View allAll Photos Tagged mining
This area was a high mining area and while I was taking photo's of this ladder I spotted this area all fenced off - it would be easy to get to it any way for the it's location.
Archive image
found a colony along a rutted chalk track they were very active and swarming in great numbers
we assume they were disturbed by a land-rover that passed by a couple of times
martin down Hampshire
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Stawell.
Like nearby Ararat Stawell began with a pastoral era (Concongella Station) and then things changed when a little gold was discovered in a creek at Stawell, Pleasant Creek. That was in 1853. More reef gold was discovered nearby in 1856 followed by a large alluvial find in 1857. This was the Illawarra and Deep Lead finds which started a major gold rush to the district. Consequentially the town of Stawell (named after the Chief Justice of Victoria) was proclaimed in 1858 around the original Pleasant Creek find of 1853 whilst commercial activity continued at the new Camp area on the hill. The good gold finds petered out in 1869 but some mining continued for many years. Like other mining centres lawlessness was a problem and so one of the first buildings erected in the new government town was a Courthouse and gaol in 1860. (This was replaced by a grander Courthouse erected in 1880 and it still stands.) As always other early buildings were the hotels to assuage the thirst of the miners. Other important public buildings in the old Adelaide Road area of Stawell are the Shire Offices built in 1866 and 1873; the old Courthouse mentioned above; the Police Residence built in 1869; and the two storey Institute erected in 1868. Uptown on the hill is the current town centre with most other major historic structures. They include: the railway station and stationmaster’s residence 1876; the old cricket grounds of the 1860s which is now the location of the Easter Stawell Gift Race and the Hall of Fame; the memorial gates to the oval were installed in 1903; the purpose built Memorial to Australian Federation erected in 1903; Oban House built in the Federation Era in red brick in 1898 – now the Returned Services League; St. Matthews Uniting Church 1869 (built at Presbyterian); St. Peter’s Lutheran 1874 ( built as Congregational); the Powder Magazine built in 1875; the impressive Post Office built in 1875; the Town hall opened in 1873- make sure you see the clock and tower with the animated miners who were added in 1969; and the Town Hall Hotel built in 1874.
This was taken at a small mining exhibit in Bishop, CA. The Holga effect was created with PhotoShop actions
Subjects:
Coal
Mining
County Government
1970s
Type:
Images
Publisher:
Messenger-Inquirer [Owensboro, KY[
Date:
1 Sept 1975
Pages:
1A
Identifier:
after_the_coal_messenger_inquirer_1sept1975_p1
See Also:
2.Sluicing: A sluice box is more commonly used by small scale mining companies. In this process, a sluice box is used to haul out gold from various deposits in currents. It is basically a man-made channel with riffles at the bottom, these riffles act as a dead zone which makes the gold drop from its state of suspension. A current then carries the denser materials to one direction as the rest of the tailing is left behind.
Brent and I assembling our mining rig with two ASUS Radeon R9 290s. Watch the time-lapse of the assembly vimeo.com/84810174
This barometer was used by a mine surveyor. Within the case is a simple glass tube, containing mercury, inverted into a pot of the same metal. The latter is separated from the atmosphere by a membrane. The difference in pressure from a known datum point, e.g., the top of a pit shaft, and an underground site can readily be converted to depth.
This common mercury barometer is mounted in a polished wood case, exposing only the upper portion of the tube in a window, where a reading might be taken from the scale and vernier. A thermometer is mounted within the window as temperature variations affect the calculation required. This instrument was made by J WHITE of GLASGOW.
Nineteenth century legislation enforced the production of accurately surveyed plans of underground working in Britain's collieries. The acts were prompted by safety and planning concerns and the surveyor became a key figure in colliery workforces.
Accession number - 2000.443.1
A rear view of 702 seen in Princes Street and how fine this art work looks
The Scottish Mining Museum is a 5 Star visitor attraction which provides a great day out for all ages. It's based at one of the finest surviving examples of a Victorian colliery in Europe, the Lady Victoria Colliery at Newtongrange, just nine miles from Edinburgh. Visitors to the museum will marvel at the sheer size of the place, be astounded by the engineering brilliance behind all the machinery and retrace the footsteps and struggles of the thousands of miners and their families before them.
