View allAll Photos Tagged logbook
The area of present-day Manhattan was originally part of Lenape territory. European settlement began with the establishment of a trading post founded by colonists from the Dutch Republic in 1624 on Lower Manhattan; the post was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The territory and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, the Duke of York. New York, based in present-day Manhattan, served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. The Statue of Liberty in New York Harbor greeted millions of immigrants as they came to America by ship in the late 19th century and is a world symbol of the United States and its ideals of liberty and peace.[4] Manhattan became a borough during the consolidation of New York City in 1898.
The name Manhattan originated from the Lenapes language, Munsee, manaháhtaan (where manah- means "gather", -aht- means "bow", and -aan is an abstract element used to form verb stems). The Lenape word has been translated as "the place where we get bows" or "place for gathering the (wood to make) bows".
According to a Munsee tradition recorded by Albert Seqaqkind Anthony in the 19th century, the island was named so for a grove of hickory trees at its southern end that was considered ideal for the making of bows. It was first recorded in writing as Manna-hata, in the 1609 logbook of Robert Juet, an officer on Henry Hudson's yacht Halve Maen (Half Moon).
A 1610 map depicts the name Manna-hata twice, on both the east and west sides of the Mauritius River, later named the North River and ultimately the Hudson River. Alternative etymologies in folklore include "island of many hills", "the island where we all became intoxicated" and simply "island", as well as a phrase descriptive of the whirlpool at Hell Gate. It is thought that the term Manhattoe may originally have referred only to a location at the southern tip of the island before eventually signifying the entire island to the Dutch through pars pro toto.
Manhattan was historically part of the Lenapehoking territory inhabited by the Munsee Lenape and Wappinger tribes. There were several Lenape settlements in the area of Manhattan including Sapohanikan, Nechtanc, and Konaande Kongh that were interconnected by a series of trails. The primary trail on the island ran from what is now Inwood in the north to Battery Park in the south. There were various sites for fishing and planting established by the Lenape throughout Manhattan. The 48-acre (19 ha) Collect Pond, which fed the fresh water streams and marshes around it, was also an important meeting and trading location for the people in the area.
In 1524, Florentine explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano, sailing in service of King Francis I of France, became the first documented European to visit the area that would become New York City. Verrazzano entered the tidal strait now known as The Narrows and named the land around Upper New York Harbor New Angoulême, in reference to the family name of King Francis I that was derived from Angoulême in France; he sailed far enough into the harbor to sight the Hudson River, which he referred to in his report to the French king as a "very big river"; and he named the Bay of Santa Margarita – what is now Upper New York Bay – after Marguerite de Navarre, the elder sister of the king.
Manhattan was first mapped during a 1609 voyage of Henry Hudson, an Englishman who worked for the Dutch East India Company. Hudson came across Manhattan Island and the native people living there, and continued up the river that would later bear his name, the Hudson River, until he arrived at the site of present-day Albany.
A permanent European presence in New Netherland began in 1624, with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on Governors Island. In 1625, construction was started on the citadel of Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan Island, later called New Amsterdam (Nieuw Amsterdam), in what is now Lower Manhattan. The 1625 establishment of Fort Amsterdam at the southern tip of Manhattan Island is recognized as the birth of New York City.
According to a letter by Pieter Janszoon Schagen, Peter Minuit and Walloon colonists of the West India Company acquired the island of Manhattan on May 24, 1626, from unnamed native people, who are believed to have been Canarsee Indians of the Manhattoe, in exchange for traded goods worth 60 guilders, often said to be worth US$24. In actuality, 60 guilders in that time was worth 2,400 English pennies. According to the writer Nathaniel Benchley, Minuit conducted the transaction with Seyseys, chief of the Canarsee, who were willing to accept valuable merchandise in exchange for the island that was mostly controlled by the Weckquaesgeeks, a band of the Wappinger.
In 1647, Peter Stuyvesant was appointed as the last Dutch Director-General of the colony. New Amsterdam was formally incorporated as a city on February 2, 1653. In 1674, the English bought New Netherland, after Holland lost rentable sugar business in Brazil, and renamed it "New York" after the English Duke of York and Albany, the future King James II. The Dutch, under Director General Stuyvesant, successfully negotiated with the English to produce 24 articles of provisional transfer, which sought to retain for the extant citizens of New Netherland their previously attained liberties (including freedom of religion) under their new English rulers.
The Dutch Republic re-captured the city in August 1673, renaming it "New Orange". New Netherland was ultimately ceded to the English in November 1674 through the Treaty of Westminster.
Manhattan was at the heart of the New York Campaign, a series of major battles in the early stages of the American Revolutionary War. The Continental Army was forced to abandon Manhattan after the Battle of Fort Washington on November 16, 1776. The city, greatly damaged by the Great Fire of New York during the campaign, became the British military and political center of operations in North America for the remainder of the war. The military center for the colonists was established in neighboring New Jersey. British occupation lasted until November 25, 1783, when George Washington returned to Manhattan, as the last British forces left the city.
From January 11, 1785, to the fall of 1788, New York City was the fifth of five capitals of the United States under the Articles of Confederation, with the Continental Congress meeting at New York City Hall (then at Fraunces Tavern). New York was the first capital under the newly enacted Constitution of the United States, from March 4, 1789, to August 12, 1790, at Federal Hall. Federal Hall was also the site where the United States Supreme Court met for the first time, the United States Bill of Rights were drafted and ratified, and where the Northwest Ordinance was adopted, establishing measures for adding new states to the Union.
New York grew as an economic center, first as a result of Alexander Hamilton's policies and practices as the first Secretary of the Treasury and, later, with the opening of the Erie Canal in 1825, which connected the Atlantic port to the vast agricultural markets of the Midwestern United States and Canada. By 1810, New York City, then confined to Manhattan, had surpassed Philadelphia as the largest city in the United States. The Commissioners' Plan of 1811 laid out the island of Manhattan in its familiar grid plan.
Tammany Hall, a Democratic Party political machine, began to grow in influence with the support of many of the immigrant Irish, culminating in the election of the first Tammany mayor, Fernando Wood, in 1854. Tammany Hall dominated local politics for decades. Central Park, which opened to the public in 1858, became the first landscaped public park in an American city.
New York City played a complex role in the American Civil War. The city's strong commercial ties to the southern United States existed for many reasons, including the industrial power of the Hudson River, which allowed trade with stops such as the West Point Foundry, one of the great manufacturing operations in the early United States; and the city's Atlantic Ocean ports, rendering New York City the American powerhouse in terms of industrial trade between the northern and southern United States. Anger arose about conscription, with resentment at those who could afford to pay $300 to avoid service leading to resentment against Lincoln's war policies and fomenting paranoia about free Blacks taking the poor immigrants' jobs, culminating in the three-day-long New York Draft Riots of July 1863. This was among the worst incidents of civil disorder in American history, with over 100 people killed by the rioters or by the military units that stopped the riot..
The rate of immigration from Europe grew steeply after the Civil War, and Manhattan became the first stop for millions seeking a new life in the United States, a role acknowledged by the dedication of the Statue of Liberty on October 28, 1886, a gift from the people of France. New York's growing immigrant population, which had earlier consisted mainly of German and Irish immigrants, began in the late 1800s to include waves of impoverished Italians and Central and Eastern European Jews flowing in en masse. This new European immigration brought further social upheaval. In a city of tenements packed with poorly paid laborers from dozens of nations, the city became a hotbed of revolution (including anarchists and communists among others), syndicalism, racketeering, and unionization.
In 1883, the opening of the Brooklyn Bridge established a road connection to Brooklyn, across the East River. In 1874, the western portion of the present Bronx County was transferred to New York County from Westchester County, and in 1895 the remainder of the present Bronx County was annexed. In 1898, when New York City consolidated with three neighboring counties to form "the City of Greater New York", Manhattan and the Bronx, though still one county, were established as two separate boroughs. On January 1, 1914, the New York State Legislature created Bronx County and New York County was reduced to its present boundaries.
The construction of the New York City Subway, which opened in 1904, helped bind the new city together, as did additional bridges to Brooklyn. In the 1920s Manhattan experienced large arrivals of African-Americans as part of the Great Migration from the southern United States, and the Harlem Renaissance, part of a larger boom time in the Prohibition era that included new skyscrapers competing for the skyline. New York City became the most populous city in the world in 1925, overtaking London, which had reigned for a century. Manhattan's majority white ethnic group declined from 98.7% in 1900 to 58.3% by 1990.
On March 25, 1911, the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire in Greenwich Village killed 146 garment workers. The disaster eventually led to overhauls of the city's fire department, building codes, and workplace regulations.
The period between the World War I and World War II saw the election of reformist mayor Fiorello La Guardia and the fall of Tammany Hall after 80 years of political dominance. As the city's demographics stabilized, labor unionization brought new protections and affluence to the working class, the city's government and infrastructure underwent a dramatic overhaul under La Guardia.
Despite the Great Depression, some of the world's tallest skyscrapers were completed in Manhattan during the 1930s, including numerous Art Deco masterpieces that are still part of the city's skyline, most notably the Empire State Building, the Chrysler Building, and the 30 Rockefeller Plaza.
