizing antibodies, such as those that can prevent the protection of infection. Antibodies recognize specific protein sequences on viral particles, especially those spike protein sequences used in mRNA vaccines.
(13) Countries around the world, especially countries and regions with more severe epidemics, have a large number of clinical cases, severe cases, and deaths, especially including many young and middle-aged patients, including those who have been vaccinated. The epidemic is more complicated and serious. Injecting various vaccines, taking strict control measures such as closing the city and wearing masks are very important and the effect is very obvious. However, the new coronavirus and mutant viruses are so repeated, their pathological pathogen research will also be very complicated and difficult. After the large-scale use of the vaccine, many people are still infected. In addition to the lack of prevention and control measures, it is very important that the viability of the new coronavirus and various mutant viruses is very important. It can escape the inactivation of the vaccine. It is very resistant to stubbornness. Therefore, the recurrence of new coronavirus pneumonia is very dangerous. What is more noteworthy is that medical scientists, virologists, pharmacists, biologists, zoologists and clinicians should seriously consider the correspondence between virus specificity and vaccine drugs, and the coupling of commonality and specificity. Only in this way can we find targets. Track and kill viruses. Only in this sense can the new crown virus produce a nemesis, put an end to and eradicate the new crown virus pneumonia. Of course, this is not a temporary battle, but a certain amount of time and process to achieve the goal in the end.
(14) The development and evolution of the natural universe and earth species, as well as life species. With the continuous evolution of human cell genes, microbes and bacterial viruses are constantly mutated and inherited. The new world will inevitably produce a variety of new pathogens.
And viruses. For example, neurological genetic disease, digestive system disease, respiratory system disease, blood system disease, cardiopulmonary system disease, etc., new diseases will continue to emerge as humans develop and evolve. Human migration to space, space diseases, space psychological diseases, space cell diseases, space genetic diseases, etc. Therefore, for the new coronavirus and mutated viruses, we must have sufficient knowledge and response, and do not think that it will be completely wiped out.
, And is not a scientific attitude. Viruses and humans mutually reinforce each other, and viruses and animals and plants mutually reinforce each other. This is the iron law of the natural universe. Human beings can only adapt to natural history, but cannot deliberately modify natural history.
Active immune products made from specific bacteria, viruses, rickettsiae, spirochetes, mycoplasma and other microorganisms and parasites are collectively called vaccines. Vaccination of animals can make the animal body have specific immunity. The principle of vaccines is to artificially attenuate, inactivate, and genetically attenuate pathogenic microorganisms (such as bacteria, viruses, rickettsia, etc.) and their metabolites. Purification and preparation methods, made into immune preparations for the prevention of infectious diseases. In terms of ingredients, the vaccine retains the antigenic properties and other characteristics of the pathogen, which can stimulate the body's immune response and produce protective antibodies. But it has no pathogenicity and does not cause harm to the body. When the body is exposed to this pathogen again, the immune system will produce more antibodies according to the previous memory to prevent the pathogen from invading or to fight against the damage to the body. (1) Inactivated vaccines: select pathogenic microorganisms with strong immunogenicity, culture them, inactivate them by physical or chemical methods, and then purify and prepare them. The virus species used in inactivated vaccines are generally virulent strains, but the use of attenuated attenuated strains also has good immunogenicity, such as the inactivated polio vaccine produced by the Sabin attenuated strain. The inactivated vaccine has lost its infectivity to the body, but still maintains its immunogenicity, which can stimulate the body to produce corresponding immunity and resist the infection of wild strains. Inactivated vaccines have a good immune effect. They can generally be stored for more than one year at 2～8°C without the risk of reversion of virulence; however, the inactivated vaccines cannot grow and reproduce after entering the human body. They stimulate the human body for a short time and must be strong and long-lasting. In general, adjuvants are required for immunity, and multiple injections in large doses are required, and the local immune protection of natural infection is lacking. Including bacteria, viruses, rickettsiae and toxoid preparations.
World leader, scientist, medical scientist, virologist, pharmacist, Professor Fangruida (F.D Smith) on the world epidemic and the nemesis and prevention of new coronaviruses and mutant viruses (Jacques Lucy) 2021v1.5)
_-----------------------------------------
The Nemesis and Killer of New Coronavirus and Mutated Viruses-Joint Development of Vaccines and Drugs (Fangruida) July 2021
*The particularity of new coronaviruses and mutant viruses*The broad spectrum, high efficiency, redundancy, and safety of the new coronavirus vaccine design and development , Redundancy and safety
*New coronavirus drug chemical structure modification*Computer-aided design and drug screening. *"Antiviral biological missile", "New Coronavirus Anti-epidemic Tablets", "Composite Antiviral Oral Liquid", "New Coronavirus Long-acting Oral Tablets", "New Coronavirus Inhibitors" (injection)
——————————————————————————
(World leader, scientist, medical scientist, biologist, virologist, pharmacist, FD Smith) "The Nemesis and Killer of New Coronavirus and Mutated Viruses-The Joint Development of Vaccines and Drugs" is an important scientific research document. Now it has been revised and re-published by the original author several times. The compilation is published and published according to the original manuscript to meet the needs of readers and netizens all over the world. At the same time, it is also of great benefit to the vast number of medical clinical drug researchers and various experts and scholars. We hope that it will be corrected in the reprint.------Compiled by Jacques Lucy in Geneva, August 2021
-------------------------------------------------- ---------------------
According to Worldometer's real-time statistics, as of about 6:30 on July 23, there were a total of 193,323,815 confirmed cases of new coronary pneumonia worldwide, and a total of 4,150,213 deaths. There were 570,902 new confirmed cases and 8,766 new deaths worldwide in a single day. Data shows that the United States, Brazil, the United Kingdom, India, and Indonesia are the five countries with the largest number of new confirmed cases, and Indonesia, Brazil, Russia, South Africa, and India are the five countries with the largest number of new deaths.
The new coronavirus and delta mutant strains have been particularly serious in the recent past. Many countries and places have revived, and the number of cases has not decreased, but has increased.
, It is worthy of vigilance. Although many countries have strengthened vaccine prevention and control and other prevention and control measures, there are still many shortcomings and deficiencies in virus suppression and prevention. The new coronavirus and various mutant strains have a certain degree of antagonism to traditional drugs and most vaccines. Although most vaccines have great anti-epidemic properties and have important and irreplaceable effects and protection for prevention and treatment, it is impossible to completely prevent the spread and infection of viruses. The spread of the new crown virus pneumonia has been delayed for nearly two years. There are hundreds of millions of people infected worldwide, millions of deaths, and the time is long, the spread is widespread, and billions of people around the world are among them. The harm of the virus is quite terrible. This is well known. of. More urgent
What is more serious is that the virus and mutant strains have not completely retreated, especially many people are still infected and infected after being injected with various vaccines. The effectiveness of the vaccine and the resistance of the mutant virus are worthy of medical scientists, virologists, pharmacologists Zoologists and others seriously think and analyze. The current epidemic situation in European and American countries, China, Brazil, India, the United States, Russia and other countries has greatly improved from last year. However, relevant figures show that the global epidemic situation has not completely improved, and some countries and regions are still very serious. In particular, after extensive use of various vaccines, cases still occur, and in some places they are still very serious, which deserves a high degree of vigilance. Prevention and control measures are very important. In addition, vaccines and various anti-epidemic drugs are the first and necessary choices, and other methods are irreplaceable. It is particularly important to develop and develop comprehensive drugs, antiviral drugs, immune drugs, and genetic drugs. Research experiments on new coronaviruses and mutant viruses require more rigorous and in-depth data analysis, pathological pathogenic tissues, cell genes, molecular chemistry, quantum chemistry, etc., as well as vaccine molecular chemistry, quantum physics, quantum biology, cytological histology, medicinal chemistry, and drugs And the vaccine’s symptomatic, effectiveness, safety, long-term effectiveness, etc., of course, including tens of thousands of clinical cases and deaths and other first-hand information and evidence. The task of RNA (ribonucleic acid) in the human body is to use the information of our genetic material DNA to produce protein. It accomplishes this task in the ribosome, the protein-producing area of the cell. The ribosome is the place where protein biosynthesis occurs.
Medicine takes advantage of this: In vaccination, artificially produced mRNA provides ribosomes with instructions for constructing pathogen antigens to fight against—for example, the spike protein of coronavirus.
Traditional live vaccines or inactivated vaccines contain antigens that cause the immune system to react. The mRNA vaccine is produced in the cell
(1) The specificity of new coronaviruses and mutant viruses, etc., virology and quantum chemistry of mutant viruses, quantum physics, quantum microbiology
(2) New crown vaccine design, molecular biology and chemical structure, etc.
(3) The generality and particularity of the development of new coronavirus drugs
(4) Various drug design for new coronavirus pneumonia, medicinal chemistry, pharmacology, etc., cells, proteins, DNA, enzyme chemistry, pharmaceutical quantum chemistry, pharmaceutical quantum physics, human biochemistry, human biophysics, etc.
(5) The evolution and mutation characteristics of the new coronavirus and various mutant viruses, the long-term nature, repeatability, drug resistance, and epidemic resistance of the virus, etc.
(6) New coronavirus pneumonia and the infectious transmission of various new coronaviruses and their particularities
(7) The invisible transmission of new coronavirus pneumonia and various mutant viruses in humans or animals, and the mutual symbiosis of cross infection of various bacteria and viruses are also one of the very serious causes of serious harm to new coronaviruses and mutant viruses. Virology, pathology, etiology, gene sequencing, gene mapping, and a large number of analytical studies have shown that there are many cases in China, the United States, India, Russia, Brazil, and other countries.
(8) For the symptomatic prevention and treatment of the new coronavirus, the combination of various vaccines and various antiviral drugs is critical.
(9) According to the current epidemic situation and research judgments, the epidemic situation may improve in the next period of time and 2021-2022, and we are optimistic about its success. However, completely worry-free, it is still too early to win easily. It is not just relying on vaccination. Wearing masks to close the city and other prevention and control measures and methods can sit back and relax, and you can win a big victory. Because all kinds of research and exploration still require a lot of time and various experimental studies. It is not a day's work. A simple taste is very dangerous and harmful. The power and migratory explosiveness of viruses sometimes far exceed human thinking and perception. In the future, next year, or in the future, whether viruses and various evolutionary mutation viruses will re-attack, we still need to study, analyze, prevent and control, rather than being complacent, thinking that the vaccine can win a big victory is inevitably naive and ridiculous. Vaccine protection is very important, but it must not be taken carelessly. The mutation of the new crown virus is very rampant, and the cross-infection of recessive and virulent bacteria makes epidemic prevention and anti-epidemic very complicated.
(10) New crown virus pneumonia and the virus's stubbornness, strength, migration, susceptibility, multi-infectiousness, and occult. The effectiveness of various vaccines and the particularity of virus mutations The long-term hidden dangers and repeated recurrences of the new coronavirus
(11) The formation mechanism and invisible transmission of invisible viruses, asymptomatic infections and asymptomatic infections, asymptomatic transmission routes, asymptomatic infections, pathological pathogens. The spread and infection of viruses and mutated viruses, the blind spots and blind spots of virus vaccines, viral quantum chemistry and
The chemical and physical corresponding reactions at the meeting points of highly effective vaccine drugs, etc. The variability of mutated viruses is very complicated, and vaccination cannot completely prevent the spread of infection.
(12) New crown virus pneumonia and various respiratory infectious diseases are susceptible to infections in animals and humans, and are frequently recurring. This is one of the frequently-occurring and difficult diseases of common infectious diseases. Even with various vaccines and various antiviral immune drugs, it is difficult to completely prevent the occurrence and spread of viral pneumonia. Therefore, epidemic prevention and anti-epidemic is a major issue facing human society, and no country should take it lightly. The various costs that humans pay on this issue are very expensive, such as Ebola virus, influenza A virus,
Hepatitis virus,
Marburg virus
Sars coronavirus, plague, anthracnose, cholera
and many more. The B.1.1.7 mutant virus that was first discovered in the UK was renamed Alpha mutant virus; the B.1.351 that was first discovered in South Africa was renamed Beta mutant virus; the P.1 that was first discovered in Brazil was renamed Gamma mutant virus; the mutation was first discovered in India There are two branches of the virus. B.1.617.2, which was listed as "mutated virus of concern", was renamed Delta mutant virus, and B.1.617.1 of "mutated virus to be observed" was renamed Kappa mutant virus.
However, experts in many countries believe that the current vaccination is still effective, at least it can prevent severe illness and reduce deaths.
Delta mutant strain
According to the degree of risk, the WHO divides the new crown variant strains into two categories: worrying variant strains (VOC, variant of concern) and noteworthy variant strains (VOI, variant of interest). The former has caused many cases and a wide range of cases worldwide, and data confirms its transmission ability, strong toxicity, high power, complex migration, and high insidious transmission of infection. Resistance to vaccines may lead to the effectiveness of vaccines and clinical treatments. Decrease; the latter has confirmed cases of community transmission worldwide, or has been found in multiple countries, but has not yet formed a large-scale infection. Need to be very vigilant. Various cases and deaths in many countries in the world are related to this. In some countries, the epidemic situation is repeated, and it is also caused by various reasons and viruses, of course, including new cases and so on.
At present, VOC is the mutant strain that has the greatest impact on the epidemic and the greatest threat to the world, including: Alpha, Beta, Gamma and Delta. , Will the change of the spur protein in the VOC affect the immune protection effect of the existing vaccine, or whether it will affect the sensitivity of the VOC to the existing vaccine? For this problem, it is necessary to directly test neutralizing antibodies, such as those that can prevent the protection of infection. Antibodies recognize specific protein sequences on viral particles, especially those spike protein sequences used in mRNA vaccines.
(13) Countries around the world, especially countries and regions with more severe epidemics, have a large number of clinical cases, severe cases, and deaths, especially including many young and middle-aged patients, including those who have been vaccinated. The epidemic is more complicated and serious. Injecting various vaccines, taking strict control measures such as closing the city and wearing masks are very important and the effect is very obvious. However, the new coronavirus and mutant viruses are so repeated, their pathological pathogen research will also be very complicated and difficult. After the large-scale use of the vaccine, many people are still infected. In addition to the lack of prevention and control measures, it is very important that the viability of the new coronavirus and various mutant viruses is very important. It can escape the inactivation of the vaccine. It is very resistant to stubbornness. Therefore, the recurrence of new coronavirus pneumonia is very dangerous. What is more noteworthy is that medical scientists, virologists, pharmacists, biologists, zoologists and clinicians should seriously consider the correspondence between virus specificity and vaccine drugs, and the coupling of commonality and specificity. Only in this way can we find targets. Track and kill viruses. Only in this sense can the new crown virus produce a nemesis, put an end to and eradicate the new crown virus pneumonia. Of course, this is not a temporary battle, but a certain amount of time and process to achieve the goal in the end.
(14) The development and evolution of the natural universe and earth species, as well as life species. With the continuous evolution of human cell genes, microbes and bacterial viruses are constantly mutated and inherited. The new world will inevitably produce a variety of new pathogens.
And viruses. For example, neurological genetic disease, digestive system disease, respiratory system disease, blood system disease, cardiopulmonary system disease, etc., new diseases will continue to emerge as humans develop and evolve. Human migration to space, space diseases, space psychological diseases, space cell diseases, space genetic diseases, etc. Therefore, for the new coronavirus and mutated viruses, we must have sufficient knowledge and response, and do not think that it will be completely wiped out.
, And is not a scientific attitude. Viruses and humans mutually reinforce each other, and viruses and animals and plants mutually reinforce each other. This is the iron law of the natural universe. Human beings can only adapt to natural history, but cannot deliberately modify natural history.
Active immune products made from specific bacteria, viruses, rickettsiae, spirochetes, mycoplasma and other microorganisms and parasites are collectively called vaccines. Vaccination of animals can make the animal body have specific immunity. The principle of vaccines is to artificially attenuate, inactivate, and genetically attenuate pathogenic microorganisms (such as bacteria, viruses, rickettsia, etc.) and their metabolites. Purification and preparation methods, made into immune preparations for the prevention of infectious diseases. In terms of ingredients, the vaccine retains the antigenic properties and other characteristics of the pathogen, which can stimulate the body's immune response and produce protective antibodies. But it has no pathogenicity and does not cause harm to the body. When the body is exposed to this pathogen again, the immune system will produce more antibodies according to the previous memory to prevent the pathogen from invading or to fight against the damage to the body. (1) Inactivated vaccines: select pathogenic microorganisms with strong immunogenicity, culture them, inactivate them by physical or chemical methods, and then purify and prepare them. The virus species used in inactivated vaccines are generally virulent strains, but the use of attenuated attenuated strains also has good immunogenicity, such as the inactivated polio vaccine produced by the Sabin attenuated strain. The inactivated vaccine has lost its infectivity to the body, but still maintains its immunogenicity, which can stimulate the body to produce corresponding immunity and resist the infection of wild strains. Inactivated vaccines have a good immune effect. They can generally be stored for more than one year at 2～8°C without the risk of reversion of virulence; however, the inactivated vaccines cannot grow and reproduce after entering the human body. They stimulate the human body for a short time and must be strong and long-lasting. In general, adjuvants are required for immunity, and multiple injections in large doses are required, and the local immune protection of natural infection is lacking. Including bacteria, viruses, rickettsiae and toxoid preparations.
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The chukar partridge or chukar (Alectoris chukar) is a Eurasian upland gamebird in the pheasant family Phasianidae. It has been considered to form a superspecies complex along with the rock partridge, Philby's partridge and Przevalski's partridge and treated in the past as conspecific particularly with the first. This partridge has well marked black and white bars on the flanks and a black band running from the forehead across the eye and running down the head to form a necklace that encloses a white throat. The species has been introduced into many other places and feral populations have established themselves in parts of North America and New Zealand. This bird can be found in parts of Middle East.
Description:
The chukar is a rotund 32–35 cm (13–14 in) long partridge, with a light brown back, grey breast, and buff belly. The shades vary across the various populations. The face is white with a black gorget. It has rufous-streaked flanks, red legs and coral red bill. Sexes are similar, the female slightly smaller in size and lacking the spur.[2] The tail has 14 feathers, the third primary is the longest while the first is level with the fifth and sixth primaries.[3]
It is very similar to the rock partridge (Alectoris graeca) with which it has been lumped in the past[4] but is browner on the back and has a yellowish tinge to the foreneck. The sharply defined gorget distinguishes this species from the red-legged partridge which has the black collar breaking into dark streaks near the breast. Their song is a noisy chuck-chuck-chukar-chukar from which the name is derived.[5] The Barbary partridge (Alectoris barbara) has a reddish brown rather than black collar with a grey throat and face with a chestnut crown.[6]
Other common names of this bird include chukker (chuker or chukor), Indian chukar and keklik.
