View allAll Photos Tagged microelectronics
An obsolete memory chip from an obsolete company (the National Semiconductor). A reminder of the good old days of electronics.
You can see the part number and the company logo inscribed on the right side of the chip.
Erfurt is the capital and largest city in the state of Thuringia, central Germany. It lies in the southern part of the Thuringian Basin, within the wide valley of the Gera river. It is located 100 km (62 mi) south-west of Leipzig, 300 km (186 mi) south-west of Berlin, 400 km (249 mi) north of Munich and 250 km (155 mi) north-east of Frankfurt. Together with neighbouring cities Weimar and Jena it forms the central metropolitan area of Thuringia with approximately 500,000 inhabitants.
Erfurt's old town is one of the most intact medieval cities in Germany having survived World War II with little damage. Tourist attractions include the Krämerbrücke (Merchants' bridge), the ensemble of Erfurt Cathedral and Severikirche (St Severus's Church) and Petersberg Citadel, one of the largest and best preserved town fortresses in Europe. The city's economy is based on agriculture, horticulture and microelectronics. Its central location has led to it becoming a logistics hub for Germany and central Europe. Erfurt hosts the second-largest trade fair in eastern Germany (after Leipzig) as well as the public television children’s channel KiKa.
At the west end of downtown Camas is a large Georgia-Pacific paper-mill from which the high school teams get their name "the Papermakers". Accordingly, the city is about 20 miles east (upwind) from Portland, Oregon. Historically, the commercial base of the city was almost solely the paper mill; however, the diversity of industries has been enhanced considerably in recent years by the influx of several white-collar, high-tech companies including Hewlett-Packard, Sharp Microelectronics, Linear Technology, WaferTech and Underwriters Labs.
Erfurt (German pronunciation: [ˈɛʁfʊʁt] (About this sound listen)[2]) is the capital and largest city in the state of Thuringia, central Germany. It lies in the southern part of the Thuringian Basin, within the wide valley of the Gera river. It is located 100 km (62 mi) south-west of Leipzig, 300 km (186 mi) south-west of Berlin, 400 km (249 mi) north of Munich and 250 km (155 mi) north-east of Frankfurt. Together with neighbouring cities Weimar and Jena it forms the central metropolitan area of Thuringia with approximately 500,000 inhabitants.
Erfurt's old town is one of the best preserved medieval city centres in Germany.[3] Tourist attractions include the Krämerbrücke (Merchants' bridge), the ensemble of Erfurt Cathedral and Severikirche (St Severus's Church) and Petersberg Citadel, one of the largest and best preserved town fortresses in Europe.[4] The city's economy is based on agriculture, horticulture and microelectronics. Its central location has led to it becoming a logistics hub for Germany and central Europe. Erfurt hosts the second-largest trade fair in eastern Germany (after Leipzig) as well as the public television children’s channel KiKa.
BEST VIEWED ORIGINAL SIZE
This is an Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EPROM for short). Our computers in 1980's used to employ these chips to hold the BIOS. Nowadays we use FLASH chips. The thinnest electrical tracks on the chip must be 2 microns thick. You can see them if you view the photo in original size. Did you notice 2732 (the part number) in the upper right corner of the chip?
Sorry if you are not into electronics. In this photography group my aim is to demonstrate that one can capture such submillimeter features by using macro lenses. I used a 70 mm SIGMA macro lens. Of course a tripod, timed shutter to prevent camera shake and a LED light source are necessary for a successful shot.
ORIJINAL BOYDA BAKMANIZI TAVSIYE EDERIM
Bu bir Silinip Programlanabilir Sirf Okunabilen Bellek. 80'li yillarda bilgisayarlarinizin BIOS'u bu chiplere yazilirdi. Simdi FLASH bellek kullaniyoruz. 2 mikron incelikteki yollari resmin orijinal boyutunda gorebilirsiniz. Ust sagda silikon uzerine yazilmis 2732 ye de dikkatinizi cekerim.
Belki elektronikci olmayabilirsiniz, ama fotografla ugrasiyorsunuz. Milimetrenin 1000'de 1'i kalinligindaki bu yollari mikroskopsuz nasil cekersiniz? Burada amac bu. Ben SIGMA'nin 70 mm makro lensini kullandim. Arti tripod, arti LED isik kaynagi, arti zamanlanmis deklansor. Bunlarsiz bu resim olmazdi.
A miniature vacuum tube (valve), popularized in the 1950s, next to the circuit board from a USB switch, an example of surface-mount technology using sophisticated integrated circuits, technologies introduced in the 1980s and continually refined since.
Each chip contains one million or more microscopic transistors, a small number of each roughly functionally comparable to what one tube did. Imagine replicating the function of this circuit using tubes, and you'll end up with something taking up a convention center's worth of space, consuming an astounding amount of power to run and cool, and basically being a reliability nightmare compared to what modern microelectronics can achieve nowadays.
At the west end of downtown Camas is a large Georgia-Pacific paper-mill from which the high school teams get their name "the Papermakers". Accordingly, the city is about 20 miles east (upwind) from Portland, Oregon. Historically, the commercial base of the city was almost solely the paper mill; however, the diversity of industries has been enhanced considerably in recent years by the influx of several white-collar, high-tech companies including Hewlett-Packard, Sharp Microelectronics, Linear Technology, WaferTech and Underwriters Labs.
At the west end of downtown Camas is a large Georgia-Pacific paper-mill from which the high school teams get their name "the Papermakers". Accordingly, the city is about 20 miles east (upwind) from Portland, Oregon. Historically, the commercial base of the city was almost solely the paper mill; however, the diversity of industries has been enhanced considerably in recent years by the influx of several white-collar, high-tech companies including Hewlett-Packard, Sharp Microelectronics, Linear Technology, WaferTech and Underwriters Labs.
At the west end of downtown Camas is a large Georgia-Pacific paper-mill from which the high school teams get their name "the Papermakers". Accordingly, the city is about 20 miles east (upwind) from Portland, Oregon. Historically, the commercial base of the city was almost solely the paper mill; however, the diversity of industries has been enhanced considerably in recent years by the influx of several white-collar, high-tech companies including Hewlett-Packard, Sharp Microelectronics, Linear Technology, WaferTech and Underwriters Labs.
At the west end of downtown Camas is a large Georgia-Pacific paper-mill from which the high school teams get their name "the Papermakers". Accordingly, the city is about 20 miles east (upwind) from Portland, Oregon. Historically, the commercial base of the city was almost solely the paper mill; however, the diversity of industries has been enhanced considerably in recent years by the influx of several white-collar, high-tech companies including Hewlett-Packard, Sharp Microelectronics, Linear Technology, WaferTech and Underwriters Labs.
At the west end of downtown Camas is a large Georgia-Pacific paper-mill from which the high school teams get their name "the Papermakers". Accordingly, the city is about 20 miles east (upwind) from Portland, Oregon. Historically, the commercial base of the city was almost solely the paper mill; however, the diversity of industries has been enhanced considerably in recent years by the influx of several white-collar, high-tech companies including Hewlett-Packard, Sharp Microelectronics, Linear Technology, WaferTech and Underwriters Labs.
This natural colour image from Sentinel-2A on 29 August features the area of Les Deux Alpes and surroundings, in France. A ski resort in the French Isère department, the village of Les Deux Alpes sits at 1650 m with its ski lifts running up to 3600 m.
Located near Western Europe’s largest mountain, Mont Blanc, it accesses the greatest skiable glacier in Europe and is France’s second oldest ski resort.
The relief differences in the area are clear thanks to Sentinel-2’s high-resolution multispectral instrument. The brownish colours represent those parts of the mountains without vegetation or settlements. The village of Le Bourg-d’Oisans is clearly visible in the centre of the image, with agricultural plots around it.