Returning World War II veterans created a postwar economic boom, which led to the development of huge housing developments targeted at returning veterans, the largest being Peter Cooper Village-Stuyvesant Town, which opened in 1947. In 1951–1952, the United Nations relocated to a new headquarters the East Side of Manhattan.
The Stonewall riots were a series of spontaneous, violent protests by members of the gay community against a police raid that took place in the early morning hours of June 28, 1969, at the Stonewall Inn in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Lower Manhattan. They are widely considered to constitute the single most important event leading to the gay liberation movement and the modern fight for LGBT rights.
In the 1970s, job losses due to industrial restructuring caused New York City, including Manhattan, to suffer from economic problems and rising crime rates. While a resurgence in the financial industry greatly improved the city's economic health in the 1980s, New York's crime rate continued to increase through the decade and into the beginning of the 1990s.
The 1980s saw a rebirth of Wall Street, and Manhattan reclaimed its role at the center of the worldwide financial industry. The 1980s also saw Manhattan at the heart of the AIDS crisis, with Greenwich Village at its epicenter. The organizations Gay Men's Health Crisis (GMHC) and AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power (ACT UP) were founded to advocate on behalf of those stricken with the disease.
By the 1990s, crime rates started to drop dramatically due to revised police strategies, improving economic opportunities, gentrification, and new residents, both American transplants and new immigrants from Asia and Latin America. Murder rates that had reached 2,245 in 1990 plummeted to 537 by 2008, and the crack epidemic and its associated drug-related violence came under greater control. The outflow of population turned around, as the city once again became the destination of immigrants from around the world, joining with low interest rates and Wall Street bonuses to fuel the growth of the real estate market. Important new sectors, such as Silicon Alley, emerged in Manhattan's economy.
On September 11, 2001, two of four hijacked planes were flown into the Twin Towers of the original World Trade Center, and the towers subsequently collapsed in the September 11 attacks launched by al-Qaeda terrorists. 7 World Trade Center collapsed due to fires and structural damage caused by heavy debris falling from the collapse of the Twin Towers. The other buildings within the World Trade Center complex were damaged beyond repair and soon after demolished. The collapse of the Twin Towers caused extensive damage to other surrounding buildings and skyscrapers in Lower Manhattan, and resulted in the deaths of 2,606 people, in addition to those on the planes. Many rescue workers and residents of the area developed several life-threatening illnesses that have led to some of their subsequent deaths.
Since 2001, most of Lower Manhattan has been restored, although there has been controversy surrounding the rebuilding. A memorial at the site was opened to the public on September 11, 2011, and the museum opened in 2014. In 2014, the new One World Trade Center, at 1,776 feet (541 m) and formerly known as the Freedom Tower, became the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere, while other skyscrapers were under construction at the site.
The Occupy Wall Street protests in Zuccotti Park in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan began on September 17, 2011, receiving global attention and spawning the Occupy movement against social and economic inequality worldwide.
On October 29 and 30, 2012, Hurricane Sandy caused extensive destruction in the borough, ravaging portions of Lower Manhattan with record-high storm surge from New York Harbor, severe flooding, and high winds, causing power outages for hundreds of thousands of city residents and leading to gasoline shortages and disruption of mass transit systems. The storm and its profound impacts have prompted the discussion of constructing seawalls and other coastal barriers around the shorelines of the borough and the metropolitan area to minimize the risk of destructive consequences from another such event in the future. Around 15 percent of the borough is considered to be in flood-risk zones.
On October 31, 2017, a terrorist took a rental pickup truck and deliberately drove down a bike path alongside the West Side Highway in Lower Manhattan, killing eight people and injuring a dozen others before crashing into a school bus.
New York, often called New York City or simply NYC, is the most populous city in the United States, located at the southern tip of New York State on one of the world's largest natural harbors. The city comprises five boroughs, each of which is coextensive with a respective county. It is a global city and a cultural, financial, high-tech, entertainment, and media center with a significant influence on commerce, health care, scientific output, life sciences, research, technology, education, politics, tourism, dining, art, fashion, and sports. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy, and is sometimes described as the world's most important city and the capital of the world.
With an estimated population in 2022 of 8,335,897 distributed over 300.46 square miles (778.2 km2), the city is the most densely populated major city in the United States. New York has more than double the population of Los Angeles, the nation's second-most populous city. New York is the geographical and demographic center of both the Northeast megalopolis and the New York metropolitan area, the largest metropolitan area in the U.S. by both population and urban area. With more than 20.1 million people in its metropolitan statistical area and 23.5 million in its combined statistical area as of 2020, New York City is one of the world's most populous megacities. The city and its metropolitan area are the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States. As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York, making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world. In 2021, the city was home to nearly 3.1 million residents born outside the U.S., the largest foreign-born population of any city in the world.
New York City traces its origins to Fort Amsterdam and a trading post founded on the southern tip of Manhattan Island by Dutch colonists in approximately 1624. The settlement was named New Amsterdam (Dutch: Nieuw Amsterdam) in 1626 and was chartered as a city in 1653. The city came under English control in 1664 and was renamed New York after King Charles II granted the lands to his brother, the Duke of York. The city was temporarily regained by the Dutch in July 1673 and was renamed New Orange; however, the city has been named New York since November 1674. New York City was the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. The modern city was formed by the 1898 consolidation of its five boroughs: Manhattan, Brooklyn, Queens, The Bronx, and Staten Island, and has been the largest U.S. city ever since.
Anchored by Wall Street in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan, New York City has been called both the world's premier financial and fintech center and the most economically powerful city in the world. As of 2022, the New York metropolitan area is the largest metropolitan economy in the world with a gross metropolitan product of over US$2.16 trillion. If the New York metropolitan area were its own country, it would have the tenth-largest economy in the world. The city is home to the world's two largest stock exchanges by market capitalization of their listed companies: the New York Stock Exchange and Nasdaq. New York City is an established safe haven for global investors. As of 2023, New York City is the most expensive city in the world for expatriates to live. New York City is home to the highest number of billionaires, individuals of ultra-high net worth (greater than US$30 million), and millionaires of any city in the world
The written history of New York City began with the first European explorer, the Italian Giovanni da Verrazzano in 1524. European settlement began with the Dutch in 1608 and New Amsterdam was founded in 1624.
The "Sons of Liberty" campaigned against British authority in New York City, and the Stamp Act Congress of representatives from throughout the Thirteen Colonies met in the city in 1765 to organize resistance to Crown policies. The city's strategic location and status as a major seaport made it the prime target for British seizure in 1776. General George Washington lost a series of battles from which he narrowly escaped (with the notable exception of the Battle of Harlem Heights, his first victory of the war), and the British Army occupied New York and made it their base on the continent until late 1783, attracting Loyalist refugees.
The city served as the national capital under the Articles of Confederation from 1785 to 1789, and briefly served as the new nation's capital in 1789–90 under the United States Constitution. Under the new government, the city hosted the inauguration of George Washington as the first President of the United States, the drafting of the United States Bill of Rights, and the first Supreme Court of the United States. The opening of the Erie Canal gave excellent steamboat connections with upstate New York and the Great Lakes, along with coastal traffic to lower New England, making the city the preeminent port on the Atlantic Ocean. The arrival of rail connections to the north and west in the 1840s and 1850s strengthened its central role.
Beginning in the mid-19th century, waves of new immigrants arrived from Europe dramatically changing the composition of the city and serving as workers in the expanding industries. Modern New York traces its development to the consolidation of the five boroughs in 1898 and an economic and building boom following the Great Depression and World War II. Throughout its history, New York has served as a main port of entry for many immigrants, and its cultural and economic influence has made it one of the most important urban areas in the United States and the world. The economy in the 1700s was based on farming, local production, fur trading, and Atlantic jobs like shipbuilding. In the 1700s, New York was sometimes referred to as a breadbasket colony, because one of its major crops was wheat. New York colony also exported other goods included iron ore as a raw material and as manufactured goods such as tools, plows, nails and kitchen items such as kettles, pans and pots.
The area that eventually encompassed modern day New York was inhabited by the Lenape people. These groups of culturally and linguistically related Native Americans traditionally spoke an Algonquian language now referred to as Unami. Early European settlers called bands of Lenape by the Unami place name for where they lived, such as "Raritan" in Staten Island and New Jersey, "Canarsee" in Brooklyn, and "Hackensack" in New Jersey across the Hudson River from Lower Manhattan. Some modern place names such as Raritan Bay and Canarsie are derived from Lenape names. Eastern Long Island neighbors were culturally and linguistically more closely related to the Mohegan-Pequot peoples of New England who spoke the Mohegan-Montauk-Narragansett language.
These peoples made use of the abundant waterways in the New York region for fishing, hunting trips, trade, and occasionally war. Many paths created by the indigenous peoples are now main thoroughfares, such as Broadway in Manhattan, the Bronx, and Westchester. The Lenape developed sophisticated techniques of hunting and managing their resources. By the time of the arrival of Europeans, they were cultivating fields of vegetation through the slash and burn technique, which extended the productive life of planted fields. They also harvested vast quantities of fish and shellfish from the bay. Historians estimate that at the time of European settlement, approximately 5,000 Lenape lived in 80 settlements around the region.