Distribution and habitat
This partridge has its native range in Asia, including Israel, Lebanon, Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan and India, along the inner ranges of the Western Himalayas to Nepal. Further west in southeastern Europe it is replaced by the red-legged partridge, Alectoris rufa. It barely ranges into Africa on the Sinai Peninsula. The habitat in the native range is rocky open hillsides with grass or scattered scrub or cultivation. In Israel and Jordan it is found at low altitudes, starting at 400 m (1,300 ft) below sea level in the Dead Sea area, whereas in the more eastern areas it is mainly found at an altitude of 2,000 to 4,000 m (6,600 to 13,100 ft) except in Pakistan, where it occurs at 600 m (2,000 ft).[2][7] They are not found in areas of high humidity or rainfall.[8]
It has been introduced widely as a game bird, and feral populations have become established in the United States (Rocky Mountains, Great Basin, high desert areas of California), Canada, Chile, Argentina, New Zealand and Hawaii.[9] Initial introductions into the US were from the nominate populations collected from Afghanistan and Nepal.[10] It has also been introduced to New South Wales in Australia but breeding populations have not persisted and are probably extinct.[11] A small population exists on Robben Island in South Africa since it was introduced there in 1964.[12]
The chukar readily interbreeds with the red-legged partridge (Alectoris rufa), and the practice of breeding and releasing captive-bred hybrids has been banned in various countries including the United Kingdom, as it is a threat to wild populations.[13]
Systematics and taxonomy
Alectoris chukar@
The chukar partridge is part of a confusing group of "red-legged partridges". Several plumage variations within the widespread distribution of the chukar partridge have been described and designated as subspecies. In the past the chukar group was included with the rock partridge (also known as the Greek partridge). The species from Turkey and farther east was subsequently separated from A. graeca of Greece and Bulgaria and western Europe.[14][15]
Subspecies:
There are fourteen recognized subspecies:
A. c. chukar (JE Gray, 1830) – nominate – eastern Afghanistan to eastern Nepal
A. c. cypriotes (Hartert, 1917) – island chukar – southeastern Bulgaria to southern Syria, Crete, Rhodes and Cyprus
A. c. dzungarica (Sushkin, 1927) – northwestern Mongolia to Russian Altai and eastern Tibet
A. c. falki (Hartert, 1917) – north central Afghanistan to Pamir Mountains and western China
A. c. kleini (Hartert, 1925)
A. c. koroviakovi (Zarudny, 1914) – Persian chukar – eastern Iran to Pakistan
A. c. kurdestanica (Meinertzhagen, 1923) – Kurdestan chukar – Caucasus Mountains to Iran
A. c. pallescens (Hume, 1873) – northern chukar – northeastern Afghanistan to Ladakh and western Tibet
A. c. pallida (Hume, 1873) – northwestern China
A. c. potanini (Sushkin, 1927) – western Mongolia
A. c. pubescens (Swinhoe, 1871) – inner Mongolia to northwestern Sichuan and eastern Qinghai
A. c. sinaica (Bonaparte, 1858) – northern Syrian Desert to Sinai Peninsula
A. c. subpallida (Zarudny, 1914) – Tajikistan (Kyzyl Kum and Kara Kum mountains)
A. c. werae (Zarudny and Loudon, 1904) – Iranian chukar – eastern Iraq and southwestern Iran
Population and status
Chukar partridge in the Antelope Island State Park, Utah, US
This species is relatively unaffected by hunting or loss of habitat. Its numbers are largely affected by weather patterns during the breeding season. The release of captive stock in some parts of southern Europe can threaten native populations of rock partridge and red-legged partridge with which they may hybridize.[16][17]
British sportsmen in India considered the chukar as good sport although they were not considered to be particularly good in flavour. Their fast flight and ability to fly some distance after being shot made recovery of the birds difficult without retriever dogs.[18] During cold winters, when the higher areas are covered in snow, people in Kashmir have been known to use a technique to tire the birds out to catch them.[19]
Behaviour and ecology:
Chukar partridge at Weltvogelpark Walsrode (Walsrode Bird Park, Germany)
Alectoris chukar falki – MHNT
In the non-breeding season, chukar partridge are found in small coveys of 10 or more (up to 50) birds. In summer, chukars form pairs to breed. During this time, the cocks are very pugnacious calling and fighting.[7][8][20][21] During winter they descend into the valleys and feed in fields. They call frequently during the day and especially in the mornings and evenings. The call is loud and includes loud repeated "Chuck" notes and sometimes duetting "Chuker" notes. Several calls varying with context have been noted.[22] The commonest call is a "rallying call" which when played back elicits a response from birds and has been used in surveys, although the method is not very reliable.[23][24] When disturbed, it prefers to run rather than fly, but if necessary it flies a short distance often down a slope on rounded wings, calling immediately after alighting.[2][18][25] In Utah, birds were found to forage in an area of about 2.6 km2 (1.0 sq mi). and travel up to 4.8 km (3.0 mi) to obtain water during the dry season. The home range was found to be even smaller in Idaho.[26][27][28]
The breeding season is summer. Males perform tidbitting displays, a form of courtship feeding where the male pecks at food and a female may visit to peck in response. The males may chase females with head lowered, wing lowered and neck fluffed. The male may also performs a high step stiff walk while making a special call. The female may then crouch in acceptance and the male mounts to copulate, while grasping the nape of the female. Males are monogamous.[15] The nest is a scantily lined ground scrape, though occasionally a compact pad is created with a depression in the center. Generally, the nests are sheltered by ferns and small bushes, or placed in a dip or rocky hillside under an overhanging rock. About 7 to 14 eggs are laid.[8][21][29] The eggs hatch in about 23–25 days. In captivity they can lay an egg each day during the breeding season if eggs are collected daily.[30] Chicks join their parents in foraging and will soon join the chicks of other members of the covey.[6]
As young chukars grow, and before flying for the first time, they utilize wing-assisted incline running as a transition to adult flight. This behaviour is found in several bird species, but has been extensively studied in chukar chicks, as a model to explain the evolution of avian flight.[31][32][33][34]
Chukar will take a wide variety of seeds and some insects as food. It also ingests grit.[25] In Kashmir, the seeds of a species of Eragrostis was particularly dominant in their diet[35] while those in the US favoured Bromus tectorum.[6] Birds feeding on succulent vegetation make up for their water needs but visit open water in summer.[36]
Chukar roost on rocky slopes or under shrubs. In winter, birds in the US selected protected niches or caves. A group may roost in a tight circle with their heads pointed outwards to conserve heat and keep a look out for predators.[6]
Chukar are sometimes preyed on by golden eagles.[37]
Birds in captivity can die from mycoplasma infection and outbreaks of other diseases such as Erysipelas.[38][39][40]
In culture
A chukar in a 17th-century Persian encyclopedia:
The chukar is the National bird of Iraq[41] and of Pakistan, where its name is derived from chakor in Sanskrit. Literary mentions of it in the northern areas of the Indian subcontinent date back to the Rig Veda (c. 1700 BC).[42] In North Indian and Pakistani culture, as well as in Indian mythology, the chukar sometimes symbolizes intense, and often unrequited, love.[43][44] It is said to be in love with the moon and to gaze at it constantly.[45] Because of their pugnacious behaviour during the breeding season they are kept in some areas as fighting birds.[8][20]
References:
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Rasmussen PC, Anderton JC (2005). Birds of South Asia: The Ripley Guide. Volume 2. Smithsonian Institution & Lynx Edicions. p. 120.
Blanford WT (1898). Fauna of British India. Birds. Volume 4. Taylor and Francis, London. pp. 131–132.
Watson GE (1962). "Three sibling species of Alectoris Partridge". Ibis. 104 (3): 353–367. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1962.tb08663.x.
Baker ECS (1928). Fauna of British India. Birds. Volume 5 (2 ed.). Taylor and Francis, London. pp. 402–405.
Johnsgard PA (1973). Grouse and Quails of North America. University of Nebraska, Lincoln. pp. 489–501.
Whistler, Hugh (1949). Popular Handbook of Indian Birds. Edition 4. Gurney and Jackson, London. pp. 428–430.
Stuart Baker EC (1922). "The game birds of India, Burma and Ceylon, part 31". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 28 (2): 306–312.
Long, John L. (1981). Introduced Birds of the World. Agricultural Protection Board of Western Australia, 21-493
Pyle RL, Pyle P (2009). The Birds of the Hawaiian Islands: Occurrence, History, Distribution, and Status (PDF). B.P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, HI, U.S.A.
Christidis L, Boles WE (2008). Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds. CSIRO. p. 60. ISBN 0-643-06511-3.
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"Red-legged partridge". Game & Wildlife Conservation Trust. Retrieved 2015-12-25.
Hartert E (1925). "A new form of Chukar Partridge Alectoris graeca kleini subsp.nov.". Novitates Zoologicae. 32: 137.
Christensen GC (1970). The Chukar Partridge. Biological Bulletin No. 4 (PDF). Nevada Department of Wildlife.
Barilani, Marina; Ariane Bernard-Laurent; Nadia Mucci; Cristiano Tabarroni; Salit Kark; Jose Antonio Perez Garrido; Ettore Randi (2007). "Hybridisation with introduced chukars (Alectoris chukar) threatens the gene pool integrity of native rock (A. graeca) and red-legged (A. rufa) partridge populations" (PDF). Biological Conservation. 137: 57–69. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2007.01.014.
Duarte J, Vargas JM (2004). "Field inbreeding of released farm-reared Red-legged Partridges (Alectoris rufa) with wild ones" (PDF). Game and Wildlife Science. 21 (1): 55–61.
Hume AO, Marshall CH (1880). The Game birds of India, Burmah and Ceylon. Self published. pp. 33–43.
Ludlow, Frank (1934). "Catching of Chikor [Alectoris graeca chukar (Gray)] in Kashmir". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 37 (1): 222.
Finn, Frank (1915). Indian Sporting Birds. Francis Edwards, London. pp. 236–237.
Ali S, Ripley SD (1980). Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan. Volume 2 (2 ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 17–20. ISBN 0-19-562063-1.
Stokes, Allen W (1961). "Voice and Social Behavior of the Chukar Partridge" (PDF). The Condor. 63 (2): 111–127. doi:10.2307/1365525. JSTOR 1365525.
Williams HW, Stokes AW (1965). "Factors Affecting the Incidence of Rally Calling in the Chukar Partridge". The Condor. 67 (1): 31–43. doi:10.2307/1365378. JSTOR 1365378.
Bohl, Wayne H. (1956). "Experiments in Locating Wild Chukar Partridges by Use of Recorded Calls". The Journal of Wildlife Management. 20 (1): 83–85. doi:10.2307/3797253. JSTOR 3797253.
Oates EW (1898). A manual of the Game birds of India. Part 1. A J Combridge, Bombay. pp. 179–183.
Walter, Hanspeter (2002). "Natural history and ecology of the Chukar (Alectoris chukar) in the northern Great Basin" (PDF). Great Basin Birds. 5 (1): 28–37.
Bump G (1951). "The chukor partridge (Alectoris graeca) in the middle east with observations on its adaptability to conditions in the southwestern United States. Preliminary Species Account Number 1". US Fish and Wildlife Service.
Phelps JE (1955). The adaptability of the Turkish Chukar partridge (Alectoris graeca Meisner) in central Utah. Unpublished MS Thesis, Utah State Agricultural College, Logan, Utah, USA.
Hume AO (1890). The nests and eggs of Indian Birds. Volume 3 (2 ed.). R H Porter, London. pp. 431–433.
Woodard AE (1982). "Raising Chukar Partridges" (PDF). Cooperative Extension Division of Agricultural Sciences, University of California. Leaflet 21321e.
Tobalske, B. W.; Dial, K. P. (2007). "Aerodynamics of wing-assisted incline running in birds" (Automatic PDF download). The Journal of Experimental Biology. 210 (Pt 10): 1742–1751. doi:10.1242/jeb.001701. PMID 17488937.
Dial, K. P.; Randall, R. J.; Dial, T. R. (2006). "What Use Is Half a Wing in the Ecology and Evolution of Birds?". BioScience. 56 (5): 437–445. doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2006)056[0437:WUIHAW]2.0.CO;2.
Dial, K.P. (2003). "Wing-Assisted Incline Running and the Evolution of Flight" (pdf). Science. 299 (5605): 402–404. Bibcode:2003Sci...299..402D. doi:10.1126/science.1078237. PMID 12532020.
Bundle, M.W; Dial, K.P. (2003). "Mechanics of wing-assisted incline running (WAIR)" (PDF). The Journal of Experimental Biology. 206 (Pt 24): 4553–4564. doi:10.1242/jeb.00673. PMID 14610039.
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Degen AA, Pinshow B, Shaw PJ (1984). "Must desert Chukars (Alectoris chukar sinaica) drink water? Water influx and body mass changes in response to dietary water content" (PDF). The Auk. 101 (1): 47–52.
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Lateef M, Rauf U, Sajid MA (2006). "Outbreak of respiratory syndrome in Chukar Partridge (Alectoris chukar)" (PDF). J. Anim. Pl. Sci. 16 (1–2).
Pettit JR, Gough AW, Truscott RB (1976). "Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae infection in Chukar Partridge (Alectoris graeca)" (PDF). Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 12 (2): 254–245. doi:10.7589/0090-3558-12.2.254. PMID 933318.
Dubey JP, Goodwin AM, Ruff MD, Shen SK, Kwok OC, Wizlkins GL, Thulliez P (1995). "Experimental toxoplasmosis in chukar partridges (Alectoris graeca)". Avian Pathology. 24 (1): 95–107. doi:10.1080/03079459508419051. PMID 18645768.
Iraq Culture, Map, Flag, Tourist Places. sphereinfo.com
Ram Bir Singh Kushwah; Vijay Kumar (2001-01-01). Economics of Protected Areas and Its Effect on Biodiversity. APH Publishing, 2001. ISBN 9788176482097. "In the Rig Veda the references of some Himalayan species of partridges includes black partridge, chakor partridge, snow partridge and the common hill partridge"
Temple, Richard Carnac (1884). The legends of the Panjâb. Volume 2. Education Society's Press, Bombay. p. 257.
Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal v. 55. Asiatic Society of Bengal. 1881. "When I beheld thy face mournful, lady, I wandered restlessly o'er the world, Thy face is like the moon, and my heart like the chakor"
Balfour, Edward (1871). Cyclopædia of India and of eastern and southern Asia, commercial, industrial and scientific: products of the mineral, vegetable and animal kingdoms, useful arts and manufactures. Scottish & Adelphi Presses. "The birds are said by the natives to be enamoured of the moon and, at full moon, to eat fire"
World leader, scientist, medical scientist, virologist, pharmacist, Professor Fangruida (F.D Smith) on the world epidemic and the nemesis and prevention of new coronaviruses and mutant viruses (Jacques Lucy) 2021v1.5)
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The Nemesis and Killer of New Coronavirus and Mutated Viruses-Joint Development of Vaccines and Drugs (Fangruida) July 2021
*The particularity of new coronaviruses and mutant viruses*The broad spectrum, high efficiency, redundancy, and safety of the new coronavirus vaccine design and development , Redundancy and safety
*New coronavirus drug chemical structure modification*Computer-aided design and drug screening. *"Antiviral biological missile", "New Coronavirus Anti-epidemic Tablets", "Composite Antiviral Oral Liquid", "New Coronavirus Long-acting Oral Tablets", "New Coronavirus Inhibitors" (injection)
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(World leader, scientist, medical scientist, biologist, virologist, pharmacist, FD Smith) "The Nemesis and Killer of New Coronavirus and Mutated Viruses-The Joint Development of Vaccines and Drugs" is an important scientific research document. Now it has been revised and re-published by the original author several times. The compilation is published and published according to the original manuscript to meet the needs of readers and netizens all over the world. At the same time, it is also of great benefit to the vast number of medical clinical drug researchers and various experts and scholars. We hope that it will be corrected in the reprint.------Compiled by Jacques Lucy in Geneva, August 2021
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According to Worldometer's real-time statistics, as of about 6:30 on July 23, there were a total of 193,323,815 confirmed cases of new coronary pneumonia worldwide, and a total of 4,150,213 deaths. There were 570,902 new confirmed cases and 8,766 new deaths worldwide in a single day. Data shows that the United States, Brazil, the United Kingdom, India, and Indonesia are the five countries with the largest number of new confirmed cases, and Indonesia, Brazil, Russia, South Africa, and India are the five countries with the largest number of new deaths.
The new coronavirus and delta mutant strains have been particularly serious in the recent past. Many countries and places have revived, and the number of cases has not decreased, but has increased.
, It is worthy of vigilance. Although many countries have strengthened vaccine prevention and control and other prevention and control measures, there are still many shortcomings and deficiencies in virus suppression and prevention. The new coronavirus and various mutant strains have a certain degree of antagonism to traditional drugs and most vaccines. Although most vaccines have great anti-epidemic properties and have important and irreplaceable effects and protection for prevention and treatment, it is impossible to completely prevent the spread and infection of viruses. The spread of the new crown virus pneumonia has been delayed for nearly two years. There are hundreds of millions of people infected worldwide, millions of deaths, and the time is long, the spread is widespread, and billions of people around the world are among them. The harm of the virus is quite terrible. This is well known. of. More urgent
What is more serious is that the virus and mutant strains have not completely retreated, especially many people are still infected and infected after being injected with various vaccines. The effectiveness of the vaccine and the resistance of the mutant virus are worthy of medical scientists, virologists, pharmacologists Zoologists and others seriously think and analyze. The current epidemic situation in European and American countries, China, Brazil, India, the United States, Russia and other countries has greatly improved from last year. However, relevant figures show that the global epidemic situation has not completely improved, and some countries and regions are still very serious. In particular, after extensive use of various vaccines, cases still occur, and in some places they are still very serious, which deserves a high degree of vigilance. Prevention and control measures are very important. In addition, vaccines and various anti-epidemic drugs are the first and necessary choices, and other methods are irreplaceable. It is particularly important to develop and develop comprehensive drugs, antiviral drugs, immune drugs, and genetic drugs. Research experiments on new coronaviruses and mutant viruses require more rigorous and in-depth data analysis, pathological pathogenic tissues, cell genes, molecular chemistry, quantum chemistry, etc., as well as vaccine molecular chemistry, quantum physics, quantum biology, cytological histology, medicinal chemistry, and drugs And the vaccine’s symptomatic, effectiveness, safety, long-term effectiveness, etc., of course, including tens of thousands of clinical cases and deaths and other first-hand information and evidence. The task of RNA (ribonucleic acid) in the human body is to use the information of our genetic material DNA to produce protein. It accomplishes this task in the ribosome, the protein-producing area of the cell. The ribosome is the place where protein biosynthesis occurs.
Medicine takes advantage of this: In vaccination, artificially produced mRNA provides ribosomes with instructions for constructing pathogen antigens to fight against—for example, the spike protein of coronavirus.
Traditional live vaccines or inactivated vaccines contain antigens that cause the immune system to react. The mRNA vaccine is produced in the cell
(1) The specificity of new coronaviruses and mutant viruses, etc., virology and quantum chemistry of mutant viruses, quantum physics, quantum microbiology
(2) New crown vaccine design, molecular biology and chemical structure, etc.
(3) The generality and particularity of the development of new coronavirus drugs
(4) Various drug design for new coronavirus pneumonia, medicinal chemistry, pharmacology, etc., cells, proteins, DNA, enzyme chemistry, pharmaceutical quantum chemistry, pharmaceutical quantum physics, human biochemistry, human biophysics, etc.
(5) The evolution and mutation characteristics of the new coronavirus and various mutant viruses, the long-term nature, repeatability, drug resistance, and epidemic resistance of the virus, etc.