The tour of the museum includes:-
*a fully accessible, three-story visitors centre
*two major exhibitions - 'The Story of Coal' and 'A Race Apart' - which feature interactive displays, reconstructions, sound and visuals to describe the history and technology of coal and the story of the mining communities
*a hands-on Operations Centre
*the pithead, where generations of miners descended 500 metres down into the blackness of the 'Lady Vic'
*a re-created underground roadway and coalface where you will experience the atmosphere and moise of a working pit
*the largest winding engine in Scotland - which hauled men and coal up and down the pit shaft for nearly 90 years and is still in working order
*two audio visual shows
*Big Stuff - massive mining machinery tour (a tour of our large object store which runs on Wednesdays and Sundays only)
*licensed and stylish restaurant with play and picnic area
*gift shop
On your tour you will use our unique 'magic helmets' which are fitted with remote-controlled headphones to describe what you are looking at on site.
And you can get the personal insights and anecdotes of the guides, all of whom are ex-miners!
"Hearing everybody on the streets talking about the six thousand dollar ore of the Blue Bird, your correspondent proceeded at once to visit this lode," read an article in the Caribou Post on July 8, 1871. "The ore contains blue and green carbonates of copper, of the most brilliant hues, the lode taking its name from the blue."
Mining companies pay national and local taxes, but because the local population does not see the benefits, companies have started making direct contributions to local communities.
Brent and I assembling our mining rig with two ASUS Radeon R9 290s. Watch the time-lapse of the assembly vimeo.com/84810174
Free-steered vehicle or FSV (flame-proofed diesel) used in room and pillar workings or general types of workings where the floor is strong and doesn't suffer floor lift. Used for coal haulage and carrying materials
a former mining exec, he bought this vineyard to work in retirement | nikon f801 | nikkor 1.8 | portra 400
An 8.5 mile route on a former railway line from Broompark Picnic Site, just outside Durham City to Crook, running past Ushaw Moor, Deerness View and Stanley Crook. It forms part of the Walney to Wear (W2W) long distance cycling route.
The Deerness Valley Railway was opened in 1858 and carried coal for nearly a hundred years. Branch lines from Broompark, New Brancepeth, Ushaw Moor, Esh, Stanley Crook, Hedleyhope and Cornsay made it a main artery of the coalfield. It closed in 1964 for freight. This line carried passengers between 1878 and 1951. The path passes alongside a number of former mining villages but there are few signs of their industrial heritage as most of the landscape has since been restored.
The path follows the route of the river Deerness through a mixture of arable and grazing land, woods and herb rich meadows. Mature woodland contains oak, holly and hazel with a rich ground flora of red campion, dogs mercury, wild garlic, bluebells, stitchwort and dog violet. You may see birds (including herons, woodpeckers, warblers and jays), butterflies (meadow brown, common blue and large skipper) and mammals (perhaps a hare, squirrel or roe deer).
At Ushaw Moor a wooden trestle bridge carried the railway over the road and river. It was built in 1896 and was one of the last wooden viaducts in use in northeast England. It survived until the 1960s.
On the ridge of the hill to the north stands Ushaw College, a Roman Catholic Seminary. One of their swimming pools used to be filled with water raised hydraulically by the river’s own power but this was stopped when the water came up black from the mining activity!
Just before you reach Deerness View picnic area, is the site of the former Ushaw Moor Colliery. Not long after this, you will pass under a large bridge. This used to carry the road to Flass Hall, to the south. This area was once the valley’s main settlement and you can see from here it opens out into meadows with various grass paths that you can wander around.
There are wet areas near this section of the line which contain damp loving plants such as meadowsweet, cuckoo flower and tufted vetch.
Travelling further along the Railway Path you come to Esh Winning. Esh (New) ‘Winning’ (a successful shaft or face) grew from a small hamlet into a large mining community. Its importance is reflected in the size of the Miners’ Hall which once boasted the best dance hall in the area. Although this branch terminus ended at Esh Winning, it was originally built to serve the colliery at Waterhouses.
The colliery, pit heaps and some of the terraces in Waterhouses have now disappeared but the off-white brick church still remains. These bricks may have come from Peases West Brickworks at Crook, via the Stanley Incline – the route now taken by the Railway Path upon which you are about to embark. The track climbs steadily through deciduous woodland, including some majestic old oak trees.
The Deerness Valley Way Railway Path continues towards Crook, finishing beside the Peases West Sports Centre. From here it is a short distance to the centre of bustling Crook.
County Durham, officially simply Durham is a ceremonial county in North East England. The county borders Northumberland and Tyne and Wear to the north, the North Sea to the east, North Yorkshire to the south, and Cumbria to the west. The largest settlement is Darlington, and the county town is the city of Durham.