The first European visitor to the area was Giovanni da Verrazzano, an Italian in command of the French ship La Dauphine in 1524. It is believed he sailed into Upper New York Bay, where he encountered native Lenape, returned through the Narrows, where he anchored the night of April 17, and left to continue his voyage. He named the area New Angoulême (La Nouvelle-Angoulême) in honor of Francis I, King of France of the royal house of Valois-Angoulême and who had been Count of Angoulême from 1496 until his coronation in 1515. The name refers to the town of Angoulême, in the Charente département of France. For the next century, the area was occasionally visited by fur traders or explorers, such as by Esteban Gomez in 1525.
European exploration continued on September 2, 1609, when the Englishman Henry Hudson, in the employ of the Dutch East India Company, sailed the Half Moon through the Narrows into Upper New York Bay. Like Christopher Columbus, Hudson was looking for a westerly passage to Asia. He never found one, but he did take note of the abundant beaver population. Beaver pelts were in fashion in Europe, fueling a lucrative business. Hudson's report on the regional beaver population served as the impetus for the founding of Dutch trading colonies in the New World. The beaver's importance in New York's history is reflected by its use on the city's official seal.
The first Dutch fur trading posts and settlements were in 1614 near present-day Albany, New York, the same year that New Netherland first appeared on maps. Only in May 1624 did the Dutch West India Company land a number of families at Noten Eylant (today's Governors Island) off the southern tip of Manhattan at the mouth of the North River (today's Hudson River). Soon thereafter, most likely in 1626, construction of Fort Amsterdam began. Later, the Dutch West Indies Company imported African slaves to serve as laborers; they were forced to build the wall that defended the town against English and Indian attacks. Early directors included Willem Verhulst and Peter Minuit. Willem Kieft became director in 1638 but five years later was embroiled in Kieft's War against the Native Americans. The Pavonia Massacre, across the Hudson River in present-day Jersey City, resulted in the death of 80 natives in February 1643. Following the massacre, Algonquian tribes joined forces and nearly defeated the Dutch. Holland sent additional forces to the aid of Kieft, leading to the overwhelming defeat of the Native Americans and a peace treaty on August 29, 1645.
On May 27, 1647, Peter Stuyvesant was inaugurated as director general upon his arrival and ruled as a member of the Dutch Reformed Church. The colony was granted self-government in 1652, and New Amsterdam was incorporated as a city on February 2, 1653. The first mayors (burgemeesters) of New Amsterdam, Arent van Hattem and Martin Cregier, were appointed in that year. By the early 1660s, the population consisted of approximately 1500 Europeans, only about half of whom were Dutch, and 375 Africans, 300 of whom were slaves.
A few of the original Dutch place names have been retained, most notably Flushing (after the Dutch town of Vlissingen), Harlem (after Haarlem), and Brooklyn (after Breukelen). Few buildings, however, remain from the 17th century. The oldest recorded house still in existence in New York, the Pieter Claesen Wyckoff House in Brooklyn, dates from 1652.
On August 27, 1664, four English frigates under the command of Col. Richard Nicolls sailed into New Amsterdam's harbor and demanded New Netherland's surrender, as part of an effort by King Charles II's brother James, Duke of York, the Lord High Admiral to provoke the Second Anglo-Dutch War. Two weeks later, Stuyvesant officially capitulated by signing Articles of Surrender and in June 1665, the town was reincorporated under English law and renamed "New York" after the Duke, and Fort Orange was renamed "Fort Albany". The war ended in a Dutch victory in 1667, but the colony remained under English rule as stipulated in the Treaty of Breda. During the Third Anglo-Dutch War, the Dutch briefly recaptured the city in 1673, renaming the city "New Orange", before permanently ceding the colony of New Netherland to England for what is now Suriname in November 1674 at the Treaty of Westminster.
The colony benefited from increased immigration from Europe and its population grew faster. The Bolting Act of 1678, whereby no mill outside the city was permitted to grind wheat or corn, boosted growth until its repeal in 1694, increasing the number of houses over the period from 384 to 983.
In the context of the Glorious Revolution in England, Jacob Leisler led Leisler's Rebellion and effectively controlled the city and surrounding areas from 1689 to 1691, before being arrested and executed.
Lawyers
In New York at first, legal practitioners were full-time businessmen and merchants, with no legal training, who had watched a few court proceedings, and mostly used their own common sense together with snippets they had picked up about English law. Court proceedings were quite informal, for the judges had no more training than the attorneys.
By the 1760s, the situation had dramatically changed. Lawyers were essential to the rapidly growing international trade, dealing with questions of partnerships, contracts, and insurance. The sums of money involved were large, and hiring an incompetent lawyer was a very expensive proposition. Lawyers were now professionally trained, and conversant in an extremely complex language that combined highly specific legal terms and motions with a dose of Latin. Court proceedings became a baffling mystery to the ordinary layman. Lawyers became more specialized and built their reputation, and their fee schedule, on the basis of their reputation for success. But as their status, wealth and power rose, animosity grew even faster. By the 1750s and 1760s, there was a widespread attack ridiculing and demeaning the lawyers as pettifoggers (lawyers lacking sound legal skills). Their image and influence declined. The lawyers organized a bar association, but it fell apart in 1768 during the bitter political dispute between the factions based in the Delancey and Livingston families. A large fraction of the prominent lawyers were Loyalists; their clientele was often to royal authority or British merchants and financiers. They were not allowed to practice law unless they took a loyalty oath to the new United States of America. Many went to Britain or Canada (primarily to New Brunswick and Nova Scotia) after losing the war.
For the next century, various attempts were made, and failed, to build an effective organization of lawyers. Finally a Bar Association emerged in 1869 that proved successful and continues to operate.
By 1700, the Lenape population of New York had diminished to 200. The Dutch West Indies Company transported African slaves to the post as trading laborers used to build the fort and stockade, and some gained freedom under the Dutch. After the seizure of the colony in 1664, the slave trade continued to be legal. In 1703, 42% of the New York households had slaves; they served as domestic servants and laborers but also became involved in skilled trades, shipping and other fields. Yet following reform in ethics according to American Enlightenment thought, by the 1770s slaves made up less than 25% of the population.
By the 1740s, 20% of the residents of New York were slaves, totaling about 2,500 people.
After a series of fires in 1741, the city panicked over rumors of its black population conspiring with some poor whites to burn the city. Historians believe their alarm was mostly fabrication and fear, but officials rounded up 31 black and 4 white people, who over a period of months were convicted of arson. Of these, the city executed 13 black people by burning them alive and hanged the remainder of those incriminated.
The Stamp Act and other British measures fomented dissent, particularly among Sons of Liberty who maintained a long-running skirmish with locally stationed British troops over Liberty Poles from 1766 to 1776. The Stamp Act Congress met in New York City in 1765 in the first organized resistance to British authority across the colonies. After the major defeat of the Continental Army in the Battle of Long Island in late 1776, General George Washington withdrew to Manhattan Island, but with the subsequent defeat at the Battle of Fort Washington the island was effectively left to the British. The city became a haven for loyalist refugees, becoming a British stronghold for the entire war. Consequently, the area also became the focal point for Washington's espionage and intelligence-gathering throughout the war.
New York was greatly damaged twice by fires of suspicious origin, with the Loyalists and Patriots accusing each other of starting the conflagration. The city became the political and military center of operations for the British in North America for the remainder of the war. Continental Army officer Nathan Hale was hanged in Manhattan for espionage. In addition, the British began to hold the majority of captured American prisoners of war aboard prison ships in Wallabout Bay, across the East River in Brooklyn. More Americans lost their lives aboard these ships than died in all the battles of the war. The British occupation lasted until November 25, 1783. George Washington triumphantly returned to the city that day, as the last British forces left the city.
Starting in 1785 the Congress met in the city of New York under the Articles of Confederation. In 1789, New York became the first national capital under the new Constitution. The Constitution also created the current Congress of the United States, and its first sitting was at Federal Hall on Wall Street. The first Supreme Court sat there. The United States Bill of Rights was drafted and ratified there. George Washington was inaugurated at Federal Hall. New York remained the national capital until 1790, when the role was transferred to Philadelphia.
During the 19th century, the city was transformed by immigration, a visionary development proposal called the Commissioners' Plan of 1811 which expanded the city street grid to encompass all of Manhattan, and the opening of the Erie Canal in 1825, which connected the Atlantic port to the vast agricultural markets of the Midwestern United States and Canada. By 1835, New York had surpassed Philadelphia as the largest city in the United States. New York grew as an economic center, first as a result of Alexander Hamilton's policies and practices as the first Secretary of the Treasury.
In 1842, water was piped from a reservoir to supply the city for the first time.
