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Bird: Banded Broadbill (Eurylaimus Javanicus)
Sem 314
The whiskered tern (Chlidonias hybrida) is a tern in the family Laridae. The genus name is from Ancient Greek khelidonios, "swallow-like", from khelidon, "swallow". The specific hybridus is Latin for hybrid; Peter Simon Pallas thought it might be a hybrid of white-winged black tern and common tern, writing "Sterna fissipes [Chlidonias leucopterus] et Hirundine [Sterna hirundo] natam".[2]
This bird has a number of geographical races, differing mainly in size and minor plumage details.
C. h. hybrida breeds in warmer parts of Europe and the Palearctic (northwestern Africa and central and southern Europe to southeastern Siberia, eastern China and south to Pakistan and northern India). The smaller-billed and darker C. h. delalandii is found in east and south Africa, and the paler C. h. javanicus from Java to Australia.
The tropical forms are resident, but European and Asian birds winter south to Africa and the Indian Subcontinent. A tagged whiskered tern was spotted at Manakudi Bird Sanctuary, Kanniyakumari District of Tamil Nadu, India in the month of April 2021.
This species breeds in colonies on inland marshes, sometimes amongst black-headed gulls, which provide some protection. The scientific name arises from the fact that this, the largest marsh tern, show similarities in appearance to both the white Sterna terns and to black tern.
Description
The size, black cap, strong bill (29–34 mm in males, 25–27 mm and stubbier in females, with a pronounced gonys) and more positive flight recall common or Arctic tern, but the short, forked-looking tail and dark grey breeding plumage above and below are typically marsh tern characteristics. The summer adult has white cheeks and red legs and bill. The crown is flecked with white in the juvenile, and the hindcrown is more uniformly blackish, though in the winter adult this too is flecked with white. The black ear-coverts are joined to the black of the hindcrown, and the space above is mottled with white, causing the black to appear as a C-shaped band. The sides of the neck are white; this sometimes continues across the nape. The collar is less sharply defined. All through the year the rump is pale grey. In the juvenile, the mantle has a variegated pattern. The feathers of the back and scapulars are dark brown, with prominent broad buff edgings and often subterminal buff bars or centers. There is usually an admixture of new gray feathers, especially on the mantle, quite early in the fall. The mantle is silvery-gray in the adult. The call is a characteristic krekk.
In winter, the forehead becomes white and the body plumage a much paler grey. Juvenile whiskered terns have a ginger scaly back, and otherwise look much like winter adults. The first winter plumage is intermediate between juvenile and adult winter, with patchy ginger on the back.
The whiskered tern eats small fish, amphibians, insects and crustaceans.
Banded Broadbill
The banded broadbill (Eurylaimus javanicus) is a species of bird in the Eurylaimidae family. It is found in Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. It is a large broadbill (21.5–23 cm), with purple, yellow and black plumage. It eats predominantly insects, including grasshoppers, crickets, katydids, various beetles, caterpillars and larvae.
Status: Near Threatened
Seedhead at Mokolea Pt Kilauea Pt NWR, Kauai, Hawaii.
March 20, 2013
#130320-3318 - Image Use Policy
Also known as Mariscus javanicus.
Canon EOS 20D
Asahi Pentax SMC Macro-Takumar 100mm F4
フヨウ (白花個体)
Hibiscus mutabilis Linn., 1753 ‘White Flower Form’
(a true albino)
This name is accepted. 10/01, 2022.
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Family: Malvaceae (APG IV)
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Authors:
Carl von Linnaeus (1707-1778)
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Publication:
Species Plantarum
Collation:
2: 694
Date of Publication:
1 May 1753
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Synonyms:
Abelmoschus mutabilis (L.) Wall. ex Hassk., Cat. Hort. Bot. Bogor. (Hasskarl) 198 (1844).
Hibiscus immutabilis Dehnh., Mem. sop. alc. piant. nuov. 4 (1836).
Hibiscus immutabilis Dehnh. ex Walp., Repert. Bot. Syst. 1: 307 (1842).
Hibiscus javanicus Weinm., Syll. Pl. Nov. ii. (1828) 172.
Hibiscus mutabilis f. plenus S.Y. Hu, Fl. China Family 153: 51 (1955).
Hibiscus sinensis Mill., Gard. Dict., ed. 8. n. 2 (1768).
Ketmia mutabilis Moench, Methodus (Moench) 617 (1794).
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Accepted By:
AFPD. 2008. African Flowering Plants Database - Base de Donnees des Plantes a Fleurs D'Afrique.
