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Welcome to Friends of Cape Meares Lighthouse & Wildlife Refuge Web Site!
Welcome to Friends of Cape Meares Lighthouse & Wildlife Refuge Web SiteCape Meares State Scenic Viewpoint is located 10 miles west of Tillamook, Oregon on the north end of the beautiful Three Capes Scenic Route. The park is open daily, throughout the year, from 7 am to dusk with no day use fee. The trail head to the Big Spruce, Oregon's largest Sitka Spruce, is located near the park entrance. Features within the park include Cape Meares Lighthouse, an informational kiosk, interesting viewpoints where visitors can view off-shore rocks for native birds and the annual whale migration, the Three Arch Rocks National Wildlife Refuge, nature trails, and the Octopus Tree, an Oregon Heritage Tree. A picnic area that can accommodate small groups is located adjacent to the parking area plus picnic tables are situated in the center of the parking circle.
Cape Meares Lighthouse is open daily April through October from 11 am to 4 pm. A wide, asphalt trail that is wheelchair accessible, provides easy access to the lighthouse. However, please be advised the steepness of the path makes the walk back to the parking lot seem twice as long for the person pushing the wheelchair.
Benches are conveniently located along the path to enjoy the scenery as well as an alternative return path to the south, where you may enjoy the scenery (or catch your breath).
Admittance to Cape Meares Lighthouse is free. An Interpretive Gift Shop is located in the previous work room of the lighthouse and features items related to lighthouses, the sea, wildlife, wild flowers and souvenirs to remember your visit to Cape Meares State Scenic Viewpoint. Donations and proceeds from the Interpretive Shop are used to enhance the park.
Welcome to Friends of Cape Meares Lighthouse & Wildlife Refuge Web Site!
Welcome to Friends of Cape Meares Lighthouse & Wildlife Refuge Web SiteCape Meares State Scenic Viewpoint is located 10 miles west of Tillamook, Oregon on the north end of the beautiful Three Capes Scenic Route. The park is open daily, throughout the year, from 7 am to dusk with no day use fee. The trail head to the Big Spruce, Oregon's largest Sitka Spruce, is located near the park entrance. Features within the park include Cape Meares Lighthouse, an informational kiosk, interesting viewpoints where visitors can view off-shore rocks for native birds and the annual whale migration, the Three Arch Rocks National Wildlife Refuge, nature trails, and the Octopus Tree, an Oregon Heritage Tree. A picnic area that can accommodate small groups is located adjacent to the parking area plus picnic tables are situated in the center of the parking circle.
Cape Meares Lighthouse is open daily April through October from 11 am to 4 pm. A wide, asphalt trail that is wheelchair accessible, provides easy access to the lighthouse. However, please be advised the steepness of the path makes the walk back to the parking lot seem twice as long for the person pushing the wheelchair.
Benches are conveniently located along the path to enjoy the scenery as well as an alternative return path to the south, where you may enjoy the scenery (or catch your breath).
Admittance to Cape Meares Lighthouse is free. An Interpretive Gift Shop is located in the previous work room of the lighthouse and features items related to lighthouses, the sea, wildlife, wild flowers and souvenirs to remember your visit to Cape Meares State Scenic Viewpoint. Donations and proceeds from the Interpretive Shop are used to enhance the park.
Welcome to Friends of Cape Meares Lighthouse & Wildlife Refuge Web Site!
Welcome to Friends of Cape Meares Lighthouse & Wildlife Refuge Web SiteCape Meares State Scenic Viewpoint is located 10 miles west of Tillamook, Oregon on the north end of the beautiful Three Capes Scenic Route. The park is open daily, throughout the year, from 7 am to dusk with no day use fee. The trail head to the Big Spruce, Oregon's largest Sitka Spruce, is located near the park entrance. Features within the park include Cape Meares Lighthouse, an informational kiosk, interesting viewpoints where visitors can view off-shore rocks for native birds and the annual whale migration, the Three Arch Rocks National Wildlife Refuge, nature trails, and the Octopus Tree, an Oregon Heritage Tree. A picnic area that can accommodate small groups is located adjacent to the parking area plus picnic tables are situated in the center of the parking circle.
Cape Meares Lighthouse is open daily April through October from 11 am to 4 pm. A wide, asphalt trail that is wheelchair accessible, provides easy access to the lighthouse. However, please be advised the steepness of the path makes the walk back to the parking lot seem twice as long for the person pushing the wheelchair.
Benches are conveniently located along the path to enjoy the scenery as well as an alternative return path to the south, where you may enjoy the scenery (or catch your breath).
Admittance to Cape Meares Lighthouse is free. An Interpretive Gift Shop is located in the previous work room of the lighthouse and features items related to lighthouses, the sea, wildlife, wild flowers and souvenirs to remember your visit to Cape Meares State Scenic Viewpoint. Donations and proceeds from the Interpretive Shop are used to enhance the park.
Is there a ghost??? Find out when you visit.
For special events at Cape Meares State Scenic Viewpoint, please contact the park manager at Cape Lookout State Park
(503) 842-3182.
If you would like to learn more about Tillamook County, the Tillamook Chamber of Commerce is an excellent resource.
Click here to visit their web site - www.tillamookchamber.org
Cape Meares Light
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Cape Meares Light
Cape Meares Lighthouse.jpg
Cape Meares Light
Cape Meares Light is located in Oregon
Cape Meares Light
Location
Cape Meares, Oregon
Coordinates
45°29′11.6″N 123°58′42.2″WCoordinates: 45°29′11.6″N 123°58′42.2″W
Year first lit
1890
Deactivated
1963
Foundation
Concrete
Construction
Brick sheathed in sheet iron
Tower shape
Octagonal
Height
38 feet (12 m)
Original lens
First order Fresnel lens
Range
21 nmi (39 km; 24 mi)
Characteristic
Originally 30 second fix white, followed by 5 second red flash every minute. After 1934: Flashing White 15 seconds
Cape Meares Lighthouse
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
Governing body
United States Coast Guard
MPS
Lighthouse Stations of Oregon MPS
NRHP Reference #
73002341
Added to NRHP
April 21, 1993
The Cape Meares Light is an inactive lighthouse on the coast of Oregon. It is located on Cape Meares just south of Tillamook Bay. It is open to the public.
Contents
[hide] 1 History
2 2010 vandalism
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
History[edit]
Built in 1890, Cape Meares Light served as the light station for Tillamook Bay. When it was built, the lighthouse complex included two keeper's houses, two oil houses, and two cisterns, and was connected to the light by a 1,000-foot (300 m) boardwalk. Later additions included an attached workroom in 1895 and a garage in 1934.[1] The light itself was iron-plated, and due to its exposure to the elements, it required frequent repainting over the years. No foghorn was ever installed at Cape Meares. In 1934, the light received electricity. Now unnecessary, the oil houses were removed.[2]
In 1963, the lighthouse was deactivated and replaced by a newer tower.[1] The following year, the Coast Guard made plans to demolish the light. However, due to public outcry, the plans fell through, and the Coast Guard turned the station over to Tillamook County. The light remained vacant until 1968, when the site was turned over to the Oregon State Parks Department. During this time, vandalism became a major problem for the light. Eventually, the vandalism took its toll on the keeper's quarters and they were subsequently demolished. Among the damage, four of the bulls-eyes in the Fresnel lens were stolen. That same year, the light was opened up to the public and the light was restored, with the exception of the missing bulls-eyes. Since then, three of the four missing bulls-eyes have been recovered.[3] In 1980, the tower itself was opened to the public.[2]
The structure was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.[4]
The U.S. Coast Guard permanently switched off Cape Meares Light (LLNR 675) on Wednesday, June 25, 2014, as it is no longer considered necessary for safe navigation of the seacoast.[5]
2010 vandalism[edit]
This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: too news-focused; needs to be cleaned and summarized in better wording. Please help improve this article if you can. (November 2014)
Between the afternoon of January 9 and noon on January 10, 2010, an unknown vehicle reportedly drove down a blocked maintenance road to the lighthouse viewing area. A number of rounds were fired, breaking 15 of the lighthouse's windows and several parts of the historic Fresnel lens. Additional rounds were fired into a nearby active Coast Guard light and surrounding equipment. While driving off the maintenance road the suspect vehicle also caused significant damage to a grassy area. Damages were initially estimated to be over $50,000, but subsequent inspections have shown it may cost more than $500,000 to repair the lens. A park ranger stated that the lens was created in Paris in 1888 and had been shipped around the tip of South America to Oregon.[6] Early news reports stated a $1,000 reward was being offered for information leading to arrests, a figure which was raised to $3,000 by the evening of January 11.[6][7] On February 10, two Oceanside men, Zachary Jon Pyle, age 23 and David Regin Wilks Jr., age 26, were arrested in connection with the vandalism.[8] At the time of the arrests the reward figure had climbed to $6,000. The men were convicted and received a creative sentence by a Tillamook County District Court judge. David Wilkes Jr. and Zachary Pyle were ordered to pay $100,000 to the lighthouse and serve three 16-day jail terms over three years. Each jail term will start on December 27, which coincides with the date of the vandalism. They served their first sentence from December 27, 2010, to January 11, 2011, and they will do so again at the end of the this year and the end of next year.