The Great Irish Famine (1845–1850) brought a large influx of Irish immigrants, and by 1850 the Irish comprised one quarter of the city's population. Government institutions, including the New York City Police Department and the public schools, were established in the 1840s and 1850s to respond to growing demands of residents. In 1831, New York University was founded by U.S. Secretary of the Treasury Albert Gallatin as a non-denominal institution surrounding Washington Square Park.
This period started with the 1855 inauguration of Fernando Wood as the first mayor from Tammany Hall. It was the political machine based among Irish Americans that controlled the local Democratic Party. It usually dominated local politics throughout this period and into the 1930s. Public-minded members of the merchant community pressed for a Central Park, which was opened to a design competition in 1857; it became the first landscape park in an American city.
During the American Civil War (1861–1865), the city was affected by its history of strong commercial ties to the South; before the war, half of its exports were related to cotton, including textiles from upstate mills. Together with its growing immigrant population, which was angry about conscription, sympathies among residents were divided for both the Union and Confederacy at the outbreak of war. Tensions related to the war culminated in the Draft Riots of 1863 led by Irish Catholics, who attacked black neighborhood and abolitionist homes. Many blacks left the city and moved to Brooklyn. After the Civil War, the rate of immigration from Europe grew steeply, and New York became the first stop for millions seeking a new and better life in the United States, a role acknowledged by the dedication of the Statue of Liberty in 1886.
From 1890 to 1930, the largest cities, led by New York, were the focus of international attention. The skyscrapers and tourist attractions were widely publicized. Suburbs were emerging as bedroom communities for commuters to the central city. San Francisco dominated the West, Atlanta dominated the South, Boston dominated New England; Chicago dominated the Midwest United States. New York City dominated the entire nation in terms of communications, trade, finance, popular culture, and high culture. More than a fourth of the 300 largest corporations in 1920 were headquartered here.
In 1898, the modern City of New York was formed with the consolidation of Brooklyn (until then an independent city), Manhattan, and outlying areas. Manhattan and the Bronx were established as two separate boroughs and joined with three other boroughs created from parts of adjacent counties to form the new municipal government originally called "Greater New York". The Borough of Brooklyn incorporated the independent City of Brooklyn, recently joined to Manhattan by the Brooklyn Bridge; the Borough of Queens was created from western Queens County (with the remnant established as Nassau County in 1899); and the Borough of Richmond contained all of Richmond County. Municipal governments contained within the boroughs were abolished, and the county governmental functions were absorbed by the city or each borough. In 1914, the New York State Legislature created Bronx County, making five counties coterminous with the five boroughs.
The Bronx had a steady boom period during 1898–1929, with a population growth by a factor of six from 200,000 in 1900 to 1.3 million in 1930. The Great Depression created a surge of unemployment, especially among the working class, and a slow-down of growth.
On June 15, 1904, over 1,000 people, mostly German immigrant women and children, were killed when the excursion steamship General Slocum caught fire and sank. It is the city's worst maritime disaster. On March 25, 1911, the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire in Greenwich Village took the lives of 146 garment workers. In response, the city made great advancements in the fire department, building codes, and workplace regulations.
Throughout the first half of the 20th century, the city became a world center for industry, commerce, and communication, marking its rising influence with such events as the Hudson-Fulton Celebration of 1909. Interborough Rapid Transit (the first New York City Subway company) began operating in 1904, and the railroads operating out of Grand Central Terminal and Pennsylvania Station thrived.
From 1918 to 1920, New York City was affected by the largest rent strike wave in its history. Somewhere between several 10,000's and 100,000's of tenants struck across the city. A WW1 housing and coal shortage sparked the strikes. It became marked both by occasional violent scuffles and the Red Scare. It would lead to the passage of the first rent laws in the nations history.
The city was a destination for internal migrants as well as immigrants. Through 1940, New York was a major destination for African Americans during the Great Migration from the rural American South. The Harlem Renaissance flourished during the 1920s and the era of Prohibition. New York's ever accelerating changes and rising crime and poverty rates were reduced after World War I disrupted trade routes, the Immigration Restriction Acts limited additional immigration after the war, and the Great Depression reduced the need for new labor. The combination ended the rule of the Gilded Age barons. As the city's demographics temporarily stabilized, labor unionization helped the working class gain new protections and middle-class affluence, the city's government and infrastructure underwent a dramatic overhaul under Fiorello La Guardia, and his controversial parks commissioner, Robert Moses, ended the blight of many tenement areas, expanded new parks, remade streets, and restricted and reorganized zoning controls.
For a while, New York ranked as the most populous city in the world, overtaking London in 1925, which had reigned for a century.[58] During the difficult years of the Great Depression, the reformer Fiorello La Guardia was elected as mayor, and Tammany Hall fell after eighty years of political dominance.
Despite the effects of the Great Depression, some of the world's tallest skyscrapers were built during the 1930s. Art Deco architecture—such as the iconic Chrysler Building, Empire State Building, and 30 Rockefeller Plaza— came to define the city's skyline. The construction of the Rockefeller Center occurred in the 1930s and was the largest-ever private development project at the time. Both before and especially after World War II, vast areas of the city were also reshaped by the construction of bridges, parks and parkways coordinated by Robert Moses, the greatest proponent of automobile-centered modernist urbanism in America.
Returning World War II veterans and immigrants from Europe created a postwar economic boom. Demands for new housing were aided by the G.I. Bill for veterans, stimulating the development of huge suburban tracts in eastern Queens and Nassau County. The city was extensively photographed during the post–war years by photographer Todd Webb.
New York emerged from the war as the leading city of the world, with Wall Street leading the United States ascendancy. In 1951, the United Nations relocated from its first headquarters in Flushing Meadows Park, Queens, to the East Side of Manhattan. During the late 1960s, the views of real estate developer and city leader Robert Moses began to fall out of favor as the anti-urban renewal views of Jane Jacobs gained popularity. Citizen rebellion stopped a plan to construct an expressway through Lower Manhattan.
After a short war boom, the Bronx declined from 1950 to 1985, going from predominantly moderate-income to mostly lower-income, with high rates of violent crime and poverty. The Bronx has experienced an economic and developmental resurgence starting in the late 1980s that continues into today.
The transition away from the industrial base toward a service economy picked up speed, while the jobs in the large shipbuilding and garment industries declined sharply. The ports converted to container ships, costing many traditional jobs among longshoremen. Many large corporations moved their headquarters to the suburbs or to distant cities. At the same time, there was enormous growth in services, especially finance, education, medicine, tourism, communications and law. New York remained the largest city and largest metropolitan area in the United States, and continued as its largest financial, commercial, information, and cultural center.
Like many major U.S. cities, New York suffered race riots, gang wars and some population decline in the late 1960s. Street activists and minority groups such as the Black Panthers and Young Lords organized rent strikes and garbage offensives, demanding improved city services for poor areas. They also set up free health clinics and other programs, as a guide for organizing and gaining "Power to the People." By the 1970s the city had gained a reputation as a crime-ridden relic of history. In 1975, the city government avoided bankruptcy only through a federal loan and debt restructuring by the Municipal Assistance Corporation, headed by Felix Rohatyn. The city was also forced to accept increased financial scrutiny by an agency of New York State. In 1977, the city was struck by the New York City blackout of 1977 and serial slayings by the Son of Sam.
The 1980s began a rebirth of Wall Street, and the city reclaimed its role at the center of the worldwide financial industry. Unemployment and crime remained high, the latter reaching peak levels in some categories around the close of the decade and the beginning of the 1990s. Neighborhood restoration projects funded by the city and state had very good effects for New York, especially Bedford-Stuyvesant, Harlem, and The Bronx. The city later resumed its social and economic recovery, bolstered by the influx of Asians, Latin Americans, and U.S. citizens, and by new crime-fighting techniques on the part of the New York Police Department. In 1989, New York City elected its first African American Mayor, David Dinkins. He came out of the Harlem Clubhouse.
In the late 1990s, the city benefited from the nationwide fall of violent crime rates, the resurgence of the finance industry, and the growth of the "Silicon Alley", during the dot com boom, one of the factors in a decade of booming real estate values. New York was also able to attract more business and convert abandoned industrialized neighborhoods into arts or attractive residential neighborhoods; examples include the Meatpacking District and Chelsea (in Manhattan) and Williamsburg (in Brooklyn).
New York's population reached an all-time high in the 2000 census; according to census estimates since 2000, the city has continued to grow, including rapid growth in the most urbanized borough, Manhattan. During this period, New York City was a site of the September 11 attacks of 2001; 2,606 people who were in the towers and in the surrounding area were killed by a terrorist attack on the World Trade Center, an event considered highly traumatic for the city but which did not stop the city's rapid regrowth. On November 3, 2014, One World Trade Center opened on the site of the attack. Hurricane Sandy brought a destructive storm surge to New York in the evening of October 29, 2012, flooding numerous streets, tunnels, and subway lines in Lower Manhattan. It flooded low-lying areas of Brooklyn, Queens, and Staten Island. Electrical power was lost in many parts of the city and its suburbs.
This Qatari Company is so attentive to his muslim passengers …
(Message regularly displayed on the front seat display).