CONABIO. 2009. Catálogo taxonómico de especies de México. 1:. In Capital Nat. México. CONABIO, Mexico City. download by taxa
Flora of China Editorial Committee. 2007. Flora of China (Hippocastanaceae through Theaceae). 12: 1–534. In C. Y. Wu, P. H. Raven & D. Y. Hong (eds.) Fl. China. Science Press & Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing & St. Louis.
Flora of North America Editorial Committee. 2015. Magnoliophyta: Cucurbitaceae to Droseraceae. 6: i–xxiv, 1–468. In Fl. N. Amer.. Oxford University Press, New York.
Funk, V. A., T. H. Hollowell, P. E. Berry, C. L. Kelloff & S. Alexander. 2007. Checklist of the plants of the Guiana Shield (Venezuela: Amazonas, Bolivar, Delta Amacuro; Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana). Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 55: 1–584. View in Biodiversity Heritage Library
Holdridge, L. R. & L. J. Poveda Álvarez. 1975. Arboles Costa Rica 1: i–xiii, 1–546.
Jørgensen, P. M., M. H. Nee & S. G. Beck. 2014. Catálogo de las plantas vasculares de Bolivia. 127(1–2): i–viii, 1–1744. In P. M. Jørgensen, M. H. Nee & S. G. Beck (eds.) Cat. Pl. Vasc. Bolivia, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard.. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis.
Jørgensen, P. M., M. H. Nee, S. G. Beck & A. F. Fuentes. 2015 en adelante. Catalogo de las plantas vasculares de Bolivia (actualizaciones en línea).
Nasir, E. & S. I. Ali (eds). 1980-2005. Fl. Pakistan Univ. of Karachi, Karachi.
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Banded Broadbill
The banded broadbill (Eurylaimus javanicus) is a species of bird in the Eurylaimidae family. It is found in Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. It is a large broadbill (21.5–23 cm), with purple, yellow and black plumage. It eats predominantly insects, including grasshoppers, crickets, katydids, various beetles, caterpillars and larvae.
Status: Near Threatened
Spotted the bird in Goa. Took a bit to identify the bird. Managed to identify the bird from www.indiabirds.com/ which has excellent quality images by Vijay Cavale.
Thank you for taking the time to view and feedback.
Lesser Adjutant (Leptoptilos javanica)
The lesser adjutant (Leptoptilos javanicus) is a large wading bird in the stork family Ciconiidae. Like other members of its genus, it has a bare neck and head. It is however more closely associated with wetland habitats where it is solitary and is less likely to scavenge than the related greater adjutant. It is a widespread species found from India through Southeast Asia to Java.
Description
A large stork with an upright stance, a bare head and neck without a pendant pouch, it has a length of 87–93 cm (34–37 in) (outstretched from bill-to-tail measurement), weighs from 4 to 5.71 kg (8.8 to 12.6 lb) and stands about 110–120 cm (43–47 in) tall. The only confusable species is the greater adjutant, but this species is generally smaller and has a straight upper bill edge (culmen), measuring 25.8–30.8 cm (10.2–12.1 in) in length, with a paler base and appears slightly trimmer and less hunch-backed. The skullcap is paler and the upper plumage is uniformly dark, appearing almost all black. The nearly naked head and neck have a few scattered hair-like feathers. The upper shank or tibia is grey rather than pink, the tarsus measures 22.5–26.8 cm (8.9–10.6 in). The belly and undertail are white. Juveniles are a duller version of the adult but have more feathers on the nape. During the breeding season, the face is reddish and the neck is orange. The larger median wing coverts are tipped with copper spots and the inner secondary coverts and tertials have narrow white edging. The wing chord measures 57.5–66 cm (22.6–26.0 in) in length. Like others in the genus, they retract their necks in flight. In flight, the folded neck can appear like the pouch of the greater adjutant. Males and females appear similar in plumage but males tend to be larger and heavier billed.
Distribution and habitat
The lesser adjutant tends to be widely dispersed and is very local. It is often found in large rivers and lakes inside well wooded regions. It is found in India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh (A colony with about 6 nests and 20 individuals was discovered near Thakurgaon in 2011.), Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, Laos, Singapore, Indonesia and Cambodia. The greatest populations are in Cambodia. In India they are mainly distributed in the eastern states of Assam, West Bengal and Bihar. It may occur as a vagrant on the southern edge of Bhutan. They are extremely rare in southern India.