The men, who admitted they were drunk at the time, said it was the dumbest thing they had ever done. In handing down the sentence, the judge said, "Some people go to Hawaii for vacation and some people go to jail. The next three years will serve as a reminder, and you are going to get some time to contemplate that." as quoted in a news story at Lighthouse Digest.[9]
for more: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Meares_Light
Net migration for various metro areas with the NYC metro, 2000-2009. Source: IRS data via Telestrian.
Mara Timbo Camp is an elegant and private safari camp in Masai Mara, Kenya, the word famous and beautiful national park in Africa, which sees every year during Big Migration millions of wildebeests for grazing coming from Serengeti Tanzanias.
Our camp has only 7 luxury tents and is located directly at Mara River inmids the untamed wilderness, near Oloololo gate and Kichwa Tembo Airstrip.
Two fascinating Hippo families directly in front of our camp are our next neighbours, roughly 70 animals.
Each tent at Mara Timbo Camp is roughly 45sqm big, stands on 110sqm terrace under a grass thatched roof and has an outdoor bathtub with river view.
Every tent has its personal butler service. Privacy is our main concern to the guests.
Besides that we offer a la carte 3 course menus for lunch and dinner, a cosy lounge and bar with an excellent bar, tasty cocktails offered, relaxing massages, nature walks and bird walks, adventurous night game drives and breathtaking balloon safaris.
Go there before you get there! Here you´ll find our romantic Mara Timbo Camp slideshow: goo.gl/5T6oiI - And here is the video about Mara Timbo Camp: goo.gl/s66U7I
Many more important information about the Mara Timbo Camp like our factsheet, guest comments, maps and many photos you find on our website www.maratimbo.com and here: goo.gl/suK3zU
Besides Mara Timbo Camp is running a video channel, which has a lot of informative video clips and advises for making vacations in Kenya an experience of lifetime: goo.gl/SKo86o
Like us on Facebook: goo.gl/dCZso2 - and follow us on Twitter: goo.gl/mj24Wg
Check out our website www.maratimbo.com - Or drop us a line with your booking request to welcome@maratimbo.com
Tel. +254 737138140
We speak English and German.
This is my first video....I shot this with my little Canon S 3 IS and it was one of those impulse things. You can hear the wind blowing past the mic and I'm moving the camera, the horizon waves up and down and at one point you can hear my wife ask me what I'm doing. For those who have never seen or herd a sky full of Snow Geese...this is sort of what it's like when viewed from one place at Squaw Creek. It's not the best quality but this is more about the sound...turn on the speakers.
5 May 2014 - Forum 2014 - Lunch Debate: Migration. OECD Headquarters, Paris, France.
Moderator: Ali Aslan, TV Host & Journalist, Deutsche Welle, Germany
Speakers
- Laima Andrikiene, Member, European Parliament
- Daniela Bobeva, Deputy Prime Minister for Economic Development, Republic of Bulgaria
- Chukwu-Emeka Chikezie, Director, Up!-Africa Limited
- Paul Collier, Director, Centre for the Study of African Economies, Professor of Economics and Public Policy,
Blavatnik School of Government, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
- Karl Cox, Vice-President, Public Policy and Corporate Affairs, Europe, Middle East and Africa, Oracle France
- Jean-Christophe Dumont, Head, International Migration, Employment, Labour and Social Affairs, OECD
- Omar Munie, Designer, Omar Munie Clothing
- Jan Niessen, Director, Migration Policy Group
- Young-bum Park, President, Korea Research Institute for Vocational Education and Training (KRIVET)
For more information, visit: www.oecd.org/Forum
Photo: OECD/Marco Illuminati
Snowdonia, or Eryri is a mountainous region and national park in North Wales. It contains all 15 mountains in Wales over 3000 feet high, including the country's highest, Snowdon (Yr Wyddfa), which is 1,085 metres (3,560 ft) tall. These peaks are all part of the Snowdon, Glyderau, and Carneddau ranges in the north of the region. The shorter Moelwynion and Moel Hebog ranges lie immediately to the south.
The national park has an area of 823 square miles (2,130 km2) (the fourth-largest in the UK), and covers most of central and southern Gwynedd and the western part of Conwy County Borough. This is much larger than the area traditionally considered Snowdonia, and in addition to the five ranges above includes the Rhinogydd, Cadair Idris, and Aran ranges and the Dyfi Hills. It also includes most of the coast between Porthmadog and Aberdyfi. The park was the first of the three national parks of Wales to be designated, in October 1951, and the third in the UK after the Peak District and Lake District, which were established in April and May 1951 respectively. The park received 3.89 million visitors in 2015.
The name Snowdon means 'snow hill' and is derived from the Old English elements snāw and dūn, the latter meaning 'hill'. Snowdonia is simply taken from the name of the mountain.
The origins of Eryri are less clear. Two popular interpretations are that the name is related to eryr, 'eagle', and that it means 'highlands' and is related to the Latin oriri ('to rise'). Although eryri is not any direct form of the word eryr in the meaning 'eagle', it is a plural form of eryr in the meaning 'upland'.
Before the boundaries of the national park were designated, "Snowdonia" was generally used to refer to a smaller upland area of northern Gwynedd centred on the Snowdon massif. The national park covers an area more than twice that size, extending south into the Meirionnydd area.
This difference is apparent in books published before 1951. In George Borrow's 1907 Wild Wales he states that "Snowdon or Eryri is no single hill, but a mountainous region, the loftiest part of which is called Y Wyddfa", making a distinction between the summit of the mountain and the surrounding massif. The Mountains of Snowdonia by H. Carr & G. Lister (1925) defines "Eryri" as "composed of the two cantrefs of Arfon and Arllechwedd, and the two commotes of Nant Conwy and Eifionydd", which corresponds to Caernarfonshire with the exception of southwest Llŷn and the Creuddyn Peninsula. In Snowdonia: The National Park of North Wales (1949), F. J. North states that "When the Committee delineated provisional boundaries, they included areas some distance beyond Snowdonia proper".
Snowdonia National Park, also known as Eryri National Park in English and Parc Cenedlaethol Eryri in Welsh, was established in October 1951. It was the third national park in the United Kingdom, following the Peak District and Lake District in April and May of the same year. It covers 827 square miles (2,140 km2) in the counties of Gwynedd and Conwy, and has 37 miles (60 km) of coastline.
The park is governed by the Snowdonia National Park Authority, which has 18 members: 9 appointed by Gwynedd, 3 by Conwy, and 6 by the Welsh Government to represent the national interest. The authority's main offices are at Penrhyndeudraeth.
The park authority used Snowdonia and Snowdon when referring to the national park and mountain in English until February 2023, when it resolved to primarily use the Welsh names, Eryri and Yr Wyddfa. There will be a transitional period of approximately two years in which the authority will continue to use the English names in parentheses — for example "Yr Wyddfa (Snowdon)" — where the context requires.
Unlike national parks in other countries, national parks in the UK are made up of both public and private lands under a central planning authority. The makeup of land ownership in the national park is as follows:
More than 26,000 people live within the park, of whom 58.6% could speak Welsh in 2011. While most of the land is either open or mountainous land, there is a significant amount of agricultural activity within the park.
The national park does not include the town of Blaenau Ffestiniog, which forms a unique non-designated enclave within the park boundaries. The town was deliberately excluded from the park when it was established because of its slate quarrying industry. The boundaries of the Peak District National Park exclude the town of Buxton and its adjacent limestone quarries for a similar reason.