(6) New coronavirus pneumonia and the infectious transmission of various new coronaviruses and their particularities
(7) The invisible transmission of new coronavirus pneumonia and various mutant viruses in humans or animals, and the mutual symbiosis of cross infection of various bacteria and viruses are also one of the very serious causes of serious harm to new coronaviruses and mutant viruses. Virology, pathology, etiology, gene sequencing, gene mapping, and a large number of analytical studies have shown that there are many cases in China, the United States, India, Russia, Brazil, and other countries.
(8) For the symptomatic prevention and treatment of the new coronavirus, the combination of various vaccines and various antiviral drugs is critical.
(9) According to the current epidemic situation and research judgments, the epidemic situation may improve in the next period of time and 2021-2022, and we are optimistic about its success. However, completely worry-free, it is still too early to win easily. It is not just relying on vaccination. Wearing masks to close the city and other prevention and control measures and methods can sit back and relax, and you can win a big victory. Because all kinds of research and exploration still require a lot of time and various experimental studies. It is not a day's work. A simple taste is very dangerous and harmful. The power and migratory explosiveness of viruses sometimes far exceed human thinking and perception. In the future, next year, or in the future, whether viruses and various evolutionary mutation viruses will re-attack, we still need to study, analyze, prevent and control, rather than being complacent, thinking that the vaccine can win a big victory is inevitably naive and ridiculous. Vaccine protection is very important, but it must not be taken carelessly. The mutation of the new crown virus is very rampant, and the cross-infection of recessive and virulent bacteria makes epidemic prevention and anti-epidemic very complicated.
(10) New crown virus pneumonia and the virus's stubbornness, strength, migration, susceptibility, multi-infectiousness, and occult. The effectiveness of various vaccines and the particularity of virus mutations The long-term hidden dangers and repeated recurrences of the new coronavirus
(11) The formation mechanism and invisible transmission of invisible viruses, asymptomatic infections and asymptomatic infections, asymptomatic transmission routes, asymptomatic infections, pathological pathogens. The spread and infection of viruses and mutated viruses, the blind spots and blind spots of virus vaccines, viral quantum chemistry and
The chemical and physical corresponding reactions at the meeting points of highly effective vaccine drugs, etc. The variability of mutated viruses is very complicated, and vaccination cannot completely prevent the spread of infection.
(12) New crown virus pneumonia and various respiratory infectious diseases are susceptible to infections in animals and humans, and are frequently recurring. This is one of the frequently-occurring and difficult diseases of common infectious diseases. Even with various vaccines and various antiviral immune drugs, it is difficult to completely prevent the occurrence and spread of viral pneumonia. Therefore, epidemic prevention and anti-epidemic is a major issue facing human society, and no country should take it lightly. The various costs that humans pay on this issue are very expensive, such as Ebola virus, influenza A virus,
Hepatitis virus,
Marburg virus
Sars coronavirus, plague, anthracnose, cholera
and many more. The B.1.1.7 mutant virus that was first discovered in the UK was renamed Alpha mutant virus; the B.1.351 that was first discovered in South Africa was renamed Beta mutant virus; the P.1 that was first discovered in Brazil was renamed Gamma mutant virus; the mutation was first discovered in India There are two branches of the virus. B.1.617.2, which was listed as "mutated virus of concern", was renamed Delta mutant virus, and B.1.617.1 of "mutated virus to be observed" was renamed Kappa mutant virus.
However, experts in many countries believe that the current vaccination is still effective, at least it can prevent severe illness and reduce deaths.
Delta mutant strain
According to the degree of risk, the WHO divides the new crown variant strains into two categories: worrying variant strains (VOC, variant of concern) and noteworthy variant strains (VOI, variant of interest). The former has caused many cases and a wide range of cases worldwide, and data confirms its transmission ability, strong toxicity, high power, complex migration, and high insidious transmission of infection. Resistance to vaccines may lead to the effectiveness of vaccines and clinical treatments. Decrease; the latter has confirmed cases of community transmission worldwide, or has been found in multiple countries, but has not yet formed a large-scale infection. Need to be very vigilant. Various cases and deaths in many countries in the world are related to this. In some countries, the epidemic situation is repeated, and it is also caused by various reasons and viruses, of course, including new cases and so on.
At present, VOC is the mutant strain that has the greatest impact on the epidemic and the greatest threat to the world, including: Alpha, Beta, Gamma and Delta. , Will the change of the spur protein in the VOC affect the immune protection effect of the existing vaccine, or whether it will affect the sensitivity of the VOC to the existing vaccine? For this problem, it is necessary to directly test neutralizing antibodies, such as those that can prevent the protection of infection. Antibodies recognize specific protein sequences on viral particles, especially those spike protein sequences used in mRNA vaccines.
(13) Countries around the world, especially countries and regions with more severe epidemics, have a large number of clinical cases, severe cases, and deaths, especially including many young and middle-aged patients, including those who have been vaccinated. The epidemic is more complicated and serious. Injecting various vaccines, taking strict control measures such as closing the city and wearing masks are very important and the effect is very obvious. However, the new coronavirus and mutant viruses are so repeated, their pathological pathogen research will also be very complicated and difficult. After the large-scale use of the vaccine, many people are still infected. In addition to the lack of prevention and control measures, it is very important that the viability of the new coronavirus and various mutant viruses is very important. It can escape the inactivation of the vaccine. It is very resistant to stubbornness. Therefore, the recurrence of new coronavirus pneumonia is very dangerous. What is more noteworthy is that medical scientists, virologists, pharmacists, biologists, zoologists and clinicians should seriously consider the correspondence between virus specificity and vaccine drugs, and the coupling of commonality and specificity. Only in this way can we find targets. Track and kill viruses. Only in this sense can the new crown virus produce a nemesis, put an end to and eradicate the new crown virus pneumonia. Of course, this is not a temporary battle, but a certain amount of time and process to achieve the goal in the end.
(14) The development and evolution of the natural universe and earth species, as well as life species. With the continuous evolution of human cell genes, microbes and bacterial viruses are constantly mutated and inherited. The new world will inevitably produce a variety of new pathogens.
And viruses. For example, neurological genetic disease, digestive system disease, respiratory system disease, blood system disease, cardiopulmonary system disease, etc., new diseases will continue to emerge as humans develop and evolve. Human migration to space, space diseases, space psychological diseases, space cell diseases, space genetic diseases, etc. Therefore, for the new coronavirus and mutated viruses, we must have sufficient knowledge and response, and do not think that it will be completely wiped out.
, And is not a scientific attitude. Viruses and humans mutually reinforce each other, and viruses and animals and plants mutually reinforce each other. This is the iron law of the natural universe. Human beings can only adapt to natural history, but cannot deliberately modify natural history.
Active immune products made from specific bacteria, viruses, rickettsiae, spirochetes, mycoplasma and other microorganisms and parasites are collectively called vaccines. Vaccination of animals can make the animal body have specific immunity. The principle of vaccines is to artificially attenuate, inactivate, and genetically attenuate pathogenic microorganisms (such as bacteria, viruses, rickettsia, etc.) and their metabolites. Purification and preparation methods, made into immune preparations for the prevention of infectious diseases. In terms of ingredients, the vaccine retains the antigenic properties and other characteristics of the pathogen, which can stimulate the body's immune response and produce protective antibodies. But it has no pathogenicity and does not cause harm to the body. When the body is exposed to this pathogen again, the immune system will produce more antibodies according to the previous memory to prevent the pathogen from invading or to fight against the damage to the body. (1) Inactivated vaccines: select pathogenic microorganisms with strong immunogenicity, culture them, inactivate them by physical or chemical methods, and then purify and prepare them. The virus species used in inactivated vaccines are generally virulent strains, but the use of attenuated attenuated strains also has good immunogenicity, such as the inactivated polio vaccine produced by the Sabin attenuated strain. The inactivated vaccine has lost its infectivity to the body, but still maintains its immunogenicity, which can stimulate the body to produce corresponding immunity and resist the infection of wild strains. Inactivated vaccines have a good immune effect. They can generally be stored for more than one year at 2～8°C without the risk of reversion of virulence; however, the inactivated vaccines cannot grow and reproduce after entering the human body. They stimulate the human body for a short time and must be strong and long-lasting. In general, adjuvants are required for immunity, and multiple injections in large doses are required, and the local immune protection of natural infection is lacking. Including bacteria, viruses, rickettsiae and toxoid preparations.
World leader, scientist, medical scientist, virologist, pharmacist, Professor Fangruida (F.D Smith) on the world epidemic and the nemesis and prevention of new coronaviruses and mutant viruses (Jacques Lucy) 2021v1.5)
_-----------------------------------------
The Nemesis and Killer of New Coronavirus and Mutated Viruses-Joint Development of Vaccines and Drugs (Fangruida) July 2021
*The particularity of new coronaviruses and mutant viruses*The broad spectrum, high efficiency, redundancy, and safety of the new coronavirus vaccine design and development , Redundancy and safety
*New coronavirus drug chemical structure modification*Computer-aided design and drug screening. *"Antiviral biological missile", "New Coronavirus Anti-epidemic Tablets", "Composite Antiviral Oral Liquid", "New Coronavirus Long-acting Oral Tablets", "New Coronavirus Inhibitors" (injection)
——————————————————————————
(World leader, scientist, medical scientist, biologist, virologist, pharmacist, FD Smith) "The Nemesis and Killer of New Coronavirus and Mutated Viruses-The Joint Development of Vaccines and Drugs" is an important scientific research document. Now it has been revised and re-published by the original author several times. The compilation is published and published according to the original manuscript to meet the needs of readers and netizens all over the world. At the same time, it is also of great benefit to the vast number of medical clinical drug researchers and various experts and scholars. We hope that it will be corrected in the reprint.------Compiled by Jacques Lucy in Geneva, August 2021
-------------------------------------------------- ---------------------
According to Worldometer's real-time statistics, as of about 6:30 on July 23, there were a total of 193,323,815 confirmed cases of new coronary pneumonia worldwide, and a total of 4,150,213 deaths. There were 570,902 new confirmed cases and 8,766 new deaths worldwide in a single day. Data shows that the United States, Brazil, the United Kingdom, India, and Indonesia are the five countries with the largest number of new confirmed cases, and Indonesia, Brazil, Russia, South Africa, and India are the five countries with the largest number of new deaths.
The new coronavirus and delta mutant strains have been particularly serious in the recent past. Many countries and places have revived, and the number of cases has not decreased, but has increased.
, It is worthy of vigilance. Although many countries have strengthened vaccine prevention and control and other prevention and control measures, there are still many shortcomings and deficiencies in virus suppression and prevention. The new coronavirus and various mutant strains have a certain degree of antagonism to traditional drugs and most vaccines. Although most vaccines have great anti-epidemic properties and have important and irreplaceable effects and protection for prevention and treatment, it is impossible to completely prevent the spread and infection of viruses. The spread of the new crown virus pneumonia has been delayed for nearly two years. There are hundreds of millions of people infected worldwide, millions of deaths, and the time is long, the spread is widespread, and billions of people around the world are among them. The harm of the virus is quite terrible. This is well known. of. More urgent
What is more serious is that the virus and mutant strains have not completely retreated, especially many people are still infected and infected after being injected with various vaccines. The effectiveness of the vaccine and the resistance of the mutant virus are worthy of medical scientists, virologists, pharmacologists Zoologists and others seriously think and analyze. The current epidemic situation in European and American countries, China, Brazil, India, the United States, Russia and other countries has greatly improved from last year. However, relevant figures show that the global epidemic situation has not completely improved, and some countries and regions are still very serious. In particular, after extensive use of various vaccines, cases still occur, and in some places they are still very serious, which deserves a high degree of vigilance. Prevention and control measures are very important. In addition, vaccines and various anti-epidemic drugs are the first and necessary choices, and other methods are irreplaceable. It is particularly important to develop and develop comprehensive drugs, antiviral drugs, immune drugs, and genetic drugs. Research experiments on new coronaviruses and mutant viruses require more rigorous and in-depth data analysis, pathological pathogenic tissues, cell genes, molecular chemistry, quantum chemistry, etc., as well as vaccine molecular chemistry, quantum physics, quantum biology, cytological histology, medicinal chemistry, and drugs And the vaccine’s symptomatic, effectiveness, safety, long-term effectiveness, etc., of course, including tens of thousands of clinical cases and deaths and other first-hand information and evidence. The task of RNA (ribonucleic acid) in the human body is to use the information of our genetic material DNA to produce protein. It accomplishes this task in the ribosome, the protein-producing area of the cell. The ribosome is the place where protein biosynthesis occurs.
Medicine takes advantage of this: In vaccination, artificially produced mRNA provides ribosomes with instructions for constructing pathogen antigens to fight against—for example, the spike protein of coronavirus.
Traditional live vaccines or inactivated vaccines contain antigens that cause the immune system to react. The mRNA vaccine is produced in the cell
(1) The specificity of new coronaviruses and mutant viruses, etc., virology and quantum chemistry of mutant viruses, quantum physics, quantum microbiology
(2) New crown vaccine design, molecular biology and chemical structure, etc.
(3) The generality and particularity of the development of new coronavirus drugs
(4) Various drug design for new coronavirus pneumonia, medicinal chemistry, pharmacology, etc., cells, proteins, DNA, enzyme chemistry, pharmaceutical quantum chemistry, pharmaceutical quantum physics, human biochemistry, human biophysics, etc.
(5) The evolution and mutation characteristics of the new coronavirus and various mutant viruses, the long-term nature, repeatability, drug resistance, and epidemic resistance of the virus, etc.
(6) New coronavirus pneumonia and the infectious transmission of various new coronaviruses and their particularities
(7) The invisible transmission of new coronavirus pneumonia and various mutant viruses in humans or animals, and the mutual symbiosis of cross infection of various bacteria and viruses are also one of the very serious causes of serious harm to new coronaviruses and mutant viruses. Virology, pathology, etiology, gene sequencing, gene mapping, and a large number of analytical studies have shown that there are many cases in China, the United States, India, Russia, Brazil, and other countries.
(8) For the symptomatic prevention and treatment of the new coronavirus, the combination of various vaccines and various antiviral drugs is critical.
(9) According to the current epidemic situation and research judgments, the epidemic situation may improve in the next period of time and 2021-2022, and we are optimistic about its success. However, completely worry-free, it is still too early to win easily. It is not just relying on vaccination. Wearing masks to close the city and other prevention and control measures and methods can sit back and relax, and you can win a big victory. Because all kinds of research and exploration still require a lot of time and various experimental studies. It is not a day's work. A simple taste is very dangerous and harmful. The power and migratory explosiveness of viruses sometimes far exceed human thinking and perception. In the future, next year, or in the future, whether viruses and various evolutionary mutation viruses will re-attack, we still need to study, analyze, prevent and control, rather than being complacent, thinking that the vaccine can win a big victory is inevitably naive and ridiculous. Vaccine protection is very important, but it must not be taken carelessly. The mutation of the new crown virus is very rampant, and the cross-infection of recessive and virulent bacteria makes epidemic prevention and anti-epidemic very complicated.
(10) New crown virus pneumonia and the virus's stubbornness, strength, migration, susceptibility, multi-infectiousness, and occult. The effectiveness of various vaccines and the particularity of virus mutations The long-term hidden dangers and repeated recurrences of the new coronavirus
(11) The formation mechanism and invisible transmission of invisible viruses, asymptomatic infections and asymptomatic infections, asymptomatic transmission routes, asymptomatic infections, pathological pathogens. The spread and infection of viruses and mutated viruses, the blind spots and blind spots of virus vaccines, viral quantum chemistry and
The chemical and physical corresponding reactions at the meeting points of highly effective vaccine drugs, etc. The variability of mutated viruses is very complicated, and vaccination cannot completely prevent the spread of infection.
(12) New crown virus pneumonia and various respiratory infectious diseases are susceptible to infections in animals and humans, and are frequently recurring. This is one of the frequently-occurring and difficult diseases of common infectious diseases. Even with various vaccines and various antiviral immune drugs, it is difficult to completely prevent the occurrence and spread of viral pneumonia. Therefore, epidemic prevention and anti-epidemic is a major issue facing human society, and no country should take it lightly. The various costs that humans pay on this issue are very expensive, such as Ebola virus, influenza A virus,
Hepatitis virus,
Marburg virus
Sars coronavirus, plague, anthracnose, cholera
and many more. The B.1.1.7 mutant virus that was first discovered in the UK was renamed Alpha mutant virus; the B.1.351 that was first discovered in South Africa was renamed Beta mutant virus; the P.1 that was first discovered in Brazil was renamed Gamma mutant virus; the mutation was first discovered in India There are two branches of the virus. B.1.617.2, which was listed as "mutated virus of concern", was renamed Delta mutant virus, and B.1.617.1 of "mutated virus to be observed" was renamed Kappa mutant virus.
However, experts in many countries believe that the current vaccination is still effective, at least it can prevent severe illness and reduce deaths.
Delta mutant strain
According to the degree of risk, the WHO divides the new crown variant strains into two categories: worrying variant strains (VOC, variant of concern) and noteworthy variant strains (VOI, variant of interest). The former has caused many cases and a wide range of cases worldwide, and data confirms its transmission ability, strong toxicity, high power, complex migration, and high insidious transmission of infection. Resistance to vaccines may lead to the effectiveness of vaccines and clinical treatments. Decrease; the latter has confirmed cases of community transmission worldwide, or has been found in multiple countries, but has not yet formed a large-scale infection. Need to be very vigilant. Various cases and deaths in many countries in the world are related to this. In some countries, the epidemic situation is repeated, and it is also caused by various reasons and viruses, of course, including new cases and so on.
At present, VOC is the mutant strain that has the greatest impact on the epidemic and the greatest threat to the world, including: Alpha, Beta, Gamma and Delta. , Will the change of the spur protein in the VOC affect the immune protection effect of the existing vaccine, or whether it will affect the sensitivity of the VOC to the existing vaccine? For this problem, it is necessary to directly test neutralizing antibodies, such as those that can prevent the protection of infection. Antibodies recognize specific protein sequences on viral particles, especially those spike protein sequences used in mRNA vaccines.
(13) Countries around the world, especially countries and regions with more severe epidemics, have a large number of clinical cases, severe cases, and deaths, especially including many young and middle-aged patients, including those who have been vaccinated. The epidemic is more complicated and serious. Injecting various vaccines, taking strict control measures such as closing the city and wearing masks are very important and the effect is very obvious. However, the new coronavirus and mutant viruses are so repeated, their pathological pathogen research will also be very complicated and difficult. After the large-scale use of the vaccine, many people are still infected. In addition to the lack of prevention and control measures, it is very important that the viability of the new coronavirus and various mutant viruses is very important. It can escape the inactivation of the vaccine. It is very resistant to stubbornness. Therefore, the recurrence of new coronavirus pneumonia is very dangerous. What is more noteworthy is that medical scientists, virologists, pharmacists, biologists, zoologists and clinicians should seriously consider the correspondence between virus specificity and vaccine drugs, and the coupling of commonality and specificity. Only in this way can we find targets. Track and kill viruses. Only in this sense can the new crown virus produce a nemesis, put an end to and eradicate the new crown virus pneumonia. Of course, this is not a temporary battle, but a certain amount of time and process to achieve the goal in the end.
(14) The development and evolution of the natural universe and earth species, as well as life species. With the continuous evolution of human cell genes, microbes and bacterial viruses are constantly mutated and inherited. The new world will inevitably produce a variety of new pathogens.
