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The Manchester World Naked Bike Ride took place on Friday - here is a photo of the leaflets we were handing out
A 1937 leaflet asking for members of the public to give presents for the children in The National Children's Home
We went down to have a look at the old Caernarfon Station on the Welsh Highland Railway.
Unfortunately on the day of our visit (14th May 2018) there was no trains running that day!
The ticket office had moved but was open, but we were told that there wasn't any trains that day, and the leaflet we have confirms it!
Anyway we mainly came to Caernarfon to visit the castle!
The Welsh Highland Railway (WHR) or Rheilffordd Eryri is a 25-mile (40.2 km) long, restored 1 ft 11 1⁄2 in (597 mm) narrow gauge heritage railway in the Welsh county of Gwynedd, operating from Caernarfon to Porthmadog, and passing through a number of popular tourist destinations including Beddgelert and the Aberglaslyn Pass. At Porthmadog it connects with the Ffestiniog Railway and to the short Welsh Highland Heritage Railway. In Porthmadog it uses the United Kingdom's only mixed gauge flat rail crossing.
The restoration, which had the civil engineering mainly built by contractors and the track mainly built by volunteers, received a number of awards. Originally running from Dinas near Caernarfon to Porthmadog, the current line includes an additional section from Dinas to Caernarfon. The original line also had a branch to Bryngwyn and the slate quarries at Moel Tryfan, which has not been restored. (This branch forms a footpath "rail trail", the lower section of which has been resurfaced and supplied with heritage notice-boards).
There is also the 0.75-mile (1.2 km) long Welsh Highland Heritage Railway which runs from Porthmadog along the trackbed of the former Cambrian Railways exchange siding and connects to the WHR main line at Pen-y-Mount junction.
Caernarfon Station is the northern terminus of the narrow gauge Welsh Highland Railway, located in the town of Caernarfon. It was opened on 11 October 1997 when the line was constructed from Dinas.
The railway between Caernarfon and Dinas was formerly part of the standard gauge Carnarvonshire Railway, later LNWR and LMS, between Caernarfon and Afon Wen, which was closed by British Railways in December 1964, and the tracks lifted.
Northwards of the present Caernarfon station, the former standard gauge line ran through a tunnel, which is now used by a public road, to the site of the original Caernarvon railway station. The LNWR was under an obligation to build a station on this site (below Segontium Terrace), however the town corporation waived its claim to this station. The original line continued on to a junction with the Chester and Holyhead Railway just south of the Britannia Bridge, terminating at the now-demolished Menai Bridge Station.
The present station is sited on the former standard gauge trackbed adjacent to St. Helen's Road, opposite the former locomotive works of De Winton & Co and beneath the high retaining walls of Segontium Terrace, which can be reached from St Helen's Road via a pedestrian footbridge. The station buildings accommodate the booking office, a tourist shop and passenger facilities. In the winter of 2005/06 the passenger platform and run around loop at Caernarfon were lengthened to permit the operation of trains up to 10 carriages long.
The narrow gauge line was built from Dinas to Caernarfon in 1997, thus providing the extension to Caernarfon of the Welsh Highland Railway that was originally authorised by Act of Parliament, but never built. Between Caernarfon and Dinas, the new Welsh Highland line shares the old standard gauge trackbed with the 'Lôn Eifion' tourist cycle track. This section of line is operated by the Ffestiniog Railway under the provisions of The Caernarfon Railway Light Railway Order 1997 made 8 October 1997.
The view to Caernarfon Castle. The new Caernarfon Station is being built below.
Caernarfon Castle (Welsh: Castell Caernarfon), often anglicized as Carnarvon Castle, is a medieval fortress in Caernarfon, Gwynedd, north-west Wales cared for by Cadw, the Welsh Government's historic environment service. There was a motte-and-bailey castle in the town of Caernarfon from the late 11th century until 1283 when King Edward I of England began replacing it with the current stone structure. The Edwardian town and castle acted as the administrative centre of north Wales and as a result the defences were built on a grand scale. There was a deliberate link with Caernarfon's Roman past and the Roman fort of Segontium is nearby.