The county has an area of 2,721 km2 (1,051 sq mi) and a population of 866,846. The latter is concentrated in the east; the south-east is part of the Teesside built-up area, which extends into North Yorkshire. After Darlington (92,363), the largest settlements are Hartlepool (88,855), Stockton-on-Tees (82,729), and Durham (48,069). For local government purposes the county comprises three unitary authority areas—County Durham, Darlington, and Hartlepool—and part of a fourth, Stockton-on-Tees. The county historically included the part of Tyne and Wear south of the River Tyne, and excluded the part of County Durham south of the River Tees.
The west of the county contains part of the North Pennines uplands, a national landscape. The hills are the source of the rivers Tees and Wear, which flow east and form the valleys of Teesdale and Weardale respectively. The east of the county is flatter, and contains by rolling hills through which the two rivers meander; the Tees forms the boundary with North Yorkshire in its lower reaches, and the Wear exits the county near Chester-le-Street in the north-east. The county's coast is a site of special scientific interest characterised by tall limestone and dolomite cliffs.
What is now County Durham was on the border of Roman Britain, and contains survivals of this era at sites such as Binchester Roman Fort. In the Anglo-Saxon period the region was part of the Kingdom of Northumbria. In 995 the city of Durham was founded by monks seeking a place safe from Viking raids to house the relics of St Cuthbert. Durham Cathedral was rebuilt after the Norman Conquest, and together with Durham Castle is now a World Heritage Site. By the late Middle Ages the county was governed semi-independently by the bishops of Durham and was also a buffer zone between England and Scotland. County Durham became heavily industrialised in the nineteenth century, when many collieries opened on the Durham coalfield. The Stockton and Darlington Railway, the world's first public railway to use steam locomotives, opened in 1825. Most collieries closed during the last quarter of the twentieth century, but the county's coal mining heritage is remembered in the annual Durham Miners' Gala.
Remains of Prehistoric Durham include a number of Neolithic earthworks.
The Crawley Edge Cairns and Heathery Burn Cave are Bronze Age sites. Maiden Castle, Durham is an Iron Age site.
Brigantia, the land of the Brigantes, is said to have included what is now County Durham.
There are archaeological remains of Roman Durham. Dere Street and Cade's Road run through what is now County Durham. There were Roman forts at Concangis (Chester-le-Street), Lavatrae (Bowes), Longovicium (Lanchester), Piercebridge (Morbium), Vindomora (Ebchester) and Vinovium (Binchester). (The Roman fort at Arbeia (South Shields) is within the former boundaries of County Durham.) A Romanised farmstead has been excavated at Old Durham.
Remains of the Anglo-Saxon period include a number of sculpted stones and sundials, the Legs Cross, the Rey Cross and St Cuthbert's coffin.
Around AD 547, an Angle named Ida founded the kingdom of Bernicia after spotting the defensive potential of a large rock at Bamburgh, upon which many a fortification was thenceforth built. Ida was able to forge, hold and consolidate the kingdom; although the native British tried to take back their land, the Angles triumphed and the kingdom endured.
In AD 604, Ida's grandson Æthelfrith forcibly merged Bernicia (ruled from Bamburgh) and Deira (ruled from York, which was known as Eforwic at the time) to create the Kingdom of Northumbria. In time, the realm was expanded, primarily through warfare and conquest; at its height, the kingdom stretched from the River Humber (from which the kingdom drew its name) to the Forth. Eventually, factional fighting and the rejuvenated strength of neighbouring kingdoms, most notably Mercia, led to Northumbria's decline. The arrival of the Vikings hastened this decline, and the Scandinavian raiders eventually claimed the Deiran part of the kingdom in AD 867 (which became Jórvík). The land that would become County Durham now sat on the border with the Great Heathen Army, a border which today still (albeit with some adjustments over the years) forms the boundaries between Yorkshire and County Durham.
Despite their success south of the river Tees, the Vikings never fully conquered the Bernician part of Northumbria, despite the many raids they had carried out on the kingdom. However, Viking control over the Danelaw, the central belt of Anglo-Saxon territory, resulted in Northumbria becoming isolated from the rest of Anglo-Saxon Britain. Scots invasions in the north pushed the kingdom's northern boundary back to the River Tweed, and the kingdom found itself reduced to a dependent earldom, its boundaries very close to those of modern-day Northumberland and County Durham. The kingdom was annexed into England in AD 954.