And viruses. For example, neurological genetic disease, digestive system disease, respiratory system disease, blood system disease, cardiopulmonary system disease, etc., new diseases will continue to emerge as humans develop and evolve. Human migration to space, space diseases, space psychological diseases, space cell diseases, space genetic diseases, etc. Therefore, for the new coronavirus and mutated viruses, we must have sufficient knowledge and response, and do not think that it will be completely wiped out.
, And is not a scientific attitude. Viruses and humans mutually reinforce each other, and viruses and animals and plants mutually reinforce each other. This is the iron law of the natural universe. Human beings can only adapt to natural history, but cannot deliberately modify natural history.
Active immune products made from specific bacteria, viruses, rickettsiae, spirochetes, mycoplasma and other microorganisms and parasites are collectively called vaccines. Vaccination of animals can make the animal body have specific immunity. The principle of vaccines is to artificially attenuate, inactivate, and genetically attenuate pathogenic microorganisms (such as bacteria, viruses, rickettsia, etc.) and their metabolites. Purification and preparation methods, made into immune preparations for the prevention of infectious diseases. In terms of ingredients, the vaccine retains the antigenic properties and other characteristics of the pathogen, which can stimulate the body's immune response and produce protective antibodies. But it has no pathogenicity and does not cause harm to the body. When the body is exposed to this pathogen again, the immune system will produce more antibodies according to the previous memory to prevent the pathogen from invading or to fight against the damage to the body. (1) Inactivated vaccines: select pathogenic microorganisms with strong immunogenicity, culture them, inactivate them by physical or chemical methods, and then purify and prepare them. The virus species used in inactivated vaccines are generally virulent strains, but the use of attenuated attenuated strains also has good immunogenicity, such as the inactivated polio vaccine produced by the Sabin attenuated strain. The inactivated vaccine has lost its infectivity to the body, but still maintains its immunogenicity, which can stimulate the body to produce corresponding immunity and resist the infection of wild strains. Inactivated vaccines have a good immune effect. They can generally be stored for more than one year at 2～8°C without the risk of reversion of virulence; however, the inactivated vaccines cannot grow and reproduce after entering the human body. They stimulate the human body for a short time and must be strong and long-lasting. In general, adjuvants are required for immunity, and multiple injections in large doses are required, and the local immune protection of natural infection is lacking. Including bacteria, viruses, rickettsiae and toxoid preparations.
World leader, scientist, medical scientist, virologist, pharmacist, Professor Fangruida (F.D Smith) on the world epidemic and the nemesis and prevention of new coronaviruses and mutant viruses (Jacques Lucy) 2021v1.5)
_-----------------------------------------
The Nemesis and Killer of New Coronavirus and Mutated Viruses-Joint Development of Vaccines and Drugs (Fangruida) July 2021
*The particularity of new coronaviruses and mutant viruses*The broad spectrum, high efficiency, redundancy, and safety of the new coronavirus vaccine design and development , Redundancy and safety
*New coronavirus drug chemical structure modification*Computer-aided design and drug screening. *"Antiviral biological missile", "New Coronavirus Anti-epidemic Tablets", "Composite Antiviral Oral Liquid", "New Coronavirus Long-acting Oral Tablets", "New Coronavirus Inhibitors" (injection)
——————————————————————————
(World leader, scientist, medical scientist, biologist, virologist, pharmacist, FD Smith) "The Nemesis and Killer of New Coronavirus and Mutated Viruses-The Joint Development of Vaccines and Drugs" is an important scientific research document. Now it has been revised and re-published by the original author several times. The compilation is published and published according to the original manuscript to meet the needs of readers and netizens all over the world. At the same time, it is also of great benefit to the vast number of medical clinical drug researchers and various experts and scholars. We hope that it will be corrected in the reprint.------Compiled by Jacques Lucy in Geneva, August 2021
-------------------------------------------------- ---------------------
According to Worldometer's real-time statistics, as of about 6:30 on July 23, there were a total of 193,323,815 confirmed cases of new coronary pneumonia worldwide, and a total of 4,150,213 deaths. There were 570,902 new confirmed cases and 8,766 new deaths worldwide in a single day. Data shows that the United States, Brazil, the United Kingdom, India, and Indonesia are the five countries with the largest number of new confirmed cases, and Indonesia, Brazil, Russia, South Africa, and India are the five countries with the largest number of new deaths.
The new coronavirus and delta mutant strains have been particularly serious in the recent past. Many countries and places have revived, and the number of cases has not decreased, but has increased.
, It is worthy of vigilance. Although many countries have strengthened vaccine prevention and control and other prevention and control measures, there are still many shortcomings and deficiencies in virus suppression and prevention. The new coronavirus and various mutant strains have a certain degree of antagonism to traditional drugs and most vaccines. Although most vaccines have great anti-epidemic properties and have important and irreplaceable effects and protection for prevention and treatment, it is impossible to completely prevent the spread and infection of viruses. The spread of the new crown virus pneumonia has been delayed for nearly two years. There are hundreds of millions of people infected worldwide, millions of deaths, and the time is long, the spread is widespread, and billions of people around the world are among them. The harm of the virus is quite terrible. This is well known. of. More urgent
What is more serious is that the virus and mutant strains have not completely retreated, especially many people are still infected and infected after being injected with various vaccines. The effectiveness of the vaccine and the resistance of the mutant virus are worthy of medical scientists, virologists, pharmacologists Zoologists and others seriously think and analyze. The current epidemic situation in European and American countries, China, Brazil, India, the United States, Russia and other countries has greatly improved from last year. However, relevant figures show that the global epidemic situation has not completely improved, and some countries and regions are still very serious. In particular, after extensive use of various vaccines, cases still occur, and in some places they are still very serious, which deserves a high degree of vigilance. Prevention and control measures are very important. In addition, vaccines and various anti-epidemic drugs are the first and necessary choices, and other methods are irreplaceable. It is particularly important to develop and develop comprehensive drugs, antiviral drugs, immune drugs, and genetic drugs. Research experiments on new coronaviruses and mutant viruses require more rigorous and in-depth data analysis, pathological pathogenic tissues, cell genes, molecular chemistry, quantum chemistry, etc., as well as vaccine molecular chemistry, quantum physics, quantum biology, cytological histology, medicinal chemistry, and drugs And the vaccine’s symptomatic, effectiveness, safety, long-term effectiveness, etc., of course, including tens of thousands of clinical cases and deaths and other first-hand information and evidence. The task of RNA (ribonucleic acid) in the human body is to use the information of our genetic material DNA to produce protein. It accomplishes this task in the ribosome, the protein-producing area of the cell. The ribosome is the place where protein biosynthesis occurs.
Medicine takes advantage of this: In vaccination, artificially produced mRNA provides ribosomes with instructions for constructing pathogen antigens to fight against—for example, the spike protein of coronavirus.
Traditional live vaccines or inactivated vaccines contain antigens that cause the immune system to react. The mRNA vaccine is produced in the cell
(1) The specificity of new coronaviruses and mutant viruses, etc., virology and quantum chemistry of mutant viruses, quantum physics, quantum microbiology
(2) New crown vaccine design, molecular biology and chemical structure, etc.
(3) The generality and particularity of the development of new coronavirus drugs
(4) Various drug design for new coronavirus pneumonia, medicinal chemistry, pharmacology, etc., cells, proteins, DNA, enzyme chemistry, pharmaceutical quantum chemistry, pharmaceutical quantum physics, human biochemistry, human biophysics, etc.
(5) The evolution and mutation characteristics of the new coronavirus and various mutant viruses, the long-term nature, repeatability, drug resistance, and epidemic resistance of the virus, etc.
(6) New coronavirus pneumonia and the infectious transmission of various new coronaviruses and their particularities
(7) The invisible transmission of new coronavirus pneumonia and various mutant viruses in humans or animals, and the mutual symbiosis of cross infection of various bacteria and viruses are also one of the very serious causes of serious harm to new coronaviruses and mutant viruses. Virology, pathology, etiology, gene sequencing, gene mapping, and a large number of analytical studies have shown that there are many cases in China, the United States, India, Russia, Brazil, and other countries.
(8) For the symptomatic prevention and treatment of the new coronavirus, the combination of various vaccines and various antiviral drugs is critical.
(9) According to the current epidemic situation and research judgments, the epidemic situation may improve in the next period of time and 2021-2022, and we are optimistic about its success. However, completely worry-free, it is still too early to win easily. It is not just relying on vaccination. Wearing masks to close the city and other prevention and control measures and methods can sit back and relax, and you can win a big victory. Because all kinds of research and exploration still require a lot of time and various experimental studies. It is not a day's work. A simple taste is very dangerous and harmful. The power and migratory explosiveness of viruses sometimes far exceed human thinking and perception. In the future, next year, or in the future, whether viruses and various evolutionary mutation viruses will re-attack, we still need to study, analyze, prevent and control, rather than being complacent, thinking that the vaccine can win a big victory is inevitably naive and ridiculous. Vaccine protection is very important, but it must not be taken carelessly. The mutation of the new crown virus is very rampant, and the cross-infection of recessive and virulent bacteria makes epidemic prevention and anti-epidemic very complicated.
(10) New crown virus pneumonia and the virus's stubbornness, strength, migration, susceptibility, multi-infectiousness, and occult. The effectiveness of various vaccines and the particularity of virus mutations The long-term hidden dangers and repeated recurrences of the new coronavirus
(11) The formation mechanism and invisible transmission of invisible viruses, asymptomatic infections and asymptomatic infections, asymptomatic transmission routes, asymptomatic infections, pathological pathogens. The spread and infection of viruses and mutated viruses, the blind spots and blind spots of virus vaccines, viral quantum chemistry and
The chemical and physical corresponding reactions at the meeting points of highly effective vaccine drugs, etc. The variability of mutated viruses is very complicated, and vaccination cannot completely prevent the spread of infection.
(12) New crown virus pneumonia and various respiratory infectious diseases are susceptible to infections in animals and humans, and are frequently recurring. This is one of the frequently-occurring and difficult diseases of common infectious diseases. Even with various vaccines and various antiviral immune drugs, it is difficult to completely prevent the occurrence and spread of viral pneumonia. Therefore, epidemic prevention and anti-epidemic is a major issue facing human society, and no country should take it lightly. The various costs that humans pay on this issue are very expensive, such as Ebola virus, influenza A virus,
Hepatitis virus,
Marburg virus
Sars coronavirus, plague, anthracnose, cholera
and many more. The B.1.1.7 mutant virus that was first discovered in the UK was renamed Alpha mutant virus; the B.1.351 that was first discovered in South Africa was renamed Beta mutant virus; the P.1 that was first discovered in Brazil was renamed Gamma mutant virus; the mutation was first discovered in India There are two branches of the virus. B.1.617.2, which was listed as "mutated virus of concern", was renamed Delta mutant virus, and B.1.617.1 of "mutated virus to be observed" was renamed Kappa mutant virus.
However, experts in many countries believe that the current vaccination is still effective, at least it can prevent severe illness and reduce deaths.
Delta mutant strain
According to the degree of risk, the WHO divides the new crown variant strains into two categories: worrying variant strains (VOC, variant of concern) and noteworthy variant strains (VOI, variant of interest). The former has caused many cases and a wide range of cases worldwide, and data confirms its transmission ability, strong toxicity, high power, complex migration, and high insidious transmission of infection. Resistance to vaccines may lead to the effectiveness of vaccines and clinical treatments. Decrease; the latter has confirmed cases of community transmission worldwide, or has been found in multiple countries, but has not yet formed a large-scale infection. Need to be very vigilant. Various cases and deaths in many countries in the world are related to this. In some countries, the epidemic situation is repeated, and it is also caused by various reasons and viruses, of course, including new cases and so on.
At present, VOC is the mutant strain that has the greatest impact on the epidemic and the greatest threat to the world, including: Alpha, Beta, Gamma and Delta. , Will the change of the spur protein in the VOC affect the immune protection effect of the existing vaccine, or whether it will affect the sensitivity of the VOC to the existing vaccine? For this problem, it is necessary to directly test neutralizing antibodies, such as those that can prevent the protection of infection. Antibodies recognize specific protein sequences on viral particles, especially those spike protein sequences used in mRNA vaccines.
(13) Countries around the world, especially countries and regions with more severe epidemics, have a large number of clinical cases, severe cases, and deaths, especially including many young and middle-aged patients, including those who have been vaccinated. The epidemic is more complicated and serious. Injecting various vaccines, taking strict control measures such as closing the city and wearing masks are very important and the effect is very obvious. However, the new coronavirus and mutant viruses are so repeated, their pathological pathogen research will also be very complicated and difficult. After the large-scale use of the vaccine, many people are still infected. In addition to the lack of prevention and control measures, it is very important that the viability of the new coronavirus and various mutant viruses is very important. It can escape the inactivation of the vaccine. It is very resistant to stubbornness. Therefore, the recurrence of new coronavirus pneumonia is very dangerous. What is more noteworthy is that medical scientists, virologists, pharmacists, biologists, zoologists and clinicians should seriously consider the correspondence between virus specificity and vaccine drugs, and the coupling of commonality and specificity. Only in this way can we find targets. Track and kill viruses. Only in this sense can the new crown virus produce a nemesis, put an end to and eradicate the new crown virus pneumonia. Of course, this is not a temporary battle, but a certain amount of time and process to achieve the goal in the end.
(14) The development and evolution of the natural universe and earth species, as well as life species. With the continuous evolution of human cell genes, microbes and bacterial viruses are constantly mutated and inherited. The new world will inevitably produce a variety of new pathogens.
And viruses. For example, neurological genetic disease, digestive system disease, respiratory system disease, blood system disease, cardiopulmonary system disease, etc., new diseases will continue to emerge as humans develop and evolve. Human migration to space, space diseases, space psychological diseases, space cell diseases, space genetic diseases, etc. Therefore, for the new coronavirus and mutated viruses, we must have sufficient knowledge and response, and do not think that it will be completely wiped out.
, And is not a scientific attitude. Viruses and humans mutually reinforce each other, and viruses and animals and plants mutually reinforce each other. This is the iron law of the natural universe. Human beings can only adapt to natural history, but cannot deliberately modify natural history.
Active immune products made from specific bacteria, viruses, rickettsiae, spirochetes, mycoplasma and other microorganisms and parasites are collectively called vaccines. Vaccination of animals can make the animal body have specific immunity. The principle of vaccines is to artificially attenuate, inactivate, and genetically attenuate pathogenic microorganisms (such as bacteria, viruses, rickettsia, etc.) and their metabolites. Purification and preparation methods, made into immune preparations for the prevention of infectious diseases. In terms of ingredients, the vaccine retains the antigenic properties and other characteristics of the pathogen, which can stimulate the body's immune response and produce protective antibodies. But it has no pathogenicity and does not cause harm to the body. When the body is exposed to this pathogen again, the immune system will produce more antibodies according to the previous memory to prevent the pathogen from invading or to fight against the damage to the body. (1) Inactivated vaccines: select pathogenic microorganisms with strong immunogenicity, culture them, inactivate them by physical or chemical methods, and then purify and prepare them. The virus species used in inactivated vaccines are generally virulent strains, but the use of attenuated attenuated strains also has good immunogenicity, such as the inactivated polio vaccine produced by the Sabin attenuated strain. The inactivated vaccine has lost its infectivity to the body, but still maintains its immunogenicity, which can stimulate the body to produce corresponding immunity and resist the infection of wild strains. Inactivated vaccines have a good immune effect. They can generally be stored for more than one year at 2～8°C without the risk of reversion of virulence; however, the inactivated vaccines cannot grow and reproduce after entering the human body. They stimulate the human body for a short time and must be strong and long-lasting. In general, adjuvants are required for immunity, and multiple injections in large doses are required, and the local immune protection of natural infection is lacking. Including bacteria, viruses, rickettsiae and toxoid preparations.
Ramsley Moor is a good spot for Witches' Broom or Birch Besom, which is often assumed by field mycologists to be a gall induced by Taphrina betulina. Sorby Fungus Group has 30 Taphrina records on Birch, three of which are named as Taphrina betulae (which seems to be a leaf spot rather than a Witches' Broom).
However, I haven’t ever confirmed the fungus microscopically so I don’t record it any more as according to the two entries below there can be many causes of this deformity – not just the fungus.
From Wikipedia - Witch's broom can be caused by cytokinin, a phytohormone, interfering with an auxin-regulated bud. Usually auxin would keep the secondary, tertiary, and so on apexes from growing too much, but cytokinin releases them from this control, causing these apexes to grow into witch's brooms.
Witch's broom may be caused by many different types of organisms, including fungi, oomycetes, insects, mistletoe, dwarf mistletoes, mites, nematodes, phytoplasmas orviruses.[4] The broom growths may last for many years, typically for the life of the host plant. Human activity is sometimes behind the introduction of these organisms; for example by failing to observe hygienic practice and thereby infecting the tree with the causative organism, or by pruning a tree improperly, and thereby weakening it
From Encyclopaedia Britannica - witches’-broom, symptom of plant disease that occurs as an abnormal brushlike cluster of dwarfed weak shoots arising at or near the same point; twigs and branches of woody plants may die back. There are numerous causes, including rust (Gymnosporangium and Pucciniastrum); Apiosporina, Exobasidium, and Taphrina fungi; mites; insects; viruses; mycoplasmas; bacteria; and mistletoes. Susceptible plants include alder, alfalfa, Amelanchier, birch, California buckeye, Chamaecyparis, cherry, cherry laurel, elm, eucalyptus, fir, hackberry, Holodiscus (ocean spray), honey locust, juniper and red cedar, manzanita, mountain heath, mulberry, oak, potato, rhododendron, rose, sophora, spruce, and strawberry.
Our beloved, sweet, nice and wonderful Tyrande got after a period of struggle against chronic mycoplasma get to sleep on 15/10-2013.
She has left a huge void behind her, she's missing. Our beloved Tyrande will always remain in our hearts.
This is one of the very last pictures of her. Here she sits between the mom and dad and eats Digestive.
This photo is taken 13/10-2013.
Data purchased from research has confirmed the involvement of immune mechanisms in the etiology, pathogenesis, and chronic pelvic pain development. Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill Can enhance immunity, eliminate infection and cure chronic prostatitis / chronic pelvic pain syndrome effectively. Herbal-based therapy, Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill, has shown a consistent improvement on immune mechanisms to bring back the prostate to its natural state. This natural remedy has been confirmed effective on enhancing immunity, eliminating infection and healing chronic prostatitis / CPPS safely by a great deal of clinical cases.
chronic nonbacterial prostatitis / CPPS is a complex disease diagnosed worldwide. Despite its high morbidity and affect the healthiness of numerous men, little may be known about the environmental and inherited risk factors to the pathogenesis. During the past twenty years, chronic inflammation has become deeply explored since the cause of CP/CPPS. But infections appear to never function as the single causative factor. So researches were performed to uncover potential risk factors in association with CP/CPPS recently.
Latest study by Yang Chen and Jie Li shows that autoimmune components might contribute on the episodic and relapsing symptoms, along with the discovery of seminal plasma antigens in CP/CPPS. Inflammatory/immune markers, hormone markers, and tumor-related proteins are significantly linked to CP/CPPS. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5567298/
A review article by Mara L. Breser summarizes the existing knowledge regarding immunological mechanisms underlying chronic pelvic pain and prostate inflammation in CP/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Cumulative evidence points to the possibility until this syndrome can be a response to dysregulated inflammation inside form of autoimmunity directed against prostate antigens. The local inflammatory milieu as well as the secretion of inflammatory mediators may induce neural sensitization ultimately causing chronic pelvic pain development.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5535188/
As we understand, in western medicine, immunity is the defense mechanism and physiological response from the body system to recognize and remove the antigens. While TCM enhances immunity largely by invigorating qi and promoting blood circulation, strengthening your body resistance and rehabilitation ability, and eradicating types of pathogenic factors, such as dampness heat, blood stasis etc. Modern study of TCM has achieved new progress using the recordation of "the Huangdi Internal Class" .