Behaviour and ecology
The lesser adjutant stalks around wetlands feeding mainly on fish, frogs, reptiles and large invertebrates. They rarely feed on carrion. They may also take small birds and rodents particularly during the breeding season. They are solitary except during the breeding season when they form loose colonies. The breeding season is February to May in southern India and November to January in north-eastern India. The nest is a large platform of sticks placed on a tall tree. The nest diameter is more than a metre and up to a metre deep. The clutch consists of three to four eggs. They are silent but have been noted to clatter their bill, hiss and moan at the nest.
[Credit: en.wikipedia.org]
Acridotheres javanicus
Due to the similarity between the Javan and Jungle, this specimen could be a hybrid of these 2 species.
Also known locally as ular belalai gajah, ular karung buruk, ular guni buruk. Nai she (Hakka), Ulai Pai (Iban), Ngu Nguang-chang (Thai),
ETS belongs to the Acrochordidae family which represents a group of primitive non-venomous aquatic snakes. The skin is baggy and loose giving the impression that it is too big for the animal. The skin is covered with small rough adjacent scales. The skin is also used in the tannery industry and its leather is called Karung.
ETS are ovoviviparous, the incubation lasts 5 in 6 months and the female gave birth to 6 to 17 young.
Range: Java, Kalimantan, Sumatra, Bali (Indonesia); in the west coast of Malaysia and also in Thailand, Cambodia, and Vietnam.
Habits: ETS is active at night. It spends most of its life under water and rarely goes on land. It can stay under water up to 40 minutes.
Diet: ETS is an ambush predator that likes to capture fishes and amphibians by folding firmly to the preys' body.
Moray eels are cosmopolitan eels of the family Muraenidae. The approximately 200 species in 15 genera are almost exclusively marine, but several species are regularly seen in brackish water, and a few, for example the freshwater moray (Gymnothorax polyuranodon), can sometimes be found in fresh water.
With a maximum length of 11.5 cm (4.5 in), the smallest moray is likely Snyder's moray (Anarchias leucurus), while the longest species, the slender giant moray (Strophidon sathete) reaches up to 4 m (13 ft). The largest in terms of total mass is the giant moray (Gymnothorax javanicus), which reaches 3 m (9.8 ft) in length and 30 kg (66 lb) in weight.
The dorsal fin extends from just behind the head along the back and joins seamlessly with the caudal and anal fins. Most species lack pectoral and pelvic fins, adding to their serpentine appearance. Their eyes are rather small; morays rely on their highly developed sense of smell, lying in wait to ambush prey.
The body is generally patterned. In some species, the inside of the mouth is also patterned. Their jaws are wide, framing a protruding snout. Most possess large teeth used to tear flesh or grasp slippery prey items. A relatively small number of species, for example the snowflake moray (Echidna nebulosa) and zebra moray (Gymnomuraena zebra), primarily feed on crustaceans and other hard-shelled animals, and they have blunt, molar-like teeth suitable for crushing.
Moray eels' heads are too narrow to create the negative pressure most fishes use to swallow prey. Quite possibly because of this, they have a second set of jaws in their throat called pharyngeal jaws, which also possess teeth (like tilapia). When feeding, morays launch these jaws into the mouth, where they grasp prey and transport it into the throat and digestive system. Moray eels are the only animals that use pharyngeal jaws to actively capture and restrain prey. Larger morays are capable of seriously wounding humans.
Morays secrete a protective mucus over their smooth, scaleless skin, which in some species contains a toxin. They have much thicker skin and high densities of goblet cells in the epidermis that allows mucus to be produced at a higher rate than in other eel species. This allows sand granules to adhere to the sides of their burrows in sand-dwelling morays, thus making the walls of the burrow more permanent due to the glycosylation of mucins in mucus. Their small, circular gills, located on the flanks far posterior to the mouth, require the moray to maintain a gap to facilitate respiration.
Morays are carnivorous and feed primarily on other fish, cephalopods, molluscs, sea snakes, and crustaceans. Groupers, barracudas, and sea snakes are among their few predators. Commercial fisheries exist for several species, but some cause ciguatera fish poisoning.
Photographed on the dive site called Thomas in the straits of Tiran, near Sharm el Sheikh, Egypt
A wily mongoose takes its time to check that the coast is clear before entering further into the backyard.
Name: Red-billed malkoha
Scientific: Zanclostomus javanicus
Malay: Cenuk Api / Cenuk Paruh Merah
Family: Cuculidae
IUCN Red List (v.3.1, 2016): Least concern
Gear: SONY a1 + SEL200600G.