The geology of Snowdonia is key to the area's character. Glaciation during a succession of ice ages, has carved from a heavily faulted and folded succession of sedimentary and igneous rocks, a distinctive rocky landscape. The last ice age ended only just over 11,500 years ago, leaving a legacy of features attractive to visitors but which have also played a part in the development of geological science and continue to provide a focus for educational visits. Visiting Cwm Idwal in 1841 Charles Darwin realised that the landscape was the product of glaciation. The bedrock dates largely from the Cambrian and Ordovician periods with intrusions of Ordovician and Silurian age associated with the Caledonian Orogeny. There are smaller areas of Silurian age sedimentary rocks in the south and northeast and of Cenozoic era strata on the Cardigan Bay coast though the latter are concealed by more recent deposits. Low grade metamorphism of Cambrian and Ordovician mudstones has resulted in the slates, the extraction of which once formed the mainstay of the area's economy.
The principal ranges of the traditional Snowdonia are the Snowdon massif itself, the Glyderau, the Carneddau, the Moelwynion and the Moel Hebog range. All of Wales' 3000ft mountains are to be found within the first three of these massifs and are most popular with visitors. To their south within the wider national park are the Rhinogydd and the Cadair Idris and Aran Fawddwy ranges. Besides these well-defined areas are a host of mountains which are less readily grouped though various guidebook writers have assigned them into groups such as the 'Arenigs', the 'Tarrens' and the 'Dyfi hills'.
Snowdon's summit at 1085 metres (3560 feet) is the highest in Wales and the highest in Britain south of the Scottish Highlands. At 905 metres (2970 feet) Aran Fawddwy is the highest in Wales outside of northern Snowdonia; Cadair Idris, at 893 metres (2930 feet), is next in line.
Rivers draining the area empty directly into Cardigan Bay are typically short and steep. From north to south they include the Glaslyn and Dwyryd which share a common estuary, the Mawddach and its tributaries the Wnion and the Eden, the smaller Dysynni and on the park's southern margin the Dyfi. A series of rivers drain to the north coast. Largest of these is the Conwy on the park's eastern margin which along with the Ogwen drains into Conwy Bay. Further west the Seiont and Gwyrfai empty into the western end of the Menai Strait. A part of the east of the national park is within the upper Dee (Dyfrydwy) catchment and includes Bala Lake, the largest natural waterbody in Wales. A fuller list of the rivers and tributaries within the area is found at List of rivers of Wales.
There are few natural waterbodies of any size in Wales; Snowdonia is home to most. Besides Bala Lake, a few lakes occupy glacial troughs including Llyn Padarn and Llyn Peris at Llanberis and Tal-y-llyn Lake south of Cadair Idris. Llyn Dinas, Llyn Gwynant, and Llyn Cwellyn to the south and west of Snowdon feature in this category as do Llyn Cowlyd and Llyn Ogwen on the margins of the Carneddau. There are numerous small lakes occupying glacial cirques owing to the former intensity of glacial action in Snowdonia. Known generically as tarns, examples include Llyn Llydaw, Glaslyn and Llyn Du'r Arddu on Snowdon, Llyn Idwal within the Glyderau and Llyn Cau on Cadair Idris.
There are two large wholly man-made bodies of water in the area, Llyn Celyn and Llyn Trawsfynydd whilst numerous of the natural lakes have had their levels artificially raised to different degrees. Marchlyn Mawr reservoir and Ffestiniog Power Station's Llyn Stwlan are two cases where natural tarns have been dammed as part of pumped storage hydro-electric schemes. A fuller list of the lakes within the area is found at List of lakes of Wales. In 2023, the park standardised its Welsh language lake names, to be also used in English.
The national park meets the Irish Sea coast within Cardigan Bay between the Dovey estuary in the south and the Dwyryd estuary. The larger part of that frontage is characterised by dune systems, the largest of which are Morfa Dyffryn and Morfa Harlech. These two locations have two of the largest sand/shingle spits in Wales. The major indentations of the Dovey, the Mawddach and Dwyryd estuaries, have large expanses of intertidal sands and coastal marsh which are especially important for wildlife: see #Natural history. The northern tip of the national park extends to the north coast of Wales at Penmaen-bach Point, west of Conwy, where precipitous cliffs have led to the road and railway negotiating the spot in tunnels.
There are only three towns within the park boundary, though there are several more immediately beyond it. Dolgellau is the most populous followed by Bala on the eastern boundary and then Harlech overlooking Tremadog Bay. More populous than these is the town of Blaenau Ffestiniog, which is within an exclave, that is to say it is surrounded by the national park but excluded from it, whilst the towns of Tywyn and Barmouth on the Cardigan Bay coast are within coastal exclaves. Llanrwst in the east, Machynlleth in the south and Porthmadog and Penrhyndeudraeth in the west are immediately beyond the boundary but still identified with the park; indeed the last of these hosts the headquarters of the Snowdonia National Park Authority. Similarly the local economies of the towns of Conwy, Bethesda, and Llanberis in the north are inseparably linked to the national park as they provide multiple visitor services. The lower terminus of the Snowdon Mountain Railway is at Llanberis. Though adjacent to it, Llanfairfechan and Penmaenmawr are less obviously linked to the park.
There are numerous smaller settlements within the national park: prominent amongst these are the eastern 'gateway' village of Betws-y-Coed, Aberdyfi on the Dovey (Dyfi) estuary and the small village of Beddgelert each of which attract large numbers of visitors. Other sizeable villages are Llanuwchllyn at the southwest end of Bala Lake (Llyn Tegid), Dyffryn Ardudwy, Corris, Trawsfynydd, Llanbedr, Trefriw and Dolwyddelan.
Six primary routes serve Snowdonia, the busiest of which is the A55, a dual carriageway which runs along the north coast and provides strategic road access to the northern part of the national park. The most important north–south route within the park is the A470 running from the A55 south past Betws-y-Coed to Blaenau Ffestiniog to Dolgellau. It exits the park a few miles to the southeast near Mallwyd. From Dolgellau, the A494 runs to Bala whilst the A487 connects with Machynlleth. The A487 loops around the northwest of the park from Bangor via Caernarfon to Porthmadog before turning in land to meet the A470 east of Maentwrog. The A5 was built as a mail coach road by Thomas Telford between London and Holyhead; it enters the park near Pentrefoelas and leaves it near Bethesda. Other A class roads provide more local links; the A493 down the Dovey valley from Machynlleth and up the coast to Tywyn then back up the Mawddach valley to Dolgellau, the A496 from Dolgellau down the north side of the Mawddach to Barmouth then north up the coast via Harlech to Maentwrog. The A4212 connecting Bala with Trawsfynydd is relatively modern having been laid out in the 1960s in connection with the construction of Llyn Celyn. Three further roads thread their often twisting and narrow way through the northern mountains; A4085 links Penrhyndeudraeth with Caernarfon, the A4086 links Capel Curig with Caernarfon via Llanberis and the A498 links Tremadog with the A4086 at Pen-y-Gwryd. Other roads of note include that from Llanuwchllyn up Cwm Cynllwyd to Dinas Mawddwy via the 545 metre (1788') high pass of Bwlch y Groes, the second highest tarmacked public road in Wales and the minor road running northwest and west from Llanuwchllyn towards Bronaber via the 531 metre (1742') high pass of Bwlch Pen-feidiog.
The double track North Wales Coast Line passes along the northern boundary of the park between Conwy and Bangor briefly entering it at Penmaen-bach Point where it is in tunnel. Stations serve the communities of Conwy, Penmaenmawr, Llanfairfechan and Bangor. The single-track Conwy Valley Line runs south from Llandudno Junction, entering the park north of Betws-y-coed which is served by a station then west up the Lledr valley by way of further stations at Pont-y-pant, Dolwyddelan and Roman Bridge. After passing through a tunnel the passenger line now terminates at Blaenau Ffestiniog railway station. Prior to 1961 the route continued as the Bala and Ffestiniog Railway via Trawsfynydd to Bala joining another former route along the Dee valley which ran southwest via Dolgellau to join the still extant coastal Cambrian Line south of Barmouth. The Pwllheli branch of the Cambrian Line splits from the Aberystwyth branch at Dovey Junction and continues via stations at Aberdovey, Tywyn, Tonfanau, Llwyngwril, Fairbourne and Morfa Mawddach to Barmouth where it crosses the Mawddach estuary by the Grade II* listed wooden Barmouth Bridge, a structure which also provides for walkers and cyclists. Further stations serve Llanaber, Tal-y-bont, Dyffryn Ardudwy, Llanbedr, Pensarn and Llandanwg before reaching Harlech. Tygwyn, Talsarnau and Llandecwyn stations are the last before the line exits the park as it crosses the Dwyryd estuary via Pont Briwet and turns westwards bound for Pwllheli via Penrhyndeudraeth, Porthmadog and Criccieth.