The grey area on the top left corner is the city of Grenoble, in the Rhône-Alps region of southeastern France. It sits along the Isère River, at 214 m above sea level.
Home to some 160 000 people, Grenoble’s history goes back 2000 years. Today it is a leading scientific research centre, renowned for research in nuclear physics and microelectronics.
Among various bodies of water, the Lac Monteynard-Avignonet is clearly visible, snaking its way down the image. This is a 10 km-long and, in some places, 300 m-wide artificial reservoir created in 1961. Often windy and rippled, the lake is considered to be one of the best places for wind and kite surfing in Europe.
Sentinel-2A has been in orbit since 23 June as a polar-orbiting, high-resolution satellite for land monitoring, providing imagery of vegetation, soil and water cover, inland waterways and coastal areas.
This image is featured on the Earth from Space video programme.
Credit: Copernicus Sentinel data (2015)/ESA
Do you still use a film camera? How about a point and shoot camera? What about a DSLR? Technology is quickly changing; here is a picture of what the future holds:
The Internet of Bio-Nano Things will bridge the gap between microelectronics and biological systems; it will transform the systems of our bodies into smart devices. The free flow of data between electronic and biological worlds will represent a completely new paradigm shift, a shift to transhumanism.
In our biological systems, we have redox molecules that are capable of transferring electrons. Imagine all the data we will tap into and control. We will use a microbial network, plugged into an external electronic system, so that we’ll be able to control biological functions in real time. We will use an electronic system along with engineered microbial cells to create an electronically controlled biological network called the 666 BioLAN.
If you’re not a computer nerd, LAN means: Local Area Network. It consists of a series of computers and smart devices, which are connected together to form a network in a local location. Similarly, the 666 BioLAN will use a network of engineered cells, which will convert data delivered through an electronic input, thus stimulating a biological response. In turn, this biological response will transmit data across a microbial network, so that it can carry out network functions.
The Living Electrode is a special component of this system. It was created by binding engineered cells to the surface of a gold electrode. This Living Electrode facilitates a redox reaction, which is needed to translate electronic signals into data, so that it can be read by a biological system.
It’s a hybrid system that combines electronics and biology. It’s digitally programmed, but biologically executed. In electrogenetics we use electronic signals to activate gene expression, so that we can enable data transfer from electronics to biology and back. We will use electronics to control biological processes.
This process has already begun. We have introduced new gene editing technologies into the Covid-19 vaccines. We are also introducing these same gene editing technologies into the animal and plant populations. Our goal is to edit all life on earth, so that we can patent and control it. We use Spike Proteins to weaken the immune system, so that Graphene Oxide nano-particles can enter the cells of the body. We are using Graphene to slowly build nano-networks and nano-antennas inside the human body.
We will soon introduce a Social Credit Score System so that, in order to participate in society (buy food and pay rent), the population will have to comply with the latest vaccine mandates. In a few years, when these Graphene Networks are fully complete, each person will receive the mandatory Pentium 6.66 GHz Chip. Once people are microchipped with this Beast Chip, they will no longer be human, they will be transhuman. We will take neuromorphic computing to the next level. We will use technology to evolve into gods. Take the Mark, worship the Beast. Humans are now obsolete!
Matthew 24:12-13 “Because of the increase of wickedness, the love of most will grow cold, but the one who stands firm to the end will be saved.”
Brand New Study: Spike Protein Accumulates in Brain and Skull and Causes Damage:
Erfurt (German pronunciation: [ˈɛʁfʊʁt] (About this sound listen)[2]) is the capital and largest city in the state of Thuringia, central Germany. It lies in the southern part of the Thuringian Basin, within the wide valley of the Gera river. It is located 100 km (62 mi) south-west of Leipzig, 300 km (186 mi) south-west of Berlin, 400 km (249 mi) north of Munich and 250 km (155 mi) north-east of Frankfurt. Together with neighbouring cities Weimar and Jena it forms the central metropolitan area of Thuringia with approximately 500,000 inhabitants.
Erfurt's old town is one of the best preserved medieval city centres in Germany.[3] Tourist attractions include the Krämerbrücke (Merchants' bridge), the ensemble of Erfurt Cathedral and Severikirche (St Severus's Church) and Petersberg Citadel, one of the largest and best preserved town fortresses in Europe.[4] The city's economy is based on agriculture, horticulture and microelectronics. Its central location has led to it becoming a logistics hub for Germany and central Europe. Erfurt hosts the second-largest trade fair in eastern Germany (after Leipzig) as well as the public television children’s channel KiKa.
the unrealized Soviet project on creation in the city of Zelenograd of the second scientific-industrial complex of research institutes and enterprises for development and release of electronics and microelectronics.
At the west end of downtown Camas is a large Georgia-Pacific paper-mill from which the high school teams get their name "the Papermakers". Accordingly, the city is about 20 miles east (upwind) from Portland, Oregon. Historically, the commercial base of the city was almost solely the paper mill; however, the diversity of industries has been enhanced considerably in recent years by the influx of several white-collar, high-tech companies including Hewlett-Packard, Sharp Microelectronics, Linear Technology, WaferTech and Underwriters Labs.
Erfurt (German pronunciation: [ˈɛʁfʊʁt] (About this sound listen)[2]) is the capital and largest city in the state of Thuringia, central Germany. It lies in the southern part of the Thuringian Basin, within the wide valley of the Gera river. It is located 100 km (62 mi) south-west of Leipzig, 300 km (186 mi) south-west of Berlin, 400 km (249 mi) north of Munich and 250 km (155 mi) north-east of Frankfurt. Together with neighbouring cities Weimar and Jena it forms the central metropolitan area of Thuringia with approximately 500,000 inhabitants.
Erfurt's old town is one of the best preserved medieval city centres in Germany.[3] Tourist attractions include the Krämerbrücke (Merchants' bridge), the ensemble of Erfurt Cathedral and Severikirche (St Severus's Church) and Petersberg Citadel, one of the largest and best preserved town fortresses in Europe.[4] The city's economy is based on agriculture, horticulture and microelectronics. Its central location has led to it becoming a logistics hub for Germany and central Europe. Erfurt hosts the second-largest trade fair in eastern Germany (after Leipzig) as well as the public television children’s channel KiKa.
Multiple integrated circuits destined to serve as the brains of Europe’s future space missions, etched together onto single pieces of silicon.
These 20-cm diameter wafers each contain 35 replicas of five different space chips, each incorporating as many as 10 million transistors or basic circuit switches.
Laid down within a microchip, these designs endow a space mission with the ability to perform various specialised tasks such as data handling, communications processing or attitude control.
To save money on the high cost of fabrication, various chips designed by different companies and destined for multiple ESA projects are crammed onto the same silicon wafers, etched into place at specialised semiconductor manufacturing plants.
Subjected to various testing procedures the chips on the wafer are chopped up and packaged for use, then mounted on printed circuit boards for connection with other microelectronic components aboard a satellite. Visitors to ESA’s ESTEC technical centre can see some of these silicon wafers exhibited along the establishment’s main corridor.
Since 2002, ESA’s Microelectronics section has maintained a catalogue of ‘building blocks’ for chip designs, known as intellectual property cores, available to European industry through ESA licence. For more information, check this recently updated overview of which ESA IP cores are available and how they can be requested and licenced.