The Mystery of Huey 411
Article posted on August 13, 2015 by Burl Burlingame | Pearl Harbor Aviation Museum website
Bob Broaddus folded his lanky frame into the UH-1H Huey and stuck his head up into the equivalent of the aircraft’s rafters. He began to poke around, occasionally consulting a dog-eared logbook. Then he jumped down and quietly said, “Here she is — Huey 411. The numbers match.”
And just like that, a mystery was solved.
Sometimes, mysteries aren’t where you expect to find them. This is the case with Pacific Aviation Museum’s Huey helicopter. The weather beaten aircraft had been sitting in Hangar 79 for years, a modest monument to the massive evolution in battlefield rotorcraft during the Vietnam War. It wasn’t until I started to research the aircraft’s history that we discovered she wasn’t what we thought she was.
The serial number was bogus. Not only that, the same serial was painted on at least one other Huey, which is currently on display at Barbers Point. The folks there confirmed that their Huey actually matched the serial number. Since both helicopters were passed on from the Army Reserve squadron based at Wheeler Army Air Field, it was apparent they had cut one set of stencils and used them twice.
Every military aircraft has a manufacturer’s data plate that gives the particulars of that airframe. But when these Hueys were permanently grounded, the data plates were returned to Bell Helicopter. There are other serial numbers stamped on other parts of the airframe, however, and museum friend and Huey expert Pat Rodgers found such a number on our Huey’s drive train. He contacted Bell, who told him the parts belonged to UH-1H 68-16411.
Is that really our machine? It’s possible that internal parts were swapped with other Hueys. Maybe some veterans who knew the helicopter could shed a little light. Cross-matching serials with Vietnam-era squadrons revealed that Huey 411 — if she actually was Huey 411 — served with the 56th Transportation Company based at Long Thanh North. I found some Vietnam-vet chat groups online and began sending out blind requests for information. I knew I had to find just one guy in the know and then the word would get out.
And it did. Almost immediately, I received responses from 56th vets Jay Warshauer, Robert Cartwright, and — all the way from Finland — Dave Heikkila. Heikkila, as it turned out, had already been pursuing a lead on the helicopter, based on a 1994 photo of the bird in Hawaii Guard colors.
“WOW!!! I am really amazed to receive your e-mail! Still can’t believe it!” he wrote. “Great to hear that you seem to have the 56th ship. I’m STILL shocked! Our guys will LOVE to hear THIS news!”
And he began to spread the news to other 56th vets, courtesy of the Internet.
“Something so significant to me personally is still intact and on its way to being representative of the single-most iconic image of the war in Vietnam and in the Pacific Aviation Museum, no less!” wrote Bill Quillen. “Being a crew member on 411 for a brief period in her history is an emotional thing for me and even more so now.”
A piece of video footage was posted on YouTube featuring 56th helicopters, and they thanked the aviation museum in the video. Then, museum director Ken DeHoff received an email query from Christina Olds (daughter of legendary ace Robin Olds, who was born on Ford Island — small world!). He passed it on to me to answer her question: “I was wondering if you could steer me in the right direction for solving this mystery. One of our museum members, Bob Broaddus, was a Huey door gunner and crew chief during Vietnam. He is now Chief Inspector for REACH Air Medical Services here in Sonoma County, CA. For over 40 years he has been searching for hints about where ‘his’ Huey might be these days. All searches turned up empty until he happened to see a YouTube video posted in December showing that particular Huey (68-16411) flying during Vietnam missions …”
I wrote back, and within hours received an email from Broaddus, which said in part: “I was the door gunner/crew chief on 411 from December 1969 to August 1970. I would like to come to the islands this summer and see my old ship, would this be possible? This August it will 45 years the last time I flew in my ship.”
Both Quillen and Broaddus began forwarding pictures of Huey 411, and gave some insight into the bird’s wartime experience. Bell’s build number for the ship was 11070, delivered originally Nov. 3, 1969, to Fort Hood, Texas. The 56th Transportation Company, was located at Long Thanh North airfield, and provided direct and back-up support maintenance for more than 40 “customers.” The 56th had more than 427 aircraft; 273 rotary wing and 155 fixed-wing aircraft. They had a pair of recovery teams of Huey’s designated to dash into a crash zone, secure the area, and prepare the downed helicopter for transport. The other Huey — 68-15381 — was hit by a Viet Cong missile and destroyed, with four crew members killed.
So Huey 411 was the only surviving Huey from the 56th. But we still weren’t absolutely convinced the UH-1H in our hangar was actually Huey 411.
Broaddus stopped by the museum in early June, bearing logbooks, photographs, and a head full of memories. He hopped aboard and confirmed our bird really is Huey 411. Broaddus, once again checking his logs, discovered that 45 years ago exactly, he had been flying a mission in Huey 411. I had him sit in his usual station to get a picture. He pointed out where he had added a little shelf by his shoulder to hold his camera while flying, but an enemy machine gun round had ripped away the shelf and shattered his camera.
“When you fly in danger every day in a certain aircraft, you develop a relationship with it,” he mused. “I’ve always wondered what had happened to Huey 411.”
When we start to restore her in 2016, she’ll go back in time to 1970 and she’ll look right. It’s the honorable way to commemorate her service. (The photograph above was taken in 2019, after the restoration mentioned above, and reflects the 1970 look that properly honors this helicopters service to our country.)
www.pearlharboraviationmuseum.org/blog/the-mystery-of-hue...
Three bracketed photos were taken with a handheld Nikon D7200 and combined with Photomatix Pro to create this HDR image. Additional adjustments were made in Photoshop CS6.
"For I know the plans I have for you", declares the LORD, "plans to prosper you and not to harm you, plans to give you hope and a future." ~Jeremiah 29:11
The best way to view my photostream is through Flickriver with the following link: www.flickriver.com/photos/photojourney57/
Landing in Guanzhou after eleven hours of flight...
* * *
Atterrissage à Canton après onze heures de vol…
Registration No.: M313ABP
Previous Reg. No.: N/A
Registered: May 1995
Age (when seen): 29 years, 10 months
Make/Model: ERF EC10
Engine: Cummins L10 10.0 litre 6-cylinder
Euro Emissions Rating: Euro I
Cabin Config.: Low roof sleeper (with high wind kit)
Chassis Config.: 4X2 tractor unit
Trailer: N/A
Operated by: James Reekie Transport Services Ltd, Kinglassie
Previously Operated by: Unidentified showman
Fleet No.: N/A
Name: 'Lady Luck'
Location: Undisclosed*
Date Taken: Sunday, 02.03.2025
Camera: Nikon Coolpix P950
This is one of many ERF lorries seen in James Reekie's yard in Fife after the staff there kindly allowed myself and @Fraser Hill in to take photographs, which we really appreciate. It's quite possibly the largest collection of ERFs in Scotland, including this 1995 EC10 model which was previously owned by an unidentified showman whose 'Lady Luck' livery still remains on the vehicle. Whether this was the name of the funfair, a particular attraction or the lorry itself is not clear. It was last photographed in 2019 while still working for the fairground industry, and the V5C logbook changed in 2020 which is presumably when James Reekie bought the vehicle. It's marked as SORN (Statutory Off Road Notification).
*I have decided not to 'geotag' this photo or reveal the location where it was taken, as the large collection contains many rare and sought-after vehicles and parts, and doesn't need people poking around.
© Copyright Alex Hill
This is a page from the notebook I use when I'm operating portable, in the field. It's the first page from my most recent Summits-On-The-Air (SOTA) activation, on Pine Hill in Northern California. Some of the notations (the check-marks, distances, "Georgia") were added later, after I got home and started to enter the information in the computer.
Translation of the stations logged:
W6JMP (Gene, El Dorado Hills, CA--less than 4 miles away)
KK6ZLY/AG (Alex, on another SOTA summit in the San Francisco Bay Area--"S-2-S!")
W0MNA (in eastern Kansas)
W0ERI (in eastern Kansas)
N4DA (in Georgia [!])
This was my first time on HF, so I was pretty excited about the Kansas and Georgia QSO's.
Registration G987XAY
Make RENAULT
Model 21 GTS
Date of first registration December 1989
Year of manufacture 1989
Cylinder capacity 1721cc - PETROL
Export marker No
Vehicle status SORN
Vehicle colour BLUE
Date of last V5C (logbook) issued 2 January 2012
Continuing 2020 with something a bit different - time to raise the bar a little with typed up notes:)
So here I am - not quite a 15yr old who's just inherited a typewriter:)
I decided to practise my typing skills by transcribing some of my Heathrow logs, taken from my scruffy school notebooks.
Trails - overflights - contrails
Not only was I typing, I was even making good use of the red ribbon, indicating the overflights or 'trails' as we called them - and by that I mean logging the overflights that passed 30,000' above Heathrow, mostly on corridor Upper Green 1 (UG1), from memory! What we had discovered, was that some of the staff at the desks of the European airlines in Terminal 2 would, if asked nicely, give you registration tie-ups off their computer systems :) This made logging them much more rewarding.
