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Governor Maura Healey, Lt. Governor Kim Driscoll and Secretary of Economic Development Yvonne Hao join Massachusetts Technology Collaborative Executive Director Carolyn Kirk and other officials to announce $9.2 million in new technology and workforce development grants aimed at spurring the microelectronics and semiconductor industry across the Northeast Region during a visit from officials and members from the U.S. Department of Defense at the NEXUS Center in Lincoln on Jan. 30, 2024. [Joshua Qualls/Governor’s Press Office]
Telectronics "Guts" that were sealed in an Arco can to give Arco a competitive lithium pacemaker around 1978.
(c) David Prutchi, Ph.D.
The circuit was assembled by Telectronics in Australia using an integrated circuit manufactured by AWA Microelectronics (AWM)
www.speedapcb.com/large-small-pcb.html
Nowadays, the reduction of the size of the basic printed circuit board will reach half or the quarter of the original size. The extremely thin wires that designers couldn't use before are now the mainstream, and the thinnest wire with 75 micrometers (3 mils) has gradually been reduced to 30 micrometers (1.2 mils) or even thinner.
Manufacturers of a sophisticated microcircuit can be divided into four groups. The first group is in the Asian area, which has developed the unique thin wire process for phones or iPods and can arrange wires of 40-50 micrometers. The second group consists of the research and development companies of limited numbers which produce small numbers of very professional circuits with thin wires of less than 40 micrometers.
The third group is expanding its business of large and medium-sized PCB with the highest speed. They provide a little output with wires of 75-40 micrometers in width, and they can produce several thousand within weeks. At last, the fourth group produce PCB normally with the wires of 125-75 micrometers and includes a large number of manufacturers and participants.
As the microelectronics business expands, more and more PCB companies find out the necessary technology in producing the very thin wires with a width of 40 micrometers, and even less than it, circuit designers need to be familiar with the new design rules and the merits and demerits of microelectronics manufacturing.
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Telectronics "Guts" that were sealed in an Arco can to give Arco a competitive lithium pacemaker around 1978.
(c) David Prutchi, Ph.D.
The circuit was assembled by Telectronics in Australia using an integrated circuit manufactured by AWA Microelectronics (AWM)
Gallium literally melts in your hand. It’s soft, glass-like, silvery, and has a melting point of 29.76 degrees Celsius—which is just above room temperature, so it will pool in your hand like liquid silver. As a solid, Gallium is brittle and an even poorer electrical conductor than lead. It’s mainly used in microelectronics, medical thermometers, in semiconductor production for laser diodes and solar panels, and it also makes brilliant mirrors—but elemental Gallium doesn’t exist in nature. It’s just a byproduct of aluminium and zinc, so don’t go out panning for it.
Prof. Ricamo, the founder of the Nuclear Physics in Catania and the Clean Room at the Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems - CNR, Catania.
"In affectionate Remembrance of John Appleyard born at Laceby 3rd February 1837. Died 12th May 1915."
He was a gardener and the brother of William Aopleyard, printer and stationer. In 1911 according to the they lived at Laceby House, The Avenue, Linthorpe. Both were listed as widowers. Mr John Appleyard had four children. Mr William Appleyard had one son and two daughters living at home from a total of 9 two of whom had died.
Appleyard Wm. & Sons, Ltd, as they are described in Ward’s Directory of 1910 – 11, were printers, stationers, lithographers, account book manufacturers, relief stampers and bookbinders. Their telephone number was National 156, and their address was 14 Albert Road; printing works, Short Street.
The object of the booklet is to show a few examples of printing, which may prove of some interest and service. It is in fact a marketing tool, designed to show off the quality of work that Appleyard and Sons Ltd could produce. It is quite apparent from the booklet that the work was of the highest quality.
In the pamphlet Appleyard’s state that, ‘All the samples shown have been executed on the premises of the firm, and it is hoped that they may be of assistance to those who are requiring work done, and may suggest ideas for drawing up ‘copy’.