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Copyright © 2021 Nur Ismail Photography. All rights reserved. Do not use or reproduce these images on websites, blogs or publications without expressed written permission from the photographer.
For any enquiries, please visit my website: www.nurismailphotography.com or email at nismailm@gmail.com.
6th-15th February 2016
Taman Negara National Park, Pahang, Malaysia
Banteng/ Tembadau (Bos javanicus) @Sungai Relau, Pahang.
Bos javanicus subsp. birmanicus. An endangered species. Malaysian wild life authority embarked a breeding program before gradually releasing in the adjacent forests.
Ref.:
www.ecologyasia.com/verts/mammals/banteng.htm
www.naturepl.com/stock-photo-banteng-bos-javanicus-birman...
www.cambridge.org/core/journals/oryx/article/status-and-d...
Kuala Tahan - Air Terjun Empat Tingkat (Four-steps Waterfall) - Gunung Tahan (Mount Tahan) - Kuala Juram Hike. Total distance apprx. 120 km; 10D9N..
GUNUNG TAHAN (MOUNT TAHAN). Gunung Tahan, is the highest point in Peninsular Malaysia.
Elevation:2,187 m (7,175 ft)
Prominence: 2,140 m (7,020 ft)
Parent range: Tahan Range
Listing: Ultra
LOG:
DAY 01 (06/2): Kuala Tahan - Taman Negara - Melantai
DAY 02 (07/2): Melantai - Kem Tengah - G. Rajah - Kem Puteh
DAY 03 (08/2): Kem Puteh - Kem Teku
DAY 04 (09/2): Kem Teku - Kem Pasir Mengkuang - Kem Pasir Segantang - Kem
Pasir Panjang.
DAY 05 (10/2): Kem Pasir Panjang - 4-Steps - Kem Pasir Panjang
DAY 06 (11/2): Kem Pasir Panjang - Kem Teku
DAY 07 (12/2): Kem Teku - Kem Pangkin
DAY 08 (13/2): Kem Pangkin - G. Pangkin - G. Tangga 15 - G. Resket - G. Gedung -
G. Tahan - Kem Botak
DAY 09 (14/2): Kem Botak - Kem Bonsai - Kem Belumut - Kem Kubang - Kem
Permatang - Kem Kor
DAY 10 (15/2): Kem Kor - Lata Luis - Kuala Luis - Kuala Juram - Sg. Relau
Location: Johor, Malaysia
Toxicity: Non venomous
Temperament: Docile.
Also known as Little file snake, and little wart snake. It is completely aquatic and almost helpless on land.
Ts is also known as the little file snake because it is the smallest in the genus, reaching at maximum about 1 m, while the other two species (Acrochordus arafurae & Acrochordus javanicus) may be between 1.7–2.0 m long (Lillywhite, 1991).
Habitat: Permanently inhabits estuaries as well as coastal seas.
Range: India through Southeast Asia.
Name: Lesser adjutant
Scientific: Leptoptilos javanicus
Malay: Botak Kecil / Burung Botak / Upih Botak
Family: Ciconiidae
IUCN Red List (v3.1, 2017): Vulnerable
Gear: SONY a9II + SEL200600G + SEL14TC.
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Copyright © 2020 Nur Ismail Photography. All rights reserved. Do not use or reproduce these images on websites, blogs or publications without expressed written permission from the photographer.
For any enquiries, please visit my website: www.nurismailphotography.com or email at nismailm@gmail.com.
This vulnerable stork, similar in appearance to the Marabou is considered threatened, mostly due to habitat degradation, pollution and man's disdain for nature. It was good to see a group of five of these birds in the early morning as they hunted for breakfast.
Lovely Tuesday to ALL...
feel free to visit my birding blog @ www.mynameistank64.blogspot.com
Bird: Banded Broadbill (Eurylaimus javanicus)
SEM 114
Banteng bull, Bos javanicus in Huai Kha Khaeng wildlife sanctuary, Thailand.
This photo is published under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike Licence.
You are free to use this image, as long as it is shared with attribution under the same licence together with the appropriate credits:
By: Tontan Travel
Link: www.tontantravel.com/
Not a very good photo, but these guys are so cute I thought I'd share/ :-)
Moray eels are cosmopolitan eels of the family Muraenidae. The approximately 200 species in 15 genera are almost exclusively marine, but several species are regularly seen in brackish water, and a few, for example the freshwater moray (Gymnothorax polyuranodon), can sometimes be found in fresh water.