Many sections of dismantled railway are now used by walking and cycling routes and are described elsewhere. The Bala Lake Railway is a heritage railway which has been established along a section of the former mainline route between Bala and Llanuwchllyn. Other heritage railways occupy sections of former mineral lines, often narrow gauge and are described in a separate section.
The national park is served by a growing bus network, branded Sherpa'r Wyddfa (formerly Snowdon Sherpa). Together with the TrawsCymru network of buses this provides a car-free option to tourists and locals wishing to travel across the National Park.
The network was relaunched in July 2022 with a new brand, Sherpa'r Wyddfa, to reflect the National Park's new push for the promotion of Welsh place names. As such the publicity and websites for the newly branded service only use these Welsh names, even for English language users.
Snowdonia is one of the wettest parts of the United Kingdom; Crib Goch in Snowdonia is the wettest spot in the United Kingdom, with an average rainfall of 4,473 millimetres (176.1 in) a year over the 30-year period prior to the mid-2000s. (There is a rainfall gauge at 713 metres, 2340' on the slopes below Crib Goch.)
The earliest evidence for human occupation of the area dates from around 4000–3000 BCE with extensive traces of prehistoric field systems evident in the landscape. Within these are traces of irregular enclosures and hut circles. There are burial chambers of Neolithic and Bronze Age such as Bryn Cader Faner and Iron Age hillforts such as Bryn y Castell near Ffestiniog.
The region was finally conquered by the Romans by AD 77–78. Remains of Roman marching camps and practice camps are evident. There was a Roman fort and amphitheatre at Tomen y Mur. Roads are known to have connected with Segontium (Caernarfon) and Deva Victrix (Chester) and include the northern reaches of Sarn Helen.
There are numerous memorial stones of Early Christian affinity dating from the post-Roman period. The post-Roman hillfort of Dinas Emrys also dates to this time. Churches were introduced to the region in the 5th and 6th centuries. Llywelyn the Great and Llywelyn ap Gruffudd had various stone castles constructed to protect their borders and trade routes. Edward I built several castles around the margins including those at Harlech and Conwy for military and administrative reasons. Most are now protected within a World Heritage Site. Some of Snowdonia's many stone walls date back to this period too. In the Middle Ages, the title Prince of Wales and Lord of Snowdonia (Tywysog Cymru ac Arglwydd Eryri) was used by Llywelyn ap Gruffudd; his grandfather Llywelyn Fawr used the title Prince of north Wales and Lord of Snowdonia.
The 18th century saw the start of industrial exploitation of the area's resources, assisted by the appearance in the late part of the century of turnpike trusts making it more accessible. The engineer Thomas Telford left a legacy of road and railway construction in and around Snowdonia. A new harbour at Porthmadog linked to slate quarries at Ffestiniog via a narrow gauge railway. At its peak in the 19th century the slate industry employed around 12,000 men. A further 1000 were employed in stone quarrying at Graiglwyd and Penmaenmawr. Mining for copper, iron and gold was undertaken during the 18th and 19th centuries, leaving a legacy of mine and mill ruins today. Ruins of the gold industry are found at Cefn Coch on the Dolmelynllyn estate.
The Snowdonia Society is a registered charity formed in 1967; it is a voluntary group of people with an interest in the area and its protection.
Amory Lovins led the successful 1970s opposition to stop Rio Tinto digging up the area for a massive mine.
The park's entire coastline is a Special Area of Conservation, which runs from the Llŷn Peninsula down the mid-Wales coast, the latter containing valuable sand dune systems.
The park's natural forests are of the mixed deciduous type, the commonest tree being the Welsh oak. Birch, ash, mountain-ash and hazel are also common. The park also contains some large (planted) coniferous forested areas such as Gwydir Forest near Betws-y-Coed, although some areas, once harvested, are now increasingly being allowed to regrow naturally.
Northern Snowdonia is the only place in Britain where the Snowdon lily (Gagea serotina), an arctic–alpine plant, is found and the only place in the world where the Snowdonia hawkweed Hieracium snowdoniense grows.
One of the major problems facing the park in recent years has been the growth of Rhododendron ponticum. This fast-growing invasive species has a tendency to take over and stifle native species. It can form massive towering growths and has a companion fungus that grows on its roots producing toxins that are poisonous to any local flora and fauna for a seven-year period after the Rhododendron infestations have been eradicated. As a result, there are a number of desolate landscapes.
Mammals in the park include otters, polecats, feral goats, and pine martens. Birds include raven, red-billed chough, peregrine, osprey, merlin and the red kite. The rainbow-coloured Snowdon beetle (Chrysolina cerealis) is only found in northern Snowdonia.
Snowdonia has a particularly high number of protected sites in respect of its diverse ecology; nearly 20% of its total area is protected by UK and European law. Half of that area was set aside by the government under the European Habitats Directive as a Special Area of Conservation. There are a large number of Sites of special scientific interest (or 'SSSIs'), designated both for fauna and flora but also in some cases for geology. Nineteen of these sites are managed as national nature reserves by Natural Resources Wales. The park also contains twelve Special Areas of Conservation (or 'SACs'), three Special Protection Areas (or 'SPAs') and three Ramsar sites. Some are wholly within the park boundaries, others straddle it to various degrees.
There are numerous SSSIs within the park, the most extensive of which are Snowdonia, Migneint-Arenig-Dduallt, Morfa Harlech, Rhinog, Berwyn, Cadair Idris, Llyn Tegid, Aber Mawddach / Mawddach Estuary, Dyfi, Morfa Dyffryn, Moel Hebog, Coedydd Dyffryn Ffestiniog and Coedydd Nanmor.
The following NNRs are either wholly or partly within the park: Allt y Benglog, Y Berwyn (in multiple parts), Cader Idris, Ceunant Llennyrch, Coed Camlyn, Coed Cymerau, Coed Dolgarrog, Coed Ganllwyd, Coed Gorswen, Coed Tremadog, Coedydd Aber, Coedydd Maentwrog (in 2 parts), Coed y Rhygen, Cwm Glas Crafnant, Cwm Idwal, Hafod Garregog, Morfa Harlech, Rhinog and Snowdon.
The twelve SACs are as follows: Snowdonia SAC which covers much of the Carneddau, Glyderau, and the Snowdon massif, Afon Gwyrfai a Llyn Cwellyn, Corsydd Eifionydd / Eifionydd Fens (north of Garndolbenmaen), the Coedydd Derw a Safleoedd Ystlumod Meirion / Meirionydd Oakwoods and Bat Sites - a series of sites between Tremadog, Trawsfynydd, and Ffestiniog and Beddgelert and extending up the Gwynant. It also includes many of the oakwoods of the Mawddach and its tributaries. Afon Eden – Cors Goch Trawsfynydd, Rhinog, Cadair Idris (in 2 parts), Migneint-Arenig-Dduallt, River Dee and Afon Dyfrdwy a Llyn Tegid (Wales), Mwyngloddiau Fforest Gwydir / Gwydyr Forest Mines (north of Betws-y-Coed) and a part of the Berwyn a Mynyddoedd De Clwyd / Berwyn and South Clwyd Mountains SAC. The Pen Llyn a'r Sarnau / Lleyn Peninsula and the Sarnau SAC covers the entire Cardigan Bay coastline of the park and the sea area and extends above the high water mark at Morfa Harlech, Mochras and around the Dovey and Mawddach estuaries.
The three SPAs are Dovey Estuary / Aber Dyfi (of which a part is within the park), Berwyn (of which a part is within the park) and Migneint-Arenig-Dduallt.
The three designated Ramsar sites are the Dyfi Biosphere (Cors Fochno and Dyfi), Cwm Idwal and Llyn Tegid (Bala Lake).
The area's economy was traditionally centred upon farming and from the early 19th century increasingly on mining and quarrying. Tourism has become an increasingly significant part of Snowdonia's economy during the 20th and 21st centuries.
The extensive farming of sheep remains central to Snowdonia's farming economy.
Significant sections of the park were afforested during the 20th century for timber production. Major conifer plantations include Dyfi Forest, Coed y Brenin Forest between Dolgellau and Trawsfynydd, Penllyn Forest south of Bala, Beddgelert Forest and Gwydyr (or Gwydir) Forest near Betws-y-Coed which is managed as a forest park by Natural Resources Wales.
The region was once the most important producer of slate in the world. Some production continues but at a much reduced level from its peak. The park boundaries are drawn such that much of the landscape affected by slate quarrying and mining lies immediately outside of the designated area.