While the castle was under construction, town walls were built around Caernarfon. The work cost between £20,000 and £25,000 from the start until the end of work in 1330. Despite Caernarfon Castle's external appearance of being mostly complete, the interior buildings no longer survive and many of the building plans were never finished. The town and castle were sacked in 1294 when Madog ap Llywelyn led a rebellion against the English. Caernarfon was recaptured the following year. During the Glyndŵr Rising of 1400–1415, the castle was besieged. When the Tudor dynasty ascended to the English throne in 1485, tensions between the Welsh and English began to diminish and castles were considered less important. As a result, Caernarfon Castle was allowed to fall into a state of disrepair. Despite its dilapidated condition, during the English Civil War Caernarfon Castle was held by Royalists, and was besieged three times by Parliamentarian forces. This was the last time the castle was used in war. Caernarfon Castle was neglected until the 19th century when the state funded repairs. In 1911, Caernarfon Castle was used for the investiture of the Prince of Wales, and again in 1969. It is part of the World Heritage Site "Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd".
A Grade I listed building.
History
Begun in 1283 and still incomplete when building work ceased c1330. Built for Edward I of England, it combined the roles of fortification, palace and administrative centre. A motte and bailey castle had been built here in the late C11 by Earl Hugh of Chester, although it became a residence of Welsh princes, including Llewelyn ap Gruffudd, after the Welsh regained control of Gwynedd by 1115. The English conquest of N Wales followed quickly after the death of Llewelyn ap Gruffudd in 1282 and Caernarfon was built to consolidate the English gains. Edward I employed James of St George as his architect, who had previously been employed by Philip of Savoy and had designed for him the fortress-palace of St Georges d'Esperanche. James also directed the building other castles for Edward I, including Harlech, Conwy and Beaumaris, using English craftsmen and labourers. The design of Caernarfon Castle echoed the walls of Emperor Constantine's Roman city of Constantinople, which also has polygonal towers and banded stonework, and was thus intended by Edward to be an expression of imperial power. Edward I and Queen Eleanor visited Caernarfon in 1284 and it was said that their son, Edward, the first English prince of Wales, was born at the castle in 1284.
Construction of the castle was integrated with the construction of town walls protecting the newly established borough, the town being situated on the N side of the castle. By 1292 the southern external façade of the castle was probably complete, while on the N side the castle was protected by a ditch and the walled town. The castle was damaged during an uprising in 1294 led by Madog ap Llewelyn, but Edward I swiftly regained control of Caernarfon and the castle, where restoration work began in 1295. The uprising had demonstrated the need to complete the castle's defences on the town side, which were largely built in the period 1295-1301. Work subsequently continued at a slower pace in the period 1304-30 and included the completion of the towers, including the Eagle Tower which was completed 1316-17 and in 1316 the timber-framed 'Hall of Llewelyn', the Welsh prince's residence at Conwy, was dismantled and shipped to Caernarfon. The upper portion of the King's Gate was constructed in 1321 and included a statue of Edward of Caernarfon, who had been crowned Edward II in 1307.
The castle was garrisoned for nearly 2 centuries but was increasingly neglected as hostilities softened from the C16 onwards. The castle was garrisoned for Charles I during the Civil War but was surrendered to the Parliamentarians in 1646. In the C18 the castle became one of the most celebrated of ruins in Wales, which began its present phase as tourist attraction and ancient monument. Restoration was undertaken in the final quarter of the C19 under the direction of Sir Llewelyn Turner, Deputy Constable. In 1908 ownership passed from the Crown to the Office of Works and restoration work continued. This included the reinstatement of floors in most of the towers and reinstatement of the embattled wall walks by 1911. The castle was the venue for the investiture of both C20 Princes of Wales, in 1911 and 1969.
Exterior
Constructed of coursed limestone with darker stone banding to the S and E external façades between the Eagle Tower and NE Tower. The plan is polygonal, resembling a figure of 8, and constructed around an upper and a lower ward in the form of curtain walls and mainly 3-stage polygonal towers with basements (in contrast to the round towers of the town walls). The structure is in 2 main phases. The earlier is the S side, from and including the Eagle Tower to the NE Tower, was constructed mainly in the period 1283-1292, while the N side facing the walled town was built after the uprising of 1294. The curtain walls are embattled with loops to the merlons and a wall walk. Openings are characterised by the frequent use of shouldered lintels, giving rise to the alternative term 'Caernarfon lintel', and 2-centred arches. The towers have reinstated floors of c1911 on original corbels. The outer walls have arrow loops. Windows are mainly narrow single-light, but some of the mullioned windows incorporate transoms.
The principal entrance is the 3-storey King's Gate on the N side. It is reached across the ditch by a modern segmental-arched stone bridge with stone steps to the outer side, replacing the medieval drawbridge. The King's Gate has polygonal towers with 2-light windows to the outer facets in the middle stage and 2-light windows in the upper stage. The entrance is recessed behind a segmental moulded arch. It has a 2-centred arch beneath string courses and 2-light transomed window. Above the main arch is a statue of Edward II in a canopied niche with flanking attached pinnacles.