Credits: ESA - Agustin Fernandez-Leon
At the west end of downtown Camas is a large Georgia-Pacific paper-mill from which the high school teams get their name "the Papermakers". Accordingly, the city is about 20 miles east (upwind) from Portland, Oregon. Historically, the commercial base of the city was almost solely the paper mill; however, the diversity of industries has been enhanced considerably in recent years by the influx of several white-collar, high-tech companies including Hewlett-Packard, Sharp Microelectronics, Linear Technology, WaferTech and Underwriters Labs.
This historical chip is tagged twice: "copyright Intel 1974" and
"2708", the latter indicates an EPROM (memory chip) with 1K byte (!). This was very High Tech, 50 years ago! You would need around 2000+ such chips, to store ONE simple jpeg picture of today's cameras.
The curcuit has a (quartz-) glass window, which allows to erase the bits stored, using UV light. The picture shown here has been shot through this window (thus image quality is less than optimal).
Objective: Mitutoyo 2x, NA 0.055, Tube lense: 200mm (Nikon)
Illumination: Purely coaxial (white)
Technology Image of the Week:
A close-up of the next-generation microprocessor that will serve a wide variety of future space missions.
Standard terrestrial chips wouldn’t last very long in orbit under the harsh blast of space radiation. So ESA has had a long history of working with industry on specially ‘rad-hardened’ designs for space.
This GR740 microprocessor, developed by Cobham Gaisler in Sweden and manufactured by France-based STMicroelectronics, is a quadcore design combining four embedded LEON4 cores. The LEON4 is the latest member of a series of chips that began with the LEON2-FT, developed at ESA from the second half of the 1990s.
For more information on the device and ESA’s role in microprocessor development, watch our video interview with ESA microelectronics engineer Roland Weigand.
Credit: STMicroelectronics
This tiny fingernail-length space thruster chip runs on the greenest propellant of all: water.
Designed to manoeuvre the smallest classes of satellite, the operation of this Iridium Catalysed Electrolysis CubeSat Thruster (ICE-Cube Thruster) developed with Imperial College in the UK is based on electrolysis.
Avoiding any need for bulky gaseous propellant storage, an associated electrolyser runs a 20-watt current through water to produce hydrogen and oxygen to propel the thruster.
The ICE-Cube Thruster is so small in scale – with its combustion chamber and nozzle measuring less than 1mm in length – that it could only be assembled using a MEMS (Micro-Electrical Mechanical Systems) approach, borrowing methods from the microelectronics sector.
A test campaign achieved 1.25 millinewtons of thrust at a specific impulse of 185 seconds on a sustained basis. Testing took place through an ESA General Support Technology Programme De-Risk activity, to prove the thruster’s feasibility in a laboratory testing.
The experimental data gathered during this activity will help guide development of a flight-representative ‘Engineering Model’ of the propulsion system, including the electrolyser.
Credits: Imperial College
Multiple integrated circuits at the heart of Europe’s space missions, etched together onto a single piece of silicon.
This 20 cm-diameter wafer contains 35 replicas of five different space chips, each incorporating up to about 10 million transistors or basic circuit switches.
Laid down within a microchip, these designs endow a space mission with the ability to perform various specialised tasks such as data handling, communications processing or attitude control.
To save money on the high cost of fabrication, various chips designed by different companies and destined for multiple ESA projects are crammed onto the same silicon wafers, etched into place at specialised semiconductor manufacturing plants.
Once tested for functionality, the chips on the wafer are chopped up and packaged for use, then mounted on printed circuit boards for connection with other microelectronic components aboard a satellite.
Since 2002, ESA’s Microelectronics section has maintained a catalogue of ‘building blocks’ for chip designs, known as Intellectual Property cores, available to European industry through ESA licence.
More information: www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Engineering_Technology/M...
Credit: ESA-Guus Schoonewille
My MacBook and school books. Class starts tomorrow and I really don't know what is going to happen, but I will be ready for this semester. This is my second chance at getting my Bachelor's degree and I am not blowing it this time. Day 190 of the project.
Erfurt (German pronunciation: [ˈɛʁfʊʁt] (About this sound listen)[2]) is the capital and largest city in the state of Thuringia, central Germany. It lies in the southern part of the Thuringian Basin, within the wide valley of the Gera river. It is located 100 km (62 mi) south-west of Leipzig, 300 km (186 mi) south-west of Berlin, 400 km (249 mi) north of Munich and 250 km (155 mi) north-east of Frankfurt. Together with neighbouring cities Weimar and Jena it forms the central metropolitan area of Thuringia with approximately 500,000 inhabitants.
Erfurt's old town is one of the best preserved medieval city centres in Germany.[3] Tourist attractions include the Krämerbrücke (Merchants' bridge), the ensemble of Erfurt Cathedral and Severikirche (St Severus's Church) and Petersberg Citadel, one of the largest and best preserved town fortresses in Europe.[4] The city's economy is based on agriculture, horticulture and microelectronics. Its central location has led to it becoming a logistics hub for Germany and central Europe. Erfurt hosts the second-largest trade fair in eastern Germany (after Leipzig) as well as the public television children’s channel KiKa.
This is one of my all-time favorite images of one of my all-time favorite interlocking towers. This is a scene of the 1908-vintage Improved Saxby & Farmer interlocking machine. The location is Chicago's 75th Street Tower, where the participants were the Baltimore & Ohio Chicago Terminal (B&OCT), Pennsylvania (Panhandle), Belt Railway of Chicago (BRC) and Wabash.
Over the last three or four years of the tower's existence, I struck up a friendship with a few of the operators who worked there. Through their "open door policy", I got to experience the wonders of a nearly fully-mechanical interlocking plant in the final years of the 20th century. I got to pull levers and found that they did indeed require strong arms. I'll remember hearing the pipeline leadout set in motion below the floor with the motion of my hands on the lever, and remember watching out the window and seeing the semaphore blade rise skyward with the movement of the lever gripped by my hands.
Along with the opportunity to experience this mechanical marvel that lived long beyond its years, the "open door policy" granted me by the railroaders of 75th Street Tower allowed me to make a comprehensive photographic documentation of the tower and the outside plant. I spent evenings on the operating floor and downstairs in the locking room with my camera, tripod, and lights trying to capture this tower before technology caught up with it.
My visits became more and more frequent in 1997 as it became clear that 75th Street's days were numbered. This anachronism had been long on the list to be replaced, but the impetus for its closure wound up being Union Pacific's desire for its trains to travel between its ex-MoPac yard in the south suburbs and Proviso Yard on UP's recently-acquired ex-C&NW lines. This new routing via the Belt and B&OCT required a new connection in the northeast quadrant of the 75th Street plant, and was the final "straw that broke the camel's back" that precipitated the long-deferred closing of the tower.
This image was taken on November 14, 1997, just two weeks before the transition from 19th century mechanical interlocking to modern microelectronics. The sand finally ran out of 75th Street Tower's hourglass with the plant being taken out of service on Friday, November 28, 1997. The cutover took the balance of Thanksgiving weekend. When the last operator went home and locked the tower door on Sunday afternoon, November 30, 1997, an era had truly come to an end.
Arati Prabhakar has always been drawn to the edge of the known. From her early years as an electrical engineer to her tenure at the helm of DARPA, she has spent a lifetime navigating the liminal space where science meets bold ambition. When I photographed her at her gracious home on May 9, 2022, I found a setting that mirrored her intellectual curiosity: a telescope perched on the deck, aimed at the vast unknown.
Born in India and raised in Texas, Prabhakar was the first woman to earn a PhD in applied physics from Caltech. But her journey was never one of mere academic pursuit—she was an engineer with the soul of an explorer. She cut her teeth at DARPA in the 1980s, returned decades later to lead it, and brought that same daring spirit to Silicon Valley, where she shaped the trajectory of emerging technologies.