One in the most well-known TCM strategy to chronic prostatitis is Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill, that's developed by Dr. Lee Xiaoping, the primary doctor of Wuhan Dr. Lee's TCM Clinic. This formula-completed recipe obeys the theories of TCM, that may enhance the local inflammatory milieu.
1. It can promote blood and Qi circulation, soften the tough lumps, dispel the nodes, dissolve stasis, enhance immunity and strengthen self-healing ability. Some signs of inflammation like redness, swelling, heat, and pain are caused by increased blood circulation into tissue and also the dilation of bloodstream. Natural medicine, Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill, can dredge the meridians, promote the flow of Qi and blood and improve the body's defence mechanism which interacts intimately with all the endocrine and also the nervous systems, tissue repair and regeneration etc.
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3. This unique formula of Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill contains varying numbers of Chinese active herbs that work together in ensuring the efficacy. It not simply cures chronic prostatitis from the symptoms and also through the root causes. For example, plantaginis will be the common herb used to reduce fever and cause diuresis, cool and detoxify blood. Fringed pink could also promote circulation and solve the chronic pain brought on by blood resistance. Polygonum aviculare is able to reduce blood pressure levels, stop bleeding, inhibite fungus and kill parasite. Houttuynia Cordate plays a part in relieve painful urination, remove heat and pathogens. In addition, Houttuynia Cordate and Angelica also conduce to bolster the immunity of sufferers which will help prevent the illness recur new prostatitis treatment.
Each single herb may well not put up significant effect on prostatitis relief, however the suitable formulation of Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill plays great roles to help remedy prostatitis symptoms. This herbal medicine contains greater than 50 forms of herbs .The ingredients with this medicine are without the chemical addition. It's all natural. Besides that, Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill brings no negative effects like damages on liver and kidney, and it is not related to any drug resistance and tolerance. This medicine is authorized by State Intellectual Property Office of China while using patent number 200910157894. www.google.com/patents/CN101637592B
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I had one other issue that I failed to connect with my prostate. I had a problem in my eye. I thought it had been because of stress. After taken the pill I'm good too, perhaps a get infected while a touched my eye with my hand. I do know, nevertheless the pills are great. Thank you so much Dr. Lee!"
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Fighting
The chukar partridge or chukar (Alectoris chukar) is a Eurasian upland gamebird in the pheasant family Phasianidae. It has been considered to form a superspecies complex along with the rock partridge, Philby's partridge and Przevalski's partridge and treated in the past as conspecific particularly with the first. This partridge has well marked black and white bars on the flanks and a black band running from the forehead across the eye and running down the head to form a necklace that encloses a white throat. The species has been introduced into many other places and feral populations have established themselves in parts of North America and New Zealand. This bird can be found in parts of Middle East.
Description:
The chukar is a rotund 32–35 cm (13–14 in) long partridge, with a light brown back, grey breast, and buff belly. The shades vary across the various populations. The face is white with a black gorget. It has rufous-streaked flanks, red legs and coral red bill. Sexes are similar, the female slightly smaller in size and lacking the spur.[2] The tail has 14 feathers, the third primary is the longest while the first is level with the fifth and sixth primaries.[3]
It is very similar to the rock partridge (Alectoris graeca) with which it has been lumped in the past[4] but is browner on the back and has a yellowish tinge to the foreneck. The sharply defined gorget distinguishes this species from the red-legged partridge which has the black collar breaking into dark streaks near the breast. Their song is a noisy chuck-chuck-chukar-chukar from which the name is derived.[5] The Barbary partridge (Alectoris barbara) has a reddish brown rather than black collar with a grey throat and face with a chestnut crown.[6]
Other common names of this bird include chukker (chuker or chukor), Indian chukar and keklik.
Distribution and habitat
This partridge has its native range in Asia, including Israel, Lebanon, Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan and India, along the inner ranges of the Western Himalayas to Nepal. Further west in southeastern Europe it is replaced by the red-legged partridge, Alectoris rufa. It barely ranges into Africa on the Sinai Peninsula. The habitat in the native range is rocky open hillsides with grass or scattered scrub or cultivation. In Israel and Jordan it is found at low altitudes, starting at 400 m (1,300 ft) below sea level in the Dead Sea area, whereas in the more eastern areas it is mainly found at an altitude of 2,000 to 4,000 m (6,600 to 13,100 ft) except in Pakistan, where it occurs at 600 m (2,000 ft).[2][7] They are not found in areas of high humidity or rainfall.[8]
It has been introduced widely as a game bird, and feral populations have become established in the United States (Rocky Mountains, Great Basin, high desert areas of California), Canada, Chile, Argentina, New Zealand and Hawaii.[9] Initial introductions into the US were from the nominate populations collected from Afghanistan and Nepal.[10] It has also been introduced to New South Wales in Australia but breeding populations have not persisted and are probably extinct.[11] A small population exists on Robben Island in South Africa since it was introduced there in 1964.[12]
The chukar readily interbreeds with the red-legged partridge (Alectoris rufa), and the practice of breeding and releasing captive-bred hybrids has been banned in various countries including the United Kingdom, as it is a threat to wild populations.[13]
Systematics and taxonomy
Alectoris chukar@
The chukar partridge is part of a confusing group of "red-legged partridges". Several plumage variations within the widespread distribution of the chukar partridge have been described and designated as subspecies. In the past the chukar group was included with the rock partridge (also known as the Greek partridge). The species from Turkey and farther east was subsequently separated from A. graeca of Greece and Bulgaria and western Europe.[14][15]
Subspecies:
There are fourteen recognized subspecies:
A. c. chukar (JE Gray, 1830) – nominate – eastern Afghanistan to eastern Nepal
A. c. cypriotes (Hartert, 1917) – island chukar – southeastern Bulgaria to southern Syria, Crete, Rhodes and Cyprus
A. c. dzungarica (Sushkin, 1927) – northwestern Mongolia to Russian Altai and eastern Tibet
A. c. falki (Hartert, 1917) – north central Afghanistan to Pamir Mountains and western China
A. c. kleini (Hartert, 1925)
A. c. koroviakovi (Zarudny, 1914) – Persian chukar – eastern Iran to Pakistan
A. c. kurdestanica (Meinertzhagen, 1923) – Kurdestan chukar – Caucasus Mountains to Iran
A. c. pallescens (Hume, 1873) – northern chukar – northeastern Afghanistan to Ladakh and western Tibet
A. c. pallida (Hume, 1873) – northwestern China
A. c. potanini (Sushkin, 1927) – western Mongolia
A. c. pubescens (Swinhoe, 1871) – inner Mongolia to northwestern Sichuan and eastern Qinghai
A. c. sinaica (Bonaparte, 1858) – northern Syrian Desert to Sinai Peninsula
A. c. subpallida (Zarudny, 1914) – Tajikistan (Kyzyl Kum and Kara Kum mountains)
A. c. werae (Zarudny and Loudon, 1904) – Iranian chukar – eastern Iraq and southwestern Iran
Population and status
Chukar partridge in the Antelope Island State Park, Utah, US
This species is relatively unaffected by hunting or loss of habitat. Its numbers are largely affected by weather patterns during the breeding season. The release of captive stock in some parts of southern Europe can threaten native populations of rock partridge and red-legged partridge with which they may hybridize.[16][17]
British sportsmen in India considered the chukar as good sport although they were not considered to be particularly good in flavour. Their fast flight and ability to fly some distance after being shot made recovery of the birds difficult without retriever dogs.[18] During cold winters, when the higher areas are covered in snow, people in Kashmir have been known to use a technique to tire the birds out to catch them.[19]
Behaviour and ecology:
Chukar partridge at Weltvogelpark Walsrode (Walsrode Bird Park, Germany)
Alectoris chukar falki – MHNT
In the non-breeding season, chukar partridge are found in small coveys of 10 or more (up to 50) birds. In summer, chukars form pairs to breed. During this time, the cocks are very pugnacious calling and fighting.[7][8][20][21] During winter they descend into the valleys and feed in fields. They call frequently during the day and especially in the mornings and evenings. The call is loud and includes loud repeated "Chuck" notes and sometimes duetting "Chuker" notes. Several calls varying with context have been noted.[22] The commonest call is a "rallying call" which when played back elicits a response from birds and has been used in surveys, although the method is not very reliable.[23][24] When disturbed, it prefers to run rather than fly, but if necessary it flies a short distance often down a slope on rounded wings, calling immediately after alighting.[2][18][25] In Utah, birds were found to forage in an area of about 2.6 km2 (1.0 sq mi). and travel up to 4.8 km (3.0 mi) to obtain water during the dry season. The home range was found to be even smaller in Idaho.[26][27][28]
The breeding season is summer. Males perform tidbitting displays, a form of courtship feeding where the male pecks at food and a female may visit to peck in response. The males may chase females with head lowered, wing lowered and neck fluffed. The male may also performs a high step stiff walk while making a special call. The female may then crouch in acceptance and the male mounts to copulate, while grasping the nape of the female. Males are monogamous.[15] The nest is a scantily lined ground scrape, though occasionally a compact pad is created with a depression in the center. Generally, the nests are sheltered by ferns and small bushes, or placed in a dip or rocky hillside under an overhanging rock. About 7 to 14 eggs are laid.[8][21][29] The eggs hatch in about 23–25 days. In captivity they can lay an egg each day during the breeding season if eggs are collected daily.[30] Chicks join their parents in foraging and will soon join the chicks of other members of the covey.[6]
As young chukars grow, and before flying for the first time, they utilize wing-assisted incline running as a transition to adult flight. This behaviour is found in several bird species, but has been extensively studied in chukar chicks, as a model to explain the evolution of avian flight.[31][32][33][34]
Chukar will take a wide variety of seeds and some insects as food. It also ingests grit.[25] In Kashmir, the seeds of a species of Eragrostis was particularly dominant in their diet[35] while those in the US favoured Bromus tectorum.[6] Birds feeding on succulent vegetation make up for their water needs but visit open water in summer.[36]
Chukar roost on rocky slopes or under shrubs. In winter, birds in the US selected protected niches or caves. A group may roost in a tight circle with their heads pointed outwards to conserve heat and keep a look out for predators.[6]
Chukar are sometimes preyed on by golden eagles.[37]
Birds in captivity can die from mycoplasma infection and outbreaks of other diseases such as Erysipelas.[38][39][40]
In culture
A chukar in a 17th-century Persian encyclopedia:
The chukar is the National bird of Iraq[41] and of Pakistan, where its name is derived from chakor in Sanskrit. Literary mentions of it in the northern areas of the Indian subcontinent date back to the Rig Veda (c. 1700 BC).[42] In North Indian and Pakistani culture, as well as in Indian mythology, the chukar sometimes symbolizes intense, and often unrequited, love.[43][44] It is said to be in love with the moon and to gaze at it constantly.[45] Because of their pugnacious behaviour during the breeding season they are kept in some areas as fighting birds.[8][20]
References:
BirdLife International (2012). "Alectoris chukar". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
Rasmussen PC, Anderton JC (2005). Birds of South Asia: The Ripley Guide. Volume 2. Smithsonian Institution & Lynx Edicions. p. 120.
Blanford WT (1898). Fauna of British India. Birds. Volume 4. Taylor and Francis, London. pp. 131–132.
Watson GE (1962). "Three sibling species of Alectoris Partridge". Ibis. 104 (3): 353–367. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1962.tb08663.x.
Baker ECS (1928). Fauna of British India. Birds. Volume 5 (2 ed.). Taylor and Francis, London. pp. 402–405.
Johnsgard PA (1973). Grouse and Quails of North America. University of Nebraska, Lincoln. pp. 489–501.
Whistler, Hugh (1949). Popular Handbook of Indian Birds. Edition 4. Gurney and Jackson, London. pp. 428–430.
Stuart Baker EC (1922). "The game birds of India, Burma and Ceylon, part 31". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 28 (2): 306–312.
Long, John L. (1981). Introduced Birds of the World. Agricultural Protection Board of Western Australia, 21-493
Pyle RL, Pyle P (2009). The Birds of the Hawaiian Islands: Occurrence, History, Distribution, and Status (PDF). B.P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, HI, U.S.A.
Christidis L, Boles WE (2008). Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds. CSIRO. p. 60. ISBN 0-643-06511-3.
Alectoris chukar (Chukar partridge). Biodiversityexplorer.org. Retrieved 2011-11-28.
"Red-legged partridge". Game & Wildlife Conservation Trust. Retrieved 2015-12-25.
Hartert E (1925). "A new form of Chukar Partridge Alectoris graeca kleini subsp.nov.". Novitates Zoologicae. 32: 137.
Christensen GC (1970). The Chukar Partridge. Biological Bulletin No. 4 (PDF). Nevada Department of Wildlife.
Barilani, Marina; Ariane Bernard-Laurent; Nadia Mucci; Cristiano Tabarroni; Salit Kark; Jose Antonio Perez Garrido; Ettore Randi (2007). "Hybridisation with introduced chukars (Alectoris chukar) threatens the gene pool integrity of native rock (A. graeca) and red-legged (A. rufa) partridge populations" (PDF). Biological Conservation. 137: 57–69. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2007.01.014.
Duarte J, Vargas JM (2004). "Field inbreeding of released farm-reared Red-legged Partridges (Alectoris rufa) with wild ones" (PDF). Game and Wildlife Science. 21 (1): 55–61.
Hume AO, Marshall CH (1880). The Game birds of India, Burmah and Ceylon. Self published. pp. 33–43.
Ludlow, Frank (1934). "Catching of Chikor [Alectoris graeca chukar (Gray)] in Kashmir". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 37 (1): 222.
Finn, Frank (1915). Indian Sporting Birds. Francis Edwards, London. pp. 236–237.
Ali S, Ripley SD (1980). Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan. Volume 2 (2 ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 17–20. ISBN 0-19-562063-1.
Stokes, Allen W (1961). "Voice and Social Behavior of the Chukar Partridge" (PDF). The Condor. 63 (2): 111–127. doi:10.2307/1365525. JSTOR 1365525.
Williams HW, Stokes AW (1965). "Factors Affecting the Incidence of Rally Calling in the Chukar Partridge". The Condor. 67 (1): 31–43. doi:10.2307/1365378. JSTOR 1365378.
Bohl, Wayne H. (1956). "Experiments in Locating Wild Chukar Partridges by Use of Recorded Calls". The Journal of Wildlife Management. 20 (1): 83–85. doi:10.2307/3797253. JSTOR 3797253.
Oates EW (1898). A manual of the Game birds of India. Part 1. A J Combridge, Bombay. pp. 179–183.
Walter, Hanspeter (2002). "Natural history and ecology of the Chukar (Alectoris chukar) in the northern Great Basin" (PDF). Great Basin Birds. 5 (1): 28–37.
Bump G (1951). "The chukor partridge (Alectoris graeca) in the middle east with observations on its adaptability to conditions in the southwestern United States. Preliminary Species Account Number 1". US Fish and Wildlife Service.
Phelps JE (1955). The adaptability of the Turkish Chukar partridge (Alectoris graeca Meisner) in central Utah. Unpublished MS Thesis, Utah State Agricultural College, Logan, Utah, USA.
Hume AO (1890). The nests and eggs of Indian Birds. Volume 3 (2 ed.). R H Porter, London. pp. 431–433.
Woodard AE (1982). "Raising Chukar Partridges" (PDF). Cooperative Extension Division of Agricultural Sciences, University of California. Leaflet 21321e.
Tobalske, B. W.; Dial, K. P. (2007). "Aerodynamics of wing-assisted incline running in birds" (Automatic PDF download). The Journal of Experimental Biology. 210 (Pt 10): 1742–1751. doi:10.1242/jeb.001701. PMID 17488937.
Dial, K. P.; Randall, R. J.; Dial, T. R. (2006). "What Use Is Half a Wing in the Ecology and Evolution of Birds?". BioScience. 56 (5): 437–445. doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2006)056[0437:WUIHAW]2.0.CO;2.
Dial, K.P. (2003). "Wing-Assisted Incline Running and the Evolution of Flight" (pdf). Science. 299 (5605): 402–404. Bibcode:2003Sci...299..402D. doi:10.1126/science.1078237. PMID 12532020.
Bundle, M.W; Dial, K.P. (2003). "Mechanics of wing-assisted incline running (WAIR)" (PDF). The Journal of Experimental Biology. 206 (Pt 24): 4553–4564. doi:10.1242/jeb.00673. PMID 14610039.
Oakleaf RJ, Robertson JH (1971). "Fall Food Items Utilized by Chukars in Kashmir, India". The Journal of Wildlife Management. 35 (2): 395–397. doi:10.2307/3799623. JSTOR 3799623.
Degen AA, Pinshow B, Shaw PJ (1984). "Must desert Chukars (Alectoris chukar sinaica) drink water? Water influx and body mass changes in response to dietary water content" (PDF). The Auk. 101 (1): 47–52.
Ticehurst CB (1927). "The Birds of British Baluchistan. Part 3". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 32 (1): 64–97.
Lateef M, Rauf U, Sajid MA (2006). "Outbreak of respiratory syndrome in Chukar Partridge (Alectoris chukar)" (PDF). J. Anim. Pl. Sci. 16 (1–2).
Pettit JR, Gough AW, Truscott RB (1976). "Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae infection in Chukar Partridge (Alectoris graeca)" (PDF). Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 12 (2): 254–245. doi:10.7589/0090-3558-12.2.254. PMID 933318.
Dubey JP, Goodwin AM, Ruff MD, Shen SK, Kwok OC, Wizlkins GL, Thulliez P (1995). "Experimental toxoplasmosis in chukar partridges (Alectoris graeca)". Avian Pathology. 24 (1): 95–107. doi:10.1080/03079459508419051. PMID 18645768.
Iraq Culture, Map, Flag, Tourist Places. sphereinfo.com
Ram Bir Singh Kushwah; Vijay Kumar (2001-01-01). Economics of Protected Areas and Its Effect on Biodiversity. APH Publishing, 2001. ISBN 9788176482097. "In the Rig Veda the references of some Himalayan species of partridges includes black partridge, chakor partridge, snow partridge and the common hill partridge"
Temple, Richard Carnac (1884). The legends of the Panjâb. Volume 2. Education Society's Press, Bombay. p. 257.
Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal v. 55. Asiatic Society of Bengal. 1881. "When I beheld thy face mournful, lady, I wandered restlessly o'er the world, Thy face is like the moon, and my heart like the chakor"
Balfour, Edward (1871). Cyclopædia of India and of eastern and southern Asia, commercial, industrial and scientific: products of the mineral, vegetable and animal kingdoms, useful arts and manufactures. Scottish & Adelphi Presses. "The birds are said by the natives to be enamoured of the moon and, at full moon, to eat fire"
Erythema nodosum : is inflammation of the fat cells under the skin (panniculitis). Usually seen as tender, red nodules on both shins.