To the R is the outer wall of the kitchens and then the Well Tower, of 3 stages with basement. The Well Tower has a higher polygonal turret reinstated in the late C19 and full-height square projection on the W side housing the well shaft. The tower has 2-light windows in the middle and upper stages.
The Eagle Tower at the W end is the largest of the towers, having been designed to accommodate the king's lieutenant. It has 3 stages with basement and 3 higher polygonal turrets. The battlements are enriched by carved heads and eagles, although much weathered. On the N side are 2-light windows and an attached stub wall with drawbridge slot. This is the planned water gate through which water-borne supplies were intended to be conveyed to the basement of the Well Tower at high tide, but it was not completed. It has polygonal responds to the gate, a portcullis slot and 2 superimposed windows between the basement and ground-floor levels. On the N side is a flight of stone steps to an arched doorway at basement level. This postern was the main entrance for those approaching by sea. On the S side the curtain wall is built on exposed bedrock and the Queen's Tower, Chamberlain Tower and the Black Tower each have a single higher polygonal turret. The outer faces have only narrow loops. On the W side of the Chamberlain Tower are stone steps to a doorway under a shouldered lintel that led into the great hall. On the E side of the Black Tower is the shorter polygonal Cistern Tower, with the unfinished Queen's Gate at the SE end. Between the Chamberlain Tower and Black Tower the curtain wall is stepped in, from which point there is a substantial raked stone plinth continuing around to the NE Tower. The Queen's Gate has double polygonal towers linked by a straight wall above the gateway, while the openings are all narrow loops. The gateway is raised above a high basement storey (and would have been reached by the building of a massive stone ramp) and is recessed beneath a segmental arch with murder holes. The Watch Tower to the N is narrower and higher than the remaining towers, beyond which is the 2-stage NE Tower, which has a 2-light window. Returning along the N side, which was built after 1295, the curtain wall and the 4-stage Granary Tower incorporate 2-light windows.
The King's Gate has murder holes to the vault and porters' rooms to the L and R, leading to the interior. Internally the castle is planned around an upper ward on the E side and a lower ward on the W side. Through the entrance passage is a 2-storey projection on the R (now housing a shop), the S side of which retains 2 portcullis slots and a vault springer, indicating that a second entrance was built here, although it no longer survives above the foundations. Above the main gate is a former chapel, which retains its original piscina. The upper storey hall has window seats. On the W side of the King's Gate are the foundations of the kitchens in the lower ward, in which are 2 round foundations for copper cauldrons and springer of a former vault. The Well Tower does not have reinstated floors, but in each storey a fireplace and garderobe are retained and in the second stage is a small kitchen above the well chamber. The fireplaces all differ in detail: in the basement is a segmental arch, the lower storey a tripartite lintel, the second stage a projecting lintel on corbels with raked hood, and chamfered lintel to the upper stage. The tower has a full-height newel stair. The basement is reached by external stone steps. Between the Well Tower and Eagle Tower is a restored fireplace with a raked hood in a chamber whose outline walls are visible.
The Eagle Tower has stone steps to the basement to the L of the main doorway, both lower stage and basement having pointed doorways. The upper stages have 2-light windows similar to the outer faces. The thick walls incorporate mural passages and stairs. In the lower stage is a large fireplace with raked hood and a small octagonal chamber that probably served as a chapel. The great chamber in the second stage also has an octagonal chapel, which retains a stoup or piscina. Between the Eagle Tower and the NE Tower the curtain wall and towers have mural passages in addition to the wall walk and generally have stone steps in either straight flights to the wall walks or newel stairs, and most chambers in the towers have associated garderobes. The Queen's Tower, known as the 'Banner Tower' in the C14, and the Chamberlain Tower have chambers in each storey with small square subsidiary chambers that probably served as chapels, and 2-light windows. The Queen's Tower has 3 octagonal chimney shafts behind the parapet. In the Chamberlain Tower the lower storey retains a fireplace with shouldered lintel. Both towers are occupied by the museum of the Royal Welch Fusiliers. Between Queen's Tower and Chamberlain Tower are the foundations of the great hall, while the 2 superimposed mural passages in the curtain wall have 2-light windows that formerly opened into the hall.