At the time of our conversation, she had been tapped to lead the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP), a role that would place her at the intersection of science and governance, helping shape the nation’s response to the defining challenges of the era—pandemic preparedness, climate resilience, artificial intelligence, and the stewardship of emerging technologies. Over tea, she spoke about DARPA’s approach—how it thrived on risk, demanding visionary thinking rather than incremental advances. She recounted her work fostering innovations in AI, microelectronics, and bioengineering, not as a detached observer, but as a true believer in the power of technology to reshape the world.
Our conversation drifted between policy, physics, and the delicate art of steering a country’s research agenda. At the heart of it all was a scientist who understood both the beauty and burden of responsibility that comes with wielding technological power. In that moment, framed by the quiet of her home, she was not just a scientist or a policymaker—she was a navigator of the future, peering through the lens of discovery, always searching for what comes next.
ELSA (Italy) RFID access control tag using a GM Hughes Microelectronics (Scotland) H223 chip. Hughes were an early RFID innovator, with chip design in Scotland and the US, tag manufacturing in Spain and a separate Hughes Identification Devices business in the US (which became the company HID). HID is still very widely used for access control.
The above was an early tag. It wasn't before 2000 that I had an access control card for work, similar to the HID one in the link at the bottom.
Another example here flic.kr/p/p2giED
And here flic.kr/p/c5Gdpo
Tiny integrated circuits destined for space missions, etched onto a single wafer of silicon, examined under a magnifier.
To save money on the high cost of fabrication, various chips designed by different companies and destined for multiple ESA projects are crammed onto the same silicon wafers, etched into place at specialised semiconductor manufacturing plants or ‘fabs’.
Once manufactured, the chips, still on the wafer, are tested. The wafers are then chopped up. They become ready for use when placed inside protective packages – just like standard terrestrial microprocessors – and undergo final quality tests.
Through little metal pins or balls sticking out of their packages these miniature brains are then connected to other circuit elements – such as sensors, actuators, memory or power systems – used across the satellite.
Considering the time and money needed to develop complex chips like these, ESA’s Microelectronics section maintains a catalogue of chip designs, known as Intellectual Property (IP) cores, available to European industry through ESA licence.
Think of these IP cores as the tiniest mission ‘building blocks’: specialised designs to perform particular tasks in space, laid down within a microchip. These range from single ‘simpler’ functions such as decoding signals from Earth to control the satellite to highly complex computer tasks such as operating a complete spacecraft.
Credits: ESA-A Le Floc'h
from October, first, I will be out. I'll visit Montevideo, Uruguay, by a convention of Microelectronics, I'm going for studies (university). I'll be back on Tuesday 12.
All of our most skilled space capabilities depend ultimately on an object such as this.
Carefully wrapped in protective anti-static and anti-shock foam packaging, this silicon wafer etched with integrated circuits for space missions was manufactured in an identical batch of 25, worth well over €2 million.
This 20 cm-diameter wafer contains 35 replicas of five different space chips, each one incorporating up to about 10 million transistors or basic circuit switches.
Laid down within a microchip, these designs endow a space mission with intelligence, and the ability to perform various specialised tasks such as data handling, communications processing or attitude control.
To save money on the high cost of fabrication, various chips designed by different companies and destined for multiple ESA projects are crammed onto the same silicon wafers, etched into place at specialised semiconductor manufacturing plants or ‘fabs’, in this case LFoundry (formerly Atmel) in France.
Once tested for functionality, the chips on the wafer are chopped up and packaged for use, then mounted on printed circuit boards for connection with other microelectronic components aboard a satellite.
Since 2002, ESA’s Microelectronics section has maintained a catalogue of ‘building blocks’ for chip designs, known as Intellectual Property cores, available to European industry through ESA licence. For more information, check www.esa.int/TEC/Microelectronics/SEMVWLV74TE_0.html
Credit: ESA-Guus Schoonewille
BEST VIEWED ORIGINAL SIZE
This is an Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EPROM for short). Our computers in 1980's used to employ these chips to hold the BIOS. Nowadays we use FLASH chips. The thinnest electrical tracks on the chip must be 2 microns thick. You can see them if you view the photo in original size. Did you notice 2732 (the part number) in the upper right corner of the chip?
Sorry if you are not into electronics. In this photography group my aim is to demonstrate that one can capture such submillimeter features by using macro lenses. I used a 70 mm SIGMA macro lens. Of course a tripod, timed shutter to prevent camera shake and a LED light source are necessary for a successful shot.
ORIJINAL BOYDA BAKMANIZI TAVSIYE EDERIM
Bu bir Silinip Programlanabilir Sirf Okunabilen Bellek. 80'li yillarda bilgisayarlarinizin BIOS'u bu chiplere yazilirdi. Simdi FLASH bellek kullaniyoruz. 2 mikron incelikteki yollari resmin orijinal boyutunda gorebilirsiniz. Ust sagda silikon uzerine yazilmis 2732 ye de dikkatinizi cekerim.
Uzgunum elektronikci olmayabilirsiniz, ama fotografla ugrasiyorsunuz. Milimetrenin 1000'de 1'i kalinligindaki bu yollari mikroskopsuz nasil cekersiniz? Burada amac bu. Ben SIGMA'nin 70 mm makro lensini kullandim. Arti tripod, arti LED isik kaynagi, arti zamanlanmis deklansor. Bunlarsiz bu resim olmazdi.
Prototype of a flexible health patch weighing just 10g – half the weight of current products. The patch uses real-time electrocardiogram (ECG), tissue-contact impedance and accelerometer information to accurately monitor physical activity.
Dennis Trident / Plaxton President number 640 (SK52 OGY) leaves Riccarton,
the leafy campus of Heriot Watt University.
When I'm waiting for buses to photograph here I sometimes feel a little
self-conscious as everyone I see coming and going from the various buildings
is some twenty years (at least) younger than me! Ah well never mind I hope
they all do well to get their degrees while I can carry on doing my little bit
of historic research too!
The Riccarton estate was the historic home of the Gibson-Craig family and
strong reminders of the family's love of trees, plants and landscaping
remain. The sleek low rise buildings are surrounded by mature woods and
playing fields, and at their centre is a striking loch. To one side lies the
expanding Research Park, which makes industry a part of campus life, indeed
Heriot-Watt has always had a strong business focus.
The Riccarton Campus houses petroleum and offshore engineering research, the
Scotch Whisky Research Institute, and the newly founded National
Microelectronics Institute (NMI), all of special significance for the
Scottish economy.
"Land of Enchantment" - ein Land der Wunder und der Verzauberung
Land of Enchantment Tierra de Encanto („Land der Verzauberung“)
-
New Mexico, a state in the United States with the official nickname "Land of Enchantment"
-
its capital and cultural center is Santa Fe, which was founded in 1610 as capital of Nuevo México
-
Wegen seiner südlichen Lage und dem Umstand, dass es auf der windabgewandten Seite (Lee) der Rocky Mountains liegt, ist das Klima New Mexicos durchweg sehr trocken und besonders im Sommer sehr heiß. Im Winter kann es aufgrund der Höhenlage aber auch frostig kalt werden, besonders im Norden, wo es in den Bergen nördlich von Santa Fe ein ausgesprochenes Wintersportgebiet gibt.
-
The state's population grew rapidly after World War II, growing from 531,818 in 1940
to 1,819,046 in 2000.
2.086.000 (2013)
2,095,428 (2018)
In the 21st century, employment growth areas in New Mexico include microelectronics, call centers, and Indian casinos.
Reality: Poverty up to 20%
... the estimated number of persons in poverty was recorded at 309,193 (17.3% of the population).
The latest available data for 2014 estimate the number of persons in poverty at 420,388 (20.6% of the population).