Construction of a nuclear power station beside Llyn Trawsfynydd began in 1959 with the first power produced in 1965. The site was operational until 1991 though it continues as an employer during its decommissioning phase. Pumped storage hydroelectric schemes are in operation at Llanberis and Ffestiniog.
Research indicates that there were 3.67 million visitors to Snowdonia National Park in 2013, with approximately 9.74 million tourist days spent in the park during that year. Total tourist expenditure was £433.6 million in 2013.
Many of the hikers in the area concentrate on Snowdon itself. It is regarded as a fine mountain, but at times gets very crowded; in addition the Snowdon Mountain Railway runs to the summit.
The other high mountains with their boulder-strewn summits as well as Tryfan, one of the few mountains in the UK south of Scotland whose ascent needs hands as well as feet are also very popular. However, there are also some spectacular walks in Snowdonia on the lower mountains, and they tend to be relatively unfrequented. Among hikers' favourites are Y Garn (east of Llanberis) along the ridge to Elidir Fawr; Mynydd Tal-y-Mignedd (west of Snowdon) along the Nantlle Ridge to Mynydd Drws-y-Coed; Moelwyn Mawr (west of Blaenau Ffestiniog); and Pen Llithrig y Wrach north of Capel Curig. Further south are Y Llethr in the Rhinogydd, and Cadair Idris near Dolgellau.
The park has 1,479 miles (2,380 km) of public footpaths, 164 miles (264 km) of public bridleways, and 46 miles (74 km) of other public rights of way. A large part of the park is also covered by right to roam laws.
The Wales Coast Path runs within the park between Machynlleth and Penrhyndeudraeth, save for short sections of coast in the vicinity of Tywyn and Barmouth which are excluded from the park. It touches the park boundary again at Penmaen-bach Point on the north coast. An inland alternative exists between Llanfairfechan and Conwy, wholly within the park. The North Wales Path, which predates the WCP, enters the park north of Bethesda and follows a route broadly parallel to the north coast visiting Aber Falls and the Sychnant Pass before exiting the park on the descent from Conwy Mountain. The Cambrian Way is a long-distance trail between Cardiff and Conwy that stays almost entirely within the national park from Mallwyd northwards. It was officially recognised in 2019, and is now depicted on Ordnance Survey maps.
The use of the English names for the area has been divisive, with an increase in protests against their use since 2020; these led to the national park authority deciding to use Welsh names as far as legally possible in November 2022. An early example of pressure to deprecate Snowdon and Snowdonia was a 2003 campaign by Cymuned, inspired by campaigns to refer to Ayers Rock as Uluru and Mount Everest as Qomolangma.
In 2020 an e-petition calling for the removal of the English names was put forward to the Senedd, but rejected as responsibility lies with the national park authority. In 2021 an e-petition on the same topic attracted more than 5,300 signatures and was presented to the national park authority.
On 28 April 2021 Gwynedd councillor John Pughe Roberts put forward a motion to use the Welsh names exclusively, calling this a "question of respect for the Welsh language". The motion was not considered and delayed, as the national park authority already appointed a "Welsh Place Names Task and Finish Group" to investigate the issue. The park authority however cannot compel other bodies and/or individuals to stop using the English names, with the proposals facing some criticism.
In May 2021, following the dismissal of the motion, YouGov conducted a poll on Snowdon's name. 60% of Welsh adults supported the English name Snowdon, compared to 30% wanting the Welsh name Yr Wyddfa. Separating by language, 59% of Welsh speakers preferred the Welsh name, but 37% of these still wanted Snowdon to be used as well. 69% of non-Welsh speakers firmly supported Snowdon as the Mountain's name. The proposals to rename Snowdon are usually accompanied with proposals to rename Snowdonia.
On 16 November 2022, Members of the Snowdonia National Park Authority committee voted to use the Welsh names Yr Wyddfa and Eryri to refer to the mountain and the national park, rather than the English names, in materials produced by the authority. The national park authority described the decision as "decisive action" and the authority's head of culture heritage stated that Welsh place names were part of the area's "special qualities" and that other public bodies, English-language press and filming companies have used the Welsh-language names. Before the decision the park had already prioritised the Welsh names by using them first and giving the English names in parentheses. The name "Snowdonia" cannot be abandoned entirely, as it is set in law and so must be used in statutory documents. The authority announced a review of the authority's branding in 2023 to adapt to the new approach to Welsh place names.
Gwynedd is a county in the north-west of Wales. It borders Anglesey across the Menai Strait to the north, Conwy, Denbighshire, and Powys to the east, Ceredigion over the Dyfi estuary to the south, and the Irish Sea to the west. The city of Bangor is the largest settlement, and the administrative centre is Caernarfon. The preserved county of Gwynedd, which is used for ceremonial purposes, includes the Isle of Anglesey.
Gwynedd is the second largest county in Wales but sparsely populated, with an area of 979 square miles (2,540 km2) and a population of 117,400. After Bangor (18,322), the largest settlements are Caernarfon (9,852), Bethesda (4,735), and Pwllheli (4,076). The county has the highest percentage of Welsh speakers in Wales, at 64.4%, and is considered a heartland of the language.
The geography of Gwynedd is mountainous, with a long coastline to the west. Much of the county is covered by Snowdonia National Park (Eryri), which contains Wales's highest mountain, Snowdon (Yr Wyddfa; 3,560 feet, 1,090 m). To the west, the Llŷn Peninsula is flatter and renowned for its scenic coastline, part of which is protected by the Llŷn AONB. Gwynedd also contains several of Wales's largest lakes and reservoirs, including the largest, Bala Lake (Llyn Tegid).
The area which is now the county has played a prominent part in the history of Wales. It formed part of the core of the Kingdom of Gwynedd and the native Principality of Wales, which under the House of Aberffraw remained independent from the Kingdom of England until Edward I's conquest between 1277 and 1283. Edward built the castles at Caernarfon and Harlech, which form part of the Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd World Heritage Site. During the Industrial Revolution the slate industry rapidly developed; in the late nineteenth century the neighbouring Penrhyn and Dinorwic quarries were the largest in the world, and the Slate Landscape of Northwest Wales is now a World Heritage Site. Gwynedd covers the majority of the historic counties of Caernarfonshire and Merionethshire.
In the past, historians such as J. E. Lloyd assumed that the Celtic source of the word Gwynedd meant 'collection of tribes' – the same root as the Irish fine, meaning 'tribe'. Further, a connection is recognised between the name and the Irish Féni, an early ethnonym for the Irish themselves, related to fían, 'company of hunting and fighting men, company of warriors under a leader'. Perhaps *u̯en-, u̯enə ('strive, hope, wish') is the Indo-European stem. The Irish settled in NW Wales, and in Dyfed, at the end of the Roman era. Venedotia was the Latin form, and in Penmachno there is a memorial stone from c. AD 500 which reads: Cantiori Hic Iacit Venedotis ('Here lies Cantiorix, citizen of Gwynedd'). The name was retained by the Brythons when the kingdom of Gwynedd was formed in the 5th century, and it remained until the invasion of Edward I. This historical name was revived when the new county was formed in 1974.
Gwynedd was an independent kingdom from the end of the Roman period until the 13th century, when it was conquered by England. The modern Gwynedd was one of eight Welsh counties created on 1 April 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972. It covered the entirety of the historic counties of Anglesey and Caernarfonshire, and all of Merionethshire apart from Edeirnion Rural District (which went to Clwyd); and also a few parishes of Denbighshire: Llanrwst, Llansanffraid Glan Conwy, Eglwysbach, Llanddoged, Llanrwst and Tir Ifan.
The county was divided into five districts: Aberconwy, Arfon, Dwyfor, Meirionnydd and Anglesey.
The Local Government (Wales) Act 1994 abolished the 1974 county (and the five districts) on 1 April 1996, and its area was divided: the Isle of Anglesey became an independent unitary authority, and Aberconwy (which included the former Denbighshire parishes) passed to the new Conwy County Borough. The remainder of the county was constituted as a principal area, with the name Caernarfonshire and Merionethshire, as it covers most of the areas of those two historic counties. As one of its first actions, the Council renamed itself Gwynedd on 2 April 1996. The present Gwynedd local government area is governed by Gwynedd Council. As a unitary authority, the modern entity no longer has any districts, but Arfon, Dwyfor and Meirionnydd remain as area committees.
The pre-1996 boundaries were retained as a preserved county for a few purposes such as the Lieutenancy. In 2003, the boundary with Clwyd was adjusted to match the modern local government boundary, so that the preserved county now covers the two local government areas of Gwynedd and Anglesey. Conwy county borough is now entirely within Clwyd.
