View allAll Photos Tagged itil
Sunset on the Volga river. City of Konakovo, Moscow region. Russia.
The Volga (in ancient times - Ra, in the Middle Ages - Itil, or Etel) is a river in the European part of Russia, one of the largest rivers in the world and the largest in Europe. Length 3530 km (before the construction of reservoirs 3690 km). The area of the basin is 1360 thousand km2.
The Volga originates on the Valdai Hills at an altitude of 228 m and flows into the Caspian Sea. The mouth lies 28 m below sea level.
The Volga is connected to the Baltic Sea by the Volga-Baltic Waterway; with the White Sea - through the White Sea-Baltic Canal and the Severodvinsk system; with the Azov and Black Seas - through the Volga-Don Canal. An important role is played by the Moscow Canal, which connects the Volga with Moscow and was created for the purpose of navigation, water supply of the capital and watering of the Moscow River.
Summer nature in the town of Konakovo near Moscow on the Volga River.
The largest and most full-flowing European river has many admirers: Nekrasov and Yevtushenko dedicated poems to it, Repin and Savrasov depicted it on their canvases, films were made about the Volga, and songs were written.
The Volga River flows from northwest to southeast, passes through 15 regions of Russia and flows into the Caspian Sea. High shores alternate with cozy sandy beaches. The forests hugging the channel give way to wide expanses of the steppe.
The length of the Volga is 3530 kilometers. Before the construction of reservoirs, it was even more - 3690 kilometers.
Even the Persians, led by King Darius, went on campaigns along the Volga against the Scythian tribes. In the treatises of the ancient Greek philosopher Herodotus, the river is called the Oar. It is believed that this is one of the first mentions of the Volga, made back in the 5th century BC.
The Volga had a lot of names. The ancient Romans called her Ra, which means "generous." Arab peoples Atelyu - "the river of all rivers." Turkic tribes - Itil, which simply means "river". Until now, this name has been preserved among some peoples. And the modern name of the great Russian river came from the Old Slavonic word "vlga", which means "moisture".
At all times, the Volga watered and fed people, was the main thoroughfare, a place of rest. But not infrequently, spring floods on the Volga brought destruction to entire villages. It was possible to tame her temper by creating a system of reservoirs with hydroelectric power stations. There are nine in total.
Featuring: Rose Corset- by BUGANVILLA
Rose Corset:
28 basic colors with options to also change colors on details.
Compatible: Reborn, LaraX and Legacy
New release at Dubai Event itil 15 Febrary
Taxi Dubai Event: maps.secondlife.com/secondlife/Horizon%20Beach/124/120/23
Buganvilla Store: maps.secondlife.com/secondlife/Toowoomba/63/208/84
Facebook: www.facebook.com/Buganvilla.Store
Buganvilla Store Flickr: www.flickr.com/photos/196541168@N05
----------
Backdrop: blaink. - Maldito V2
Pose: FOXCITY. Celestial
Wearing:
Corset: Rose - by Buganvilla (details above)
Neck Tattoo: Dead Rose - by [Onyx]
Hair: Hoshino - by [monso]
Horns: Trinket Horns - by :[P]:
Flower Headpiece: dark side - by *Tentacio*
Lantern: Groundskeeper - by Random Matter
Court of Customs and Patent Appeals Reports (Patent Cases) in a large DC law library.
Blogged:
dcist.com/2009/07/sunday_photo_july_26_2009.php
www.makeuseof.com/tag/4-great-sites-to-do-a-book-search-b...
ahtim.com/the-most-expensive-iphone-app-that-worth/
www.samanage.com/blog/2010/03/what-is-itil/
www.princeofpetworth.com/2010/03/message-from-chief-judge...
dcist.com/2010/04/seven_dc_students_win_scholastic_eq.php
www.jasnwilsn.com/2010/06/04/the-fate-of-nontextual-eleme...
criminaljustice.change.org/blog/view/in_virginia_a_jailho...
blog.radvision.com/voipsurvivor/2010/09/23/how-do-you-lik...
bizzthemes.com/demo/law-firm/ (slide 2)
studentblog.worldcampus.psu.edu/index.php/2011/05/five-re...
dcist.com/2011/05/law-making_takes_a_summer_break.php
blogs.lawlib.widener.edu/delaware/2011/06/28/summer-readi...
blogs.abc.net.au/nsw/2011/07/self-improvement-wednesday-a...
www.princeofpetworth.com/2011/08/mpd-chief-cathy-lanier-c...
chircu.blogspot.com/2011/09/economic-future-patent-law.html
rflx-s.blogspot.com/2011/10/consejos-para-blogueros-cuand...
www.badmummy.com.au/family-life/there-goes-my-brilliant-c...
dcist.com/2011/10/attention_dc_politics_geeks_lots_mo.php
dcist.com/2011/11/ahead_of_ethics_debate_disagreement.php
dcist.com/2011/12/ethics_meet_elections_1.php
dcist.com/2011/12/ethics_bill_moves_forward_though_pr.php
dcist.com/2012/01/toughest_provisions_of_ethics_bill.php
aprettybook.com/2011/11/30/the-law-in-books/
penneyfox.wordpress.com/2012/03/30/mommy-whats-a-lawyer-y...
socyberty.com/law/frequently-asked-questions-about-no-win...
www.princeofpetworth.com/2012/04/the-5pm-post-twitter-q-a...
whatisacriminallawyer.com/14-articles/8-criminal-self-rep...
www.princeofpetworth.com/2012/06/dc-superior-court-resond...
arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2012/07/judge-blasts-colleagu...
www.projectcasting.com/2012/07/25/usa-suits-casting-infor...
www.marilynstowe.co.uk/2012/09/24/for-the-public-good/
www.princeofpetworth.com/2012/11/dear-popville-has-anyone...
www.popville.com/2013/09/dear-popville-charged-1500-to-ch...
dcist.com/2015/02/overheard_in_dc_law_school.php
www.popville.com/2015/02/dear-popville-looking-for-a-lawy...
dcist.com/2015/02/overheard_in_dc_law_school.php
greatergreaterwashington.org/post/27295/breakfast-links-n...
www.popville.com/2015/08/from-the-forum-looking-to-set-up...
www.popville.com/2015/10/but-you-know-what-we-dont-see-pr...
www.popville.com/2015/11/lawyer-for-friend-who-was-hit-by...
www.facebook.com/viralvo/videos/1708518502753087/
www.popville.com/2018/07/id-be-so-grateful-for-any-help-t...
www.popville.com/2018/08/friday-question-of-the-day-do-yo...
www.popville.com/2018/10/pot-smoke-baby-tenant-laws/
www.popville.com/2019/05/does-anyone-know-of-a-good-emplo...
www.popville.com/2019/08/it-may-be-time-to-form-a-tenants...
www.popville.com/2020/01/lease-language-question/
dcist.com/story/20/06/16/d-c-residents-with-felony-convic...
dcist.com/story/21/11/04/dc-council-rewrite-criminal-code/
dcist.com/story/21/11/04/dc-council-rewrite-criminal-code/
dcist.com/story/21/11/04/dc-council-rewrite-criminal-code/
dcist.com/story/22/11/15/dc-council-will-vote-overhaul-cr...
dcist.com/story/23/01/03/mayor-bowser-dc-criminal-code-veto/
dcist.com/story/23/01/17/dc-council-override-bowser-veto-...
Believe it or not, I actually work in IT. I have a bunch of ITIL and BMC Software certifications hanging to the left out of the picture :-)
Day 249 Year3 of Project365
To all my problems I had 4 days of intestinal viral flu, I lost 4 kilos (8.8 pounds) which in my case is not a good thing, I'm weak, tired, stressed and I have ITIL certification preparation and examination starting tomorrow.... oh boy, I hope this bliss doesn't end anytime soon...
Can someone put me out of my misery, please?
Day 251 Year3 of Project365
ITIL test was on Monday. The results came in just now. I passed with flying colors. So I am now ITIL certified! Huraaay!
Here are the different kinds of springs on the different wires. You can also see The Hooks. Well, some of the hooks, anyway.
Amigo Max, amigo Tuta:
Te devo um conto!
Nem te conto!
Me dá um desconto!
É que o conto está inacabado... mas acho que é daqueles contos sem começo nem fim... assim como os do tal Hemingway.. que dão um trabalho danado de entender.
E a moral da história? Não tem não, fica pra uma fábula, quem sabe.
Nem te conto!
¿Te cuento un cuento?
E como disse a umas fotos atrás.. life is made of short stories... e todos os dias temos de virar a página. Profundo isso, não??? Mas prefiro deixar as profundezas pra nosso amigo Wilde.
Agora to voltando pro conto da vida real... e até que a coisa não vai nada mal. Tem alguns clichês no enredo sabe, reunião com a chefe, estudar pra tal certificação itil, cuidar do jardim e contas pra pagar... e algo bem gelado pra tomar no fim de semana... mas até que a coisa não vai nada mal!!!!