Ethnische Zusammensetzung der Bevölkerung:
44,7 % Weiße nichthispanischer Abstammung
42,1 % hispanischer Abstammung
9,5 % Indianer (insb. Pueblos)
1,9 % Afroamerikaner
1,1 % Asian Americans
3,6 % gemischter Abstammung
Die fünf größten einzelnen Abstammungsgruppen in New Mexico sind Mexikaner (18,1 %), Deutsche (9,9 %), Indianer (9,5 %), Spanier (9,3 %) und Engländer (7,6 %).
PS
States with the highest proportions of German Americans tend to be those of the upper Midwest, including Iowa, Minnesota, Nebraska, Wisconsin, and the Dakotas; all at over one-third.
German Americans (German: Deutschamerikaner) are Americans who have full or partial German ancestry.
With an estimated size of approximately 44 million in 2016, German Americans are the largest of the self-reported ancestry groups by the US Census Bureau in its American Community Survey.
In the 1990 U.S. Census, 58 million Americans claimed to be solely or partially of German descent.
German-Americans account for about one third of the total ethnic German population in the world.
German Americans established the first kindergartens in the United States, introduced the Christmas tree tradition, and introduced popular foods such as hot dogs and hamburgers to America.
The great majority of people with some German ancestry have become Americanized and can hardly be distinguished by the untrained eye; fewer than 5% speak German.
-
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Americans
...
The influence of German cuisine is seen in the cuisine of the United States throughout the country, especially regarding pastries, meats and sausages, and above all, beer. Frankfurters (or "wieners", originating from Frankfurt am Main and Vienna, respectively), hamburgers, bratwurst, sauerkraut, and strudel are common dishes.
German bakers introduced the pretzel, which is popular across the United States.
Germans introduced America to lager, the most-produced beer style in the United States, and have been the dominant ethnic group in the beer industry since 1850.
The oldest extant brewery in the United States is D. G. Yuengling & Son of Pottsville, Pennsylvania (approximately 80 miles northwest of Philadelphia), founded in 1829 by an immigrant from Aldingen (near Tuttlingen) in what is today Baden-Württemberg;
the brewery's flagship product remains a 19th-century German-style amber lager.
By the late 19th century, Milwaukee, with a large population of German origin, was once the home to four of the world's largest breweries owned by ethnic Germans (Schlitz, Blatz, Pabst, and Miller) and was the number one beer producing city in the world for many years.
Almost half of all current beer sales in the United States can be attributed to German immigrants, Capt. A. Pabst, Eberhard Anheuser, and Adolphus Busch, who founded Anheuser-Busch in St. Louis in 1860.
Later German immigrants figured prominently in the rebirth of craft brews following Prohibition, culminating in the microbrew movement that swept the U.S. beginning in the late 1980s.
A close collaboration between NeuroPro, Creaholic, imec and Holst Centre has resulted in a novel electroencephalogram (EEG) headset, called NeuroTrail. This headset is based on imec and Holst Centre’s wireless EEG measurement platform, which combines low-power technology, active electrodes and high signal quality with wireless connectivity to a smart phone or tablet. The headset has very low setup time, thereby creating new opportunities for ambulatory and home monitoring as well as for consumer applications. More info in this press release www2.imec.be/be_nl/pers/persberichten/neuro.html.
iPod Nano
The iPod is by far among the most influential advances of our generation. Now, available online is The World's Thinnest Case, the Boa Fashion Sleeve. A sleek and colorful approach that's both minimalist and colorful. Keep yours clean and upgrade your style. Available in 21 Spring colors for the iPod Touch, iPod Classic and iPod Nano.
Features
Soft Seamless finish.
Form-fitting Fat-Free construction.
Ultra-Luxe lining.
Less than 1mm thin.
iPod is a brand of portable media players designed and marketed by Apple Inc. and launched on October 23, 2001. As of 2008, the current product line-up includes the hard drive-based iPod classic, the touchscreen iPod touch, the video-capable iPod nano and the screenless iPod shuffle. Former products include the compact iPod mini and the spin-off iPod photo (since re-integrated into the main iPod classic line). iPod classic models store media on an internal hard drive, while all other models use flash memory to enable their smaller size (the discontinued mini used a Microdrive miniature hard drive). As with many other digital music players, iPods, excluding the iPod touch, can also serve as external data storage devices. Storage capacity varies by model.
Apple's iTunes software is used to transfer music to the devices. As a jukebox application, iTunes stores a music library on the user's computer and can play, burn and rip music from a CD. It can also transfer photos, videos, games, and calendars to iPod models supporting those features. Apple focused its development on the iPod's unique user interface and its ease of use, rather than on technical capability. As of September 2007, the iPod had sold over 110 million units worldwide making it the best-selling digital audio player series in history.[1]
Microcontroller
* iPod first to third generations — Two ARM 7TDMI-derived CPUs running at 90 MHz.
* iPod fourth and fifth generations, iPod mini, iPod nano first generation — Variable-speed ARM 7TDMI CPUs, running at a peak of 80 MHz to save battery life.
* iPod nano second generation — Samsung System-On-Chip, based around an ARM processor.[16]
* iPod shuffle first generation — SigmaTel STMP3550 chip that handles both the music decoding and the audio circuitry.[17]
Audio chip
* All iPods (except the shuffle and 6G) use audio codecs developed by Wolfson Microelectronics.
* Sixth generation iPods use a Cirrus Logic audio codec chip.
Storage medium
* iPod first to sixth generation — 45.7 mm (1.8 in) hard drives (ATA-6, 4200 rpm with proprietary connectors) made by Toshiba
* iPod mini — 25.4 mm (1 in) Microdrive by Hitachi and Seagate
* iPod nano — Flash memory from Samsung, Toshiba, and others.
* iPod shuffle — Flash memory
* iPod touch — Flash memory
Batteries
* iPod first and second generation, nano, shuffle — Internal lithium polymer batteries
* iPod third to sixth generation — Internal lithium-ion batteries
Comfortable EEG headset developed by imec, Holst Centre and the Industrial Design Engineering (IDE) faculty of Delft University of Technology (TU Delft). The headset enables effective brain-computer interfacing and can monitor emotions and mood in daily life situations using a smartphone application
The Old Town Hall is a municipal building in West Street, Gateshead, England.
History
The first town hall in Gateshead was in Bush Yard. The council subsequently established itself in a building in Greenesfield in 1844. The foundation stone for the current building was laid in 1868: a stand collapsed during the ceremony killing a member of the public. The current building was designed in the Italianate style by John Johnstone who had also designed Newcastle Town Hall. Construction work on the Gateshead building was delayed after preparatory work penetrated a coal seam leading to the collapse of nearby properties and the building was eventually completed in 1870. The design involved a symmetrical main frontage with seven bays facing onto West Street; the central section of three bays, which slightly projected forward, featured a round headed doorway on the ground floor, and three stained glass windows on the first floor: there was an ornately carved pediment with a statue depicting justice at roof level.
The old town hall also served as a magistrates' court and a police station. In 1892 an ornamental clock (By Gillett & Johnston), which is Grade II listed and stands in front of the town hall, was presented to Gateshead by the mayor, Walter de Lancey Willson, on the occasion of him being elected for a third time. He was also one of the founders of Walter Willson's, a chain of grocers in the North East and Cumbria. Queen Elizabeth II, accompanied by the Duke of Edinburgh, crossed the Tyne Bridge from the north and signed the town hall visitors' book at a small table on the south side of the bridge on 29 October 1954.