A Gwynedd Constabulary was formed in 1950 by the merger of the Anglesey, Caernarfonshire and Merionethshire forces. A further amalgamation took place in the 1960s when Gwynedd Constabulary was merged with the Flintshire and Denbighshire county forces, retaining the name Gwynedd. In one proposal for local government reform in Wales, Gwynedd had been proposed as a name for a local authority covering all of north Wales, but the scheme as enacted divided this area between Gwynedd and Clwyd. To prevent confusion, the Gwynedd Constabulary was therefore renamed the North Wales Police.
The Snowdonia National Park was formed in 1951. After the 1974 local authority reorganisation, the park fell entirely within the boundaries of Gwynedd, and was run as a department of Gwynedd County Council. After the 1996 local government reorganisation, part of the park fell under Conwy County Borough, and the park's administration separated from the Gwynedd council. Gwynedd Council still appoints nine of the eighteen members of the Snowdonia National Park Authority; Conwy County Borough Council appoints three; and the Welsh Government appoints the remaining six.
There has been considerable inwards migration to Gwynedd, particularly from England. According to the 2021 census, 66.6% of residents had been born in Wales whilst 27.1% were born in England.
The county has a mixed economy. An important part of the economy is based on tourism: many visitors are attracted by the many beaches and the mountains. A significant part of the county lies within the Snowdonia National Park, which extends from the north coast down to the district of Meirionnydd in the south. But tourism provides seasonal employment and thus there is a shortage of jobs in the winter.
Agriculture is less important than in the past, especially in terms of the number of people who earn their living on the land, but it remains an important element of the economy.
The most important of the traditional industries is the slate industry, but these days only a small percentage of workers earn their living in the slate quarries.
Industries which have developed more recently include TV and sound studios: the record company Sain has its HQ in the county.
The education sector is also very important for the local economy, including Bangor University and Further Education colleges, Coleg Meirion-Dwyfor and Coleg Menai, both now part of Grŵp Llandrillo Menai.
The proportion of respondents in the 2011 census who said they could speak Welsh.
Gwynedd has the highest proportion of people in Wales who can speak Welsh. According to the 2021 census, 64.4% of the population aged three and over stated that they could speak Welsh,[7] while 64.4% noted that they could speak Welsh in the 2011 census.
It is estimated that 83% of the county's Welsh-speakers are fluent, the highest percentage of all counties in Wales.[9] The age group with the highest proportion of Welsh speakers in Gwynedd were those between ages 5–15, of whom 92.3% stated that they could speak Welsh in 2011.
The proportion of Welsh speakers in Gwynedd declined between 1991 and 2001,[10] from 72.1% to 68.7%, even though the proportion of Welsh speakers in Wales as a whole increased during that decade to 20.5%.
The Annual Population Survey estimated that as of March 2023, 77.0% of those in Gwynedd aged three years and above could speak Welsh.
Notable people
Leslie Bonnet (1902–1985), RAF officer, writer; originated the Welsh Harlequin duck in Criccieth
Sir Dave Brailsford (born 1964), cycling coach; grew up in Deiniolen, near Caernarfon
Duffy (born 1984), singer, songwriter and actress; born in Bangor, Gwynedd
Edward II of England (1284–1327), born in Caernarfon Castle
Elin Fflur (born 1984), singer-songwriter, TV and radio presenter; went to Bangor University
Bryn Fôn (born 1954), actor and singer-songwriter; born in Llanllyfni, Caernarfonshire.
Wayne Hennessey (born 1987), football goalkeeper with 108 caps for Wales; born in Bangor, Gwynedd
John Jones (c. 1530 – 1598), a Franciscan friar, Roman Catholic priest and martyr; born at Clynnog
Sir Love Jones-Parry, 1st Baronet (1832–1891), landowner and politician, co-founder of the Y Wladfa settlement in Patagonia
T. E. Lawrence (1888–1935), archaeologist, army officer and inspiration for Lawrence of Arabia, born in Tremadog
David Lloyd George (1863–1945), statesman and Prime Minister; lived in Llanystumdwy from infancy
Sasha (born 1969), disc jockey, born in Bangor, Gwynedd
Sir Bryn Terfel (born 1965), bass-baritone opera and concert singer from Pant Glas
Sir Clough Williams-Ellis (1883–1978), architect of Portmeirion
Owain Fôn Williams, (born 1987), footballer with 443 club caps; born and raised in Penygroes, Gwynedd.
Hedd Wyn (1887–1917), poet from the village of Trawsfynydd; killed in WWI
E-CONFERENCE - In 2007 Planeta.com hosts an online conference focusing on Tourism and Migration. If you have a website, help us promote our coverage by adding a link to
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Dr. D. Mulay, Secretary (CPV and OIA), Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India, talks about the various government schemes and actions that have made migration safer and easier for Indian citizens.
The Dialogue held on 26 September 2017, was attended by more than a hundred people including, representatives from various ministries, embassies, academics, researchers, employers and workers representatives, civil society organizations.
The meeting continued the implementation of the India-EU Common Agenda on Migration and Mobility (CAMM) signed last year, and comes ahead of the upcoming India-EU Summit to be held in Delhi in October 2017. The CAMM addresses four pillars: better organized regular migration and the fostering of well-managed mobility; prevention of irregular migration and trafficking in human beings; maximizing the development impact of migration and mobility; and promotion of international protection.
Furry Migration 2017 is a furry convention held in Minneapolis, Minnesota from August 25-27, 2017 at the Hyatt Regency Minneapolis
Lê Đình Châu, from Bắc Ninh Province, was considering to migrate to Malaysia to work in order to help his family out of poverty. However, he changed his mind after a consultation at the ILO-supported provincial migration resource centre, fearing that he might fall into the trap of human trafficking becase the recruitment agency required his passport to be kept by the employer.
©ILO/Allan Dow
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution‐NonCommercial‐NoDerivs 3.0
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migrant contruction workers, central Zhuzhou, Zhuzhou, Hunan, China
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I decided to revise the painting as the sun weakened the colors in particular the background as it was light to begin with. The touch up brought it back to original colors in the necessary areas. 834-7-3 150
Furry Migration 2017 is a furry convention held in Minneapolis, Minnesota from August 25-27, 2017 at the Hyatt Regency Minneapolis
Lê Đình Châu, from Bắc Ninh Province, was considering to migrate to Malaysia to work in order to help his family out of poverty. However, he changed his mind after a consultation at the ILO-supported provincial migration resource centre, fearing that he might fall into the trap of human trafficking becase the recruitment agency required his passport to be kept by the employer.
©ILO/Allan Dow
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution‐NonCommercial‐NoDerivs 3.0
IGO License. To view a copy of this license, visit creativecommons.org/licenses/by‐nc‐
nd/3.0/igo/deed.en_US
Written by Mag. Michael Fritz
Coat of arms of Kufstein districts: Endach, Kufstein, Kufstein-Kaisertal, Kufstein -Stadtberg, Mitterndorf, Morsbach, Thierberg, Weissach, Zell
In the Tischoferhöhle (cavern) in the Kaisertal in 1906 several arrowheads from around 30,000 BC were found. This represents the oldest find of human traces in Tyrol. From the early Bronze Age can be partially derived traces of settlement, in this cave probably being a bronze workshop, as evidenced by various archaeological finds.
Under Roman rule Kufstein was divided into the provinces of Noricum and Rhaetia, the border being formed by the river Inn. In addition to the Roman road from Veldidena to Rosenheim, investigations also revealed two Roman settlement centers in Zell and Langkampfen.
788 Kufstein was first mentioned in the Indiculus Arnonis next cell. This indicates that Zell had survived the turmoil of the Migration Period as a settlement. About the place the Bavarian land acquisition in Tyrol was initiated and also the mission efforts from Salzburg began in Kufstein.
Kufstein belonged to the Duchy of Bavaria and later, in addition to Kitzbühel and Rattenberg, represented a "district court." Was the place in the 11th century still referred to as a village, so Kufstein got in the 13th century the status as a market. For the first time in 1205 also the "castrum" (Castle) was mentioned in a document. The raising to the status of a market and the construction of the castle make the importance of this settlement clear: Through Kufstein, both the waterway over the Inn and the road to Rosenheim led. Was at this time in addition to the Duke of Bavaria also the diocese of Regensburg owner of the castle, so the dukes were able to prevail until 1213 as the sole ruler.