They subside over 2-6 weeks while changing color resembling a healing bruise and leave no scarring or ulceration.
Usually in women and in a wide variety of conditions like --Sarcoidosis, IBD, pregnancy, auto immune d, infections - TB, Strep pn, Mycoplasma pn, EBV, Medications - OCPs, Sulfa, bromides, Cancer.
Peide Bypass flow water treatment
Trade mark: Peide
Original: China
Model: SC11
MOQ:1 set
Material: carbon steel,304ss or 316L
Payment: T/T
Price: Negotiable
Port: Shanghai
Shipping terms: by sea, air or express
Production time: 7-15workdays
Production capacity: 1200pcs/year
Package: Composite wooden
Certificate: ISO9001:2008
Cleaning visible
After water treated, the polymerization of water molecules reduce, the structure will change, which will produce a series little change of physical and chemical, such as, water dipole moment increases and the polarity increases which increase the capacity of water hydration and dissolve dirt.
The special field can change the process of CaCO3 produced, inhibit calcite produced as well as the energy of aragonite produced.
The water treatment equipment can produce many kinds of anti-scaling crystallite which can remove the ion forming-scale first and produce loose aragonite which will be removed to the sewage tank from water treatment equipment through sewage valve, scale visible.
Kill bacterial and algae
Dissolved oxygen are activated to produce O2-、·OH、H2O2 and 1O2 reactive oxygen (O2-, is the superoxide anion radical,·OH、is the hydroxyl radical ,H2O2 is hydrogen peroxide, 1O2 is the single oxygen). Reactive oxygen free radicals can kill bacterial reacting on microorganisms. (1) O2- can damage biological molecules, causing microbe’s body injury. (2) O2- increase lipid peroxidation microbial organisms and accelerate aging.
The kinds of bacterial and algae killed
Legionella pneumophila, Chlamydia, Mycoplasma, E.coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, subtilis, Shigella, Neisseria meningitides, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, hepatitis virus, respiratory viruses.
Green algae, chlorella, scenedesmus, euglena, volvox, cyanobacteria, spirulina, microcystis, diatoms, etc.
Prevent corrosion oxide films
Reactive oxygen form oxide film on pipe to prevent corrosion. The running reactive oxygen continue forming oxide film to inhibit corrosion.
The evolution of the Mycoplasma cluster, Figure 2 in 'The origin of the "Mycoplasma mycoides cluster" coincides with domestication of ruminants', by Anne Fischer, Beth Shapiro, Cecilia Muriuki, Martin Heller, Christiane Schnee, Erik Bongcam-Rudloff, Edy M. Vilei, Joachim Frey, Joerg Jores, 2012, PLoS ONE 7(4): e36150, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0036150 (photo credit: ILRI).
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The chukar partridge or chukar (Alectoris chukar) is a Eurasian upland gamebird in the pheasant family Phasianidae. It has been considered to form a superspecies complex along with the rock partridge, Philby's partridge and Przevalski's partridge and treated in the past as conspecific particularly with the first. This partridge has well marked black and white bars on the flanks and a black band running from the forehead across the eye and running down the head to form a necklace that encloses a white throat. The species has been introduced into many other places and feral populations have established themselves in parts of North America and New Zealand. This bird can be found in parts of Middle East.
Description:
The chukar is a rotund 32–35 cm (13–14 in) long partridge, with a light brown back, grey breast, and buff belly. The shades vary across the various populations. The face is white with a black gorget. It has rufous-streaked flanks, red legs and coral red bill. Sexes are similar, the female slightly smaller in size and lacking the spur.[2] The tail has 14 feathers, the third primary is the longest while the first is level with the fifth and sixth primaries.[3]
It is very similar to the rock partridge (Alectoris graeca) with which it has been lumped in the past[4] but is browner on the back and has a yellowish tinge to the foreneck. The sharply defined gorget distinguishes this species from the red-legged partridge which has the black collar breaking into dark streaks near the breast. Their song is a noisy chuck-chuck-chukar-chukar from which the name is derived.[5] The Barbary partridge (Alectoris barbara) has a reddish brown rather than black collar with a grey throat and face with a chestnut crown.[6]
Other common names of this bird include chukker (chuker or chukor), Indian chukar and keklik.
Distribution and habitat
This partridge has its native range in Asia, including Israel, Lebanon, Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan and India, along the inner ranges of the Western Himalayas to Nepal. Further west in southeastern Europe it is replaced by the red-legged partridge, Alectoris rufa. It barely ranges into Africa on the Sinai Peninsula. The habitat in the native range is rocky open hillsides with grass or scattered scrub or cultivation. In Israel and Jordan it is found at low altitudes, starting at 400 m (1,300 ft) below sea level in the Dead Sea area, whereas in the more eastern areas it is mainly found at an altitude of 2,000 to 4,000 m (6,600 to 13,100 ft) except in Pakistan, where it occurs at 600 m (2,000 ft).[2][7] They are not found in areas of high humidity or rainfall.[8]
It has been introduced widely as a game bird, and feral populations have become established in the United States (Rocky Mountains, Great Basin, high desert areas of California), Canada, Chile, Argentina, New Zealand and Hawaii.[9] Initial introductions into the US were from the nominate populations collected from Afghanistan and Nepal.[10] It has also been introduced to New South Wales in Australia but breeding populations have not persisted and are probably extinct.[11] A small population exists on Robben Island in South Africa since it was introduced there in 1964.[12]
The chukar readily interbreeds with the red-legged partridge (Alectoris rufa), and the practice of breeding and releasing captive-bred hybrids has been banned in various countries including the United Kingdom, as it is a threat to wild populations.[13]
Systematics and taxonomy
Alectoris chukar@
The chukar partridge is part of a confusing group of "red-legged partridges". Several plumage variations within the widespread distribution of the chukar partridge have been described and designated as subspecies. In the past the chukar group was included with the rock partridge (also known as the Greek partridge). The species from Turkey and farther east was subsequently separated from A. graeca of Greece and Bulgaria and western Europe.[14][15]
Subspecies:
There are fourteen recognized subspecies:
A. c. chukar (JE Gray, 1830) – nominate – eastern Afghanistan to eastern Nepal
A. c. cypriotes (Hartert, 1917) – island chukar – southeastern Bulgaria to southern Syria, Crete, Rhodes and Cyprus
A. c. dzungarica (Sushkin, 1927) – northwestern Mongolia to Russian Altai and eastern Tibet
A. c. falki (Hartert, 1917) – north central Afghanistan to Pamir Mountains and western China
A. c. kleini (Hartert, 1925)
A. c. koroviakovi (Zarudny, 1914) – Persian chukar – eastern Iran to Pakistan
A. c. kurdestanica (Meinertzhagen, 1923) – Kurdestan chukar – Caucasus Mountains to Iran
A. c. pallescens (Hume, 1873) – northern chukar – northeastern Afghanistan to Ladakh and western Tibet
A. c. pallida (Hume, 1873) – northwestern China
A. c. potanini (Sushkin, 1927) – western Mongolia
A. c. pubescens (Swinhoe, 1871) – inner Mongolia to northwestern Sichuan and eastern Qinghai
A. c. sinaica (Bonaparte, 1858) – northern Syrian Desert to Sinai Peninsula
A. c. subpallida (Zarudny, 1914) – Tajikistan (Kyzyl Kum and Kara Kum mountains)
A. c. werae (Zarudny and Loudon, 1904) – Iranian chukar – eastern Iraq and southwestern Iran
Population and status
Chukar partridge in the Antelope Island State Park, Utah, US
This species is relatively unaffected by hunting or loss of habitat. Its numbers are largely affected by weather patterns during the breeding season. The release of captive stock in some parts of southern Europe can threaten native populations of rock partridge and red-legged partridge with which they may hybridize.[16][17]
British sportsmen in India considered the chukar as good sport although they were not considered to be particularly good in flavour. Their fast flight and ability to fly some distance after being shot made recovery of the birds difficult without retriever dogs.[18] During cold winters, when the higher areas are covered in snow, people in Kashmir have been known to use a technique to tire the birds out to catch them.[19]
Behaviour and ecology:
Chukar partridge at Weltvogelpark Walsrode (Walsrode Bird Park, Germany)
Alectoris chukar falki – MHNT
In the non-breeding season, chukar partridge are found in small coveys of 10 or more (up to 50) birds. In summer, chukars form pairs to breed. During this time, the cocks are very pugnacious calling and fighting.[7][8][20][21] During winter they descend into the valleys and feed in fields. They call frequently during the day and especially in the mornings and evenings. The call is loud and includes loud repeated "Chuck" notes and sometimes duetting "Chuker" notes. Several calls varying with context have been noted.[22] The commonest call is a "rallying call" which when played back elicits a response from birds and has been used in surveys, although the method is not very reliable.[23][24] When disturbed, it prefers to run rather than fly, but if necessary it flies a short distance often down a slope on rounded wings, calling immediately after alighting.[2][18][25] In Utah, birds were found to forage in an area of about 2.6 km2 (1.0 sq mi). and travel up to 4.8 km (3.0 mi) to obtain water during the dry season. The home range was found to be even smaller in Idaho.[26][27][28]
The breeding season is summer. Males perform tidbitting displays, a form of courtship feeding where the male pecks at food and a female may visit to peck in response. The males may chase females with head lowered, wing lowered and neck fluffed. The male may also performs a high step stiff walk while making a special call. The female may then crouch in acceptance and the male mounts to copulate, while grasping the nape of the female. Males are monogamous.[15] The nest is a scantily lined ground scrape, though occasionally a compact pad is created with a depression in the center. Generally, the nests are sheltered by ferns and small bushes, or placed in a dip or rocky hillside under an overhanging rock. About 7 to 14 eggs are laid.[8][21][29] The eggs hatch in about 23–25 days. In captivity they can lay an egg each day during the breeding season if eggs are collected daily.[30] Chicks join their parents in foraging and will soon join the chicks of other members of the covey.[6]
As young chukars grow, and before flying for the first time, they utilize wing-assisted incline running as a transition to adult flight. This behaviour is found in several bird species, but has been extensively studied in chukar chicks, as a model to explain the evolution of avian flight.[31][32][33][34]
Chukar will take a wide variety of seeds and some insects as food. It also ingests grit.[25] In Kashmir, the seeds of a species of Eragrostis was particularly dominant in their diet[35] while those in the US favoured Bromus tectorum.[6] Birds feeding on succulent vegetation make up for their water needs but visit open water in summer.[36]
Chukar roost on rocky slopes or under shrubs. In winter, birds in the US selected protected niches or caves. A group may roost in a tight circle with their heads pointed outwards to conserve heat and keep a look out for predators.[6]
Chukar are sometimes preyed on by golden eagles.[37]
Birds in captivity can die from mycoplasma infection and outbreaks of other diseases such as Erysipelas.[38][39][40]
In culture
A chukar in a 17th-century Persian encyclopedia:
The chukar is the National bird of Iraq[41] and of Pakistan, where its name is derived from chakor in Sanskrit. Literary mentions of it in the northern areas of the Indian subcontinent date back to the Rig Veda (c. 1700 BC).[42] In North Indian and Pakistani culture, as well as in Indian mythology, the chukar sometimes symbolizes intense, and often unrequited, love.[43][44] It is said to be in love with the moon and to gaze at it constantly.[45] Because of their pugnacious behaviour during the breeding season they are kept in some areas as fighting birds.[8][20]
References:
BirdLife International (2012). "Alectoris chukar". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
Rasmussen PC, Anderton JC (2005). Birds of South Asia: The Ripley Guide. Volume 2. Smithsonian Institution & Lynx Edicions. p. 120.
Blanford WT (1898). Fauna of British India. Birds. Volume 4. Taylor and Francis, London. pp. 131–132.
Watson GE (1962). "Three sibling species of Alectoris Partridge". Ibis. 104 (3): 353–367. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1962.tb08663.x.
Baker ECS (1928). Fauna of British India. Birds. Volume 5 (2 ed.). Taylor and Francis, London. pp. 402–405.
Johnsgard PA (1973). Grouse and Quails of North America. University of Nebraska, Lincoln. pp. 489–501.
Whistler, Hugh (1949). Popular Handbook of Indian Birds. Edition 4. Gurney and Jackson, London. pp. 428–430.
Stuart Baker EC (1922). "The game birds of India, Burma and Ceylon, part 31". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 28 (2): 306–312.
Long, John L. (1981). Introduced Birds of the World. Agricultural Protection Board of Western Australia, 21-493
Pyle RL, Pyle P (2009). The Birds of the Hawaiian Islands: Occurrence, History, Distribution, and Status (PDF). B.P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, HI, U.S.A.
Christidis L, Boles WE (2008). Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds. CSIRO. p. 60. ISBN 0-643-06511-3.
Alectoris chukar (Chukar partridge). Biodiversityexplorer.org. Retrieved 2011-11-28.
"Red-legged partridge". Game & Wildlife Conservation Trust. Retrieved 2015-12-25.
Hartert E (1925). "A new form of Chukar Partridge Alectoris graeca kleini subsp.nov.". Novitates Zoologicae. 32: 137.
Christensen GC (1970). The Chukar Partridge. Biological Bulletin No. 4 (PDF). Nevada Department of Wildlife.
Barilani, Marina; Ariane Bernard-Laurent; Nadia Mucci; Cristiano Tabarroni; Salit Kark; Jose Antonio Perez Garrido; Ettore Randi (2007). "Hybridisation with introduced chukars (Alectoris chukar) threatens the gene pool integrity of native rock (A. graeca) and red-legged (A. rufa) partridge populations" (PDF). Biological Conservation. 137: 57–69. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2007.01.014.
Duarte J, Vargas JM (2004). "Field inbreeding of released farm-reared Red-legged Partridges (Alectoris rufa) with wild ones" (PDF). Game and Wildlife Science. 21 (1): 55–61.
Hume AO, Marshall CH (1880). The Game birds of India, Burmah and Ceylon. Self published. pp. 33–43.
Ludlow, Frank (1934). "Catching of Chikor [Alectoris graeca chukar (Gray)] in Kashmir". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 37 (1): 222.
Finn, Frank (1915). Indian Sporting Birds. Francis Edwards, London. pp. 236–237.
Ali S, Ripley SD (1980). Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan. Volume 2 (2 ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 17–20. ISBN 0-19-562063-1.
Stokes, Allen W (1961). "Voice and Social Behavior of the Chukar Partridge" (PDF). The Condor. 63 (2): 111–127. doi:10.2307/1365525. JSTOR 1365525.
Williams HW, Stokes AW (1965). "Factors Affecting the Incidence of Rally Calling in the Chukar Partridge". The Condor. 67 (1): 31–43. doi:10.2307/1365378. JSTOR 1365378.
Bohl, Wayne H. (1956). "Experiments in Locating Wild Chukar Partridges by Use of Recorded Calls". The Journal of Wildlife Management. 20 (1): 83–85. doi:10.2307/3797253. JSTOR 3797253.
Oates EW (1898). A manual of the Game birds of India. Part 1. A J Combridge, Bombay. pp. 179–183.
Walter, Hanspeter (2002). "Natural history and ecology of the Chukar (Alectoris chukar) in the northern Great Basin" (PDF). Great Basin Birds. 5 (1): 28–37.
Bump G (1951). "The chukor partridge (Alectoris graeca) in the middle east with observations on its adaptability to conditions in the southwestern United States. Preliminary Species Account Number 1". US Fish and Wildlife Service.
Phelps JE (1955). The adaptability of the Turkish Chukar partridge (Alectoris graeca Meisner) in central Utah. Unpublished MS Thesis, Utah State Agricultural College, Logan, Utah, USA.
Hume AO (1890). The nests and eggs of Indian Birds. Volume 3 (2 ed.). R H Porter, London. pp. 431–433.
Woodard AE (1982). "Raising Chukar Partridges" (PDF). Cooperative Extension Division of Agricultural Sciences, University of California. Leaflet 21321e.
Tobalske, B. W.; Dial, K. P. (2007). "Aerodynamics of wing-assisted incline running in birds" (Automatic PDF download). The Journal of Experimental Biology. 210 (Pt 10): 1742–1751. doi:10.1242/jeb.001701. PMID 17488937.
Dial, K. P.; Randall, R. J.; Dial, T. R. (2006). "What Use Is Half a Wing in the Ecology and Evolution of Birds?". BioScience. 56 (5): 437–445. doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2006)056[0437:WUIHAW]2.0.CO;2.
Dial, K.P. (2003). "Wing-Assisted Incline Running and the Evolution of Flight" (pdf). Science. 299 (5605): 402–404. Bibcode:2003Sci...299..402D. doi:10.1126/science.1078237. PMID 12532020.
Bundle, M.W; Dial, K.P. (2003). "Mechanics of wing-assisted incline running (WAIR)" (PDF). The Journal of Experimental Biology. 206 (Pt 24): 4553–4564. doi:10.1242/jeb.00673. PMID 14610039.
Oakleaf RJ, Robertson JH (1971). "Fall Food Items Utilized by Chukars in Kashmir, India". The Journal of Wildlife Management. 35 (2): 395–397. doi:10.2307/3799623. JSTOR 3799623.
Degen AA, Pinshow B, Shaw PJ (1984). "Must desert Chukars (Alectoris chukar sinaica) drink water? Water influx and body mass changes in response to dietary water content" (PDF). The Auk. 101 (1): 47–52.
Ticehurst CB (1927). "The Birds of British Baluchistan. Part 3". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 32 (1): 64–97.
Lateef M, Rauf U, Sajid MA (2006). "Outbreak of respiratory syndrome in Chukar Partridge (Alectoris chukar)" (PDF). J. Anim. Pl. Sci. 16 (1–2).
Pettit JR, Gough AW, Truscott RB (1976). "Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae infection in Chukar Partridge (Alectoris graeca)" (PDF). Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 12 (2): 254–245. doi:10.7589/0090-3558-12.2.254. PMID 933318.
Dubey JP, Goodwin AM, Ruff MD, Shen SK, Kwok OC, Wizlkins GL, Thulliez P (1995). "Experimental toxoplasmosis in chukar partridges (Alectoris graeca)". Avian Pathology. 24 (1): 95–107. doi:10.1080/03079459508419051. PMID 18645768.
Iraq Culture, Map, Flag, Tourist Places. sphereinfo.com
Ram Bir Singh Kushwah; Vijay Kumar (2001-01-01). Economics of Protected Areas and Its Effect on Biodiversity. APH Publishing, 2001. ISBN 9788176482097. "In the Rig Veda the references of some Himalayan species of partridges includes black partridge, chakor partridge, snow partridge and the common hill partridge"
Temple, Richard Carnac (1884). The legends of the Panjâb. Volume 2. Education Society's Press, Bombay. p. 257.
Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal v. 55. Asiatic Society of Bengal. 1881. "When I beheld thy face mournful, lady, I wandered restlessly o'er the world, Thy face is like the moon, and my heart like the chakor"
Balfour, Edward (1871). Cyclopædia of India and of eastern and southern Asia, commercial, industrial and scientific: products of the mineral, vegetable and animal kingdoms, useful arts and manufactures. Scottish & Adelphi Presses. "The birds are said by the natives to be enamoured of the moon and, at full moon, to eat fire"
Phylogenetic conservation analysis of nucleotide (A) and carbohydrate (B) metabolic networks of M. fermentans M64 and 20 other Mycoplasma species.