Sim, esse é um conto real, pra outros contos não dou mais um real, não vem que não tem vintém.
Nem te conto!
Mas tem muitos contos por ai, tem o conto do vigário, já te contaram esse conto amigo Max, amigo Tuta? Esse conto na minha vida nunca contei, mas já me contaram sim.
E tem o conto de fadas, nesse conto eu também acreditava, mas quem sabe esse conto ainda pode ser real.
Ainda prefiro o conto nosso de cada dia.
Nem te conto!
Me dá um desconto!
Acho que meu conto vai ficando por aqui.
Pois como disse é um conto inacabado e também musicado !!!
Pertevniyal Valide Sultan Camii
“Fatih İlçesi’nde, Aksaray Meydanı’nda ve meydanın kuzeybatı kesimindedir. [...] Abdülaziz’in (hd 1861-1876) annesi Pertevniyal Valide Sultan tarafından yaptırılmıştır. Pertevniyal Valide Sultan’ın çok önem vererek yaptırdığı cami, aslında mektep, türbe, muvakkithane ve sebilden oluşan bir külliye olarak tasarlandı. [...] Yapının mimarı Sarkis Balyan’dır, tasarıma Agop Balyan’ın da katıldığı, çizim işlerinde desinatör Osep’in çalıştığı bilinmektedir. [...] Valide Camii, İstanbul’un kentsel düzenleme çalışmalarında en çok zarara uğrayan tarihi miraslarından biridir. 1956-1959 yılları arasında Aksaray Meydanı düzenlemesi ve Vatan ve Millet caddelerinin açılması çalışmaları sırasında Pertevniyal Sultan’ın türbesi ile muvakkithane ve sebil kaldırıldı. [...] Yol açımı sırasında Millet Caddesi’nin kotu yükseltildiğinden, avlunun güney kapısı yoldan aşağı düzeyde kaldı. Doğudan batıya uzanan bir rampa ile kapıya ulaşım sağlandı. 1969’da başlayan altgeçit ve üst yol çalışmaları sonunda cami de iyice gömülü bir pozisyona itildi.” Afife Batur
Kaynak: “Dünden Bugüne İstanbul Ansiklopedisi”, Kültür Bakanlığı ve Tarih Vakfı ortak yayını, cilt 7, s. 360-362, 1994.
#SALTAraştırma, Harika-Kemali Söylemezoğlu Arşivi
Repository: SALT Research
Rights Info: This material can be used under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) license.
Aksaray Meydanı ve Pertevniyal Valide Sultan Camii
“Fatih İlçesi’nde, Aksaray Meydanı’nda ve meydanın kuzeybatı kesimindedir. [...] Abdülaziz’in (hd 1861-1876) annesi Pertevniyal Valide Sultan tarafından yaptırılmıştır. Pertevniyal Valide Sultan’ın çok önem vererek yaptırdığı cami, aslında mektep, türbe, muvakkithane ve sebilden oluşan bir külliye olarak tasarlandı. [...] Yapının mimarı Sarkis Balyan’dır, tasarıma Agop Balyan’ın da katıldığı, çizim işlerinde desinatör Osep’in çalıştığı bilinmektedir. [...] Valide Camii, İstanbul’un kentsel düzenleme çalışmalarında en çok zarara uğrayan tarihi miraslarından biridir. 1956-1959 yılları arasında Aksaray Meydanı düzenlemesi ve Vatan ve Millet caddelerinin açılması çalışmaları sırasında Pertevniyal Sultan’ın türbesi ile muvakkithane ve sebil kaldırıldı. [...] Yol açımı sırasında Millet Caddesi’nin kotu yükseltildiğinden, avlunun güney kapısı yoldan aşağı düzeyde kaldı. Doğudan batıya uzanan bir rampa ile kapıya ulaşım sağlandı. 1969’da başlayan altgeçit ve üst yol çalışmaları sonunda cami de iyice gömülü bir pozisyona itildi.” Afife Batur
Kaynak: “Dünden Bugüne İstanbul Ansiklopedisi”, Kültür Bakanlığı ve Tarih Vakfı ortak yayını, cilt 7, s. 360-362, 1994.
#SALTAraştırma, Harika-Kemali Söylemezoğlu Arşivi
Repository: SALT Research
Rights Info: This material can be used under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) license.
The Volga (Russian: Во́лга) is the largest river in Europe in terms of length, discharge, and watershed. It flows through central Russia, and is widely viewed as the national river of Russia. Out of the twenty largest cities of Russia, eleven, including the capital Moscow, are situated in the Volga's drainage basin. Some of the largest reservoirs in the world can be found along the Volga. The river has a symbolic meaning in Russian culture and is often referred to as Volga-Matushka (Volga-mother) in Russian literature and folklore.
The Russian hydronym Волга derives from the Proto-Slavic *Vьlga "wetness", "humidity", which is preserved in many Slavic languages, including Russian (во́лглый – волога – влага). Polish and Czech names of rivers Vlga and Vilga speak in favor of this version.
For less probable version, hydronym is akin to the old Mari name of the river – Volgydo, meaning "bright". Presently the Mari call the river Юл (Jul), meaning "way" in Tatar. The name volgydo descends from Proto-Uralic *valkita, meaning "white" or "bright". Another possible origin of the name is from the name of the largest community that occupied large areas around it in the past – the Proto-Bulgarians.
The Russian name is transliterated as Volga in English and Wolga in German.
The Turkic people living along the river formerly referred to it as Itil or Atil. In modern Turkic languages, the Volga is known as İdel (Идел) in Tatar, Idyll in ancient Bulgar[citation needed], Атăл (Atăl) in Chuvash, Idhel in Bashkir, Edil in Kazakh, and İdil in Turkish. The Turkic peoples associated the Itil's origin with the Kama River. Thus, a left tributary to the Kama River was named the Aq Itil ("White Itil") which unites with the Kara Itil ("Black Itil") at the modern city of Ufa.
Under the Asians, the river was known by its other Turkic name Sarı-su ("yellow water"), but Mongols used also their own language name: Shar mörön ("yellow river").
The ancient and modern Mordvin name for the Volga, Рав (Rav), apparently reflects the ancient Scythian hydronym *Rhā, supposedly cognate with the ancient Avestan and Sanskrit names Rañha and Rasah for a mythical river, which was said to flow around the Earth. It has been suggested that the name Russia may have been derived from Rasah/Rosah, the Iranic name of the Volga River (F.Knauer, Moscow 1901). These Iranic words are all connected in their primary meaning of "dew, liquid, moisture".
The Volga is the longest river in Europe. It belongs to the closed basin of the Caspian Sea. Rising in the Valdai Hills 225 meters (738 ft) above sea level northwest of Moscow and about 320 kilometers (200 mi) southeast of Saint Petersburg, the Volga heads east past Lake Sterzh, Tver, Dubna, Rybinsk, Yaroslavl, Nizhny Novgorod, and Kazan. From there it turns south, flows past Ulyanovsk, Tolyatti, Samara, Saratov and Volgograd, and discharges into the Caspian Sea below Astrakhan at 28 meters (92 ft) below sea level. At its most strategic point, it bends toward the Don ("the big bend"). Volgograd, formerly Stalingrad, is located there.
The Volga has many tributaries, most importantly the Kama, the Oka, the Vetluga, and the Sura rivers. The Volga and its tributaries form the Volga river system, which drains an area of about 1.35 million square kilometres in the most heavily populated part of Russia. The Volga Delta has a length of about 160 kilometres and includes as many as 500 channels and smaller rivers. The largest estuary in Europe, it is the only place in Russia where pelicans, flamingos, and lotuses may be found. The Volga freezes for most of its length for three months each year.
The Volga drains most of Western Russia. Its many large reservoirs provide irrigation and hydroelectric power. The Moscow Canal, the Volga–Don Canal, and the Volga–Baltic Waterway form navigable waterways connecting Moscow to the White Sea, the Baltic Sea, the Caspian Sea, the Sea of Azov and the Black Sea. High levels of chemical pollution have adversely affected the river and its habitats.
The fertile river valley provides large quantities of wheat, and also has many mineral riches. A substantial petroleum industry centres on the Volga valley. Other resources include natural gas, salt, and potash. The Volga Delta and the nearby Caspian Sea offer superb fishing grounds. Astrakhan, at the delta, is the centre of the caviar industry.