The Black Tower is smaller than the other towers and has only single chambers in each stage, with cambered fireplace in the upper chamber, and 2-light windows. The Cistern Tower has a vaulted hexagonal chamber beneath an open stone-lined rainwater tank visible on the wall walk. In the unfinished Queen's Gate the position of porters' rooms is discernible in the flanking towers of which the S has a lintelled fireplace while both have garderobes. Portcullis slots and murder holes are in the passage. The upper storey over the passage was to have been a hall but was not completed. The Watch Tower is entered by a doorway at the wall walk level only.
The NE Tower is simpler with single chambers in each stage, as is the Granary Tower, which incorporates a well shaft and has a fireplace with raked hood in the upper stage. Between the NE Tower and the King's Gate the curtain wall has corbels representing former buildings built against the curtain, and its mullioned windows incorporate window seats.
Reasons for Listing
Listed grade I as one of the finest medieval castles in Wales, and unique in its royal associations.
Scheduled Ancient Monument CN 079.
World Heritage Site.
Photo © Tristan Savatier - All Rights Reserved - License this photo on Getty Images
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Print shop worker collating printed leaflets into booklets. The booklets produced in this print shop are Indian school books.
This simple mechanical task would normally be done by a machine, but in India, it is more economical to do it manually, as labor cost is very low.
If you like this photo, follow me on instagram (tristan_sf) and don't hesitate to leave a comment or email me.
Small, mobile version at Bristol Parkway. Contrast with that at Bristol Temple Meads (www.flickr.com/photos/pdeaves/28309689412/in/album-721576...)
my picture of a honey bee on Sedum reflexum was used as the cover for the 2024 revised free leaflet from NIHBS (Native Irish Honeybee Society): "The Native Irish Honeybee Society, who we are and what we do"
I love my pictures getting used for things like this!
The Manchester World Naked Bike Ride took place on Friday - here is a photo of the leaflets we were handing out
These CIA-produced leaflets were used during the Persian Gulf War. Copies of the leaflets were air-dropped over a selected area before an Allied bombing run. The leaflets gave the civilian people time to evacuate and encouraged the military units to surrender.
For more information on CIA history and this artifact please visit www.cia.gov
Toton Open Day Leaflet 9th June 1979 I have some 35mm slides relating to this visit, and I have written to Father Christmas requesting a negative and slide scanner so that I can upload them!
Leaflet produced for the exhibition held in London, displaying the work of Fancy stitch and the embroideries of the women of Ingwavuma,South Africa.
Trumpet Tree (English) Guarombo (Spanish) Cecropia obtusifolia. A tree in the Cecropiaceae family. Native to Mexico. Guarombo trees grows wild in Yucatan. The tree trunk is thin hollow and has large leaflets - bats and birds spread the seeds.
Highly regarded by J-Men Maya Healers by its healing property. Mexico's IMSS (Federal Medical System) recognizes the Guarombo extract as a highly effective hypoglycemic treatment on Type 2 Diabetic patients; other nations are Cuba and Brazil.
Cecropia obtusifolia is a species of plant in the Cecropiaceae family. It is found in Colombia, Costa Rica, Mexico and Panama. Common Names are trumpet tree or snakewood tree. In Central America it is known as Guarumo. Though impressive silhouetted against the sky, it is an invasive species to the islands of Hawaii.
From Wikipedia -
Cecropia is a genus of about 25 species of trees in the nettle family (Urticaceae). They are native to the tropical Americas, where they form one of the most recognisable components of the rainforest. The genus is named after Cecrops I, the mythical first king of Athens. A common local name is yarumo or yagrumo, or more specifically yagrumo hembra ("female yagrumo") to distinguish them from the similar-looking but unrelated Schefflera (which are called yagrumo macho, "male yagrumo"). In English, these trees are occasionally called pumpwoods (though this may also refer to C. schreberiana specifically) or simply cecropias.
In the past, they were commonly placed in a distinct family Cecropiaceae or in the mulberry family (Moraceae), but the modern Angiosperm Phylogeny Group system places the "cecropiacean" group in the Urticaceae.
These trees are characteristic features of many American tropical rainforest ecosystems and may be among the dominant tree species in some places. Being aggressive, rapid growth trees, whose succulent fruits are readily sought by various animals, they tend to be among the first pioneer species to occupy former forest areas cleared for pasture or altered by human activity.
Cecropia hololeuca, known in Brazil as "silver cecropia", has broad, silver leaves that make it good as an ornamental plant for landscaping projects, as is the case also with the similar species C. pachystachya.