What then developed was a philosophical argument as to whether these reg's 'counted' in the same way as seeing an aircraft at an airport - a never ending debate!
The log just records my 'cops' for the day, and here are the highlights from the log books
N447T - Transmeridian Air Cargo CL-44-0 - who remembers the Conroy Skymonster!
Four G2s - N6JW, N99GA, N819GA & A6-HHZ
and the overflights:
a real feast logged here with:
HL7317 Korean Airlines on the daily flight from Paris to New York [can't remember how I got the reg tie-up for this one]
N108RD, N109RD Airlift DC-8s
Plenty of Lufthansas, and a couple of MAC Starlifters 40642 & 67955
'Aircraft spotting or plane spotting is a hobby of tracking the movement of aircraft, which is often accomplished by photography. Besides monitoring aircraft, aircraft spotting enthusiasts (who are usually called plane spotters) also record information regarding airports, air traffic control communications and airline routes.'
See more here! en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_spotting
You can see a random selection of my aviation memories here: www.flickriver.com/photos/heathrowjunkie/random/
Aviation Memories
Starting the New Year 2020 with something a bit different :)
Here is my original log of my first visits to London Heathrow as a fledgling planespotter. It was the weekend of 12th & 13th June 1976, and the sheets are ripped out of my school note books - what a useful way of utilising what we called our 'Rough Books' - I was an early adopter of Recycling :)
I had just turned 14 years of age, and I was looking to expand my portfolio of hobbies! I had already been indoctrinated into the world of bus spotting and train spotting by my older brother, but he never had an interest in aviation. It was my school mates at senior school who encouraged me to visit Heathrow - a mere 4 miles from where I lived in Southall! I was quickly hooked, and the interest never really went away, although it waned by the early 1990s when all the best aircraft had disappeared :(
Highlights from the log books
51 aircraft 'copped' on the first visit, and these were the highlights:
128426 C-118B US Marines :)) - a DC-6!
ZS-SPA Boeing 747SP SAL - my first
9Q-CLI DC-10 Air Zaire - scheduled
I-DYNC DC-10 Alitalia - a visitor!
LV-ISC Boeing 707 Aerolineas Argentinas - scheduled
YV-126C DC-8 Viasa - scheduled
and then down the pecking order:
CCCP-86605, 86613 Il-62s Aeroflot
SP-LAD Il-62 LOT
SP-LHE Tu-134A LOT
LZ-TUE Tu-134 Balkan
N99862 DC-8 Cyprus AW
5X-UWM VC-10 EAA
9G-ABO VC-10 Ghana
A40-VG VC-10 Gulf Air
I-DIWI, DIWN, DIWU three Alitalia DC-8s!
and so it goes on - just spoilt for choice :)
Also of note was the 'copping' of Trident 3 G-AWZT on the 13th, as this became the only Trident 3 to be lost in an air crash just three months later on 10th Sep 1976. [see comments below]
You can see a random selection of my aviation memories here: www.flickriver.com/photos/heathrowjunkie/random/
'Aircraft spotting or plane spotting is a hobby of tracking the movement of aircraft, which is often accomplished by photography. Besides monitoring aircraft, aircraft spotting enthusiasts (who are usually called plane spotters) also record information regarding airports, air traffic control communications and airline routes.'
See more here! en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_spotting
This official Doctor Who doll is a little smaler than Barbie. Outfit is nicely done, especially the coat.
Bad work on the extremely week joints of the knees (nearly not able to stand) and the nearly immobile head. Don't like the color of the pants and the plastic "hair". Face has quite a likeness.
-----
© 2018 photos4dreams - all rights reserved
Spending the night in Råå. All is quiet, there is no wind -- and there is Telia surfzon here!
Happy 4th of July!
Aviation Memories
Starting the New Year 2020 with something a bit different :)
These two sheets from my early log books are ripped out of one of my school note books - a useful way of utilising what we called our 'Rough Books' - I was an early adopter of Recycling :)
On the left - from sometime in 1977, is a list compiled to show the remaining British Airways and British Caledonian aircraft that I still needed to see! There are a whole load of Trident 1s scratched out that I had found out had been scrapped: G-ARPA, C, E, F, G, H, J, M all lost :(
The information would have been gleaned from my then 'bible' 'Civil Aircraft Markings 1977' - pictures of the old spotting books may follow :) I like the fact I included the prototype Concordes G-AXDN & G-BSST - not much chance of seeing them at Heathrow! The two HS-748s G-BCOE, F also eluded me until I visited the Scottish Isles in the 1980s.
On the right - shows an early visit to Heathrow in February 1977. Of interest is the 'copping' of Pan Am Boeing 747 N736PA, which was the aircraft involved in the tragic Tenerife disaster, just a month later on 27th March 1977.
I was 14 years of age, and I was looking to expand my portfolio of hobbies! I had already been indoctrinated into the world of bus spotting and train spotting by my older brother, but he never had an interest in aviation. It was my school mates at senior school who encouraged me to visit Heathrow - a mere 4 miles from where I lived in Southall! I was quickly hooked, and the interest never really went away, although it waned by the early 1990s when all the best aircraft had disappeared :(
Highlights from the Heathrow log book
VR-BFR Learjet
YR-BCH Tarom BAC 1-11
EC-CBO Iberia DC-10
5X-UVJ EAA VC-10 - the EAA VC-10s soon disappeared
OY-APM Maersk HS-125
Not a riveting day but plenty of variety all the same :)
You can see a random selection of my aviation memories here: www.flickriver.com/photos/heathrowjunkie/random/
'Aircraft spotting or plane spotting is a hobby of tracking the movement of aircraft, which is often accomplished by photography. Besides monitoring aircraft, aircraft spotting enthusiasts (who are usually called plane spotters) also record information regarding airports, air traffic control communications and airline routes.'
See more here! en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_spotting
Railway Ephemera - my original and first newly bought Combined Volume from 1970 :) This page shows the only Class 23 'Baby Deltic' D5902 that I managed to see - abandoned at Stratford shed (seen from a passing train back in the day).
The page also shows the meagre number of Class 22 and 29 North British Type 2s that I managed to see!
You can see a random selection of my railway photos here on Flickriver: www.flickriver.com/photos/themightyhood/random/
Continuing 2020 with some time travel back to Heathrow in the 1970s :)
Another page torn from one of my school note books - a useful way of utilising what we called our 'Rough Books' - I was an early adopter of Recycling :) It shows runway 23 arrivals as noted by me from the back bedroom and garden of my house in Southall :)
Sun. 30th Oct 1977 Here we have the third of four sheets covering nearly a full day of Heathrow arrivals, the afternoon being 23 arrivals - lucky for me it wasn't a school day!
Highlights from the log books
The star was KLM Boeing 747 PH-BUA on the evening Amsterdam flight in lieu of the regular DC-8S
Although regular, Syrian Air YK-AHB on RB407 made it the third 747SP of the day
YA-HBA Boeing 720 was on the regular weekly Sunday flight FG201 from Kabul
Then it was light & biz in the form of
G-BART Green Shield HS.125, HZ-ADC regular Saudi G2 and scheduled Air Anglia flight AQ054 bringing in a Piper Pa-31 Navajo - wouldn't happen today!
I can't believe I logged all the times! I think I might have been getting a bit obsessive :)
'Aircraft spotting or plane spotting is a hobby of tracking the movement of aircraft, which is often accomplished by photography. Besides monitoring aircraft, aircraft spotting enthusiasts (who are usually called plane spotters) also record information regarding airports, air traffic control communications and airline routes.'
See more here! en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_spotting
You can see a random selection of my aviation memories here: www.flickriver.com/photos/heathrowjunkie/random/
Aviation Memories
Starting the New Year 2020 with something a bit different :)
Here is my original log of my first visit to London Gatwick as a fledgling planespotter. It seems to be from January 1977, and the sheet is ripped out of one of my school note books - a useful way of utilising what we called our 'Rough Books' - I was an early adopter of Recycling :)
I was 14 years of age, and I was looking to expand my portfolio of hobbies! I had already been indoctrinated into the world of bus spotting and train spotting by my older brother, but he never had an interest in aviation. It was my school mates at senior school who encouraged me to visit Heathrow - a mere 4 miles from where I lived in Southall! I was quickly hooked, and the interest never really went away, although it waned by the early 1990s when all the best aircraft had disappeared :(
I can't remember when I actually made my first Gatwick visit, but it would have been late 1976, or early 1977, and involved taking the Green Line 727 coach from Heathrow. This is my earliest surviving log book from a Gatwick visit, but there were already a number of 'no-cops' marked.
Highlights from the log book
I-KISS Learjet - one of the first 'special' registrations that I remember noticing - they became quite the fashion in the 1980s!
N8766 - Capitol Airways DC-8 - my first
N864F, N868F - not one but TWO ONA DC-8s
G-APYC, APYD - vintage Dan Air Comets (the latter got preserved)
F-BVRZ EAS Vanguard - a nice propliner
G-AMPY Skyways DC-3
You can see a random selection of my aviation memories here: www.flickriver.com/photos/heathrowjunkie/random/
'Aircraft spotting or plane spotting is a hobby of tracking the movement of aircraft, which is often accomplished by photography. Besides monitoring aircraft, aircraft spotting enthusiasts (who are usually called plane spotters) also record information regarding airports, air traffic control communications and airline routes.'