I learned that the ruins of a medieval city thought to be the legendary Itil (or Atil), capital of the Khazar Khaganate, had recently been discovered and excavated in the steppe not far SW of Astrakhan. So I hired a local guy to drive me to the site (handy to modern day 'Samosdelka'), along a route at the rougher end of the dirt-road spectrum. But we waited a little too long for the flat-boat/car-ferry to cross from the other side of this branch of the Volga (while the operator waited for customers from that end), so we gave up and drove back. (That day Itil/Atil joined that list of sights that I was so close to near the end of a trip but just missed for various reasons, with Long Wat in Sarawak, Potosi, Afqa in Lebanon, etc., & the best example, Gondogoro La with K2 in Pakistan. But from the photos I've seen, the site's on the cerebral end of the spectrum as a sight, with little to see [or so far, the dig is ongoing. thecompletepilgrim.com/ruins-atil/ ]. Then too, Samosdelka, the town, might be exotic).
- I didn't know what to expect, but Itil was one of the largest cities in the world at its height (@750 - 969 A.D.), & the capitol of a trading empire and a regional superpower. It's also famous for the conversion of the Khagan and the nobility to Judaism in what's thought to be a political move in part (to help maintain independence from Christian neighbours to the west and northwest and Muslims to the south and east), and for being so multi-confessional, multicultural, and wealthy (!). Excavators have found (amongst other things) turquoise-glazed ceramics from Persia, stone cauldrons from Uzbekistan, amber beads from the Baltic, a dragon-adorned belt-end from China, a copper crucifix, and coins from all over. But it's also quite possible that the site of Itil is submerged under the Caspian or the Volga, and that this is simply the largest Khazarian site found to date.
www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/russia/3072167/...
- Much gold in the form of jewelery and coins has been found at the site as well, one of the reasons why archaeologist prof. D. V. Vassilyev is so confident that it was Itil. "For more than 300 yrs., from @ the middle of the 7th cent. the Khazars commanded a vast empire stretching from the north steppes to the Caucasus and Crimea. It stood on the Silk Road, benefiting from extensive trade between east and west, and served as a buffer between Christian lands and the expanding Arab Caliphate to the east and south. It was the final outpost before the steppe, the last orderly state before the danger and lawlessness of the nomad hordes roaming to the east. One road took travelers from Spain and France through Prague and Krakow to Kiev and then Sarkel and on to Itil. It was, by all accounts, a remarkably tolerant society: The judicial system provided for the practices and customs of Jews, Muslims, Christians and pagans in ways that presaged the later millet system of the Ottomans. But in the 10th century, it came to an abrupt end, replaced by a burgeoning Kiev principality and later, the Russian Empire. The causes for the collapse are still unknown. Khazaria had powerful neighbors and its own internal divisions may have weakened the state and the army. @ 965 the ruler of Kievan Rus, Sviotaslav, conquered and destroyed the city of Itil. A visitor wrote soon after that not a raisin or grape were left in the land. Itil had been leveled to the ground."
www.politico.eu/article/on-the-trail-of-europes-last-lost...
- According to Jewish tradition, one Isaak Sangari (700s C.E.) converted the Khazar Khagan to Judaism. His name appears first in Nahmanides’ commentary on the book Kuzari by the great Jewish poet and philosopher Jehuda ha-Levi. The story of the conversion of the Khazar khans in @ the 8th cent. to Judaism was considered legendary until Arabic sources were published in the 1820s providing indisputable proof of the conversion. eajc.org/page34/news23519.html
- A longstanding theory has it that the Jews of Eastern and Central Europe, the Ashkenazim, descend from these legendary Khazars. But if the Khaganate is in the Ashkenazic ancestral mix, DNA studies and the linguistic analysis of Yiddish indicate that it could only be in small measure, if at all. www.livescience.com/40247-ashkenazi-jews-have-european-ge... This shouldn't be surprising as I've read that @ 10% of the population of the Roman empire was Jewish, until the adoption of Christianity as the state religion with the Edict of Thessalonika in 380. "By the time of the destruction of the 2nd Temple in 70 A.D., as many as 6 million Jews were living in the Roman Empire, but outside Israel, primarily in Italy and Southern Europe. In contrast, only about 500,000 lived in Judea." (livescience.com) Judaism was perceived to be a sophisticated religion and had many converts in the Hellenistic and Roman periods up until 66 A.D. and the beginning of the first Jewish-Roman war. "Under Julius Caesar, Judaism was officially recognized as a legal religion, a policy followed by the first Roman emperor, Augustus. ... In Rome, Jewish communities enjoyed privileges and thrived economically, becoming a significant part of the Empire's population (perhaps as much as 10 %)." (Wikipedia) [Update: The numbers and percentages might be controversial. I'll review a detailed, recently revised and expanded Wikipedia entry re the origins and history of the Ashkenazim and revise or add to this accordingly sometime. But from a quick glean, it seems that the 6 million number and the 10% estimate might be speculative and off-base. There's evidence from an ambitious British study conducted in 2013 that Ashkenazic matrilineal DNA is almost entirely European, primarily Italian, whereas the Y-chromosome male lineage is 50 to 80% Levantine, although this has been challenged too. If true, I wonder {and I haven't read this anywhere} if the origins of the Ashkenazim in ancient Roman Italy are similar in a way to those of the Metis in Manitoba.: Significant numbers of Jewish men from the Levant relocated to Italy to trade and work, many of whom met local women and settled down far from home. In the case of ancient Rome, many certainly would, in the most vibrant and fascinating city anywhere at that time, and in a lovely neck of the woods too. And 50-80% is a lot on the male line, which contradicts the idea of a large population of converts.]
- (Note: Much of what follows in the next 2 paragraphs is only of interest to close relatives, or to those on my Mom's Dad's side.) I find the history of the diaspora fascinating, moreso than that in the Old Testament, or in the New. It's unusual and mysterious, and I tend to like anything mysterious, one reason I often travel in countries I know less about. How did the practice of Judaism come to spread out all over the world and how did its adherents persist, cope and thrive in the face of so much adversity? There's much to learn from their experience. I also have a bit of a personal interest in the diaspora as I have a great x 3 grandmother, Bessina or Besina Hirsch (Mom's Dad's Mom's Mom's Mom), who I have reason to believe was Jewish, or that her father was, Benjamin Hirsch from Bristol. (I don't know the name of Bessina's mother nor where she hailed from.) My grand-dad and my Mom and relatives on that side of my tree had never heard this so I could be wrong, but Hirsch is a Jewish as well as a German surname, there was a small Jewish community in Bristol in the 1st 1/2 of the 19th cent., and it certainly seems that my great great grandmother Eliza, matriarch to a score of kids who worked as children or as young teens in the textile mills in Manchester, concocted a glamorous, fanciful family and personal history for her mother Bessina (or Besina) and for everyone's entertainment, and which she would do if she was covering something up, or Bessina herself might have done and Eliza might've merely repeated what she'd been told. This family 'history' involves: German tea plantation owners in Ceylon (Bessina's parents); a Colonel in the British army (Benjamin Hirsch allegedly, but which isn't true, I checked the military records at Kew in London in Dec. '99); the amorous pursuit of Bessina by "a young Rajah, son of the dethroned king of Kandi" (Sure. Prince Rajadhi Rajasinghe, the son of Sri Vikrama Rajasinha who ceded his kingdom to the meddlesome Brits with the 'Kandyan Convention' on March 2, 1815, ending what's claimed to be the longest royal dynasty in the history of this planet, dating from 543 B.C., > 2,350 years. That prince was exiled in 1815 with his father and family to Vellore fort in Tamil Nadu. www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bmb2RVY6fQ0 ); Bessina and her sisters witnessing the removal of much gold from the palace of the king of Kandi to a hiding place in the jungle by hundreds of natives who were never seen again and as such were presumed slain; Bessina's loss of both her parents at sea on their return voyage to England (the father died in a fall from ship's rigging "while viewing with the captain" and the mother promptly "died of a broken heart"); Bessina's loss of her large inheritance when she eloped to marry an older man for love (great x 3 granddad George Shaw, a Protestant immigrant to England from Ireland); Eliza's own psychic abilities and her frequent possession by the spirit of her mother's royal Sinhalese lover (Prince Rajadhi Rajasinghe, presumedly) at seances where she'd draw 'Indian' designs on paper in a trance (I showed one I was given by a cousin, who has a stack of them, to a friend in the '90s, and he asked "Was she in grade 4??"); etc. (Seances and the occult were all the rage with those Victorians, and I'm sure there was a thriving market in sheets of foolscap and coloured pencils with which seance participants would create so much art while possessed by any one of a host of exotic and glamorous foreign ghosts with names that were fun to try to pronounce. It's also just possible that Eliza had a good sense of humour.) Of course if her mother &/or her grandfather was Jewish, she'd be inclined to hide that fact for her own and her family's sake in light of the prevailing anti-semitism, and as life was difficult enough with eking out a living, if you could call it that, in Blake's 'dark satanic mills' in the 1860s, 70, and 80s. www.flickr.com/photos/97924400@N00/2568543121/in/datepost... youtu.be/yG_0lJiIsNo?si=USXvw-EbJkF5JjPN Or her concoctions might have been the result of a deep and profound insecurity; she might have been a pathological liar (which I've read tend to be sociopathic); or her childhood might have been too sad and dark to face up to, as life for any working-class kid in the mills in Salford (an extension today of d/t Manchester) could easily have been in the 1840s and 50s. But then it doesn't seem she was an emotional basket case. And again, she might have been reporting what she had been told by her own mother, which doesn't seem unlikely as she was one of 7 sisters.