With a maximum length of 11.5 cm (4.5 in), the smallest moray is likely Snyder's moray (Anarchias leucurus), while the longest species, the slender giant moray (Strophidon sathete) reaches up to 4 m (13 ft). The largest in terms of total mass is the giant moray (Gymnothorax javanicus), which reaches 3 m (9.8 ft) in length and 30 kg (66 lb) in weight.
The dorsal fin extends from just behind the head along the back and joins seamlessly with the caudal and anal fins. Most species lack pectoral and pelvic fins, adding to their serpentine appearance. Their eyes are rather small; morays rely on their highly developed sense of smell, lying in wait to ambush prey.
The body is generally patterned. In some species, the inside of the mouth is also patterned. Their jaws are wide, framing a protruding snout. Most possess large teeth used to tear flesh or grasp slippery prey items. A relatively small number of species, for example the snowflake moray (Echidna nebulosa) and zebra moray (Gymnomuraena zebra), primarily feed on crustaceans and other hard-shelled animals, and they have blunt, molar-like teeth suitable for crushing.
Moray eels' heads are too narrow to create the negative pressure most fishes use to swallow prey. Quite possibly because of this, they have a second set of jaws in their throat called pharyngeal jaws, which also possess teeth (like tilapia). When feeding, morays launch these jaws into the mouth, where they grasp prey and transport it into the throat and digestive system. Moray eels are the only animals that use pharyngeal jaws to actively capture and restrain prey. Larger morays are capable of seriously wounding humans.
Morays secrete a protective mucus over their smooth, scaleless skin, which in some species contains a toxin. They have much thicker skin and high densities of goblet cells in the epidermis that allows mucus to be produced at a higher rate than in other eel species. This allows sand granules to adhere to the sides of their burrows in sand-dwelling morays, thus making the walls of the burrow more permanent due to the glycosylation of mucins in mucus. Their small, circular gills, located on the flanks far posterior to the mouth, require the moray to maintain a gap to facilitate respiration.
Morays are carnivorous and feed primarily on other fish, cephalopods, molluscs, sea snakes, and crustaceans. Groupers, barracudas, and sea snakes are among their few predators. Commercial fisheries exist for several species, but some cause ciguatera fish poisoning.
Photographed on a dive site called Gordon in the straits of Tiran, near Sharm el Sheikh, Egypt
Lovely Thursday to ALL...
feel free to visit my birding blog @ www.mynameistank64.blogspot.com
Bird: Male Banded Broadbill (Eurylaimus javanicus)
SEM 114
Lovely Weekend to ALL
more images @ www.mynameistank64.blogspot.com
Bird: Banded Broadbill (Eurylaimus Javanicus) - Male
Sem 914
(Bos javanicus) The banteng (Bos javanicus), is a species of wild cattle found in Southeast Asia.Banteng have also been introduced to Northern Australia, where they have established stable feral populations
Lesser Adjutant Stork :-
The Lesser Adjutant (Leptoptilos javanicus) is a large wading bird in the stork family Ciconiidae. Like other members of its genus, it has a bare neck and head. It is however more closely associated with wetland habitats where it is solitary and is less likely to scavenge than the related Greater Adjutant. It is a large stork with an upright stance, a bare head and neck without a pendant pounch, it has a length of 87–93 cm (outstretched specimen measurement), weighs about 8.9 kg and stands about 110–120 cm tall.It is a widespread species found from India through Southeast Asia to Java.
This particular one was captured in Sunderban
Lots of live salt water specimens were found stuck in colonies on the concrete surfaces.
SUNDARBANS:
The Sundarbans is the largest single block of tidal halophytic mangrove forest in the world. The Sunderbans is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, most of which situated in Bangladesh and the remaining in India.
The Sundarbans National Park is a National Park, Tiger Reserve, and a Biosphere Reserve located in the Sundarbans delta in the Indian state of West Bengal. Sundarbans South, East and West are three protected forests in Bangladesh. This region is densely covered by mangrove forests, and is one of the largest reserves for the Bengal tiger.
Geography
The Sundarban forest lies in the vast delta on the Bay of Bengal formed by the super confluence of the Padma, Brahmaputra and Meghna rivers across southern Bangladesh. The seasonally flooded Sundarbans freshwater swamp forests lie inland from the mangrove forests on the coastal fringe. The forest covers 10,000 km2. of which about 6,000 are in Bangladesh. It became inscribed as a UNESCO world heritage site in 1997. The Sundarbans is estimated to be about 4,110 km², of which about 1,700 km² is occupied by waterbodies in the forms of river, canals and creeks of width varying from a few meters to several kilometres.