In AD 995, St Cuthbert's community, who had been transporting Cuthbert's remains around, partly in an attempt to avoid them falling into the hands of Viking raiders, settled at Dunholm (Durham) on a site that was defensively favourable due to the horseshoe-like path of the River Wear. St Cuthbert's remains were placed in a shrine in the White Church, which was originally a wooden structure but was eventually fortified into a stone building.
Once the City of Durham had been founded, the Bishops of Durham gradually acquired the lands that would become County Durham. Bishop Aldhun began this process by procuring land in the Tees and Wear valleys, including Norton, Stockton, Escomb and Aucklandshire in 1018. In 1031, King Canute gave Staindrop to the Bishops. This territory continued to expand, and was eventually given the status of a liberty. Under the control of the Bishops of Durham, the land had various names: the "Liberty of Durham", "Liberty of St Cuthbert's Land" "the lands of St Cuthbert between Tyne and Tees" or "the Liberty of Haliwerfolc" (holy Wear folk).
The bishops' special jurisdiction rested on claims that King Ecgfrith of Northumbria had granted a substantial territory to St Cuthbert on his election to the see of Lindisfarne in 684. In about 883 a cathedral housing the saint's remains was established at Chester-le-Street and Guthfrith, King of York granted the community of St Cuthbert the area between the Tyne and the Wear, before the community reached its final destination in 995, in Durham.
Following the Norman invasion, the administrative machinery of government extended only slowly into northern England. Northumberland's first recorded Sheriff was Gilebert from 1076 until 1080 and a 12th-century record records Durham regarded as within the shire. However the bishops disputed the authority of the sheriff of Northumberland and his officials, despite the second sheriff for example being the reputed slayer of Malcolm Canmore, King of Scots. The crown regarded Durham as falling within Northumberland until the late thirteenth century.
Following the Battle of Hastings, William the Conqueror appointed Copsig as Earl of Northumbria, thereby bringing what would become County Durham under Copsig's control. Copsig was, just a few weeks later, killed in Newburn. Having already being previously offended by the appointment of a non-Northumbrian as Bishop of Durham in 1042, the people of the region became increasingly rebellious. In response, in January 1069, William despatched a large Norman army, under the command of Robert de Comines, to Durham City. The army, believed to consist of 700 cavalry (about one-third of the number of Norman knights who had participated in the Battle of Hastings), entered the city, whereupon they were attacked, and defeated, by a Northumbrian assault force. The Northumbrians wiped out the entire Norman army, including Comines, all except for one survivor, who was allowed to take the news of this defeat back.
Following the Norman slaughter at the hands of the Northumbrians, resistance to Norman rule spread throughout Northern England, including a similar uprising in York. William The Conqueror subsequently (and successfully) attempted to halt the northern rebellions by unleashing the notorious Harrying of the North (1069–1070). Because William's main focus during the harrying was on Yorkshire, County Durham was largely spared the Harrying.
Anglo-Norman Durham refers to the Anglo-Norman period, during which Durham Cathedral was built.
Matters regarding the bishopric of Durham came to a head in 1293 when the bishop and his steward failed to attend proceedings of quo warranto held by the justices of Northumberland. The bishop's case went before parliament, where he stated that Durham lay outside the bounds of any English shire and that "from time immemorial it had been widely known that the sheriff of Northumberland was not sheriff of Durham nor entered within that liberty as sheriff. . . nor made there proclamations or attachments". The arguments appear to have prevailed, as by the fourteenth century Durham was accepted as a liberty which received royal mandates direct. In effect it was a private shire, with the bishop appointing his own sheriff. The area eventually became known as the "County Palatine of Durham".
Sadberge was a liberty, sometimes referred to as a county, within Northumberland. In 1189 it was purchased for the see but continued with a separate sheriff, coroner and court of pleas. In the 14th century Sadberge was included in Stockton ward and was itself divided into two wards. The division into the four wards of Chester-le-Street, Darlington, Easington and Stockton existed in the 13th century, each ward having its own coroner and a three-weekly court corresponding to the hundred court. The diocese was divided into the archdeaconries of Durham and Northumberland. The former is mentioned in 1072, and in 1291 included the deaneries of Chester-le-Street, Auckland, Lanchester and Darlington.
The term palatinus is applied to the bishop in 1293, and from the 13th century onwards the bishops frequently claimed the same rights in their lands as the king enjoyed in his kingdom.