- There's one other clue in documents received only 3 or 4 yr.s ago from a cousin that my great great grandmother Eliza made that whole history up. The following follows from the point in one account when Benjamin Hirsch and his wife both die at sea.: "The 3 daughters' money was put under the control of an executor who was an American and adopted the eldest daughter whose money founded a Hirsch colony in America. Nothing seems to be known of the 2nd daughter. The youngest daughter (Bessina) was adopted by a Col. Smith of London. She became engaged to the son of Co. [sic] Smith, but being in love with a Mr. Shaw of Ireland, a man twice her own age, married him." And they both ran off together to settle and live in the slums of Salford, some of the worst slums anywhere in the 1840s, made infamous by Engels. Sure. But the point to address here is the claim that her aunt's money was used to found a Hirsch colony in America. Baron Moritz de Hirsch, one of the wealthiest men in the world in the 1880s, "was moved by the relentless poverty and persecution of Russian Jews" and so "provided emergency funds for Russian Jewish refugees making their way through Europe and sponsored projects to help these refugees become self-sufficient farmers and craftsmen in their new countries" including Argentina, the American west, and the Canadian 'North-west' (latter day Saskatchewan). The disconnect however is that it wasn't until 1891 that Baron de Hirsch would donate "$4 million to establish a fund in New York City that would lead to the creation of JAIAS (the Jewish Agricultural and Industrial Aid Society). Over the next three decades, JAIAS would loan more than $7 million (of which $6 million was repaid) to some 10,000 Jews for the purchase of farms, equipment, and seed." thebaronhirschcommunity.org/ It was these settlements founded with the assistance of the JAIAS which became known as 'Hirsch colonies'. If the 'eldest daughter' did found a Hirsch colony in America, or if her money was used to found one, she would have been in her 70s at the time or older, and for Eliza to have known about this would mean that she would have maintained some contact, at least indirectly, with her wealthy aunt throughout the decades and into her mid-to-late 40s or 50s. Why would my great grandmother and her siblings have to work in the textile mills as children (!), or at least from their early teens, to help to support their family if they had a great aunt who was so wealthy that she or her money could found or at least help to found a Hirsch colony? The account doesn't indicate this aunt's first name or anything else about her, whether she married, where she was living (London? the home of the alleged Col. Smith), nor how Eliza would've known anything about where or how she was in the 1890s. It seems most likely to me that Eliza heard the name or the term 'Hirsch colony' somewhere and simply wove it into her fanciful account. Nothing else fits. She might well not have known that a 'Hirsch colony' is Jewish. I know she was uneducated. (I was told that one of her daughters, my great great aunt Florrie, a sweet old spinster, was illiterate. My uncle said that he persuaded Florrie to go with him to a movie theatre once in Toronto when he was a boy to see the 1st movie she'd ever seen. That would've been in @ 1940!). If Eliza had known that Hirsch colonies were Jewish it wouldn't mean that her stories about her aunt, etc. are any more likely to be true, but it would be more likely that Bessina &/or her father Benjamin was Jewish as this would show that Eliza had a certain pride in her mother's heritage, enough to include a revealing detail in her tall story. (And who doesn't want to be proud of their heritage? Elvis Presley found subtle ways to express pride in his great great grandmother's Jewish heritage, incl. placing a star of David on his mother's tombstone. [Not so subtle really.] It might be more than coincidental that Eliza had such a penchant for mysticism in light of the popular Victorian association /b/ Judaism and spirituality and ancient arcane knowledge. I write about Gustav Meyrink, the Austrian author of 'The Golem', here.: www.flickr.com/photos/97924400@N00/2221453873/in/photolis... A judeophile and a mystic himself, he was drawn to Judaism at least in part by his belief that practicing Jews had access to ancient spiritual knowledge, an access he might have coveted. In light of this association, Eliza's claim to mystic and psychic abilities might be consistent with a belief that her mother was Jewish or that she descended from Jews.) So that becomes a question; I don't doubt that Eliza fibbed when she said that her aunt's $ was used to found a Hirsch colony, but would she have known what a Hirsch colony was? Although she was uneducated, I think there's a good chance she would have. Another question: if she did learn what a Hirsch colony was, would she have assumed or guessed that her mother &/or her grandfather was of Jewish descent and that Hirsch is an exclusively or primarily Jewish name b/c Baron de Hirsch was Jewish? (It's not. It's a common surname for both Ashkenazic Jews and for Christian and secular Germans of non-Jewish descent.) How well did she know her mother or her grandfather? Eliza was one of 8 kids, with 6 sisters and 1 brother, for what that might be worth. Another hand-written version says less and is a bit contradictory (one of the 2 accounts might've been written by my granddad's 1st cousin Cyril's mother, Lil, or by his first cousin Betty [Bessina]).: "3 daughters' money was put under control of an executor but youngest [Bessina] eloped with Mr. Shaw of Ireland. The executor adopted the eldest and an American adopted the second daughter. Mr. Shaw and youngest daughter had 7 daughters and 1 son. The son went to Canada in the vicinity of Fort Garry (Winnipeg)."
- For real evidence I come back to the name Hirsch itself and that Benjamin was said to be from Bristol. It's of interest that one 'Isaac Collish or Zvi Hirsch Kalisch' was a Minister to the small Bristol Hebrew Congregation from 1765-85, the first in a list provided here.: www.jewishgen.org/jcr-uk/Community/bri1/Ministers.htm "The earliest known Rabbi was Isaac Collish [aka Zevi Hirsch Kalisch] who lived at Avon st. from 1765 to 1767, Temple st. from 1768 to 1769 and Counterslip from 1770 to 1785 in Temple Parish near the first synagogue. ... His surname seems to be an [anglicization] of Kalisch, derived from the Polish town Kalisz, but which is unlikely to indicate his place of origin." (J. Samuel, 'Jews in Bristol: the history ...') Kalisch had served as "the secretary and valet to the famous 'Rabbi Dr.' de Falk, the Baal-Shem of London" and as "the Hazzan at Bristol." (Barnett, 'The Western Synagogue through Two Centuries') His son-in-law Myer Solomon (@ 1760-1840) founded the St. Alban's Shul, aka the Western or Westminster Synagogue, London, consecrated on Sept. 7, 1826. "As Mohel he visited a number of towns including Bristol to perform circumcisions in the early 19th cent. He was also an amateur Chazzan, a qualified Shochet, a preacher, a Sopher who wrote two Scrolls of the Law, a composer of Hebrew hymns, a Freemason, philanthropist and a minor businessman. He had a bric-a-brac shop at 119, Pall Mall, where his Succah was open to all his congregation. His English funeral oration for George IV in 1830 was famous." Could this 'Isaac [or Zevi or Zvi] Hirsch Kalisch', who lived in Bristol from the 1760s to the 1780s, have been Benjamin's cousin, or an uncle? Cecil Roth writes in 'The Rise of Provincial Jewry' (1950) that "there was already an organized [Jewish] community [in Bristol by 1754]. The name of the Hazan was R. Hirsch, whose office was mentioned when he was admitted to membership of the Great Synagogue in 1762/3. He had been the personal attendant to the 'Baal Shem' of London, and was the progenitor of the Collins (Kalisch) family." I've read that by the 1840s when Eliza was born, the population of Bristol's Jewish community was only @ 300. (Now I'd like to learn more about the provenance of the 18th cent. Jews of Bristol. [For an update on this point, see below.])
- But if Eliza's mother &/or her grandfather was Jewish, how her mother or grandfather left or were separated from the Jewish community in Bristol or her mother's relatives is in question (although she claimed her mother eloped) as, again, that community was only @ 300-strong in the 1840s when Eliza was born in Salford, and I reasonably assume that small communities whose members face discrimination for their membership in that community, will be tight-knit and co-dependent (in a good way). I also note that Salford is far from Bristol, @ 225 km.s north, the length of Wales from north to south for what that's worth. (Btw, Bristol is very much an outlier on my Mom's tree. The 2nd-southernmost location where she had roots on any branch of her tree is Cheshire, bordering Lancashire in the north. My Dad's roots in England however [of those I've identified] are primarily in the south, Devonshire in chief.) But I could be over-thinking things on this point. Attractive young women are seduced by eloquent, older men everywhere, every day (and those Irish can be mellifluous www.youtube.com/watch?v=yYeNU4UqOxc ), and might become pregnant out of wedlock, thus greatly disappointing and often scandalizing their community, however small, and which they'll leave if their new bf will marry and support them. (Bessina Hirsch married George Shaw in the 1830s). Doesn't that sound like a likely scenario, or at least not unlikely, all things considered (particularly if Bessina was related to such a community leader as a rabbi or a chazzan)?