M. fermentans M64 metabolic networks were served as the references in the comparisons. The small open squares represent the compounds and the colored circles represent the proteins (enzymes) participating in the metabolisms. Circles with thick and light blue circumference denote the potential essential genes inferred from the comparison with M. pulmonis, M. arthritidis, and M. genitalium (Figure 5). The arrows and lines linking the enzymes and substrates indicate the direction of the reactions. Enzymes involved in more than one metabolism are annotated with a single letter code of the other metabolisms (A: Amino acids; C: Carbohydrate; N: Nucleotide; V: cofactors and Vitamins) next to the circles. The color scale (bottom) indicates the phylogenetic conservation of proteins in the analyzed Mycoplasma species.
Tyrande is undersized like most of her siblings because their mother is, but Tyrande has always been at least as well as she has a bit difficult to maintain a good weight. Now that she is sick so we feel it is extremely important (an animal keeper at the veterinary clinic agree with us in this) that she comes up a little more weight. What she eats here in the video is a particularly intense "gaining weight" feed, which she most can eat a teaspoon per day approximately. She must be weighed every day that you should keep an eye on that she is gaining weight too fast, then rapid weight gain can be harmful. The Hills critical care, food for dogs that she eats. There are (if I remember correctly) one for cats too, but rats should not eat cat food. I hope this will get her to a healthier weight and she needs the more energy in the body so that the body can more easily fight the mycoplasmas she has.
Fimed 1/4-2013
Our beloved, sweet, nice and wonderful Tyrande got after a period of struggle against chronic mycoplasma get to sleep on 15/10-2013.
She has left a huge void behind him, she's missing. Our beloved Tyrande will always remain in our hearts.
Video taken 19/9-2013.
My son has been coughing for at least a couple of weeks after a few colds he had in a row some time ago. Finally took him to a doctor. We have a medical insurance for him, but we also have a wonderful doctor at the public health centre and I managed to book an appointment for us - free for kids!
The doctor suspected something called mycoplasma ( > bronchitis) and gave us a prescription we will now try. Hope it helps!
{Tuesday, 13 September 2011 -- 256:365}
*Cough* *hack* *gaak*
Bordetella bronchiseptica, Parainfluenza, Adenovirus, or Mycoplasma. These are all things that can cause Kennel Cough or Canine Cough. Think of it as the flu for dogs and it's very contagious.
Daisy, our youngest (and the smaller dog pictured above. This picture is a couple months old now so she is actually the largest dog in our home.) started coughing last week. Dog coughing sound very much like the dog is either clearing it’s throat or about to gak up something. Within a few days one of our other dogs, Bandit, (pictured here) followed suite. Last night, Scout (pictured above) joined the club. So… now we have a house with three dogs coughing and hacking. Actually it’s not that bad since all three are now on antibiotics and doggie cough suppressants.
There are times when I look at all my friends with kids and think… I’ll stick with dogs, they are so much easier; they potty train sooo much quicker and you can’t crate train a 8 week old human. Then there are times like this when I think… ok maybe not. You can’t ask a 9 year old dog if they are feeling sick and you can’t run to the local drug store to pick up some cough medicine for them.
Michael Tuma sticks the tortoise while Lucia Acosta handles. The tortoises in this study were tested for Upper Respiratory Tract Disease, caused by a Mycoplasma. Desert tortoise and gopher tortoise populations have suffered marked declines since this disease was introduced into wild populations. This study, lead by Dr. Kristin Berry at the USGS, seeks to understand the spread of disease in desert tortoise populations. Photo taken at epidemiology research site near Daggett, California, May 17, 2007.
This sabiá-laranjeira (Turdus rufiventris) was transported alongside the other birds in the previous Oxossi photos. This little guy seems to be in a bad shape, and it was. He had avian tuberculosis. This is one of the risks of working in the combat of animal smuggling. About two weeks after handling these birds (and they needed a lot of care, even if I just gave them immediate care until they could be transported to a CRAS - wild animals care center in Brasil), I was interned in an hospital with septicemia. And until I had the true diagnosis, it took two months, an dedicated doctor from outside the hospital, a lot of exams, and myself asking the doctor "If the exams are positive to Mycoplasma, is it possible that it is Mycoplasma avium?".
Vets, remember: do KNOW your zoonosis. Sometimes, doctors don't have the tiniest idea of how many different things there are in the world. If I had simply accepted the diagnostic and treatment suggested in the hospital (they claimed that the problem was a piometra and wanted to take my uterus out),I'd
probably be dead now.
Be Different!
Trillium in the woods, normally white, but some are infected with mycoplasma -like organisms that cause the green.
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3. QUAN NIỆM SAI LẦM LÀ Ý KIẾN CHO RẰNG THUỐC KHÁNG SINH GÂY ĐỘC và ảnh hưỡng xấu đến hệ miển dịch .
Chính gì lí do này các chuyên gia khuyên không nên dùng kháng sinh kèm thuốc điều trị hệ miễn dịch và chống dị ứng ,còn thuốc chóng các bệnh nấm chỉ nên dùng trong trường hợp điều trị các bệnh nhân với hệ miển dịch yếu như người bị AIDS hoặc các bệnh ung thư.
4. QUAN NIỆM SAI LẦM THỨ TƯ LÀ SỰ CƯỜNG ĐIỆU HÓA về một trong các tác dụng phụ của kháng sinh là giết chết các vi khuẩn có ít ở đường ruột .Theo các nhà khoa học nga ,sự thay đổi hệ vi khuẩn đường ruột khi dùng thuốc chống vi khuẩn không biểu hiện về mặc lâm sàng và không đòi hỏi sự điều chỉnh đặc biệt .Nếu như dùng kháng sinh người bệnh bị những phản ứng phụ ,ví dụ như; tiêu chảy ,tốt nhất nên đổi thuốc khác .tuy nhiên cả trong trường hợp này .cũng không dùng thuốc khôi phục hệ vi khuẩn có ít ở đường ruột
Nhiều bác sỉ cho rằng hiệu quả hơn cả là đưa kháng sinh trực tiếp vào ổ viêm nhiễm .tuy nhiên đa số các loại thuốc thế hệ mới đạt được sự tập trung thuốc cần thiết tại các mô bị viêm nhiểm cả khi đưa thuốc vào ven. ngoài ra việc điều trị tại chổ sẻ khó tín toán liều lượng tối ưu của thuốc bởi vậy kiểu điều trị này chỉ thích hợp khi bị các bệnh viêm nhiểm ở da ,viêm kết mạc viêm tai ngoài ,viêm âm đạo
THEO CÁC NHÀ KHOA HỌC cuộc đấu tranh với những quan niệm sai lầm này trong giới bác sĩ điều trị có thể làm tăng đáng kể chất lượng và sự an toàn của các liệu pháp chống vi khuẩn bằng kháng sinh.
II / VÀI ĐIỀU NÊN BIẾT VỀ UNG THƯ
1 / - DO VIỆN ĐẠI HỌC JOHN JPKINS CUNG CẤP
- Sau nhiều năm nghiêng cứu cho rằng chỉ có hóa trị mới loại bỏ ung thư nay trường đại học John Hopkins bắt đầu thừa nhận còn có phương cách khác
- Mổi người đều có tế bào ung thư trong cơ thể các xét nghiệm thông thường chỉ phát hiện những tế bào này khi chúng đã sinh sản lên đến vài tỉ sau mỗi lần điều trị ,các bác sỉ cho bệnh nhân biết không còn tế bào ung thư nhưng điều đó chỉ có nghĩa là các xét nghiệm đã không phát hiện tế bào Ung thư vì số lượng tế bào chưa đủ kích thước chứ không có nghĩa là hoàn toàn không có tế bào ung thư.
2 / Tế bào ung thư xuất hiện từ 6 - 10 lần trong đời mỗi người .
3 / Khi hệ thống miễn dịch tốt thì tế bào ung thư tốt xẻ bị tiêu diệt hay ngăn chận để không sinh sản thành bướu
4 / Ung thư là hậu quả của nhiều khiếm khuyết về dinh dưỡng có thể do duy truyền ,môi trường ,thực phẩm ăn uống ,và nếp sống .
5 / Thay đổi chế độ ăn uống và dùng thêm thuốc bổ sẻ giúp tăng cường sức mạnh cho hệ thống miễn dịch
6 / HÓA TRỊ ; Đầu độc các tế bào ung thư đồng thời tiêu diệt các tế bào lành mạnh ,sanh sản nhanh chóng trong tỷ xương và đường ruột có thể hại đến gan thận tim phổi .
7 / Xạ trị tiêu diệt các tế bào ung thư nhưng đồng thời cũng đốt cháy gây sẹo và làm hại các tế bào các mô và các cơ quan tiêu diệt các tế bào lành mạnh khác
8/ Lần chửa trị sơ khởi bằng hóa trị xạ trị thường làm nhỏ khối u ,tuy nhiên tiếp tục chửa trị như vậy sẻ vô ít và không tiêu hủy thêm nhiều tế bào ung thư.
9/ Khi cơ thể bị nhiểm độc quá nhiều vì hóa trị và xạ trị hệ thống miễn dịch sẻ bị vô hiệu hóa hoặc hủy hoại khiến bệnh nhân khó chóng lại các biến chứng và nhiễm trùng.
10 / HÓA TRỊ VÀ XẠ TRỊ ; có thể làm các tế bào ung thư luân chuyển đề kháng mạnh hơn và khó bị hủy diệt hơn
- Gỉai phẩu thì lại có thể làm các tế bào ung thư lan ra các nơi khác
- Tốt nhất là bỏ đói các tế bào Ung thư không cho chúng các thức ăn chúng cần để sinh sản .
A/ ĐƯỜNG ;Là nguồn thức ăn quan trọng của các tế bào Ung thư , Các chất đường như Nutrasweet Equal Spoouful ....v..v... điều có hại . Tốt nhấ là mật Ong Mauuka Và đường mía nhưngchỉ dùng ít thôi .
B/ Sửa giúp tạo màng nhày ,nhất là trong đường ruột ,Ung thư sống nhờ màng nhày ,giảm bot71 và thay thế SỬA bằng sửa đậu nành không có đường , là 1 cách diệt tế bào UNG THƯ
C/ THỊT tạo ra môi trường A-XIT nơi sinh sản của tế bào ung thư , Ăn thịt Bò hay Heo điều không tốt ,tốt nhất là cá và chút ít thịt gà Thịt nào cũng có chứa các chất Urê và Uric rất có hại cho người bị Ung thư
- THuốc kháng sinh gia súc kích thích tố tăng trưỡng và kí sinh trùng
D/ Thức Ăn nên gồm 80% rau nước trái cây ngủ cốc các loại hột và ít trái cây chừng 20% những thực phẩm nấu chín kể cả các loại đậu
F/ TRÁNH CÀFÊ ,Trà ,và ,Socola ,trà xanh là thức uống tốt
- Có thể chóng ung thư nên uống nước tinh khiết đã lọc kỉ không chứa kim loại nặng và độc chất như nước máy ,nước cất nhiễm A-XIT nên tránh.
P/ THỊT thường khó tiêu , thịt không tiêu hóa hết sẻ lưu lại trong ruột non và thoái hóa dẫn đến tích tụ thành chất độc
13/ TIÊU DIỆT Ăn ít thịt để giúp tế bào ung thư
14/ Một số thuốc bổ tăng cường hệ thống miễn dịch giúp cơ thể tiêu diệt tế bào ung thư ,Một số sinh tố E giúp cơ thể loại trừ những tế bào bị hư hỏng hay không còn cần thiết .
15/ UNG THƯ là 1 căn bệnh của tâm trí ,thể xác và tinh thần
- Một tinh thần năng động và tích cực sẻ giúp người bị ung thư nhiều cơ may sống sót.
- Sự giận hờn ,ranh tỵ ,gen gét ,cầu nệ ,cay độc làm cơ thể gặp khó khăn ,Nên học yêu thương và tha thứ , học cả thư giãn và vui hưỡng cuộc đời
16/ Nên tập thể dục mỗi ngày và thở sâu để giúp đưa nhiều dưỡng khí và các tế bào của cơ thể ,Hít thở dưỡng khí ăn uống điều độ đúng cách tập thể dục điều đặng cũng là 1 phương pháp tiêu diệt tế bào ung thư.
TUYỆT ĐỐI NÊN TRÁNH
- Hâm các hộp nhựa trong Microweve
- GIỬ các chai nhựa đựng nước uống trong găn đá tủ lạnh
- BỌC giấy nhựa khi hâm Micrawave
III / BỆNH DA LIỂU NẾU ĐỂ LÂU KHÔNG ĐIỀU TRỊ CÓ KHẢ NĂNG DẨN ĐẾN UNG THƯ MÁU.
- Các bệnh ngoài toàn thân ,ngứa bao tin hoàn xuất hiện những nốt mẫn ngứa ,vãy nến ,thối chân,bạch biến ,da bị khô nứt ...điều là những bệnh mản tính ngoài da khiến người mắc bệnh cảm thấy rất phiền nảo khó chịu .
- Nguyên nhân GÂY BỆNH hầu hết gây bệnh là do ; Phong tà thấp độc ,huyết hư táo thịnh , vi khuẩn ,trùng độc gây ra .
- Đặc điểm do ngứa khó chịu ,cảm thấy phiền nảo lo lắng ,ăn không ngon ngủ không yên ,ảnh hưỡng nghiêm trọng đến chất lượng cuộc sống và công việc của người bệnh ,bệnh nhỏ không chữa ắt sẻ thành bệnh lớn .Khi virut ở da thâm nhập vào máu sẻ gây nên hiện tượng máu trắng ( ung thư máu ) . Virut càng để lâu sẻ phát tán nước rộng các cơ thể toàn thân sẻ xuất hiện những vết sẹo ngứa sưng đau ,nóng rát và có hiện tượng da bị lở loét chảy máu , bệnh nặng có thể dẩn đến ung thư da ,UNG THƯ MÁU VÔ CÙNG NGUY HIỂM .
IV/ NGUYÊN NHÂN GÂY BỆNH THẬN HƯ ,ĐƯỜNG SINH DỤC ,ĐƯỜNG TIẾT NIỆU
Đông y coi thận hư ,thận yếu ,liệt dương ,xuất tinh sớm là do thận tinh bất túc ,thận bất tráng khí,thận bất thịnh ,thủ dâm nhiều ,quan hệ tình dục quá độ ,lo nghĩ nhiều làm tổn thương thận ,sinh ra tính khí chủ sinh dục ,tính khí thịnh thì sinh dục khỏe,nếu mắc bệnh hư sẻ mỏi long ,rung tay chân hay mỏi hoa mắt ,ù tai hay rụng tóc ,mất ngủ ,mơ nhiều nam giới còn di tinh ,mộng tinh ,TINH TRÙNG ÍT CƠ QUAN SINH DỤC PHÁT TRIỄN KÉM ,đau tức tinh hoàn ,sinh lí yếu suất tinh sớm, liệt dương ,vô sinh ,nữ giới kinh nguyệt không điều ,lượng kinh quá nhiều hoặc quá ít ,khí hư nhiều hiếm muộn kinh ,dể sẩy thay ,thận còn phụ trách nước tiểu ,như vậy thận sẻ đi tiểu nhiều ,buồn đi tiểu nước tiểu đục ,có cặn đi tiểu khó ,cuối bải còn sót ban đêm hay đi tiểu thường hay đái dầm
1 / VIÊM NIỆU ĐẠO VIÊM TiỀN LUYỆT TUYẾN ; viêm tinh hoàn viêm bàng quang viêm phụ khoa ,đa số lây nhiểm CHLAMYDIAE và MYCOPLASMA qua đường sinh dục gây bệnh cũng có nhiều bệnh nhân viêm tiền liệt tuyến không phải do lây nhiểm vi khuẩn gây nên ,Bệnh nhân thấy hơi buồn đi tiểu ,tiểu nhiều lần đau buốt niệu đạo ,miện niệu đạo đỏ hay ngứa ,có ít dịch, bệnh lâu ngày sẻ gây thận hư ,chức năng sinh lí giảm,liệt dương xuất tinh sớm tinh trùng chết vô sinh ,nử khí hư nhiều có mùi hôi,viêm phần phụ viêm tử cung vòi trứng.
2 /BỆNH SÙI MÀO GÀ ; Biểu hiện mọc từng mục thịt to ,nhỏ ở từng vùng cơ quan sinh dục ,trên quy đầu ,bẹn âm hộ ,miện âm đạo quanh hậu môn, do lây nhiểm virut HPV qua đường sinh dục ,bệnh dể lây nhiễm và tái phát dẩn dến thận hư .
3 / HERPES ^ ZORA ; Là 1 bệnh hay tái phát biểu hiện mọc nhiều nốt 1 số ban đỏ ,hoặc mụn nước, có loét ,đau buốt ,thường xuất hiện cơ quan sinh dục ,trên quy đầu bẹn âm hộ ,miệng âm đạo ,quanh hậu môn,do lây nhiễm ,và tái phát dẫn đến thận hư
VIÊM GAN SIÊU VI B, C DIỂN BIẾN
Là thủ phạm đứng hàng thứ 3 gây ra sơ gan ,ungthư gan chỉ sau virut viem gan B và rượu .Sau khi virus xâm nhập vào cơ thể virus C đến gan phát truyễn tại đây thời gian ủ bệnh đến từ 20 - 90 ngày . Đa số bệnh nhân không tự loại trừ được virus ra khỏi cơ thể nên bệnh sẻ diễn tiến từ cấp sang mãn tính trong tổng số HCV có khoảng 15% tự hồi phục , 85% chuyển qua thể mạn .thể mạn thường âm thầm kéo dài hàng chục năm và chỉ phát hiện được khi đã có diển biến nghiêm trọng ( sơ gan , báng bụng giãn mạch máu đường tiêu hóa gây vỡ mạch gây chảy máu ồ ạt tử vong ) trong số chuyển sang 85%mạn thì có 20% bị sơ gan và có khoảng 3%trong số sơ gan bị ung thư gan .khi đã bị nhiễm viêm gan B,C người bệnh sẻ trải qua các lâm sàng
- VIÊM GAN CẤP ; Phần lớn không triệu chứng .Một số có biểu hiện mệt mỏi chán ăn ,buồn nôn vàng da ,vằng mắc nước tiểu sậm màu ,có thể đau khớp đau bụng nhẹ chậm tiêu hóa
- VIÊM GAN MẠNG;
Khoãng 85% trường hợp nhiễm gan siêu vi B,C sẻ chuyển sang thành viêm gan mạn tính ,nghĩa là không đào thảy được độc tố không đào thải virus sau 6 tháng . Đặc điểm nổi bậc của viêm gan B,C mạn tính là sự tiến triển rất thầm lặng qua 10 - 30 năm vì thế người bệnh thường không được chuẩn đoán và điều trị kịp thời .Nhiều trường hợp bệnh chỉ được phát hiện khi đả có biến chứng nghiêm trọng ,xơ gan với biểu hiện báng bụng ( ổ bụng có nước ) giản mạch máu đường tiêu hóa có v thể gây vở chảy máu ồ ạt và tử vong . Một biến chứng nữa là ung thư tế bào gan .khi đã sơ gan khó mà hồi phục lại cho dù tình trang viêm có thuyên giảm .vì vậy nên điều trị sớm nhằm ngăn ngừa làm trậm tiến triễn sang giai đoạn sơ gan
III / CUỘC CHIẾN VỚI UNG THƯ
TAY TRONG TAY UNG THƯ VÀ BÊNH NHIỄM
ÔNG J.R.Warren và BJ.Marshall khám phá H.pylori
ngăn sớm bệnh nhiễm ngừa được ung thư
Tổ chức y tế thế giới ước tính 20% gánh nặng ung thư toàn cầu là do bệnh nhiễm .H.pylori có thể gây ung thư bao tử ,HPV . liên hệ ung thư cổ tử cung .HBV và HCV dẫn đến ung thư gan.nghe nói bệnh nhiễm gây ung thư ai cũng lo ! nhưng cánh của mới hé mở " NGĂN SỚM BỆNH NHIỂM CHẶN ĐƯỢC UNG THƯ "
- Nào ai hay biết ung thư gan rất gắn bó với các virut viêm gan B (HBV) và viêm gan C (HCV) Virut được truyền do tiếp súc gán bó người với người qua ăn uống hoặc lây qua máu nhiễm,do tim chít ,quan hệ tình dục ,sinh ra từ mẹ nhiễm .Từ năm 1992,WHO đã lồng gép vacin ngừa HBV .hiện nay Ung thư gan là loại thường gập nhất ở nước ta
GEN TẶC GÂY KHỔ PHỤ NỬ ;Những năm 1993 -1984 Harld zur Hausen tóm được HPV (Human papilloma viruts ) gây ung thư cổ tử cung .Hai typ HPV 16 và 18 gây ra 705 ung thư cổ tử cung Hai typ HPV 45,31,33, 52,58,35 cũng gây ung thư này
Khi quan hệ tình dục ,phụ nữ dễ nhiễm HPV phần lớn biến đi trong 2-4 năm nhưng có khoảng 10% lại tiến chầm chậm đến tình trạng tiền ung thư .Nhiễm virut dẫn đến ung thư cần 20- 30 năm . Thế nên 40 -60 tuổi bệnh mới trổ ra .HPV 16-18 đem 2 gen E7-E7 vào sâu đến nhân tế bào cổ tử cung ,khóa tay hai gen đè bướu p53 và Rb ,nắm quyền chỉ đạo tế bào sinh sôi vô tổ chức thành Ung thư .Đúng là gen tặc .HPV cũng liên hệ với các ung thư âm đạo ung thư dương vật ,hậu môn miệng ,và thanh quản ,ĐÃ CÓ SẢN PHẨM BỔ SUNG DINH DƯỠNG CÓ TÁC DỤNG PHÒNG NGỪA VÀ HỔ TRƠ ĐIỀU TRỊ BỆNH UNG THƯ CỔ TỬ CUNG .