Due to the marriage between the last Görzer Countess of Tyrol, Margarethe Maultasch, with Ludwig von Brandenburg, Kufstein 1342 came as a bridal gift for the first time to Tyrol, but had to be ceded 1369 in the peace of Schärding again to Bavaria. As a result, the development of the settlement and the castle was greatly encouraged by the Bavarians, so that Stephan III. from Bavaria Kufstein in 1393 raised to the city. In addition to the freedoms, the biggest advantage for the population was above all the staple and the selling right. 1415 further reinforcements were made at the castle and from 1480 a trench tax introduced, which was intended for the expansion of the city fortifications. The Ensemble Castle Town was from this time considered impregnable.
1503 broke out the Bavarian War of Succession, which offered for the House of Habsburg the opportunity to bring Kufstein to Tyrol. Emperor Maximilian stood on the side of Albrecht of Upper Bavaria, who promised him for his help against Duke Ruprecht of the Palatinate the district courts of Kufstein, Kitzbühel and Upper Bavaria and already handed over as a pledge. But Hans von Piezenau gave the castle and town of Kufstein to the advancing Palatine troops. Emperor Maximilian responded to this challenge and arrived on October 1, 1504 in front of the city with sufficient artillery. 3 days later, the shelling began, which did not have any effect on the castle, but severely damaged the city. Then Kufstein was handed over to the Habsburgs on October 12th. Only the use of the two big culverins from the Innsbruck armory, "Purlepaus" and "Weckauf", which had been brought on rafts to Kufstein, shot within three days the complex ready for the storm. When Piezenau now wanted to hand over the fortress, the emperor did not accept this offer and on 17 October stormed the castle. The captain and 17 defenders were executed in the episode. In the peace of Cologne, the handover of the 3 courts was confirmed.
Immediately, the fortress and the city were repaired. Instead of the existing keep, a round tower was built to meet the needs of the time, which was equipped with cannons and was able to spread the entire valley. After the peasant wars on Kufstein had passed without conflict, the city was very popular with the Anabaptists, who were severely persecuted by church and secular authorities. By 1580, 22 Kufstein people were executed for their religious beliefs and many others had to emigrate.
In a fire disaster in 1546 a large part of the city was destroyed, which was triggered by a carelessness of passing through papal troops.
In 1555 King Ferdinand I ordered the fortress to be rebuilt. In particular, the city walls were fortified by innumerable bastions and towers.
In the run-up to the Thirty Years' War, a hill was built between Zahmen Kaiser and Kufstein, but was never needed during the war.
In the meantime, with the weekly market and the two fairs a lively economic life had developed in Kufstein: On the one hand, trade flourished, which was strongly promoted by the Staple right, on the other hand, more and more craft enterprises were brought to life. So at that time there were 4 breweries in Kufstein alone.
In the War of Spanish Succession in 1703 the city and fortress Kufstein was threatened by the Bavarians. Under the command of Field Marshal Gschwindt the suburb was lit. The fire overcame the city walls, destroying the city and finally reaching the big tower of the fortress. There were stored large quantities of gunpowder, which exploded and devastated the entire complex. Part of the 500-man crew fled with the population over the Inn, the advancing Bavarians could take the fortress and only by the Ilbesheimer contract Kufstein came back to Tyrol.
In 1782, under the direction of the court architect Gumpp the fortress was again expanded. Above all, the Josefsburg was richly equipped with casemates.
In the 3rd Coalition War, the fortress was taken by the French under General Deroy and came in the peace of Bratislava 1805 to Bavaria. During the Tyrolean freedom fight, the Tyrolean shooters tried several times unsuccessfully to take the fortress. Unlike the fortress, however, they had taken the city by storm and the population suffered from the reprisals of both warring parties. After Napoleon's defeat, Kufstein returned to Tyrol on July 7, 1814.
This war had greatly changed Kufstein: the economic power had almost come to a standstill and the construction took a long time. The fort itself had lost much of its military importance and served from then on only as a garrison and the Emperor's Tower as a state prison. In 1865 the prison was closed and in 1888 the last garrison left.
From 1849 onwards, the city once again enjoyed a boom by the Kink family, which at that time set up a cement plant, donated a hospital and had the former moat filled up, which allowed the city to expand and connect the suburbs with the city.
1858 the railway line Rosenheim Kufstein Innsbruck was opened, 1867 the Brenner railway. As a result, while the inland navigation lost its right to exist, but Kufstein developed into an extremely important customs station.
The first kindergarten in Tyrol was founded in 1870, with the first Kindergärtnerinnenbildungsanstalt (Nursery School Teacher Educational Establishment) in Austria also starting here.
Geschrieben von Mag. Michael Fritz
Wappen von Kufstein Ortsteile: Endach, Kufstein, Kufstein-Kaisertal, Kufstein -Stadtberg, Mitterndorf, Morsbach, Thierberg, Weissach, Zell
In der Tischoferhöhle im Kaisertal wurden 1906 mehrere Pfeilspitzen aus der Zeit um 30.000 vor Christus gefunden. Dies stellt den ältesten Fund menschlicher Spuren in Tirol dar. Aus der frühen Bronzezeit lassen sich schon teilweise Besiedelungsspuren ableiten, wobei sich in dieser Höhle wahrscheinlich eine Bronzewerkstatt befand, wie verschiedenste archäologische Funde belegen.
Unter römischer Herrschaft war Kufstein auf die Provinzen Noricum und Rätien aufgeteilt, wobei der Inn die Grenze bildete. Neben der Römerstrasse von Veldidena nach Rosenheim, ergaben Untersuchungen auch zwei römische Siedlungskerne in Zell und Langkampfen .
788 wurde erstmals Kufstein im Indiculus Arnonis neben Zell genannt. Dies deutet daraufhin, dass Zell die Wirren der Völkerwanderungszeit als Siedlung überstanden hatte. Über den Ort wurde die bayrische Landnahme in Tirol eingeleitet und auch die Missionsbestrebungen von Salzburg aus, nahmen ihren Anfang in Kufstein.
Kufstein gehörte zum Herzogtum Bayern und stellte später neben Kitzbühel und Rattenberg ein „Landgericht" dar. Wurde der Ort im 11. Jahrhundert noch als Dorf bezeichnet, so erhielt Kufstein im 13. Jahrhundert den Status als Markt. Erstmals wurde auch 1205 das „castrum" (Burg) urkundlich erwähnt. Die Markterhebung und auch die Errichtung der Burg machen die Bedeutung dieser Siedlung deutlich: Durch Kufstein führte sowohl der Wasserweg über den Inn als auch die Strasse nach Rosenheim. War zu dieser Zeit neben dem Herzog von Bayern auch das Bistum Regensburg Besitzer der Burganlage, so konnten sich die Herzöge bis 1213 als alleinige Herrscher durchsetzen.
Durch die Ehe zwischen der letzten Görzer Gräfin von Tirol, Margarethe Maultasch, mit Ludwig von Brandenburg, kam Kufstein 1342 als Brautgeschenk erstmals zu Tirol, musste aber 1369 im Frieden von Schärding wiederum an Bayern abgetreten werden. In der Folge wurde der Ausbau der Siedlung und der Burg von den Bayern stark gefördert, sodass Stephan III. von Bayern Kufstein im Jahre 1393 zur Stadt erhob. Der größte Vorteil für die Bevölkerung war neben den Freiheiten vor allem das Stapel und Niederlagsrecht. 1415 wurden weitere Verstärkungen an der Burg vorgenommen und ab 1480 eine Grabensteuer eingeführt, welche für den Ausbau der Stadtbefestigung vorgesehen war. Das Ensemble Burg Stadt galt ab dieser Zeit als uneinnehmbar.
1503 brach der bayrische Erbfolgekrieg aus, der für das Haus Habsburg die Möglichkeit bot, Kufstein an Tirol zu bringen. Kaiser Maximilian stellte sich auf Seiten Albrecht von Oberbayern, der ihm für seine Hilfe gegen Herzog Ruprecht von der Pfalz die Landgerichte Kufstein, Kitzbühel und Oberbayern versprach und bereits als Pfand übergab. Hans von Piezenau übergab aber Burg und Stadt Kufstein den anrückenden pfälzischen Truppen. Kaiser Maximilian reagierte auf diese Herausforderung und traf am 1. Oktober 1504 vor der Stadt mit ausreichender Artillerie ein. 3 Tage später begann der Beschuss, der zwar gegen die Burg keine Wirkung zeigte, die Stadt aber stark beschädigte. Daraufhin wurde Kufstein am 12. Oktober an den Habsburger übergeben. Erst der Einsatz der zwei großen Feldschlagen aus dem Innsbrucker Zeughaus, „Purlepaus" und „Weckauf", welche auf Flößen nach Kufstein gebracht worden waren, schossen binnen drei Tagen die Anlage sturmreif. Als Piezenau nun die Festung übergeben wollte, akzeptierte der Kaiser dieses Angebot nicht und ließ am 17. Oktober die Burg stürmen. Der Burghauptmann und 17 Verteidiger wurden in der Folge hingerichtet. Im Friedensschluss von Köln wurde die Übergabe der 3 Gerichte bestätigt.