- It's also quite possible that Benjamin Hirsch was a 'Palatine German', a descendant of Protestant German refugees (the claim for German heritage was made for his wife, a "tea plantation heiress"; again Benjamin was alleged to be "a Col. stationed in Ceylon", but wasn't). "Protestant refugees emigrated to Great Britain [in the 16th cent.] to flee the instability caused by the religious wars following the Reformation. By the end of the 17th cent., a significant German community had developed, consisting primarily of businessmen from Hamburg; sugar bakers and other economic migrants." en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germans_in_the_United_Kingdom And @ 13,000 or more German refugees from the middle Rhine region arrived in the London area in 1709, including a minority from the Palatinate, by whose name the entire group became known ('the Palatines'). (Invading French troops during the current 'War of the Spanish succession' imposed continuous military requisitions, causing great hardship, and the winter of 1708 was particularly cold.) @ 2,800 were sent in 10 ships to New York, and @ 1,200 of those who sailed to Ireland remained there, but thousands more remained in England. I haven't read that there were Palatines or their descendants in Bristol, but I haven't read that there weren't. Here's one I found online who was a Hirsch and who sailed to Virginia. www.wikitree.com/wiki/Hirsch-722 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Palatines#:~:text=The%20term.... According to the 1861 census, taken @ 15 yr.s after Eliza was born, there were 28,644 people in England for whom Germany was their country of origin. In 1850, the Jewish population in England was @ 30-40,000, again with @ 300 in Bristol. www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1462169X.2004.1051201...
- It's also possible that the name 'Benjamin Hirsch from Bristol' is another of Eliza's concoctions, although I don't think it could be that simple. Her father George Shaw attended her wedding and her working-class English husband would have learned his mother-in-law's correct surname from his father-in-law I should think if not from his wife (if Bessina wasn't @ for the wedding). Would her Dad have been in on the concoction of a fake surname for his wife? And it's claimed that Eliza had 6 sisters. If so, surely her husband and children would have had some connection and contact with some of them. She must have been constrained at least some as to how much she could make up. Maybe the tall-tale-telling was done by Bessina, and it's a coincidence that Eliza became such an avid medium and occultist (which is consistent with making stuff up generally, at least IMHO). I could speculate 'til the cows come home.
- Btw, I have evidence that my Dad's Mom's Mom might have fudged or covered up that her paternal grandmother was of Irish Catholic heritage, and that her mother's parents were first cousins (although I'm much more certain of the latter item of information than the former. Great x 5 grand-dad's will is in the records which pretty much proves that one of his daughters [great grandma x 4] married the future father of the wife [her daughter, great grandma x 3] of her brother's son [great grand-dad x 3]. As to the Irish-Catholic roots of the one great x 3 grandmother [Dad's Mom's Mom's Dad's Mom] I'm going by some interesting circumstantial evidence.) These things mattered much more to folks back then. But it's much easier to fudge or concoct the story of a grandparent than that of a parent, unless the parent's already done much of the fudging.
- Leaving my family tree (finally), I can say that I'd find the diaspora no less interesting with or w/o a connection, but it might be less mysterious if we consider the relative popularity of and the extent of conversion to Judaism in southern Europe before 66 A.D. We all tend to see things through the lens of the familiar, and project, which I think might have happened twice in the narrative of Jewish history with the paradigm of the exile and removal of the Jewish people (to Babylon or Assyria). There's some debate as to whether the earlier biblical books, incl. Exodus (traditionally ascribed to Moses himself), were (initially) written in or @ the time of Josiah in the late 7th cent. after 630 BC or in the 500s BC. If Exodus was written in the 500s, it was a product of the Babylonian exile, possibly with final revisions in the 4th cent. Persian post-exilic period. The authors were working with an ancient tradition and folk memory of a period when Israelites and Judaeans were ruled by Egyptians but then gained their freedom, and they and their sources imagined that this involved a physical relocation to, and then an escape from, Egypt, just as the Jews had been taken by force to and were liberated and returned from Babylon. The same logic applies if the book had been written in the late 7th cent. as @ 100 yr.s earlier Sargon II and the Assyrians goose-stepped into Israel in the 720s and carried 27,000 Israelites off into captivity and the population of Jerusalem swelled 10-fold with the arrival of brutalized refugees. But Egypt had annexed and occupied the lands of Israel and Judah in the New Kingdom, and so there wasn't a free Israel to escape to in the late 2nd mill. BC. Liberation from the Egyptian yoke involved Egypt's retreat from Israel and the end of the Egyptian occupation. What if the Babylonian (or Assyrian?) lens has been applied to some degree to the extent of the diaspora? (The question could become to what degree.) If the Ashkenazim descend in part from more indigenous types in Italy and southern Europe who converted at a time before 66 A.D. when Jews would proselytize, to a religion which, in contrast to paganism, was more challenging, required self-sacrifice, literacy and learning, chastity outside of marriage, adherence to strict rules, etc., all of which can have an undeniable appeal to people in times of trials and trouble, than the early spread of Judaism in those days could be compared to the later spread of Christianity or of Islam, as a communication of ideas, culture and a way of life as much as, or moreso than, a movement of people and their descendants. (Remember that this period of conversions to Judaism was before the emergence of Christianity and long before that of Islam). Again, this fits with the current estimate that in @ 70 AD there were 12 x as many Jews living outside Israel (primarily in Italy and southern Europe) than in Israel itself. [Update: As stated above, I'll review the latest from Wikipedia, etc. on this point sometime and revise and add to this accordingly, but it appears that the proportion of the Jewish population within the Roman empire and beyond the Levant might be much less than this estimate.]
- If anyone finds anything in this description, including the last paragraph, to be unduly opinionated or irksome, than I hope they'll write a comment and let me know how or why. I like to try to unravel history and figure out how things came about, but I could read this again and realize that I'm off-base or somehow insensitive. But please don't blame me if I come off as irreverent, although I hope not disrespectful, when writing about religion. Only the religious revere religion, and I'm not. My Dad was, very much so, and I know he would have been disgruntled and I would've felt a bit guilty if he'd read the description to this: www.flickr.com/photos/97924400@N00/3555960524/ or this: www.flickr.com/photos/97924400@N00/6974230484/in/photolis... or this: www.flickr.com/photos/97924400@N00/8472834932/in/photolis... or the last 2 comments to this: www.flickr.com/photos/97924400@N00/7092254243/in/photolis... or this: www.flickr.com/photos/97924400@N00/4287843201/in/photostr... which is why I never sent him the link to this stream.
- If I'd had an extra few days, I would have traveled further west to see the Buddhist monasteries at Elista in Kalmykia that I'd just learned about, the westernmost penetration of Buddhism in Eurasia, another surprise.
- This photo and write-up has been translated into German and mysteriously posted on a 'psychic source coupons' site I just found when doing a little genealogy googling (because genealogy = the internet these days). ?? Strange. psychicsourcecoupons.com/de/aug-12-en-route-to-the-ruins-...
- Update re the history of the 18th cent. Jews of Bristol, from www.jewishgen.org/jcr-uk/Community/bri1/Articles/History.pdf : "In 1656, an Order in Council re-admitted the Jews into England [they'd been expelled in 1290, 366 yr.s earlier, by 'Edward the Hammer'], and it is most probable that many newcomers entered through the port of Bristol. Nothing is known of the state of the congregation in the late 17th and early 18th cent.s. In fact, the only evidence of the community's existence before 1754 is a single reference in an advertisement which mentions the Jews' burying ground behind a house in St. Philip's. Bristol's last manifestation of organized antisemitism occurred in 1754, when the 'Merchant Venturers' [?] sent a protest to Parliament against a proposed bill to allow the naturalization of the Jews. By 1786 the earliest recorded post exile synagogue in Bristol opened in the ancient Weaver's Hall. ... A contemporary description in Matthew's Guide of 1791 describes the place as beautifully furnished. The menorah, which still exists, was selected for special mention. The development of the fashionable suburbs of Clifton and Hotwells encouraged the growth of the congregation during the Regency period, when the leading lights of Bristol Jewry were the Jessel family and the Jacobs, the latter being the makers of the famous Bristol [Blue] glass. [ jewishmuseum.org.uk/50-objects/jm-700/ ] In 1828 the congregation [which was "notorious for its fissiparous tendencies" [Roth]) seems to have split and a 2nd place of worship was opened at the Counterslip. ..."
- I came across a website devoted to the history of English or Bristol's Jewry earlier this year in which a generalization was made in one line as to the provenance of Bristol's 18th cent. Jews; that they hailed from Bavaria or Poland or Bohemia, I forget which. (I'm getting old.) I should've copied and pasted that line into this, but I thought I'd find it again easily enough. Nope. I'll look again sometime, but I found the above info. while looking.