DẬU ĐỔ BÌM LEO ; Năm 1993 người ta tóm được virut HIV1 thủ phạm của căn bệnh thế kỷ HIV/AIDS .cơ thể suy giảm miễn dịch do HIV là miếng đất màu mở cho các virut khác gây bệnh ung thư .đúng là dậu đổ bìm leo .Nhiều virut thường trở mặt lộng hành .virut HHV-8 Tạo ra sự bùng phát loại ung thư Da sarcôm kaposi (sk) ở các bệnh nhân HIV/AIDS. vài loại virut khác cũng chớp lấy thời cơ gây ra các bệnh lymphôm rất ác . nhờ có thuốc kháng virut ,sk bớt gây tử vong ,lymphôm vẩn đe dọa
BẠN THIẾT LÂU ĐỜI;
Sống chung với loài người khoãng 60.000 năm Helicobacter Pylori mới được biết từ những năm 1980 .Giaỉ Nobel y học 2005 vinh doanh hai thầy thuốc người úc Mashall và Varren về sự khám phá vi khuẩn này Marshall phải nuốt H.pylori để chứng minh tác hại của H.pylori .Vi khuẫn này có dạng sống trong bao tử và tá tràng nên có tên là Helicobacter H.Pylori - xoắn khuẩn môn vị .chưa biết chắc đường truyền ,có lẻ từ người sang người thông qua nước bọt hoặc phân người .khoảng đến 20% những người nhiểm khuẩn bị bệnh loét bao tử rồi .Bệnh thành viêm mãn tính ,lâu ngày nặng lên thành viêm teo bao tử có thể dẫn đến ung thư .IARC xếp vi khuẫn là tác nhân gây ung thư loại 1 ,mạnh như nhiều hóa chất trong khói thuốc lá .Thật choáng váng vi khuẫn gây ung thư ! Khoãng 50 - 60% UNG THƯ BAO TỬ toàn cầu liên hệ H.Pylori.
BỆNH CỦA NỤ HÔN .EBV (Epstein - Barr Virut ) là loại Virut thân thiết với con người 90% người trên hành tinh tiếp cận EBV vào 1 lúc nào đó trong đời .Virut truyền theo nước bọt tạo ra chứng bệnh lành là bệnh nhiễm bạch cầu đơn nhân hay là bệnh của nụ hôn .Tên thật lãng mạng ai ngờ EBV lại gây ung thư .loại bệnh lymphôm Burkitt hoành hành vùng trung phi gặp ở bệnh nhân cơ thể yếu đi vì bệnh sốt rét .Ung thư vòm họng hoành hành ở vùng nam Trung Quốc và ĐÔNG NAM Á do EBV liên tay với thức ăn muối mặn ....( muối trắng tinh khiết ).
tHÚ THỰC ẨM THỰC TRẢ GÍA ĐẮT .Sán lá gan gây ung thư đường mật .ước tính có 9 triệu người
nhiễm loại sán Opisthorchis Viverrni ở thái lan và lào .Nhiễm sán này có thể dẫn đến ung thư đường mật rất nang Y .
Mấy thứ lăng nhăng Virut rượu ,nấm móc liên thủ tấn công lá gan người nhiểm HBV ,HCV ( VIÊM GAN SIÊU VI B,C ) Nghiện rượu nặng và nhiễm độ tố aflatoxin nấm móc các laoị hột như thêm dầu lửa .Riêng HPV chưa đủ gây bệnh .có các yếu tố khác như ; QUAN HỆ TÌNH DỤC SỚM ,SINH ĐẺ NHIỀU SỚM SINH CON ĐẦU LÒNG ,HÚT THUỐC LÁ ,DÙNG THUỐC NGỪA THAY LÂU DÀI ,SUY GIẢM MIỄN .Tỷ lệ nhiễm H.Pylori cao.Khói thuốc lá và chế độ ăn nhiều muối mặn ( tinh khiết ) đánh hội đồng vào bao tử gây nguy cơ cao ở NHẬT BẢN ,HÀN QUỐC ,TRUNG QUỐC và ở VIỆT NAM .Trước kia nhà thơ tú Xương thang ba thứ lăng nhăng nó quấy ta .Nay rỏ là mấy thứ lăng nhăng chúng giết ta .
KHƠI DÒNG CHẢY ;
Năm 1911 Peyton Rour mở cửa lỉnh vực Virut gây ung thư từ việc khám phá virut gây ung thư cho gà con . phải cần 40 năm người ta mới hiểu tầm quan trọng của thành tựu này .Năm 1996 Rous được trao giải Nober .Vào những năm 1960 và 1970 bắc đầu khám phá các Virut gây ung thư ở người ;EBV ( Epstein Barr virus ) mang tên hai người tìm ra vào năm 1964 .Baruch Blumberg phát hiện HPV năm 1965 ,nhận giải Noben năm 1976 . Năm 1993 - `1984 ,Zur Hausen kiên trì giăng câu hơn 10 năm được HPV 16-18 GÂY 70% UNG THƯ CỔ TỬ CUNG chia giải Noben 2008 với Francoise Barre - Sinoussi và Luc Montagnier chỉ rỏ HIV1 gây ADIS , HIV nhờ các thành tựu này người ta làm được Vacxin kháng virut ngừa ung thư .Rồi tiếp tục virut HCV năm 1989 ,virut HHV8 gây Sacom Kaposi hay HH8 ( 1994 ) HTLV -1 .....các thành tựu này khơi dòng chảy lớn .
NGỪA BỆNH NHIỄM CHẶN UNG THƯ ;MỌI NGƯỜI LƯU Ý PHÒNG BỆNH VỚI VACXIN HAY PHÒNG THỰC PHẨM BỔ SUNG DINH DƯỠNG ( THỰC PHẪM CHỨC NĂNG ) chóng HBV ,HCV .quan hệ tình dục an toàn ,bảo quản thức ăn đúng ,bỏ thói quen ăn cá sống ,dùng các sản phẩm máu an toàn .rà tìm phát hiện ung thư cổ tử cung xét nghiệm và tích cực phòng ngừa ung thư các loại trước khi bệnh các loại bệnh này chúng gây UNG THƯ KHÔNG PHẢI TRỜI KÊU ,MỔI NGƯỜI PHẢI BIẾT LO CHO MÌNH ,ĐỪNG ĐỂ BỤNG LÀM DẠ CHỊU
KHI BỊ UNG THƯ ,TRONG SỰ BẤT LỰC NHIỀU NGƯỜI TỰ AN ỦI " TRỜI KÊU AI NẤY DẠ " ! RIÊNG TÁC GIẢ THÌ BÌNH THẢN NÓI " ĐÂU PHẢI TRỜI KÊU DẠ LÀM CHI !
TRỜI KÊU KHÔNG DẠ
THÔNG TIN CHI TIẾT HƠN VỀ DÒNG SẢN PHẨM LH ;0973339976 THAO TU VAN KHACH HANG
lick vào xem sản phẩm phòng và hổ trợ điều trị bệnh 1 cách hiệu quả nhanh nhất www.flickr.com/photos/thaotyphucom/5671298962
House Finches may be found at feeders across much of North America, and if you see these little birds, we’d like to know about it. Specifically, our scientists want to know if the birds you see appear healthy or if they have redness and swelling around the eyes—signs of a bacterial disease (Mycoplasma gallisepticum) that first appeared in 1994 and is now found in House Finch populations from coast to coast
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Veterinary products , veterinary medicine Malaysia , animal feed grade vitamins , supplement , veterinary supplement , antibiotics for poultry , poultry supplement , poultry antibiotics , poultry disinfectants , feed additives . high quality veterinary injection , big animal supplement , big animal feed additives , Malaysian veterinary manufacturer ,veterinary nutritional , multi- function antiviral , Growth prompter , feed Premixes , poultry premixes , feed additives , supplement injections , multivitamins for poultry ,animal medicine ,Pain killer injections , poultry antiviral , poultry feed additives , Veterinary Medicine grade , Antibacterial Drugs , veterinary drugs , Medicine For big animals Malaysia , poultry vitamins , pharmaceutical company , professional experienced pharmaceutical veterinary , GMP certified veterinary , multivitamins premixes , Antiviral, Animal Health Products, GMP factory Malaysia , Good factory, oral solution , ( Campylobacter, E. coli,Haemophilus, Mycoplasma, Pasteurella and Salmonella spp. in calves,goats, poultry, and sheeps)
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Veterinary products , veterinary medicine Malaysia , animal feed grade vitamins , supplement , veterinary supplement , antibiotics for poultry , poultry supplement , poultry antibiotics , poultry disinfectants , feed additives . high quality veterinary injection , big animal supplement , big animal feed additives , Malaysian veterinary manufacturer ,veterinary nutritional , multi- function antiviral , Growth prompter , feed Premixes , poultry premixes , feed additives , supplement injections , multivitamins for poultry ,animal medicine ,Pain killer injections , poultry antiviral , poultry feed additives , Veterinary Medicine grade , Antibacterial Drugs , veterinary drugs , Medicine For big animals Malaysia , poultry vitamins , pharmaceutical company , professional experienced pharmaceutical veterinary , GMP certified veterinary , multivitamins premixes , Antiviral, Animal Health Products, GMP factory Malaysia , Good factory, oral solution , ( Campylobacter, E. coli,Haemophilus, Mycoplasma, Pasteurella and Salmonella spp. in calves,goats, poultry, and sheeps)
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Veterinary products , veterinary medicine Malaysia , animal feed grade vitamins , supplement , veterinary supplement , antibiotics for poultry , poultry supplement , poultry antibiotics , poultry disinfectants , feed additives . high quality veterinary injection , big animal supplement , big animal feed additives , Malaysian veterinary manufacturer ,veterinary nutritional , multi- function antiviral , Growth prompter , feed Premixes , poultry premixes , feed additives , supplement injections , multivitamins for poultry ,animal medicine ,Pain killer injections , poultry antiviral , poultry feed additives , Veterinary Medicine grade , Antibacterial Drugs , veterinary drugs , Medicine For big animals Malaysia , poultry vitamins , pharmaceutical company , professional experienced pharmaceutical veterinary , GMP certified veterinary , multivitamins premixes , Antiviral, Animal Health Products, GMP factory Malaysia , Good factory, oral solution , ( Campylobacter, E. coli,Haemophilus, Mycoplasma, Pasteurella and Salmonella spp. in calves,goats, poultry, and sheeps)
ILRI scientist Joerg Jores explains research at ILRI's mycoplasma research group to Anthony Beattie on 13 Mar 2014 (photo credit: ILRI/Paul Karaimu).
Premixes, Veterinary, Medicine, Injunction, Supplements, Powder, Antibiotics, Feed additive, Poultry, Goats, Sheep, Cattle, Claves, Camels, Cows ,High quality ,Veterinary Medicine grade ,Antibacterial Drugs, Animal Pharmaceuticals ,Big animals ,Chemical ,Animal health ,Solution for injection ,Subcutaneous injection ,Vitamins, Multivitamins, World poultry, Malaysia supplements, Veterinary Malaysia, Antipoetic Big Animals, Malaysia medicine, Injection for Big animals, Medicine For big animals Malaysia ,Feed supplements, Growth, Animal feed, Antiviral, Malaysia products, Poultry medicine Increase Animal Production, Faster Growth, Farm animals, Promotes the growth, for breeding animals, Aquatic Animals, Oral liquid , Gastrointestinal , antibiotic to treat bacterial , Factory GMP high quality Weight Gain multivitamin solution Sodium Selenite and Vitamin E oral Solution veterinary medicine, great use, medicine raw material, medicine bottle, medicine cabinet, medicine ball, herbal medicine, traditional Malaysian medicine , Malaysia herbal medicine , dietary supplement , offer feed additive
Veterinary products , veterinary medicine Malaysia , animal feed grade vitamins , supplement , veterinary supplement , antibiotics for poultry , poultry supplement , poultry antibiotics , poultry disinfectants , feed additives . high quality veterinary injection , big animal supplement , big animal feed additives , Malaysian veterinary manufacturer ,veterinary nutritional , multi- function antiviral , Growth prompter , feed Premixes , poultry premixes , feed additives , supplement injections , multivitamins for poultry ,animal medicine ,Pain killer injections , poultry antiviral , poultry feed additives , Veterinary Medicine grade , Antibacterial Drugs , veterinary drugs , Medicine For big animals Malaysia , poultry vitamins , pharmaceutical company , professional experienced pharmaceutical veterinary , GMP certified veterinary , multivitamins premixes , Antiviral, Animal Health Products, GMP factory Malaysia , Good factory, oral solution , ( Campylobacter, E. coli,Haemophilus, Mycoplasma, Pasteurella and Salmonella spp. in calves,goats, poultry, and sheeps)
Photographed in Salt Lake City, Utah.
First time i've seen a finch suffering from conjunctivitis in the yard.
www.birdsource.org/gbbc/science-stories/past-stories/hous...
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Veterinary products , veterinary medicine Malaysia , animal feed grade vitamins , supplement , veterinary supplement , antibiotics for poultry , poultry supplement , poultry antibiotics , poultry disinfectants , feed additives . high quality veterinary injection , big animal supplement , big animal feed additives , Malaysian veterinary manufacturer ,veterinary nutritional , multi- function antiviral , Growth prompter , feed Premixes , poultry premixes , feed additives , supplement injections , multivitamins for poultry ,animal medicine ,Pain killer injections , poultry antiviral , poultry feed additives , Veterinary Medicine grade , Antibacterial Drugs , veterinary drugs , Medicine For big animals Malaysia , poultry vitamins , pharmaceutical company , professional experienced pharmaceutical veterinary , GMP certified veterinary , multivitamins premixes , Antiviral, Animal Health Products, GMP factory Malaysia , Good factory, oral solution , ( Campylobacter, E. coli,Haemophilus, Mycoplasma, Pasteurella and Salmonella spp. in calves,goats, poultry, and sheeps)
Conserved domain architecture of wBm-LigA and phylogenetic tree of DNA ligases from various organisms.(A) Conserved domain architecture of wBm-LigA typical of DNA ligase superfamily includes adenylation domain (9–304) with KXDG catalytic site(114–117) involved in adenylation reaction, OB fold domain(307–387), HhH (helix hairpin helix) and BRCT domain (609–671). (B) Phylogenetic trees were constructed with Maximum likelihood (ML) methods using PROML programs of PHYLIP 3.69. All the prokaryotic NAD+-dependent DNA ligase bacteria formed a discrete cluster A which is divided into two branches, the first one comprising the subcluster A1 constituting Nitrosomonas europaea (reference sequence NP_841783.1), Bordetella pertussis (reference sequence NP_882073.1), Gammaproteobacteria (reference sequence ZP_05126247.1), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (reference sequence YP_791724.1), Escherichia coli (GenBank:AAN81395.1), Mycobacterium tuberculosis (reference sequence ZP_7441467.2), Frankia (reference sequence ZP_06413452.1), Thermus thermophilus (GenBank:AAD13190.1), Prochlorococcus marinus (reference sequence NP_876232.1), Mycoplasma mycoides (reference sequence NP_975740.1), Bacillus subtilis (reference sequence NP_388544.1), Bradyrhizobium japonicum (GenBank:BAC51856.1), Rhizobium leguminosarum (NCBI reference sequence YP_002282076.1), Agrobacterium vitis ( reference sequence YP_002550080.1) and the second one (subcluster A2) comprising the DNA ligase of Wolbachia endosymbiont present in Brugia malayi (GenBank:AAW71136.1) and insects as Drosophila melanogaster (reference sequence NP_966531.1), Drosophila simulans (reference sequence ZP_00372215.1) and Culex quinquefasciatus (reference sequence YP_001975247.1), Wolbachia pipientis (GenBank:AAY81980.1), Anaplasma centrale (reference sequence YP_003328904.1), Ehrlichia chaffeensis (NCBI reference sequence YP_507122.1) and Rickettsia rickettsii (GenBank:ABY73051.1). All the eukaryotic DNA ligase viz. Homo sapiens (reference sequence NP_000225.1), Mus musculus (reference sequence NP_001186239.1), Brugia malayi (NCBI reference sequence XP_001896804.1), Plasmodium falciparum (GenBank:AAN64156.1), Plasmodium knowlesi (reference sequence XP_002261933.1) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (GenBank:CAA91582.1) are present in discrete cluster B indicating Wolbachia endosymbiont are distantly related to the ATP DNA ligase of either its host parasite B. malayi or H.sapiens.
ILRI scientist Joerg Jores explains research at ILRI's mycoplasma research group to Anthony Beattie on 13 Mar 2014 (photo credit: ILRI/Paul Karaimu).
The House Finch appears to have a Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection.
Green Lawn Cemetery, Columbus, OH. 8 Dec 2012.
eBird Checklist: ebird.org/ebird/view/checklist?subID=S12247695