Cecropia species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species, including the arctiid moth Hypercompe icasia; the Cecropia Moth (Hyalophora cecropia) is a North American species however, and thus allopatric with the plant genus. The leaves and buds are also eaten by sloths as their main source of food. But many herbivores avoid these plants: most Cecropia are myrmecophytes, housing dolichoderine ants of the genus Azteca, which will vigorously defend their hostplant against getting eaten. This symbiosis has been studied extensively by biologists such as Daniel Janzen.
Cecropia fruit, known as snake fingers, are a popular food of diverse animals however, including bats like the Common Fruit Bat (Artibeus jamaicensis) or Carollia species, the Central American Squirrel Monkey (Saimiri oerstedii), and birds like the Green Aracari (Pteroglossus viridis), the Keel-billed Toucan (Ramphastos sulfuratus), the Peach-fronted Conure (Aratinga Aurea), the Bare-throated Bellbird (Procnias nudicollis)[4] and particularly nine-primaried oscines. The seeds are not normally digested and thus these animals are important in distributing the trees. Some birds – e.g. the Lesser Potoo (Nyctibius griseus) – nest in Cecropia trees. The Elfin-woods Warbler (Dendroica angelae) is notable for using Cecropia leaves as nesting material, which no other New World warbler (family Parulidae) seems to do.
Red Cecropia (C. glaziovii) shows antidepressant-like activity in rats. Native peoples use Cecropia for food, firewood, and in herbalism; some species also have cultural significance. On Trinidad and Tobago, Shield-leaved Pumpwood (C. peltata) root is chewed and given to dogs that have been bitten by poisonous snakes as an emergency remedy. Cecropia leaves can be used as a substitute for sandpaper. In western South America, Cecropia leaf ash is used in the traditional preparation of ypadu, a mild coca-based stimulant. Cecropia bark can be used in rope making as well as in tannery. Cecropia wood is used in the manufacture of boxes, toys, aeromodelling models and rafts.
The genus is easily identified by the large, circular, palmately lobed leaves, about 30–40 cm in diameter and deeply divided into 7-11 lobes.
In November 1997 the Cowie Group, which had acquired British Bus in August 1996, changed its name to Arriva and its bus operating division, Arriva Passenger Services, began trading on 1 January 1998. The individual liveries of of its operating companies were replaced by a new corporate identity. The new bus livery, designed by Ray Stenning of Best Impressions, was mainly Shimmering Aquamarine with an upswept Light Stone flash bordered in white at the front and a narrow yellow stripe above the skirt.
The new Arriva fleet name and logo were supplemented with a strap-line proclaiming the geographical area served by the buses. Most Midland Red North and Stevensons of Uttoxeter buses carried the strap-line "serving the north Midlands" but the initial intention was for Midland Red North buses at Crewe and Stevensons buses at Macclesfield to carry the strap-line "serving Cheshire". The latter strap-line was soon abandoned as Midland Red North and Stevensons were combined into a single company, Arriva Midlands North, from April 1998.
In January 1998 Midland Red North and Stevensons issued a leaflet to inform customers of the changes.
Cover of the leaflet for the third Bus of Yesteryear Rally held at the Somers Town goods yard, St Pancras on 21 May 1972, organised by the London Bus Preservation Group.
A big thank you to the London Bus Museum for answering my query on this and solving the mystery regarding the location where some of my recently uploaded heritage bus pics were taken.
Azimuth Print offers a range of options for colour leaflets and leaflet printing. We produce leaflets in A5 (210 x 148 mm) and A4 (297 x 210 mm) sizes in quantities from 50 to 30,000 and use both sides of 130 gsm gloss art paper. If you wish, you can have your leaflets folded - perfect for menus!
Our prices include Free Delivery* within five days, although it is possible to get your leaflets more quickly if you talk to us about our express delivery service first.
The last mission flown by RNZAF 6 Flying Boat Squadron on 8 September 1945, Wing Commander Smith and Flying Officer Regan dropped leaflets on Nauru and Ocean Islands.
It's a merry Christmas from the old M.E.B. - the Midlands Electricity Board based at Mucklows Hill just on the edge of Birmingham and the nationalised concern whose supply and distribution area covered much of Central England. The leaflet gives details of various Christmas recipes to prepare in an electric cooker and suggests that, as a present to yourself, why not get an electric cooker? I suppose suggesting you bought one as a present for someone else might be seen as being over generous.