See more here! en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_spotting
Another page torn from one of my school note books - a useful way of utilising what we called our 'Rough Books' - I was an early adopter of Recycling :)
The sheet shows the results of a whole day at Heathrow - quite a feast of movements on this one sheet alone :)
Highlights from the log books
Star players
I-DYNE Alitalia DC-10
EC-CEZ Iberia DC-10
LZ-TUC Balkan Tu-134 copped
Some VC-10s
A40-VG Gulf Air
A40-VI Gulf Air in the new Golden Falcon livery
9G-ABO Ghana Airways
Plenty of Boeing 707s
N433PA Pan Am copped
G-AYVG Kenya Airways
OO-SJJ Sabena
EP-IRJ, N451RN 2x Iran Air
SU-AOU, SU-AVY 2x Egyptair
5X-UWM Simbair
A few light & biz:
9K-ACQ Falcon 20
LN-PAB Pa-31 Navajo
all copped
PH-CTF Cessna Citation
A veritable feast :)
When I had just turned 14 years of age, I was looking to expand my portfolio of hobbies! I had already been indoctrinated into the world of bus spotting and train spotting by my older brother, but he never had an interest in aviation. It was my school mates at senior school who encouraged me to visit Heathrow - a mere 4 miles from where I lived in Southall! I was quickly hooked, and the interest never really went away, although it waned by the early 1990s when all the best aircraft had disappeared :(
'Aircraft spotting or plane spotting is a hobby of tracking the movement of aircraft, which is often accomplished by photography. Besides monitoring aircraft, aircraft spotting enthusiasts (who are usually called plane spotters) also record information regarding airports, air traffic control communications and airline routes.'
See more here! en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_spotting
You can see a random selection of my aviation memories here: www.flickriver.com/photos/heathrowjunkie/random/
What does this display of luxury products in airports mean? Who buys in these stores? Distraught passengers, "lost in translation" ?
* * *
Que signifie cet étalage de produits de luxe dans les aéroports ? Qui achète dans ces magasins ? Des passagers hagards, "Lost in translation" ?
Aviation Memories
Starting the New Year 2020 with something a bit different :)
Here is my original log of my first visits to London Heathrow as a fledgling planespotter. It was the weekend of 12th & 13th June 1976, and the sheets are ripped out of my school note books - what a useful way of utilising what we called our 'Rough Books' - I was an early adopter of Recycling :)
I had just turned 14 years of age, and I was looking to expand my portfolio of hobbies! I had already been indoctrinated into the world of bus spotting and train spotting by my older brother, but he never had an interest in aviation. It was my school mates at senior school who encouraged me to visit Heathrow - a mere 4 miles from where I lived in Southall! I was quickly hooked, and the interest never really went away, although it waned by the early 1990s when all the best aircraft had disappeared :(
Highlights from the log books
51 aircraft 'copped' on the first visit, and these were the highlights:
128426 C-118B US Marines :)) - a DC-6!
ZS-SPA Boeing 747SP SAL - my first
9Q-CLI DC-10 Air Zaire - scheduled
I-DYNC DC-10 Alitalia - a visitor!
LV-ISC Boeing 707 Aerolineas Argentinas - scheduled
YV-126C DC-8 Viasa - scheduled
and then down the pecking order:
CCCP-86605, 86613 Il-62s Aeroflot
SP-LAD Il-62 LOT
SP-LHE Tu-134A LOT
LZ-TUE Tu-134 Balkan
N99862 DC-8 Cyprus AW
5X-UWM VC-10 EAA
9G-ABO VC-10 Ghana
A40-VG VC-10 Gulf Air
I-DIWI, DIWN, DIWU three Alitalia DC-8s!
and so it goes on - just spoilt for choice :)
Also of note was the 'copping' of Trident 3 G-AWZT on the 13th, as this became the only Trident 3 to be lost in an air crash just three months later on 10th Sep 1976. [see comments below]
You can see a random selection of my aviation memories here: www.flickriver.com/photos/heathrowjunkie/random/
'Aircraft spotting or plane spotting is a hobby of tracking the movement of aircraft, which is often accomplished by photography. Besides monitoring aircraft, aircraft spotting enthusiasts (who are usually called plane spotters) also record information regarding airports, air traffic control communications and airline routes.'
See more here! en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_spotting
Sat. 2nd Jun 1984 'The Midland Executive'
R.E.S.L.
Locos Used: 33060, 40122, 56031, 73114, 73125 & 73140
Locos & Route
73114 + 73140 London Waterloo - Reading
56031 Reading - Derby
40122 Derby - Crewe
40122 Crewe - Bescot - Coventry
56031 Coventry - Reading
33060 + 73125 Reading - London Waterloo
Info.courtesy: www.sixbellsjunction.co.uk/80s/840602re.htm
The railtour was organised by the R.E.S.L and covered both Derby and Crewe Works open days!
140 miles of Class 40 haulage ;)
More on the railtour here: www.sixbellsjunction.co.uk/80s/840602re.htm
The signalman prepares to take the single line token from the fireman of ex-War Department Austerity 0-6-0ST WD 191, built by Hunslet in 1952, works number 3791, arriving at Tenterden Town station.
From the KESR website at www.kesr.org.uk/stock-register/steam-locomotives/saddle-t... :
WD 191 was stored initially at the Longmoor Military Railway. The WD logbook shows it was put into service at Bicester in 1956 as WD 191 Black Knight, generally repaired in 1957/58, stored in May 1962 at No. 1 Engineers Supply Depot, Long Marston, before final transfer in December 1967 to No. 1 Railway Group, Royal Corps of Transport at Shoeburyness. There it worked for only nine months before again being put into store. From Shoeburyness it was sold out of Army use, arriving at Rolvenden in February 1972. It ran a total of 23,178 miles during its 20 year military career.
It entered KESR service as number 23 in August 1974. In 1977 Dr. John Coiley, then Curator of the National Railway Museum, named 23 Holman F. Stephens after the Railway's engineer and first Managing Director. In almost continuous use it returned once again from overhaul in 2004.
Aviation Memories Another random dive into my archive of old aviation log books :)
This page highlights some interesting registration tie-ups that I still require some 35 years later :) as well as a summary of 'Big' Aeroflots seen around the Paris Airshow 1981.
Highlights from the log books - the rare Russians at Paris
Over four days, I managed to scoop the Airshow Il-86 exhibit CCCP-86003, a pair of Il-76s CCCP-86043 & CCCP-86812, and a monumental pair of Antonov An-22s! CCCP-08833 & CCCP-09315 :)
The London Heathrow tie-ups required are as follows:
Sun. 30th Sep 1984 - saw a surprising triple set of Vikings:
Linjeflyg F-28 on LF5253
Norfolk Convair 440 on WN682
Maersk DHC-7 on DM804
I have them down as diversions - does anyone know what that was all about?!
Huge thanks to DaveM747 for getting in touch with all three reg's!!!
SE-DGM F28
LN-BWG Convair
OY-MBD DHC7
Mon. 29th Oct 1984 - saw a rare visit from an Interflug East German Tu-134A! - anyone??
Sun. 6th Oct 1985 - saw a rare visit from a Lufthansa Cargo 747F on LH479R - anyone??
Fri. 11th Oct 1985 - saw a couple of European visitors on BA relief flights - a TEA 737 in on HE738A and a Martinair A310 on MP8169 - something different!
Finally on Thr. 26th Jun 1987 - saw a German Learjet with callsign EX236??
'Aircraft spotting or plane spotting is a hobby of tracking the movement of aircraft, which is often accomplished by photography. Besides monitoring aircraft, aircraft spotting enthusiasts (who are usually called plane spotters) also record information regarding airports, air traffic control communications and airline routes.'
See more here! en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_spotting
You can see a random selection of my aviation memories here: www.flickriver.com/photos/heathrowjunkie/random/
Continuing 2020 with something a bit different - time to raise the bar a little with typed up notes:)
So here I am - a 15yr old who's just inherited a typewriter:) I decided to practise my typing skills by transcribing some of my Heathrow logs, taken from my scruffy school notebooks.
The log records my 'cops' for the day, and just a few other highlighted aircraft, and here are the highlights from the log books
VH-ASG G2 - an ultra rare Australian biz jet visitor!
and other biz jets including
VR-BGO G2
LN-FOE Mystere 20 of Fred Olsen
OY-ASP Learjet of Blue Air
D-CLUB Sabre 75A - not a very common type
PH-JSB Corvette of JetStar Holland - also a fairly uncommon type
EI-BBH Bristol Britannia 253F of Aer Turas which was leased to Cyprus airways at the time [see comments below]
TC-JAY THY DC-10 on the booked 727 flight TK979, a fairly regular sight at the time but copped on that day
XS789 and XS793 Andovers of the Queen's Flight - for the Queen's Jubilee Year
and not one but TWO Lufthansa heavies on the same day!