Flora
A total 245 genera and 334 plant species were recorded by David Prain in 1903. The Sundarbans flora is characterised by the abundance of sundari (Heritiera fomes), gewa (Excoecaria agallocha), goran (Ceriops decandra) and keora (Sonneratia apetala) all of which occur prominently throughout the area. The characteristic tree of the forest is the sundari (Heritiera littoralis), from which the name of the forest had probably been derived. It yields a hard wood, used for building houses and making boats, furniture and other things. New forest accretions is often conspicuously dominated by keora (Sonneratia apetala) and tidal forests. It is an indicator species for newly accreted mudbanks and is an important species for wildlife, especially spotted deer (Axis axis). There is abundance of dhundul or passur (Xylocarpus granatum) and kankra (Bruguiera gymnorrhiza) though distribution is discontinuous. Among palms, Poresia coaractata, Myriostachya wightiana and golpata (Nypa fruticans), and among grasses spear grass (Imperata cylindrica) and khagra (Phragmites karka) are well distributed.
Fauna
The Sundarbans provides a unique ecosystem and a rich wildlife habitat. According to the 2011 tiger census, the Sundarbans have about 270 tigers. Although previous rough estimates had suggested much higher figures close to 300, the 2011 census provided the first ever scientific estimate of tigers from the area. Tiger attacks are frequent in the Sundarbans. Between 100 and 250 people are killed per year.
There is much more wildlife here than just the endangered Royal Bengal Tiger (Panthera tigris tigris). Most importantly, mangroves are a transition from the marine to freshwater and terrestrial systems, and provide critical habitat for numerous species of small fish, crabs, shrimps and other crustaceans that adapt to feed and shelter, and reproduce among the tangled mass of roots, known as pneumatophores, which grow upward from the anaerobic mud to get the supply of oxygen. Fishing Cats, Macaques, wild boars, Common Grey Mongooses, Foxes, Jungle Cats,Flying Foxes, Pangolins, and spotted deer are also found in abundance in the Sundarbans.
A 1991 study has revealed that the Bangladeshi part of the Sundarbans supports diverse biological resources including at least 150 species of commercially important fish, 270 species of birds, 42 species of mammals, 35 reptiles and 8 amphibian species.
The Sundarbans is an important wintering area for migrant water birds and is an area suitable for watching and studying avifauna. The management of wildlife is presently restricted to, firstly, the protection of fauna from poaching, and, secondly, designation of some areas as wildlife sanctuaries where no extraction of forest produce is allowed and where the wildlife face few disturbances. Although the fauna of Bangladesh have diminished in recent times and the Sundarbans has not been spared from this decline, the mangrove forest retains several good wildlife habitats and their associated fauna. Of these, the tiger and dolphin are target species for planning wildlife management and tourism development.
Avifauna
The forest is also rich in bird life, with 170 species including the endemic Brown-winged Kingfishers (Pelargopsis amauroptera) and the globally threatened Lesser Adjutants (Leptoptilos javanicus) and Masked Finfoots (Heliopais personata) and birds of prey such as the ospreys (Pandion haliaetus), White-bellied Sea Eagles (Haliaeetus leucogaster) and Grey-headed Fish-eagles (Ichthyophaga ichthyaetus). The Sundarbans was designated a Ramsar site on 21 May 1992. Some of the more popular birds found in this region are Open Billed Storks, Black-headed Ibis,Water Hens, Coots, Pheasant-tailed Jacanas, Pariah Kites, Brahminy Kites, Marsh Harriers, Swamp Partridges, Red Junglefowls, Spotted Doves, Common Mynahs, Jungle Crows, Jungle Babblers, Cotton Teals, Herring Gulls, Caspian Terns, Gray Herons, Brahminy Ducks, Spot-billed Pelicans, great Egrets, Night Herons, Common Snipes, Wood Sandpipers, Green pigeons, Rose Ringed Parakeets, Paradise Flycatchers, Cormorants, White-bellied Sea Eagles,Seagulls, Common Kingfishers, Peregrine falcons, Woodpeckers, Whimbrels, Black-tailed Godwits, Little Stints,Eastern knots, Curlews, Golden Plovers, Pintails, White eyed pochards and Lesser Whistling Ducks.