The building remained the headquarters of the Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead until the council moved to Gateshead Civic Centre in Regent Street in 1987. The town hall was occupied by the Microelectronics Applications Research Institute ('MARI') who established their head office in the building from 1987 to 2001. It was then briefly used by the management of Sage Gateshead while they waited for their new building at Gateshead Quays to be competed in December 2004.
The Tyneside Cinema occupied the town hall under a short term lease while a restoration and renovation project was undertaken on their premises in Newcastle upon Tyne between November 2006 and May 2008. The main performance hall in the old town hall was refurbished in 2009 and the building was managed by Sage Gateshead from January 2013. In 2018 it was acquired by "Dinosauria" which has announced plans to convert it into an "unnatural history museum".
Gateshead is a town in the Gateshead Metropolitan Borough of Tyne and Wear, England. It is on the River Tyne's southern bank. The town's attractions include the twenty metre tall Angel of the North sculpture on the town's southern outskirts, The Glasshouse International Centre for Music and the Baltic Centre for Contemporary Art. The town shares the Millennium Bridge, Tyne Bridge and multiple other bridges with Newcastle upon Tyne.
Historically part of County Durham, under the Local Government Act 1888 the town was made a county borough, meaning it was administered independently of the county council.
In the 2011 Census, the town had a population of 120,046 while the wider borough had 200,214.
History
Gateshead is first mentioned in Latin translation in Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English People as ad caput caprae ("at the goat's head"). This interpretation is consistent with the later English attestations of the name, among them Gatesheued (c. 1190), literally "goat's head" but in the context of a place-name meaning 'headland or hill frequented by (wild) goats'. Although other derivations have been mooted, it is this that is given by the standard authorities.
A Brittonic predecessor, named with the element *gabro-, 'goat' (c.f. Welsh gafr), may underlie the name. Gateshead might have been the Roman-British fort of Gabrosentum.
Early
There has been a settlement on the Gateshead side of the River Tyne, around the old river crossing where the Swing Bridge now stands, since Roman times.
The first recorded mention of Gateshead is in the writings of the Venerable Bede who referred to an Abbot of Gateshead called Utta in 623. In 1068 William the Conqueror defeated the forces of Edgar the Ætheling and Malcolm king of Scotland (Shakespeare's Malcolm) on Gateshead Fell (now Low Fell and Sheriff Hill).
During medieval times Gateshead was under the jurisdiction of the Bishop of Durham. At this time the area was largely forest with some agricultural land. The forest was the subject of Gateshead's first charter, granted in the 12th century by Hugh du Puiset, Bishop of Durham. An alternative spelling may be "Gatishevede", as seen in a legal record, dated 1430.
Industrial revolution
Throughout the Industrial Revolution the population of Gateshead expanded rapidly; between 1801 and 1901 the increase was over 100,000. This expansion resulted in the spread southwards of the town.
In 1854, a catastrophic explosion on the quayside destroyed most of Gateshead's medieval heritage, and caused widespread damage on the Newcastle side of the river.
Sir Joseph Swan lived at Underhill, Low Fell, Gateshead from 1869 to 1883, where his experiments led to the invention of the electric light bulb. The house was the first in the world to be wired for domestic electric light.
In the 1889 one of the largest employers (Hawks, Crawshay and Company) closed down and unemployment has since been a burden. Up to the Second World War there were repeated newspaper reports of the unemployed sending deputations to the council to provide work. The depression years of the 1920s and 1930s created even more joblessness and the Team Valley Trading Estate was built in the mid-1930s to alleviate the situation.
Regeneration
In the late noughties, Gateshead Council started to regenerate the town, with the long-term aim of making Gateshead a city. The most extensive transformation occurred in the Quayside, with almost all the structures there being constructed or refurbished in this time.
In the early 2010s, regeneration refocused on the town centre. The £150 million Trinity Square development opened in May 2013, it incorporates student accommodation, a cinema, health centre and shops. It was nominated for the Carbuncle Cup in September 2014. The cup was however awarded to another development which involved Tesco, Woolwich Central.
Governance
In 1835, Gateshead was established as a municipal borough and in 1889 it was made a county borough, independent from Durham County Council.
In 1870, the Old Town Hall was built, designed by John Johnstone who also designed the previously built Newcastle Town Hall. The ornamental clock in front of the old town hall was presented to Gateshead in 1892 by the mayor, Walter de Lancey Willson, on the occasion of him being elected for a third time. He was also one of the founders of Walter Willson's, a chain of grocers in the North East and Cumbria. The old town hall also served as a magistrate's court and one of Gateshead's police stations.
Current
In 1974, following the Local Government Act 1972, the County Borough of Gateshead was merged with the urban districts of Felling, Whickham, Blaydon and Ryton and part of the rural district of Chester-le-Street to create the much larger Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead.
Geography
The town of Gateshead is in the North East of England in the ceremonial county of Tyne and Wear, and within the historic boundaries of County Durham. It is located on the southern bank of the River Tyne at a latitude of 54.57° N and a longitude of 1.35° W. Gateshead experiences a temperate climate which is considerably warmer than some other locations at similar latitudes as a result of the warming influence of the Gulf Stream (via the North Atlantic drift). It is located in the rain shadow of the North Pennines and is therefore in one of the driest regions of the United Kingdom.
One of the most distinguishing features of Gateshead is its topography. The land rises 230 feet from Gateshead Quays to the town centre and continues rising to a height of 525 feet at Queen Elizabeth Hospital in Sheriff Hill. This is in contrast to the flat and low lying Team Valley located on the western edges of town. The high elevations allow for impressive views over the Tyne valley into Newcastle and across Tyneside to Sunderland and the North Sea from lookouts in Windmill Hills and Windy Nook respectively.
The Office for National Statistics defines the town as an urban sub-division. The latest (2011) ONS urban sub-division of Gateshead contains the historical County Borough together with areas that the town has absorbed, including Dunston, Felling, Heworth, Pelaw and Bill Quay.
Given the proximity of Gateshead to Newcastle, just south of the River Tyne from the city centre, it is sometimes incorrectly referred to as being a part of Newcastle. Gateshead Council and Newcastle City Council teamed up in 2000 to create a unified marketing brand name, NewcastleGateshead, to better promote the whole of the Tyneside conurbation.
Economy
Gateshead is home to the MetroCentre, the largest shopping mall in the UK until 2008; and the Team Valley Trading Estate, once the largest and still one of the larger purpose-built commercial estates in the UK.
Arts
The Baltic Centre for Contemporary Art has been established in a converted flour mill. The Glasshouse International Centre for Music, previously The Sage, a Norman Foster-designed venue for music and the performing arts opened on 17 December 2004. Gateshead also hosted the Gateshead Garden Festival in 1990, rejuvenating 200 acres (0.81 km2) of derelict land (now mostly replaced with housing). The Angel of the North, a famous sculpture in nearby Lamesley, is visible from the A1 to the south of Gateshead, as well as from the East Coast Main Line. Other public art include works by Richard Deacon, Colin Rose, Sally Matthews, Andy Goldsworthy, Gordon Young and Michael Winstone.
Traditional and former
The earliest recorded coal mining in the Gateshead area is dated to 1344. As trade on the Tyne prospered there were several attempts by the burghers of Newcastle to annex Gateshead. In 1576 a small group of Newcastle merchants acquired the 'Grand Lease' of the manors of Gateshead and Whickham. In the hundred years from 1574 coal shipments from Newcastle increased elevenfold while the population of Gateshead doubled to approximately 5,500. However, the lease and the abundant coal supplies ended in 1680. The pits were shallow as problems of ventilation and flooding defeated attempts to mine coal from the deeper seams.