As well as drumming up some more business for the firm, the booklet marks a period of expansion for the firm, who until 1909, were based at 12 Royal Exchange. The date 1909 is present in one or two of the examples of printing. However, as shown in the illustration of the shop premises in the booklet, when it was published Appleyard’s had just moved to 14 Albert Road. So not just a commercial tool, but also a celebration of the firm’s success, and its move to new and more prestigious premises.
Although the new premises look quite impressive, sadly they have been demolished now. 14 Albert Road is at the end of Albert Road nearest to the Railway Station, and just up from where the Royal Exchange was. The printing works were just a little distance away, in Short Street, as can be seen from the OS map detail. This whole area, behind Albert Road, and including Short Street is now gone. The premises at 14 Albert Road are marked on the OS map detail, also included. If anyone is familiar with this part of Albert Road, the attractive property, shown in the sketch, was just about opposite the Hank Sharpe Travel shop.
From ‘A Descriptive Account of Middlesbrough Illustrated’, published in 1894, (M942) before Appleyard’s moved from the Royal Exchange, is this extract, dealing with what was then called The Printing and Publishing Company, Mr. W. Appleyard – sole proprietor.
‘The business of the Printing and Publishing Company is an old established one, and came into Mr. Appleyard’s hands in the year 1875.’
‘Mr. W. Appleyard gives a personal supervision to the general administration, and he is ably assisted by his two sons, Mr. W. G. Appleyard, who manages the works department at Short Street, and Mr. T. M. Appleyard, who controls the commercial side at the Royal Exchange office.’
The company also employed sixteen people in the works office, and the composing-room ‘affords accommodation for thirty hands’
‘A special feature of these works is photo-lithography, a new department added about a year ago (1893)’.
This was obviously part of the general development that the printing industry was, and is still, going through. What was it though?
It was part of something called offset printing.
Offset printing is a common printing technique in which the inked image is transferred (or "offset") from a plate to a rubber blanket and then to the printing surface. When used in combination with the lithographic process, which is based on the repulsion of oil and water, the offset technique employs a flat (planographic) image carrier. Ink rollers transfer ink to the image areas of the image carrier, while a water roller applies a water-based film to the non-image areas.
Lithography was initially created to be an inexpensive method of reproducing artwork. This printing process was limited to use on flat, porous surfaces because the printing plates were produced from limestone. In fact, the word "lithograph" historically means "an image from stone" or "printed from stone".
This would explain the comment from Middlesbrough Illustrated, that the photo-lithography department was ‘already noted for the high artistic character of the work turned out.’
From Wikipedia
‘The related term "photolithography" refers to the use of photographic images in lithographic printing, whether these images are printed directly from a stone or from a metal plate, as in offset printing. "Photolithography" is used synonymously with "offset printing". The technique as well as the term were introduced in Europe in the 1850s. Beginning in the 1960s, photolithography has played an important role in the fabrication and mass production of integrated circuits in the microelectronics industry.’
We hope you enjoy these images, which display the quality and variety of printing, which could be offered by W. M. Appleyard & Sons Ltd. There is also a photograph of W. M. Appleyard himself, presumably printed with Appleyard’s new photo-lithography process.
11. The microelectronics industry that has become vital to the state of California got its start on the Berkeley and Stanford campuses. Working at the controls in this early Berkeley microelectronics lab (circa 1960) is graduate student David A. Hodges, who later became a Dean of the College of Engineering at Berkeley. Labs like this were precursors to the University's $4 million microfabrication facility, which, when it opened in 1985, became the first of its kind on a university campus.
Pictures from the NFC Innovation Day and the NFC Innovation Award Celebration at the Barbican, London; June 26th 2018. nfc-forum.org/events/nfc-innovation-day-london/
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Advances in silicon technology continue to revolutionize micro-/nano-electronics. The functionality and complexity of complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) circuitry has increased and the cost decreased to the point where Si microelectronics has become ubiquitous and touches every aspect of our lives. However, as the devices reach deep sub-100 nm scale, conventional scaling methods face increasing technological and fundamental challenges, e.g. increasing demand on lithography resolution. Semiconductor nanowires represent a unique system for exploring phenomena at the nanoscale and are also expected to play a critical role in future electronic and optoelectronic devices to sustain the historical scaling trend beyond CMOS.