Business Beam (Pvt.) Limited | Training And Consulting Firm | ITIL Certification
Business Beam is a global Consultancy & Training firm. We offer internationally accredited training and consultancy services.
Business service management (BSM) is an approach used to manage business IT services. BSM promotes a customer-centric and business-focused approach to Service Management, aligning business objectives with IT or ICT from strategy through to operations.
Visit: www.businessbeam.com
Aksaray Meydanı ve Pertevniyal Valide Sultan Camii
“Fatih İlçesi’nde, Aksaray Meydanı’nda ve meydanın kuzeybatı kesimindedir. [...] Abdülaziz’in (hd 1861-1876) annesi Pertevniyal Valide Sultan tarafından yaptırılmıştır. Pertevniyal Valide Sultan’ın çok önem vererek yaptırdığı cami, aslında mektep, türbe, muvakkithane ve sebilden oluşan bir külliye olarak tasarlandı. [...] Yapının mimarı Sarkis Balyan’dır, tasarıma Agop Balyan’ın da katıldığı, çizim işlerinde desinatör Osep’in çalıştığı bilinmektedir. [...] Valide Camii, İstanbul’un kentsel düzenleme çalışmalarında en çok zarara uğrayan tarihi miraslarından biridir. 1956-1959 yılları arasında Aksaray Meydanı düzenlemesi ve Vatan ve Millet caddelerinin açılması çalışmaları sırasında Pertevniyal Sultan’ın türbesi ile muvakkithane ve sebil kaldırıldı. [...] Yol açımı sırasında Millet Caddesi’nin kotu yükseltildiğinden, avlunun güney kapısı yoldan aşağı düzeyde kaldı. Doğudan batıya uzanan bir rampa ile kapıya ulaşım sağlandı. 1969’da başlayan altgeçit ve üst yol çalışmaları sonunda cami de iyice gömülü bir pozisyona itildi.” Afife Batur
Kaynak: “Dünden Bugüne İstanbul Ansiklopedisi”, Kültür Bakanlığı ve Tarih Vakfı ortak yayını, cilt 7, s. 360-362, 1994.
#SALTAraştırma, Harika-Kemali Söylemezoğlu Arşivi
Repository: SALT Research
Rights Info: This material can be used under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) license.
Business Beam (Pvt.) Limited | Training And Consulting Firm | ITIL Certification
Business Beam is a global Consultancy & Training firm. We offer internationally accredited training and consultancy services.
Business service management (BSM) is an approach used to manage business IT services. BSM promotes a customer-centric and business-focused approach to Service Management, aligning business objectives with IT or ICT from strategy through to operations.
Visit: www.businessbeam.com
Officially the Republic of Bulgaria (Република България, transliterated: Republika Bălgarija, [rɛˈpublika bəlˈɡarija]), is a country in the Balkans in south-eastern Europe. Bulgaria borders five other countries: Romania to the north (mostly along the River Danube), Serbia and the Republic of Macedonia to the west, and Greece and Turkey to the south. The Black Sea defines the extent of the country to the east.
With a territory of 110,994 square kilometers, Bulgaria ranks as the third-largest country in Southeast Europe (after Romania and Greece). Several mountainous areas define the landscape, most notably the Stara Planina (Balkan) and Rodopi mountain ranges, as well as the Rila range, which includes the highest peak in the Balkan region, Musala. In contrast, the Danubian plain in the north and the Upper Thracian Plain in the south represent Bulgaria's lowest and most fertile regions. The 378-kilometer Black Sea coastline covers the entire eastern bound of the country.
The emergence of a unified Bulgarian national identity and state dates back to the 7th century AD. All Bulgarian political entities that subsequently emerged preserved the traditions (in ethnic name, language and alphabet) of the First Bulgarian Empire (632/681 – 1018), which at times covered most of the Balkans and spread its alphabet, literature and culture among the Slavic and other peoples of Eastern Europe, eventually becoming the cultural center of the medieval Slavs. Centuries later, with the decline of the Second Bulgarian Empire (1185 – 1396/1422), Bulgarian territories came under Ottoman rule for nearly five centuries.
The Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 led to the re-establishment of a Bulgarian state as a constitutional monarchy in 1878, with the Treaty of San Stefano marking the birth of the Third Bulgarian State. In 1908, with social strife brewing at the core of the Ottoman Empire, the Alexander Malinov government and Prince Ferdinand of Bulgaria formally proclaimed the full sovereignty of the Bulgarian state at the ancient capital of Veliko Turnovo.
In 1945, after World War II, Bulgaria became a communist state and part of the Eastern Bloc. Todor Zhivkov dominated Bulgaria politically for 35 years, from 1954 to 1989. In 1990, after the Revolutions of 1989, the Communist Party gave up its monopoly on power and Bulgaria undertook a transition to democracy and free-market capitalism.
Bulgaria functions as a parliamentary democracy within a unitary constitutional republic. A member of the European Union, NATO, the United Nations and the World Trade Organization, it has a high Human Development Index of 0.840, ranking 61st in the world in 2009. Freedom House in 2008 listed Bulgaria as "free", giving it scores of 1 (highest) for political rights and 2 for civil liberties.
History
The history of Bulgaria as a separate country began in 681 AD. After Old Great Bulgaria disintegrated due to Khazar expansion from the east, one of the Bulgar leaders Asparuh crossed south of the Danube, into the territory of present-day Bulgaria and defeated the armies of the Byzantine Empire. In 680/681, the East Roman Emperor was forced to sign a peace treaty recognizing the First Bulgarian Empire as an independent state, situated on the conquered Byzantine lands with their local Slavic populations.
A country in the middle of the ethnically, culturally, and linguistically diverse Balkan Peninsula, Bulgaria has seen many twists and turns in its long history and has been a prospering empire, stretching to the coastlines of the Black, Aegean and Adriatic Seas. The First and Second Bulgarian Empires served as cultural centres of Slavic Europe, but the land was also dominated by foreign states twice in its history, once by the Byzantine Empire (1018 - 1185) and once by the Ottoman Empire (1396 - 1878).
Prehistoric cultures include the neolithic Hamangia culture and Vinča culture (6th to 3rd millennia BC), the eneolithic Varna culture (5th millennium BC, Varna Necropolis) and the Bronze Age Ezero culture. The Karanovo chronology serves as a gauge for the prehistory of the wider Balkans region.
The Thracians
Indo-European tribes of Thracian and Daco-Getic descent lived on the territory of modern Bulgaria before the Slavic influx. Their ancient languages had already gone extinct before the arrival of the Slavs and their cultural influence was highly reduced due to the repeated barbaric invasions on the Balkans during the early Middle Ages by Huns, Goths, Celts and Sarmatians, accompanied by persistent hellenization, romanisation and later slavicisation.
The Slavs
The Slavs emerged from their original homeland (most commonly thought to have been in Eastern Europe) in the early 6th century and spread to most of eastern Central Europe, Eastern Europe and the Balkans, thus forming three main branches - the West Slavs, the East Slavs and the South Slavs. The easternmost South Slavs settled on the territory of modern Bulgaria during the 6th Century.
The Bulgars
The Bulgars (also Bolgars or proto-Bulgarians) were a semi-nomadic people of Turkic descent, originally from Central Asia, who from the 2nd century onwards dwelled in the steppes north of the Caucasus and around the banks of river Volga (then Itil). A branch of them gave rise to the First Bulgarian Empire. The Bulgars were governed by hereditary khans. There were several aristocratic families whose members, bearing military titles, formed a governing class. Bulgars were monotheistic, worshipping their supreme deity Tangra.
Old Great Bulgaria
In 632 the Bulgars, led by Khan Kubrat, formed a tribal union, often called Great Bulgaria (also known as Onoguria), between the lower course of the Danube river to the west, the Black Sea and the Azov Sea to the south, the Kuban river to the east and the Donets river to the north. The capital was Phanagoria, on the Azov. After Kubrat's death his state disintegrated.
One of the successors of Khan Kubrat, Asparuh moved west, occupying today’s southern Bessarabia. After a successful war with Byzantium in 680, Asparuh’s khanate conquered initially Scythia Minor and was recognised as an independent state under the subsequent treaty signed with the Byzantine Empire in 681. That year is usually regarded as the year of the establishment of present-day Bulgaria and Asparuh is regarded as the first Bulgarian ruler. Another Bulgar horde, led by Asparuh's brother Kuber, came to settle in Pannonia and later into Macedonia.