The historic boundaries of County Durham included a main body covering the catchment of the Pennines in the west, the River Tees in the south, the North Sea in the east and the Rivers Tyne and Derwent in the north. The county palatinate also had a number of liberties: the Bedlingtonshire, Islandshire and Norhamshire exclaves within Northumberland, and the Craikshire exclave within the North Riding of Yorkshire. In 1831 the county covered an area of 679,530 acres (2,750.0 km2) and had a population of 253,910. These exclaves were included as part of the county for parliamentary electoral purposes until 1832, and for judicial and local-government purposes until the coming into force of the Counties (Detached Parts) Act 1844, which merged most remaining exclaves with their surrounding county. The boundaries of the county proper remained in use for administrative and ceremonial purposes until the Local Government Act 1972.
Boldon Book (1183 or 1184) is a polyptichum for the Bishopric of Durham.
Until the 15th century, the most important administrative officer in the Palatinate was the steward. Other officers included the sheriff, the coroners, the Chamberlain and the chancellor. The palatine exchequer originated in the 12th century. The palatine assembly represented the whole county, and dealt chiefly with fiscal questions. The bishop's council, consisting of the clergy, the sheriff and the barons, regulated judicial affairs, and later produced the Chancery and the courts of Admiralty and Marshalsea.
The prior of Durham ranked first among the bishop's barons. He had his own court, and almost exclusive jurisdiction over his men. A UNESCO site describes the role of the Prince-Bishops in Durham, the "buffer state between England and Scotland":
From 1075, the Bishop of Durham became a Prince-Bishop, with the right to raise an army, mint his own coins, and levy taxes. As long as he remained loyal to the king of England, he could govern as a virtually autonomous ruler, reaping the revenue from his territory, but also remaining mindful of his role of protecting England’s northern frontier.
A report states that the Bishops also had the authority to appoint judges and barons and to offer pardons.
There were ten palatinate barons in the 12th century, most importantly the Hyltons of Hylton Castle, the Bulmers of Brancepeth, the Conyers of Sockburne, the Hansards of Evenwood, and the Lumleys of Lumley Castle. The Nevilles owned large estates in the county. John Neville, 3rd Baron Neville de Raby rebuilt Raby Castle, their principal seat, in 1377.
Edward I's quo warranto proceedings of 1293 showed twelve lords enjoying more or less extensive franchises under the bishop. The repeated efforts of the Crown to check the powers of the palatinate bishops culminated in 1536 in the Act of Resumption, which deprived the bishop of the power to pardon offences against the law or to appoint judicial officers. Moreover, indictments and legal processes were in future to run in the name of the king, and offences to be described as against the peace of the king, rather than that of the bishop. In 1596 restrictions were imposed on the powers of the chancery, and in 1646 the palatinate was formally abolished. It was revived, however, after the Restoration, and continued with much the same power until 5 July 1836, when the Durham (County Palatine) Act 1836 provided that the palatine jurisdiction should in future be vested in the Crown.
During the 15th-century Wars of the Roses, Henry VI passed through Durham. On the outbreak of the Great Rebellion in 1642 Durham inclined to support the cause of Parliament, and in 1640 the high sheriff of the palatinate guaranteed to supply the Scottish army with provisions during their stay in the county. In 1642 the Earl of Newcastle formed the western counties into an association for the King's service, but in 1644 the palatinate was again overrun by a Scottish army, and after the Battle of Marston Moor (2 July 1644) fell entirely into the hands of Parliament.
In 1614, a Bill was introduced in Parliament for securing representation to the county and city of Durham and the borough of Barnard Castle. The bishop strongly opposed the proposal as an infringement of his palatinate rights, and the county was first summoned to return members to Parliament in 1654. After the Restoration of 1660 the county and city returned two members each. In the wake of the Reform Act of 1832 the county returned two members for two divisions, and the boroughs of Gateshead, South Shields and Sunderland acquired representation. The bishops lost their secular powers in 1836. The boroughs of Darlington, Stockton and Hartlepool returned one member each from 1868 until the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885.
The Municipal Corporations Act 1835 reformed the municipal boroughs of Durham, Stockton on Tees and Sunderland. In 1875, Jarrow was incorporated as a municipal borough, as was West Hartlepool in 1887. At a county level, the Local Government Act 1888 reorganised local government throughout England and Wales. Most of the county came under control of the newly formed Durham County Council in an area known as an administrative county. Not included were the county boroughs of Gateshead, South Shields and Sunderland. However, for purposes other than local government, the administrative county of Durham and the county boroughs continued to form a single county to which the Crown appointed a Lord Lieutenant of Durham.