'William Cotesworth (1668-1726) was a prominent merchant based in Gateshead, where he was a leader in coal and international trade. Cotesworth began as the son of a yeoman and apprentice to a tallow - candler. He ended as an esquire, having been mayor, Justice of the Peace and sheriff of Northumberland. He collected tallow from all over England and sold it across the globe. He imported dyes from the Indies, as well as flax, wine, and grain. He sold tea, sugar, chocolate, and tobacco. He operated the largest coal mines in the area, and was a leading salt producer. As the government's principal agent in the North country, he was in contact with leading ministers.
William Hawks originally a blacksmith, started business in Gateshead in 1747, working with the iron brought to the Tyne as ballast by the Tyne colliers. Hawks and Co. eventually became one of the biggest iron businesses in the North, producing anchors, chains and so on to meet a growing demand. There was keen contemporary rivalry between 'Hawks' Blacks' and 'Crowley's Crew'. The famous 'Hawks' men' including Ned White, went on to be celebrated in Geordie song and story.
In 1831 a locomotive works was established by the Newcastle and Darlington Railway, later part of the York, Newcastle and Berwick Railway. In 1854 the works moved to the Greenesfield site and became the manufacturing headquarters of North Eastern Railway. In 1909, locomotive construction was moved to Darlington and the rest of the works were closed in 1932.
Robert Stirling Newall took out a patent on the manufacture of wire ropes in 1840 and in partnership with Messrs. Liddell and Gordon, set up his headquarters at Gateshead. A worldwide industry of wire-drawing resulted. The submarine telegraph cable received its definitive form through Newall's initiative, involving the use of gutta-percha surrounded by strong wires. The first successful Dover–Calais cable on 25 September 1851, was made in Newall's works. In 1853, he invented the brake-drum and cone for laying cable in deep seas. Half of the first Atlantic cable was manufactured in Gateshead. Newall was interested in astronomy, and his giant 25-inch (640 mm) telescope was set up in the garden at Ferndene, his Gateshead residence, in 1871.
Architecture
JB Priestley, writing of Gateshead in his 1934 travelogue English Journey, said that "no true civilisation could have produced such a town", adding that it appeared to have been designed "by an enemy of the human race".
Victorian
William Wailes the celebrated stained-glass maker, lived at South Dene from 1853 to 1860. In 1860, he designed Saltwell Towers as a fairy-tale palace for himself. It is an imposing Victorian mansion in its own park with a romantic skyline of turrets and battlements. It was originally furnished sumptuously by Gerrard Robinson. Some of the panelling installed by Robinson was later moved to the Shipley Art gallery. Wailes sold Saltwell Towers to the corporation in 1876 for use as a public park, provided he could use the house for the rest of his life. For many years the structure was essentially an empty shell but following a restoration programme it was reopened to the public in 2004.
Post millennium
The council sponsored the development of a Gateshead Quays cultural quarter. The development includes the Gateshead Millennium Bridge, erected in 2001, which won the prestigious Stirling Prize for Architecture in 2002.
Former brutalism
The brutalist Trinity Centre Car Park, which was designed by Owen Luder, dominated the town centre for many years until its demolition in 2010. A product of attempts to regenerate the area in the 1960s, the car park gained an iconic status due to its appearance in the 1971 film Get Carter, starring Michael Caine. An unsuccessful campaign to have the structure listed was backed by Sylvester Stallone, who played the main role in the 2000 remake of the film. The car park was scheduled for demolition in 2009, but this was delayed as a result of a disagreement between Tesco, who re-developed the site, and Gateshead Council. The council had not been given firm assurances that Tesco would build the previously envisioned town centre development which was to include a Tesco mega-store as well as shops, restaurants, cafes, bars, offices and student accommodation. The council effectively used the car park as a bargaining tool to ensure that the company adhered to the original proposals and blocked its demolition until they submitted a suitable planning application. Demolition finally took place in July–August 2010.
The Derwent Tower, another well known example of brutalist architecture, was also designed by Owen Luder and stood in the neighbourhood of Dunston. Like the Trinity Car Park it also failed in its bid to become a listed building and was demolished in 2012. Also located in this area are the Grade II listed Dunston Staithes which were built in 1890. Following the award of a Heritage Lottery Fund grant of almost £420,000 restoration of the structure is expected to begin in April 2014.
Sport
Gateshead International Stadium regularly holds international athletics meetings over the summer months, and is home of the Gateshead Harriers athletics club. It is also host to rugby league fixtures, and the home ground of Gateshead Football Club. Gateshead Thunder Rugby League Football Club played at Gateshead International Stadium until its purchase by Newcastle Rugby Limited and the subsequent rebranding as Newcastle Thunder. Both clubs have had their problems: Gateshead A.F.C. were controversially voted out of the Football League in 1960 in favour of Peterborough United, whilst Gateshead Thunder lost their place in Super League as a result of a takeover (officially termed a merger) by Hull F.C. Both Gateshead clubs continue to ply their trade at lower levels in their respective sports, thanks mainly to the efforts of their supporters. The Gateshead Senators American Football team also use the International Stadium, as well as this it was used in the 2006 Northern Conference champions in the British American Football League.
Gateshead Leisure Centre is home to the Gateshead Phoenix Basketball Team. The team currently plays in EBL League Division 4. Home games are usually on a Sunday afternoon during the season, which runs from September to March. The team was formed in 2013 and ended their initial season well placed to progress after defeating local rivals Newcastle Eagles II and promotion chasing Kingston Panthers.
In Low Fell there is a cricket club and a rugby club adjacent to each other on Eastwood Gardens. These are Gateshead Fell Cricket Club and Gateshead Rugby Club. Gateshead Rugby Club was formed in 1998 following the merger of Gateshead Fell Rugby Club and North Durham Rugby Club.
Transport
Gateshead is served by the following rail transport stations with some being operated by National Rail and some being Tyne & Wear Metro stations: Dunston, Felling, Gateshead Interchange, Gateshead Stadium, Heworth Interchange, MetroCentre and Pelaw.
Tyne & Wear Metro stations at Gateshead Interchange and Gateshead Stadium provide direct light-rail access to Newcastle Central, Newcastle Airport , Sunderland, Tynemouth and South Shields Interchange.
National Rail services are provided by Northern at Dunston and MetroCentre stations. The East Coast Main Line, which runs from London Kings Cross to Edinburgh Waverley, cuts directly through the town on its way between Newcastle Central and Chester-le-Street stations. There are presently no stations on this line within Gateshead, as Low Fell, Bensham and Gateshead West stations were closed in 1952, 1954 and 1965 respectively.
Road
Several major road links pass through Gateshead, including the A1 which links London to Edinburgh and the A184 which connects the town to Sunderland.
Gateshead Interchange is the busiest bus station in Tyne & Wear and was used by 3.9 million bus passengers in 2008.
Cycle routes
Various bicycle trails traverse the town; most notably is the recreational Keelmans Way (National Cycle Route 14), which is located on the south bank of the Tyne and takes riders along the entire Gateshead foreshore. Other prominent routes include the East Gateshead Cycleway, which connects to Felling, the West Gateshead Cycleway, which links the town centre to Dunston and the MetroCentre, and routes along both the old and new Durham roads, which take cyclists to Birtley, Wrekenton and the Angel of the North.
Religion
Christianity has been present in the town since at least the 7th century, when Bede mentioned a monastery in Gateshead. A church in the town was burned down in 1080 with the Bishop of Durham inside.[citation needed] St Mary's Church was built near to the site of that building, and was the only church in the town until the 1820s. Undoubtedly the oldest building on the Quayside, St Mary's has now re-opened to the public as the town's first heritage centre.
Many of the Anglican churches in the town date from the 19th century, when the population of the town grew dramatically and expanded into new areas. The town presently has a number of notable and large churches of many denominations.