D-ABYG Boeing 747 on the morning Frankfurt (LH030) and
D-ADLO DC-10 on the evening flight (LH034)
'Aircraft spotting or plane spotting is a hobby of tracking the movement of aircraft, which is often accomplished by photography. Besides monitoring aircraft, aircraft spotting enthusiasts (who are usually called plane spotters) also record information regarding airports, air traffic control communications and airline routes.'
See more here! en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_spotting
You can see a random selection of my aviation memories here: www.flickriver.com/photos/heathrowjunkie/random/
First registered in February 1985 with a plated weight of 12550kg. The last record on the DVLA website is a V5 logbook issued on 26th July 2012
Creator: Allan Bé
Local number: SIA2011-0835
Summary: Narrative logbook entry for 14 April 1968 by Allan Bé.
Dates: 1968
Collection: SIA Acc. 09-008, Bé, Allan W. H. b. 1921, Allan W. H. Bé Papers, c. 1953-1969, Box 6, Folder 7.
Repository: Smithsonian Institution Archives
Related blog post: Sailing the Seas with Allan Bé
Sat. 15th March 1986 1Z25 - 'The Vulcan Vantrain' railtour
Locos Used: 33201, 33206, 50025 & 73003
EMUs Used: 68001 & 68005
Stock Used: 35130+4839+4941+5044+7161+1684+7074+5023+4965+4871+35114
LocoStockRoute
50025[1] + [2]London Paddington - Greenford East Jn - Greenford South Jn - Drayton Green - Ealing Broadway - Kensington Olympia - Clapham Junction - Beckenham Junction - Swanley - Tonbridge - Wadhurst - Hastings
33206[1] + [2]Hastings - Rye - Ashford
Trains split (A & B) : TractionStockRoute
Train A : 33206[2]Ashford - Folkestone East
Train A : 73003 + 33201 (1)[2]Folkestone East - Folkestone Harbour
Train A : 33201 + 73003 (1)[2]Folkestone Harbour - Folkestone East
Train A : 73003[2]Folkestone East - Ashford
Train A : 68001 + 68005[1]Ashford-Sandwich - Dover - Ashford
TractionStockRoute
Train B : 68005 + 68001[1]Ashford - Sandwich - Dover - Ashford
Train B : 73003[2]Ashford - Folkestone East
Train B : 33201 + 73003 (1)[2]Folkestone East - Folkestone Harbour
Train B : 73003 + 33201 (1)[2]Folkestone Harbour - Folkestone East
Train B : 50025[2]Folkestone East - Ashford
Trains re-joined :
LocoStockRoute
50025[1] + [2]Ashford - Maidstone - Swanley - New Beckenham - Lewisham - Brixton - Clapham Junction - Mitcham Junction - West Croydon - Selhurst - Clapham Junction - (reverse of outward route) - London Paddington
The railtour, organised by the Southern Electric Group (SEG) and the Locomotive Club of Great Britain (LCGB) covered some very rare track for a Class 50, the highlight being the first ever visit of a Class 50 to Hastings and also the first standard loading gauge Mark 1 loco hauled train to traverse the line from Tonbridge to Hastings.
185 miles of Class 50 haulage ;)
More on the railtour here: www.sixbellsjunction.co.uk/80s/860315lc.htm
Of course, it's not exactly a "Window Seat" because the view is taken by the A-380 tail camera.
The same View just beforet she flights over the runway :
I am uploading some shots here for my own satifaction. Its OK if I dont get comments but if if anybody finds em interesting thats OK too.
My Dad died in 1986 aged 61 and now that I am older I realise that I only knew a father ... not the man he was, not the man I would have liked to have known. We all have such regrets, its too late now, the moment has passed forever. He has gone.
Here is his WW2 RAF Navigators, Air Bombers And Air Gunners Flying Log Book "E Baldwinson Sgt". When I open it and see his handwriting I get goose bumps. When I read it he lives again in my heart.
1931. Morris. OV 5562. Cream. 847 cc. Petrol.
Date of last V5C (logbook) issued: 14 May 2018
Seen at: Lincoln 1940s Weekend. July 2024
--
No Group Awards/Banners, thanks
PACIFIC OCEAN (Feb. 24, 2021) Ensign Julia Bucholz, a native of Alexandria, Va., assigned to Arleigh Burke-class destroyer USS Stockdale (DDG 106), makes a logbook entry while on watch. Stockdale is conducting routine operations underway in the U.S. Third Fleet area of operations. (U.S. Navy photo by Ensign Alex Kraft)
Continuing 2020 with some time travel back to Heathrow in the 1970s :)
Another page torn from one of my school note books - a useful way of utilising what we called our 'Rough Books' - I was an early adopter of Recycling :) It shows runway 23 arrivals as noted by me from the back bedroom and garden of my house in Southall :)
Sun. 30th Oct 1977 Here we have the fourth of four sheets covering nearly a full day of Heathrow arrivals, the afternoon being 23 arrivals - lucky for me it wasn't a school day!
Highlights from the log books
Highlight on this last page was Iberia DC-10 EC-CSK on evening flight IB344 from Madrid
Maersk Air HS.125 OY-APM was nice but fairly regular
Another Air Anglia commuter flight AQ732, again a Piper Pa-31 Navajo
and N65358 which was BMAs very first leased DC-9
must also mention four 707s on the trot at the end of the evening, two unidentified + Iran Air and PIA.
I can't believe I logged all the times! I think I might have been getting a bit obsessive :)
'Aircraft spotting or plane spotting is a hobby of tracking the movement of aircraft, which is often accomplished by photography. Besides monitoring aircraft, aircraft spotting enthusiasts (who are usually called plane spotters) also record information regarding airports, air traffic control communications and airline routes.'
See more here! en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_spotting
You can see a random selection of my aviation memories here: www.flickriver.com/photos/heathrowjunkie/random/
Aviation Memories
Starting 2021 with another dip into the archives :)
This was quite an expensive purchase back in 1982!
I can't remember the exact price now, but it was something of an investment - and an invaluable resource to check up all those military aircraft that I logged on my travels. I bought this specially for my 1982 Scandinavian Aviation Tour!
And here is the double page on Finland as promised, which includes some rare Soviets including my single Mikoyan Mig-21 'MG-133' :)
You can see a random selection of my aviation memories here: www.flickriver.com/photos/heathrowjunkie/random/
'Aircraft spotting or plane spotting is a hobby of tracking the movement of aircraft, which is often accomplished by photography. Besides monitoring aircraft, aircraft spotting enthusiasts (who are usually called plane spotters) also record information regarding airports, air traffic control communications and airline routes.'
See more here! en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_spotting
While escorting the first convoy of ANZAC troops bound for Europe on 9 November 1914 the Royal Australian Navy light cruiser HMAS Sydney engaged the infamous German commerce raider SMS Emden. The two light cruisers fought a 90 minute battle. The Emden’s guns had more range and fired first, but Sydney’s more powerful main guns pounded the Emden until it was disabled and beached on North Keeling Island. The Royal Australian Navy’s first great test of war ended in a comprehensive victory.
The exhibition 'Test of War - Royal Australian Navy in WW1 will open at the Australian National Maritime Museum 12 September 2014 and run until May 2015.
Of course, it's not exactly a "Window Seat" picture because the view is taken by by the A-380 tail camera.
Note the flight over a curious circular lake…
Six years later, a new city surrounds it!
* * *
"Le majestueux A380 s'apprête à atterrir à Shanghai"
Il ne s'agit pas d'une classique "vue depuis le hublot" mais de l'image de la caméra du queue de l'A 380 reprise sur l'écran passager…
Notez le survol d'un curieux lac circulaire … C'est le Lac Yishui.
Six ans après une ville nouvelle l'entoure !
The latest set up (January 2016) with two displays: one for the logbook and band map and the other for QRZ.com information and digital mode windows.
Aviation Memories - 40 years+ ago!
Wow! I don't recall seeing this rare overflight back in the day.
I was on my only visit to Newcastle Airport, and this SIA DC-10 flying overhead rather outclassed the aircraft on the ground :)
A long way to go to see a BA Trident 1 and a B Cal 1-11 :))
Singapore International Airlines / SIA only dabbled with the DC-10 for about three years, from 1978 to 1981. I never heard of one heading into Heathrow during that time, but there's a nice shot of one visiting Zurich the month before I saw mine [see Comments section below]
Interestingly, according to RZ Jets, 9V-SDE was actually delivered to SIA on 29th Aug 1979!!! Could this have been the delivery flight. I have it flying NNW which doesn't look right though?
You can see a random selection of my aviation memories here: www.flickriver.com/photos/heathrowjunkie/random/
'Aircraft spotting or plane spotting is a hobby of tracking the movement of aircraft, which is often accomplished by photography. Besides monitoring aircraft, aircraft spotting enthusiasts (who are usually called plane spotters) also record information regarding airports, air traffic control communications and airline routes.'
See more here! en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_spotting
You can see a random selection of my aviation memories here: www.flickriver.com/photos/heathrowjunkie/random/