Car ferry "Chantilly" Lancé en 1966
SNCF - Sealink
1987 Olympia - Olympiade Marine Co Grèce
1990 Europa Link - Winston Shipping Ltd
1993 Baltavia - Plough Navigation Inc
1996 El Salam 93 - European Maritime Transport S A
31/12/2002 déconstruit à Alang, Inde
Gift books were kind of like early coffee table books. They are chock full of illustrations and poems and stories of dubious literary merit. They were meant to be displayed and cherished.
Our copy of Leaflets of Memory is rather boss as it is inscribed to “La Belle Marguarite” from the Doctor who “hopes to have a page” in her life. Hot stuff in deed. Do you think Marguarite had to loosen her corset upon reading the dedication? Did the mysterious Doctor encounter Marguarite whilst taking a Tardis joyride to 19th century America? The world wants to know, gosh darnit!
Call No.: 818 .L434
Location: George Peabody LIbrary
these are the Leaflets of the Mulga Tree
Acacia aneura, commonly known as mulga or true mulga, is a shrub or small tree native to arid outback areas of Australia. One of the few acacias with a long life. Mulga is a truly amazing plant. Among the acacias, many of which are relatively short-lived, it is a species with a long life. It is also a good fodder tree, its wood is valuable for a variety of purposes and the tree grows in many parts of Australia. In favourable conditions young plants will grow at a rate of 1 metre every 10 years until the tree reaches its maximum height of 10 metres. Reduced rainfall or drought conditions will slow down this process or bring it to a temporary halt, which means that a mature tree will usually be more than 100 years old. The counting of growth rings on felled trees has revealed the stunning number of 150-240 rings in stems of only 25 cm diameter. In their lifetime these trees would have experienced a number of drought years when no growth rings develop and therefore grew older in years than the exact number of growth rings indicate. The resourceful way in which the plant utilises every drop of moisture assists its survival to such a proud age. A sophisticated arrangement of its phyllodes and branches ensures that rainwater is channelled to the stem and onto the ground right to its deep taproot (seedlings of only 10cm height have been found to have taproots reaching 3m deep into the ground). To Aboriginal people in Australia Acacia aneura used to be one of the most important plant food sources.The seeds of the plant were separated from their pods by an elaborate process involving rubbing, threshing, parching and winnowing and the completely pod-free seed was then moistened with water and ground to an edible paste. A sweet exudation, produced by the plant after attack by a sap-sucking insect, was either sucked straight from the plant or dissolved in water to make a refreshing sweet drink. This was also eaten by early settlers who referred to it as "bush lollies". The so-called mulga-apples, swellings of the plant following insect activity, however, are inedible. Aborigines in the Northern Territory utilised the healing qualities of mulga in various different ways. People suffering from colds and flu-like illnesses utilised the healing qualities of young leaflets and twigs which were picked and immediately boiled in water. The brown, aromatic liquid was then used as a wash which could be applied as often as desired during the day. Headaches associated with colds could be eased by heating young leaves and twigs on hot ashes or hot stones until soft and scorching, when they were placed over the aching area. The plant could also be utilised for post-natal therapy believed to strenghten mother and baby. Leaves of the plant and small pieces of termite mound were layered over hot coals and the mother with her newborn child would lie down on top of a layer of branches and leaflets to sleep while the smoke and vapour passed over their bodies. In some areas, only leaves and twigs were used and no pieces of termite mound. To the stock of white pastoralists the tree provides shade, shelter and forage. Feeding, however, is not completely without problems. The high protein content of the foliage is not easily digested and this is probably due to a chemical reaction, occurring during digestion, between the leaves' tannin and the protein. After long periods of feeding on mulga, indigestible fibre balls have been found in sheep's rumen.
Mulga wood was used extensively by the early settlers. It was particularly valuable for fencing, the production of charcoal and for building bullock yokes and the multitude of uses lead to massive clearings of mulga in some areas, further compounded by the devastating impact of feral goats. The disappearance of mulga usually goes hand in hand with a spread of grasses, thereby leading to increased termite activity and this may result in greater erosion during dry times. Furthermore, disappearing Mulga decreases nitrogen levels in the ground, depriving other valuable desert plants of food. This is due to a symbiotic relationship between acacias and a nitrogen binding bacteria called Rhizobium. Naturally, mulga's normally long life plays a strong part in a staple provision of nitrogen. Acknowledging these qualities, efforts are made today to strengthen and increase the mulga population in may parts of Australia.
Scavenger Challenge- May 2017 Assignment - Texture in Foliage