Judaism
The Bensham district is home to a community of hundreds of Jewish families and used to be known as "Little Jerusalem". Within the community is the Gateshead Yeshiva, founded in 1929, and other Jewish educational institutions with international enrolments. These include two seminaries: Beis Medrash L'Morot and Beis Chaya Rochel seminary, colloquially known together as Gateshead "old" and "new" seminaries.
Many yeshivot and kollels also are active. Yeshivat Beer Hatorah, Sunderland Yeshiva, Nesivos Hatorah, Nezer Hatorah and Yeshiva Ketana make up some of the list.
Islam
Islam is practised by a large community of people in Gateshead and there are 2 mosques located in the Bensham area (in Ely Street and Villa Place).
Twinning
Gateshead is twinned with the town of Saint-Étienne-du-Rouvray near Rouen in France, and the city of Komatsu in Japan.
Notable people
Eliezer Adler – founder of Jewish Community
Marcus Bentley – narrator of Big Brother
Catherine Booth – wife of William Booth, known as the Mother of The Salvation Army
William Booth – founder of the Salvation Army
Mary Bowes – the Unhappy Countess, author and celebrity
Ian Branfoot – footballer and manager (Sheffield Wednesday and Southampton)
Andy Carroll – footballer (Newcastle United, Liverpool and West Ham United)
Frank Clark – footballer and manager (Newcastle United and Nottingham Forest)
David Clelland – Labour politician and MP
Derek Conway – former Conservative politician and MP
Joseph Cowen – Radical politician
Steve Cram – athlete (middle-distance runner)
Emily Davies – educational reformer and feminist, founder of Girton College, Cambridge
Daniel Defoe – writer and government agent
Ruth Dodds – politician, writer and co-founder of the Little Theatre
Jonathan Edwards – athlete (triple jumper) and television presenter
Sammy Johnson – actor (Spender)
George Elliot – industrialist and MP
Paul Gascoigne – footballer (Newcastle United, Tottenham Hotspur, Lazio, Rangers and Middlesbrough)
Alex Glasgow – singer/songwriter
Avrohom Gurwicz – rabbi, Dean of Gateshead Yeshiva
Leib Gurwicz – rabbi, Dean of Gateshead Yeshiva
Jill Halfpenny – actress (Coronation Street and EastEnders)
Chelsea Halfpenny – actress (Emmerdale)
David Hodgson – footballer and manager (Middlesbrough, Liverpool and Sunderland)
Sharon Hodgson – Labour politician and MP
Norman Hunter – footballer (Leeds United and member of 1966 World Cup-winning England squad)
Don Hutchison – footballer (Liverpool, West Ham United, Everton and Sunderland)
Brian Johnson – AC/DC frontman
Tommy Johnson – footballer (Aston Villa and Celtic)
Riley Jones - actor
Howard Kendall – footballer and manager (Preston North End and Everton)
J. Thomas Looney – Shakespeare scholar
Gary Madine – footballer (Sheffield Wednesday)
Justin McDonald – actor (Distant Shores)
Lawrie McMenemy – football manager (Southampton and Northern Ireland) and pundit
Thomas Mein – professional cyclist (Canyon DHB p/b Soreen)
Robert Stirling Newall – industrialist
Bezalel Rakow – communal rabbi
John William Rayner – flying ace and war hero
James Renforth – oarsman
Mariam Rezaei – musician and artist
Sir Tom Shakespeare - baronet, sociologist and disability rights campaigner
William Shield – Master of the King's Musick
Christina Stead – Australian novelist
John Steel – drummer (The Animals)
Henry Spencer Stephenson – chaplain to King George VI and Queen Elizabeth II
Steve Stone – footballer (Nottingham Forest, Aston Villa and Portsmouth)
Chris Swailes – footballer (Ipswich Town)
Sir Joseph Swan – inventor of the incandescent light bulb
Nicholas Trainor – cricketer (Gloucestershire)
Chris Waddle – footballer (Newcastle United, Tottenham Hotspur and Sheffield Wednesday)
William Wailes – stained glass maker
Taylor Wane – adult entertainer
Robert Spence Watson – public benefactor
Sylvia Waugh – author of The Mennyms series for children
Chris Wilkie – guitarist (Dubstar)
John Wilson - orchestral conductor
Peter Wilson – footballer (Gateshead, captain of Australia)
Thomas Wilson – poet/school founder
Robert Wood – Australian politician
iPod Nano
The iPod is by far among the most influential advances of our generation. Now, available online is The World's Thinnest Case, the Boa Fashion Sleeve. A sleek and colorful approach that's both minimalist and colorful. Keep yours clean and upgrade your style. Available in 21 Spring colors for the iPod Touch, iPod Classic and iPod Nano.
Features
Soft Seamless finish.
Form-fitting Fat-Free construction.
Ultra-Luxe lining.
Less than 1mm thin.
iPod is a brand of portable media players designed and marketed by Apple Inc. and launched on October 23, 2001. As of 2008, the current product line-up includes the hard drive-based iPod classic, the touchscreen iPod touch, the video-capable iPod nano and the screenless iPod shuffle. Former products include the compact iPod mini and the spin-off iPod photo (since re-integrated into the main iPod classic line). iPod classic models store media on an internal hard drive, while all other models use flash memory to enable their smaller size (the discontinued mini used a Microdrive miniature hard drive). As with many other digital music players, iPods, excluding the iPod touch, can also serve as external data storage devices. Storage capacity varies by model.
Apple's iTunes software is used to transfer music to the devices. As a jukebox application, iTunes stores a music library on the user's computer and can play, burn and rip music from a CD. It can also transfer photos, videos, games, and calendars to iPod models supporting those features. Apple focused its development on the iPod's unique user interface and its ease of use, rather than on technical capability. As of September 2007, the iPod had sold over 110 million units worldwide making it the best-selling digital audio player series in history.[1]
Microcontroller
* iPod first to third generations — Two ARM 7TDMI-derived CPUs running at 90 MHz.
* iPod fourth and fifth generations, iPod mini, iPod nano first generation — Variable-speed ARM 7TDMI CPUs, running at a peak of 80 MHz to save battery life.
* iPod nano second generation — Samsung System-On-Chip, based around an ARM processor.[16]
* iPod shuffle first generation — SigmaTel STMP3550 chip that handles both the music decoding and the audio circuitry.[17]
Audio chip
* All iPods (except the shuffle and 6G) use audio codecs developed by Wolfson Microelectronics.
* Sixth generation iPods use a Cirrus Logic audio codec chip.
Storage medium
* iPod first to sixth generation — 45.7 mm (1.8 in) hard drives (ATA-6, 4200 rpm with proprietary connectors) made by Toshiba
* iPod mini — 25.4 mm (1 in) Microdrive by Hitachi and Seagate
* iPod nano — Flash memory from Samsung, Toshiba, and others.
* iPod shuffle — Flash memory
* iPod touch — Flash memory
Batteries
* iPod first and second generation, nano, shuffle — Internal lithium polymer batteries
* iPod third to sixth generation — Internal lithium-ion batteries
Macro shot of a part-processed silicon wafer (that I happened to have lying around) showing details of memory blocks on an ASIC.
Taken with a Sony A77 using an 18-200mm (at 200mm) plus a reversed 50mm lens to produce this extreme macro.
Magnification factor is about 3.35x. This was just a test shot to see how well the reversed and stacked 50mm would work for macro, but it came out looking nice enough to post. Focusing was just by making minute adjustments to the tripod legs, depth of field is negligible.. must get a macro focusing rail..
Sony A77
18-200mm + reversed 50mm
200mm
ISO-400
f/40
6 seconds