Sofort wurden die Festung und die Stadt wieder Instand gesetzt. Anstelle des bisherigen Bergfriedes wurde nun ein den Erfordernissen der Zeit entsprechender Rundturm errichtet, der mit Kanonen bestückt wurde und das gesamte Tal bestreichen konnte. Nachdem die Bauerkriege an Kufstein ohne Konflikte vorübergegangen waren, machte sich in der Stadt ein starker Zulauf zu den Wiedertäufern breit, die von kirchlichen als auch von weltlichen Behörden stark verfolgt wurden. Bis 1580 wurden 22 Kufsteiner wegen ihrer religiösen Überzeugung hingerichtet und viele andere mussten auswandern.
Bei einer Brandkatastrophe wurde 1546 ein großer Teil der Stadt zerstört, welche durch eine Unachtsamkeit durchziehender päpstlicher Truppen ausgelöst wurde.
1555 wurde durch einen Befehl König Ferdinands I. die Festungsanlage wiederum ausgebaut: So wurde vor allem die Stadtmauer durch unzählige Bastionen und Türmen verstärkt.
Im Vorfeld des 30 jährigen Krieges wurden eine Schanze zwischen Zahmen Kaiser und Kufstein errichtet, die aber im Kriegsverlauf niemals benötigt wurde.
In der Zwischenzeit hatte sich in Kufstein mit dem Wochenmarkt und den 2 Jahrmärkten ein reges wirtschaftliches Leben entwickelt: Einerseits florierte der Handel, der durch das Stappelrecht stark gefördert wurde, andererseits wurden immer mehr Handwerksbetriebe ins Leben gerufen. So befanden sich zu dieser Zeit allein 4 Bierbrauereien in Kufstein.
Im Spanischen Erbfolgekrieg wurde 1703 die Stadt und Festung Kufstein von den Bayern bedroht. Unter dem Kommando von Feldmarschall Gschwindt wurde die Vorstadt angezündet, wobei das Feuer die Stadtmauer überwand, die Stadt zerstörte und schließlich bis in den großen Turm der Festung kam. Dort wurden große Mengen Schießpulver gelagert, welche explodierte und die gesamte Anlage verwüstete. Ein Teil der 500 Mann zählenden Besatzung floh mit der Bevölkerung über den Inn, die nachrückenden Baiern konnten die Festung einnehmen und erst durch den Ilbesheimer Vertrag kam Kufstein zurück an Tirol.
1782 wurde unter der Leitung des Hofbaumeisters Gumpp die Festung wiederum ausgebaut. Vor allem wurde die Josefsburg mit Kasematten reich ausgestattet.
Im 3. Koalitionskrieg wurde die Festung durch die Franzosen unter General Deroy eingenommen und kam im Frieden von Pressburg 1805 zu Bayern. Während des Tiroler Freiheitskampfes versuchten die Tiroler Schützen mehrmals erfolglos die Festung einzunehmen. Im Gegensatz zur Festung hatten sie aber die Stadt im Sturm erobert und die Bevölkerung litt unter den Repressalien beider Kriegsparteien. Nach der Niederlage Napoleons kam am 7. Juli 1814 Kufstein wieder zu Tirol.
Dieser Krieg hatte Kufstein stark verändert: die wirtschaftliche Kraft war beinahe zum Erliegen gekommen und der Aufbau dauerte lange. Die Festung selbst hatte ihre militärische Bedeutung stark verloren und diente fortan nur mehr als Garnison und der Kaiserturm als Staatsgefängnis. 1865 wurde das Gefängnis geschlossen und 1888 zog die letzte Garnison aus.
Ab 1849 nahm die Stadt wiederum einen Aufschwung durch die Familie Kink, welche zu dieser Zeit ein Zementwerk errichtete, ein Krankenhaus stiftete und den ehemaligen Stadtgraben auffüllen ließ, wodurch sich die Stadt ausdehnen konnte, bzw. eine Verbindung zwischen Vorstadt und Stadt hergestellt wurde.
1858 wurde die Bahnlinie Rosenheim Kufstein Innsbruck eröffnet, 1867 die Brennerbahn. Dadurch verlor zwar die Innschiffahrt ihre Daseinsberechtigung, aber Kufstein entwickelte sich zu einer extrem wichtigen Zollstation.
1870 wurde der erste Kindergarten Tirols gegründet, wobei auch die erste Kindergärtnerinnenbildungsanstalt Österreichs hier ihren Anfang nahm.
www.geschichte-tirol.com/orte/nordtirol/bezirk-kufstein/1...
Tenuous Link: A skein of yarn > A skein of geese.
(And just to prove I'm not making this up: definition).
Screen shot from a cool interactive migration map: www.forbes.com/special-report/2011/migration.html
Catania, Sicily, April 23 2015. Over 220 people arrived at 8am by ship at the Sicilian port. Catania RC set up a clinic to offer medical treatment, psychosocial support and counseling along with fresh water and shoes for migrants.
A Truly Marvelous Migration of the Monarch Butterflies
It takes two to three generations of butterflies to migrate north from Mexico through the U.S. up to Canada. Over time, the monarchs have developed a ‘Super Generation’ to make the longest leg of the journey South. This ‘Super Generation’ is bigger and lives eight to 10 times longer than subsequent generations. These super butterflies travel as far as Canada to Mexico. Unlike other generations, they do not mate during the journey.
They stay in Mexico over the winter to rest and after several months make the first part of their journey back to the U.S. and Canada. By the time they get to Texas, they lay eggs and die, thus starting this amazing cycle again.
this was made during a photoworkshop about migration and asylum with resa, wastl and charlie of my class
Title: Migration, detail 2
Artist: Ariel Kaplan
Size: 17 in. x 14 in.
Medium: pen
Medium: watercolor
Medium: gouache
Date: 2008
View: Detail
Category: Drawing
Tundra Tots learned about caribou and reindeer and why they migrate as well as other survival techniques. Then they put on their antlers and took a migration parade!
Tundra Tots is a Junior Ranger type program for 3-5 year olds and is every Wednesday through mid-September at 10am. Here is some other neat stuff for kids and families, www.nps.gov/bela/forkids/index.htm
Aged people read ILO materials on safe labour migration on the sideline of an awareness raising event in Thach Ha District, Ha Tinh Province, before making a decision to persude their children to work abroad or not.
©ILO/Mai Thuy
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution‐NonCommercial‐NoDerivs 3.0
IGO License. To view a copy of this license, visit creativecommons.org/licenses/by‐nc‐
nd/3.0/igo/deed.en_US
Dr. Rajat Kathuria, Director and Chief Executive, Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations (ICRIER), presents an overview of migration and mobility between EU and India.
The Dialogue held on 26 September 2017, was attended by more than a hundred people including, representatives from various ministries, embassies, academics, researchers, employers and workers representatives, civil society organizations.
The meeting continued the implementation of the India-EU Common Agenda on Migration and Mobility (CAMM) signed last year, and comes ahead of the upcoming India-EU Summit to be held in Delhi in October 2017. The CAMM addresses four pillars: better organized regular migration and the fostering of well-managed mobility; prevention of irregular migration and trafficking in human beings; maximizing the development impact of migration and mobility; and promotion of international protection.
March butterflies are one of the few species of butterflies that migrate. In September and October monarchs in central and eastern U.S. make their way south to overwinter in the Gulf States and remote mountain valleys of south central Mexico, traveling up to 2,000 miles. They spend the winter massed on trees in the Gulf States and Mexico. One wintering site may attract millions of butterflies. In March the monarchs begin to return North.
Credit: photo by Gene Neiminen, US Fish & Wildlife Service [source and more information].
Furry Migration 2017 is a furry convention held in Minneapolis, Minnesota from August 25-27, 2017 at the Hyatt Regency Minneapolis
Migration routes of Winthrop National Fish Hatchery species.
Chinook: In red
Steelhead: In blue
Coho: In orange
Sammie the salmon, a spring Chinook, follows the red route.
Winthrop, Washington.
Image credit: USFWS