Over its existence, the administrative county lost territory, both to the existing county boroughs, and because two municipal boroughs became county boroughs: West Hartlepool in 1902 and Darlington in 1915. The county boundary with the North Riding of Yorkshire was adjusted in 1967: that part of the town of Barnard Castle historically in Yorkshire was added to County Durham, while the administrative county ceded the portion of the Borough of Stockton-on-Tees in Durham to the North Riding. In 1968, following the recommendation of the Local Government Commission, Billingham was transferred to the County Borough of Teesside, in the North Riding. In 1971, the population of the county—including all associated county boroughs (an area of 2,570 km2 (990 sq mi))—was 1,409,633, with a population outside the county boroughs of 814,396.
In 1974, the Local Government Act 1972 abolished the administrative county and the county boroughs, reconstituting County Durham as a non-metropolitan county. The reconstituted County Durham lost territory to the north-east (around Gateshead, South Shields and Sunderland) to Tyne and Wear and to the south-east (around Hartlepool) to Cleveland. At the same time it gained the former area of Startforth Rural District from the North Riding of Yorkshire. The area of the Lord Lieutenancy of Durham was also adjusted by the Act to coincide with the non-metropolitan county (which occupied 3,019 km2 (1,166 sq mi) in 1981).
In 1996, as part of 1990s UK local government reform by Lieutenancies Act 1997, Cleveland was abolished. Its districts were reconstituted as unitary authorities. Hartlepool and Stockton-on-Tees (north Tees) were returned to the county for the purposes of Lord Lieutenancy. Darlington also became a third unitary authority of the county. The Royal Mail abandoned the use of postal counties altogether, permitted but not mandatory being at a writer wishes.
As part of the 2009 structural changes to local government in England initiated by the Department for Communities and Local Government, the seven district councils within the County Council area were abolished. The County Council assumed their functions and became the fourth unitary authority. Changes came into effect on 1 April 2009.
On 15 April 2014, North East Combined Authority was established under the Local Democracy, Economic Development and Construction Act 2009 with powers over economic development and regeneration. In November 2018, Newcastle City Council, North Tyneside Borough Council, and Northumberland County Council left the authority. These later formed the North of Tyne Combined Authority.
In May 2021, four parish councils of the villages of Elwick, Hart, Dalton Piercy and Greatham all issued individual votes of no confidence in Hartlepool Borough Council, and expressed their desire to join the County Durham district.
In October 2021, County Durham was shortlisted for the UK City of Culture 2025. In May 2022, it lost to Bradford.
Eighteenth century Durham saw the appearance of dissent in the county and the Durham Ox. The county did not assist the Jacobite Rebellion of 1715. The Statue of Neptune in the City of Durham was erected in 1729.
A number of disasters happened in Nineteenth century Durham. The Felling mine disasters happened in 1812, 1813, 1821 and 1847. The Philadelphia train accident happened in 1815. In 1854, there was a great fire in Gateshead. One of the West Stanley Pit disasters happened in 1882. The Victoria Hall disaster happened in 1883.
One of the West Stanley Pit disasters happened in 1909. The Darlington rail crash happened in 1928. The Battle of Stockton happened in 1933. The Browney rail crash happened in 1946.
The First Treaty of Durham was made at Durham in 1136. The Second Treaty of Durham was made at Durham in 1139.
The county regiment was the Durham Light Infantry, which replaced, in particular, the 68th (Durham) Regiment of Foot (Light Infantry) and the Militia and Volunteers of County Durham.
RAF Greatham, RAF Middleton St George and RAF Usworth were located in County Durham.
David I, the King of Scotland, invaded the county in 1136, and ravaged much of the county 1138. In 17 October 1346, the Battle of Neville's Cross was fought at Neville's Cross, near the city of Durham. On 16 December 1914, during the First World War, there was a raid on Hartlepool by the Imperial German Navy.
Chroniclers connected with Durham include the Bede, Symeon of Durham, Geoffrey of Coldingham and Robert de Graystanes.
County Durham has long been associated with coal mining, from medieval times up to the late 20th century. The Durham Coalfield covered a large area of the county, from Bishop Auckland, to Consett, to the River Tyne and below the North Sea, thereby providing a significant expanse of territory from which this rich mineral resource could be extracted.