First Bulgarian Empire
During the late Roman Empire several Roman provinces covered the territory that comprises present-day Bulgaria: Scythia (Scythia Minor), Moesia (Upper and Lower), Thrace, Macedonia (First and Second), Dacia (Coastal and Inner, both south of Danube), Dardania, Rhodope and Haemismontus, and had a mixed population of Byzantine Greeks, Thracians and Dacians, most of whom spoke either Greek or variants of Vulgar Latin. Several consecutive waves of Slavic migration throughout the 6th and the early 7th centuries led to a dramatic change of the demographics of the region and its almost complete Slavicisation.
In the beginning of 8th century Byzantine emperor Justinian II asked Khan Tervel to create a union against Arabs invading from the south. The union defeated the Arabs and Khan Tervel received the byzantine title "khesar", which stands for "next to the emperor". Under the warrior Khan Krum (802-814) Bulgaria expanded northwest and south, occupying the lands between the middle Danube and Moldova rivers, all of present-day Romania, Sofia in 809 and Adrianople in 813, and threatening Constantinople itself. Krum implemented law reform intending to reduce poverty and strengthen social ties in his vastly enlarged state.
During the reign of Khan Omurtag (814-831), the northwestern boundaries with the Frankish Empire were firmly settled along the middle Danube. A magnificent palace, pagan temples, ruler's residence, fortress, citadel, water mains and baths were built in the Bulgarian capital Pliska, mainly of stone and brick.
Under Boris I, Bulgarians became Christians, and the Ecumenical Patriarch agreed to allow an autonomous Bulgarian Archbishop at Pliska. Missionaries from Constantinople, Cyril and Methodius, devised the Glagolitic alphabet, which was adopted in the Bulgarian Empire around 886. The alphabet and the Old Bulgarian language that evolved from Slavonic gave rise to a rich literary and cultural activity centered around the Preslav and Ohrid Literary Schools, established by order of Boris I in 886.
In the early 10th century, a new alphabet — the Cyrillic alphabet — was developed at the Preslav Literary School, based on the Greek and the Glagolitic cursive. An alternative theory is that the alphabet was devised at the Ohrid Literary School by Saint Climent of Ohrid, a Bulgarian scholar and disciple of Cyril and Methodius.
By the late 9th and early 10th centuries, Bulgaria extended to Epirus and Thessaly in the south, Bosnia in the west and controlled all of present-day Romania and eastern Hungary to the north. A Serbian state came into existence as a dependency of the Bulgarian Empire. Under Tsar Simeon I of Bulgaria (Simeon the Great), who was educated in Constantinople, Bulgaria became again a serious threat to the Byzantine Empire. Simeon hoped to take Constantinople and become emperor of both Bulgarians and Greeks, and fought a series of wars with the Byzantines through his long reign (893-927). At the end of his rule the front had reached the Peloponnese in the south. Simeon proclaimed himself "Tsar (Caesar) of the Bulgarians and the Romans", a title which was recognised by the Pope, but not of course by the Byzantine Emperor.
In 986, the Byzantine emperor Basil II undertook to reconquer the lands lost to the Bulgarians. After a war lasting several decades he inflicted a decisive defeat upon the Bulgarians in 1014 and completed the campaign four years later. Bulgaria was once again under Roman rule.
Byzantine Bulgaria
Byzantium ruled Bulgaria from 1018 to 1185, subordinating the independent Bulgarian Orthodox Church to the authority of the Ecumenical Patriarch in Constantinople but otherwise interfering little in Bulgarian local affairs.
After the death of the soldier-emperor Basil II the empire entered into a period of instability. There were rebellions against Byzantine rule in 1040-41 at the wars with the Normans and the 1070s and the 1080s, at the time of the wars with the Seljuk Turks. After that the Komnenos dynasty came into succession and reversed the decline of the empire. During this time the empire experienced a century of stability and progress, though it was the time of the Crusades.
In 1180 the last of the capable Komnenoi, Manuel I Komnenos, died and was replaced by the relatively incompetent Angeloi dynasty, allowing Bulgarians to regain their freedom.
Second Bulgarian Empire
In 1185 Peter and Asen, leading nobles of supposed and contested Bulgarian, Cuman, Vlach or mixed origin, led a revolt against Byzantine rule and Peter declared himself Tsar Peter II (also known as Theodore Peter). The following year the Byzantines were forced to recognize Bulgaria's independence. Peter styled himself "Tsar of the Bulgars, Greeks and Vlachs".
Resurrected Bulgaria occupied the territory between the Black Sea, the Danube and Stara Planina, including a part of eastern Macedonia and the valley of the Morava. It also exercised control over Wallachia and Moldova. Tsar Kaloyan (1197-1207) entered a union with the Papacy, thereby securing the recognition of his title of "Rex" although he desired to be recognized as "Emperor" or "Tsar". He waged wars on the Byzantine Empire and (after 1204) on the Knights of the Fourth Crusade, conquering large parts of Thrace, the Rhodopes, as well as the whole of Macedonia. The power of the Hungarians and to some extent the Serbs prevented significant expansion to the west and northwest. Under Ivan Asen II (1218-1241), Bulgaria once again became a regional power, occupying Belgrade and Albania. In an inscription from Turnovo in 1230 he entitled himself "In Christ the Lord faithful Tsar and autocrat of the Bulgarians, son of the old Asen". The Bulgarian Orthodox Patriarchate was restored in 1235 with approval of all eastern Patriarchates, thus putting an end to the union with the Papacy. Ivan Asen II had a reputation as a wise and humane ruler, and opened relations with the Catholic west, especially Venice and Genoa, to reduce the influence of the Byzantines over his country.
However, weakened 14th-century Bulgaria was no match for a new threat from the south, the Ottoman Turks, who crossed into Europe in 1354. In 1362 they captured Philippopolis (Plovdiv), and in 1382 they took Sofia. The Ottomans then turned their attentions to the Serbs, whom they routed at Kosovo Polje in 1389. In 1393 the Ottomans occupied Turnovo after a three-month siege. It is thought that the south gate was opened from inside and so the Ottomans managed to enter the fortress. In 1396 the Kingdom (Tsardom) of Vidin was also occupied, bringing the Second Bulgarian Empire and Bulgarian independence to an end.
Geography
Geographically and in terms of climate, Bulgaria features notable diversity, with the landscape ranging from the Alpine snow-capped peaks in Rila, Pirin and the Balkan Mountains to the mild and sunny Black Sea coast; from the typically continental Danubian Plain (ancient Moesia) in the north to the strong Mediterranean climatic influence in the valleys of Macedonia and in the lowlands in the southernmost parts of Thrace.
Bulgaria overall has a temperate climate, with cold winters and hot summers. The barrier effect of the Balkan Mountains has some influence on climate throughout the country: northern Bulgaria experiences lower temperatures and receives more rain than the southern lowlands.
Bulgaria comprises portions of the separate regions known in classical times as Moesia, Thrace, and Macedonia. The mountainous southwest of the country has two alpine ranges — Rila and Pirin — and further east stand the lower but more extensive Rhodope Mountains. The Rila range includes the highest peak of the Balkan Peninsula, Musala, at 2,925 metres (9,596 ft); the long range of the Balkan mountains runs west-east through the middle of the country, north of the famous Rose Valley. Hilly country and plains lie to the southeast, along the Black Sea coast, and along Bulgaria's main river, the Danube, to the north. Strandzha forms the tallest mountain in the southeast. Few mountains and hills exist in the northeast region of Dobrudzha. The Balkan Peninsula derives its name from the Balkan or Stara planina mountain range running through the centre of Bulgaria and extends into eastern Serbia.
Bulgaria has large deposits of manganese ore in the north-east and of uranium in the south-west, as well as vast coal reserves and copper, lead, zinc and gold ore. Smaller deposits exist of iron, silver, chromite, nickel, bismuth and others. Bulgaria has abundant non-metalliferous minerals such as rock-salt, gypsum, kaolin and marble.
The country has a dense network of about 540 rivers, most of them — with the notable exception of the Danube — short and with low water-levels. Most rivers flow through mountainous areas. The longest river located solely in Bulgarian territory, the Iskar, has a length of 368 km (229 mi). Other major rivers include the Struma and the Maritsa River in the south.
The Rila and Pirin mountain ranges feature around 260 glacial lakes; the country also has several large lakes on the Black Sea coast and more than 2,200 dam lakes. Of the many mineral springs, most rise in the south-western and central parts of the country along the faults between the mountains.
Precipitation in Bulgaria averages about 630 millimetres (24.8 in) per year. In the lowlands rainfall varies between 500 and 800 mm (19.7 and 31.5 in), and in the mountain areas between 1,000 and 1,400 mm (39.4 and 55.1 in) of rain falls per year. Drier areas include Dobrudja and the northern coastal strip, while the higher parts of the Rila, Pirin, Rhodope Mountains, Stara Planina, Osogovska Mountain and Vitosha receive the highest levels of precipitation.