King Stephen possessed a mine in Durham, which he granted to Bishop Pudsey, and in the same century colliers are mentioned at Coundon, Bishopwearmouth and Sedgefield. Cockfield Fell was one of the earliest Landsale collieries in Durham. Edward III issued an order allowing coal dug at Newcastle to be taken across the Tyne, and Richard II granted to the inhabitants of Durham licence to export the produce of the mines, without paying dues to the corporation of Newcastle. The majority was transported from the Port of Sunderland complex, which was constructed in the 1850s.
Among other early industries, lead-mining was carried on in the western part of the county, and mustard was extensively cultivated. Gateshead had a considerable tanning trade and shipbuilding was undertaken at Jarrow, and at Sunderland, which became the largest shipbuilding town in the world – constructing a third of Britain's tonnage.[citation needed]
The county's modern-era economic history was facilitated significantly by the growth of the mining industry during the nineteenth century. At the industry's height, in the early 20th century, over 170,000 coal miners were employed, and they mined 58,700,000 tons of coal in 1913 alone. As a result, a large number of colliery villages were built throughout the county as the industrial revolution gathered pace.
The railway industry was also a major employer during the industrial revolution, with railways being built throughout the county, such as The Tanfield Railway, The Clarence Railway and The Stockton and Darlington Railway. The growth of this industry occurred alongside the coal industry, as the railways provided a fast, efficient means to move coal from the mines to the ports and provided the fuel for the locomotives. The great railway pioneers Timothy Hackworth, Edward Pease, George Stephenson and Robert Stephenson were all actively involved with developing the railways in tandem with County Durham's coal mining industry. Shildon and Darlington became thriving 'railway towns' and experienced significant growths in population and prosperity; before the railways, just over 100 people lived in Shildon but, by the 1890s, the town was home to around 8,000 people, with Shildon Shops employing almost 3000 people at its height.
However, by the 1930s, the coal mining industry began to diminish and, by the mid-twentieth century, the pits were closing at an increasing rate. In 1951, the Durham County Development Plan highlighted a number of colliery villages, such as Blackhouse, as 'Category D' settlements, in which future development would be prohibited, property would be acquired and demolished, and the population moved to new housing, such as that being built in Newton Aycliffe. Likewise, the railway industry also began to decline, and was significantly brought to a fraction of its former self by the Beeching cuts in the 1960s. Darlington Works closed in 1966 and Shildon Shops followed suit in 1984. The county's last deep mines, at Easington, Vane Tempest, Wearmouth and Westoe, closed in 1993.
Postal Rates from 1801 were charged depending on the distance from London. Durham was allocated the code 263 the approximate mileage from London. From about 1811, a datestamp appeared on letters showing the date the letter was posted. In 1844 a new system was introduced and Durham was allocated the code 267. This system was replaced in 1840 when the first postage stamps were introduced.
According to the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1911): "To the Anglo-Saxon period are to be referred portions of the churches of Monk Wearmouth (Sunderland), Jarrow, Escomb near Bishop Auckland, and numerous sculptured crosses, two of which are in situ at Aycliffe. . . . The Decorated and Perpendicular periods are very scantily represented, on account, as is supposed, of the incessant wars between England and Scotland in the 14th and 15th centuries. The principal monastic remains, besides those surrounding Durham cathedral, are those of its subordinate house or "cell," Finchale Priory, beautifully situated by the Wear. The most interesting castles are those of Durham, Raby, Brancepeth and Barnard. There are ruins of castelets or peel-towers at Dalden, Ludworth and Langley Dale. The hospitals of Sherburn, Greatham and Kepyer, founded by early bishops of Durham, retain but few ancient features."
The best remains of the Norman period include Durham Cathedral and Durham Castle, and several parish churches, such as St Laurence Church in Pittington. The Early English period has left the eastern portion of the cathedral, the churches of Darlington, Hartlepool, and St Andrew, Auckland, Sedgefield, and portions of a few other churches.
'Durham Castle and Cathedral' is a designated UNESCO World Heritage Site. Elsewhere in the County there is Auckland Castle.
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Brent and I assembling our mining rig with two ASUS Radeon R9 290s. Watch the time-lapse of the assembly vimeo.com/84810174
A picture of some of the mining structures high above Leadville, Colorado.
This is a three shot HDR composite.
Last night our town hosted a meeting to take input from the community
about issuing a mining permit for beryllium. A company called BE
Resources wishes to dig some exploratory bore holes in our nearby
farming community of Monticello. I was surprised how prepared the
mining company was. They totally dominated the first 2+ hours with
hired experts from AMEC. AMEC sells expertise about environmental
issues, but really appears to be a "yes man" for big business to do
whatever they like. It was rather disconcerting to hear geologists,
hydrologists and so many other scientists refer to mining beryllium as
being a zero risk venture.
What is your reaction when hearing that? My first impression was associated with drag net fishing, wreaking havoc to the ecosystems below. And Greenpeace is actively protesting their operation with dangerous intercepts of operations at sea. Is that the whole story then?
What if deep seabed mining of nickel and cobalt was the most environmentally benign alternative on Earth? That would flip my thinking entirely. Well, the alternative is strip mining in the rainforests of Indonesia and Congo, causing massive deforestation and devastation in some of the most valuable ecosystems.
How does that compare to Deep Seabed mining? Well, it’s deep, really deep, in the Abyssal Plain (12-18K ft. down). These Plains are not rare; they cover 50% of the Earth’s surface. And it’s unlike “mining” in the traditional sense. The metallic nodules are sitting on the surface, easily collected by robotic rovers. The smooth plains of silt are stirred up by this collection process, but to no obvious detriment to the main biomass that lives there — bacteria. Ongoing studies may find that they are helped by the agitation, giving more access to their nutrients. And the ecological value of microbe-infused silt is the opposite end of the spectrum from rainforest or coral reef.
The groups seeking permission from the International Seabed Authority to commence operations had to perform numerous studies of their effect on bacteria. Let me digress for a moment to mention how absurd this is. Every 48 hours, 50% of all bacteria on Earth are violently killed by phages. The shear tonnage of the slaughter is staggering: 17 billion tons of bacteria are killed by phage every single day. That’s the baseline. Deep Seabed Mining’s effect on a patch of them, positive or negative, is in the statistical noise by any reasoned analysis. Bacteria adapt quickly to any environment; they should not be the focus of any environmental impact analysis IMHO.
And there’s the rub. Opposition is pushing to try to prevent deep seabed mining by any means possible, reasoned or not. The logical error is the assumption that blocking deep seabed mining will stop mining. That will not happen, ever. Mining will shift to the next lowest cost option (deforesting Indonesia). It’s A versus B, not A versus nothing. Mining will occur, somewhere. How tragic for environmentalists to attack the best option and thereby foster the worst environmental outcomes for humanity. And the harm to the environment is compounded because the minerals in question are used to complete the transition away from oil to EVs. If Greenpeace wanted to promote deforestation and profits for Exxon, they would be hard pressed to find a better way. And, stepping back to consider the ocean's health, the biggest threat to the oceans is climate change and the related acidification that came from our fossil fuel era.
Where have we seen this backfiring behavior before? Nuclear energy. It was nuclear vs coal for the past 60 years, not nuclear vs nothing. Baseload energy will be generated, and environmental fear mongering shut down the best option for the environment back then. Lifelong environmentalist Stewart Brand summarized in his book Whole Earth Discipline: "Coal is now understood to be the long-term systemic horror we once thought nuclear was.” Nuclear was so safe that the nuclear fear mongering did more harm than nuclear energy itself! “Fear of radiation is a far more important health threat than radiation itself.” From the WHO analysis of Chernobyl and its long-term effects, stress from the human dialog on nuclear energy has killed more people than nuclear energy.
Same story with GMO foods, as Brand laments: “The environmental movement has done more harm with its opposition to genetic engineering than with any other thing we have been wrong about. We’ve starved people, hindered science, hurt the natural environment, and denied our own practitioners a crucial tool. We make ourselves look a conspicuously irrational, and we teach that irrationality to the public and to decision makers.”
Must history keep repeating itself with a tragic backfiring of environmental intent? Greenpeace’s position is “no deep sea mining, ever” with no consideration given to the default plan B. Classic A vs nothing thinking. The International Seabed Authority is preparing to process its first applications in 2025. I would hope Greenpeace would pause for a moment of rational consideration to not repeat the mega-mistakes of the past which fostered deforestation and climate change on a massive scale.
• Here is the closest I have seen to an impartial consideration of arguments for an against... with even ocean-obsessed James Cameron calling it a “less wrong” alternative to conventional land-based mining.
• Deep Seabed Mining FAQ by The Metals Company, the group that is farthest along (and it's their robot in photo above)
Long wall coal mining under the Waratah Rivulet, that feeds Sydney's water supply, has cracked the river. Peabody coal company is trying to glue the cracks together again with an epoxy substance.
Photos by Max Phillips // Jeremy Buckingham's office: www.flickr.com/photos/62459458@N08/sets/72157628426391761/