Other infos
Oficial name:
Република България
Republika Bălgarija
Formation:
Founded 681
- Last previously independent state, 1396
- Independence from Ottoman Empire, 1878
- Recognized 1908
Area:
110.971 km2
Inhabitants:
9.670.000
Languages: Български (Bulgarien)
Albanian, Gheg [aln] 1,000 in Bulgaria (1963 Newmark). Classification: Indo-European, Albanian, Gheg
Bulgarian [bul] 7,986,000 in Bulgaria (1986). Population total all countries: 8,954,811. Also spoken in Canada, Greece, Hungary, Israel, Moldova, Romania, Serbia and Montenegro, Turkey (Europe), Ukraine, USA. Alternate names: Balgarski. Dialects: Palityan (Palitiani, Bogomil). Palityan is functionally intelligible with Standard Bulgarian. The Pomak dialect spoken in Greece is close to Serbian and Bulgarian; geographical dialect shading toward each. Classification: Indo-European, Slavic, South, Eastern
Bulgarian Sign Language [bqn] Dialects: Different sign languages are used in the classroom and by adults outside. Classification: Deaf sign language
Crimean Turkish [crh] 6,000 in Bulgaria (1990). Northeast Bulgaria. Alternate names: Crimean Tatar. Dialects: Northern Crimean (Crimean Nogai, Steppe Crimean), Central Crimean, Southern Crimean. Classification: Altaic, Turkic, Southern
Gagauz [gag] 12,000 in Bulgaria (1982). Varna coastal region. Alternate names: Gagauzi. Dialects: Bulgar Gagauz, Maritime Gagauz. Classification: Altaic, Turkic, Southern, Turkish
Macedonian [mkd] An undetermined number of inhabitants of the Pirin Region in Bulgaria claim Macedonian as first language, bordering the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (Prof. Wayles Brown 1998, Cornell University). Classification: Indo-European, Slavic, South, Easter
Romani, Balkan [rmn] 187,900 in Bulgaria. Population includes 100,000 Arlija, 20,000 Dzambazi, 10,000 Tinsmiths, 10,000 East Bulgarian. Between Sofia and the Black Sea (Central dialect). The Tinsmiths dialect is in central and northwest Bulgaria; Arlija is in the Sofia Region. Alternate names: Gypsy. Dialects: Arlija, Tinners Romani, Greek Romani, Dzambazi, East Bulgarian Romani, Paspatian, Ironworker Romani. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Central zone, Romani, Balkan
Romani, Vlax [rmy] 500 Kalderash in Bulgaria. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Central zone, Romani, Vlax
Romanian, Macedo [rup] 4,770 in Bulgaria (2000 WCD). Communities have associations in Peshtera, Velingrad, Dupnitsa, Rakitovo, and Blagoevgrad. Alternate names: Macedo-Rumanian, Arumanian, Aromanian, Armina. Classification: Indo-European, Italic, Romance, Eastern
Russian Sign Language [rsl] Classification: Deaf sign language
Turkish [tur] 845,550 in Bulgaria (1986). Kurdzhali Province and neighboring areas of South Bulgaria, along the Danube, and various regions of East Bulgaria. Alternate names: Osmanli, Turki. Dialects: Danubian, Razgrad, Dinler, Macedonian Turkish. Classification: Altaic, Turkic, Southern, Turkish
Capital city:
Sófia
Meaning of the country name:
Named after the Bulgars. Their tribal name, Bulgar may come from burg, which means "castle" in Germanic languages. A. D. Keramopoulos derives the name "Bulgars" from burgarii or bourgarioi meaning "those who maintain the forts" (burgi, bourgoi, purgoi) along the northern boundaries of the Balkan provinces, and elsewhere in the Roman Empire, first mentioned in Greek in an inscription dated A.D. 202, found between Philippopolis and Tatar Pazardzhik (and last published in Wilhelm Dittenberger's Sylloge inscriptionum graecarum, 3 ed., vol. II [1917], no. 880,1. 51, p. 593). The Bulgarians, previously known as Moesians, inhabited Thrace.
An alternative Turkic etymology for the name of the pre-Slavicised Central-Asian Bulgars derives from Bulgha meaning sable and has a totemistic origin.
Some associate the name Bulgar with the River Volga in present-day Russia: Bulgars lived in that region before and/or after the migration to the Balkans: see Volga Bulgaria.
Description Flag:
The flag of Bulgaria (Bulgarian: знаме на България, zname na Balgariya) is a tricolour consisting of three equal-sized horizontal bands of (from top to bottom) white, green, and red. White represents peace, green represents the fertility of the Bulgarian lands, and red stands for the courage of the people.
Some early versions of the flag (such as the Samara flag) used the Pan-Slavic colours, which were derived from the Pan-Slavism of 19th-century Europe. The central band was blue, and so the flag was similar to the flag of Russia. However after the liberational Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878), the central band was replaced with green, and the flag was described in the Tarnovo Constitution of 1879
Coat of arms:
The coat of arms of Bulgaria (Bulgarian: Герб на България, Gerb na Balgariya) consists of a crowned golden lion rampant over a dark red shield; above the shield is the Bulgarian historical crown. The shield is supported by two crowned golden lions rampant; below the shield there is compartment in the shape of oak twigs and white bands with the national motto "Unity renders power" inscribed on them.
Motto:
" Съединението прави силата " , "Union makes strength"
National Anthem: Мила Родино, Mila Rodino, Dear Motherland
Bulgarien
Горда Стара планина,
до ней Дунава синей,
слънце Тракия огрява,
над Пирина пламеней.
Припев:
Mила Родино,
ти си земен рай,
твойта хубост, твойта прелест,
ах, те нямат край.(2 пъти)
Паднаха борци безчет
за народа наш любим,
майко, дай ни мъжка сила
пътя им да продължим.
Transliteration
Gorda Stara planina,
do ney Dunava siney,
slantse Trakiya ogryava,
nad Pirina plameney.
Pripev:
Mila Rodino,
ti si zemen ray,
tvoyta hubost, tvoyta prelest,
ah, te nyamat kray.
(twice)
Padnaha bortsi bezchet
za naroda nash lyubim,
mayko, day ni mazhka sila
patya im da prodalzhim
English
Stately Stara planina,
next to it the Danube sparkles,
the sun shines over Thrace,
flames over Pirin.
Refrain:
Dear Motherland,
you are paradise on earth,
your beauty, your charm,
ah, they are boundless.(twice)
Countless fighters fell
for our beloved nation,
Mother, give us manly strength
to carry on their course.
Internet Page: www.bulgariatravel.org
Bulgaria in diferent languages
eng | arg | ast | bre | cos | eus | fao | fin | glg | ina | ita | jav | kal | lat | lin | lld | nor | oci | roh | ron | scn | spa | srd | swa: Bulgaria
fra | frp | fur | jnf | nrm: Bulgarie
hun | por | sme | tet: Bulgária
deu | ltz | nds: Bulgarien / Bulgarien
hau | kin | run: Bulgariya
ces | slk: Bulharsko
dan | swe: Bulgarien
est | vor: Bulgaaria
fry | nld: Bulgarije
ind | msa: Bulgaria / بولڬاريا
lit | mlt: Bulgarija
que | tgl: Bulgarya
afr: Bulgarye
aze: Bolqarıstan / Болгарыстан; Bolqariya / Болгарија
bam: Biligari
bos: Bugarska / Бугарска
cat: Bulgària
cor: Bulgari
crh: Bulğaristan / Булгъаристан
csb: Bùłgarskô
cym: Bwlgaria
dsb: Bulgarska
epo: Bulgarujo; Bulgario
gag: Bulgariya / Булгария
gla: Bulgàiria; A’ Bhulgaire; Bulgaria
gle: An Bhulgáir / An Ḃulgáir
glv: Yn Vulgeyr
hat: Bilgari
hrv: Bugarska
hsb: Bołharska
ibo: Bọlgeria
isl: Búlgaría; Bolgaraland
kaa: Bolgariya / Болгария
kmr: Bilẍarîstan / Бьлг’аристан / بلغاریستان; Bilẍarî / Бьлг’ари / بلغاری; Bolgarî / Болгари / بۆلگاری; Bolẍaristan / Болг’арьстан / بۆلغارستان; Bolẍarî / Болг’ари / بۆلغاری
kur: Bulgaristan / بولگارستان
lav: Bulgārija
lim: Bölgarieë
liv: Bulgārij
mfe: Bilgari
mlg: Bolgaria
mol: Bulgaria / Булгария
mri: Purukeria
pol: Bułgaria
rmy: Bulgariya / बुल्गारिया
rup: Vurgaria
slo: Bulgaria / Булгариа; Bulgarzem / Булгарзем
slv: Bolgarija
smg: Bulgarėjė
smo: Palekeria
som: Bulgaariya
sqi: Bullgaria
szl: Bůugarja
ton: Pulukelia
tuk: Bolgariýa / Болгария
tur: Bulgaristan; Bulgareli
uzb: Bulgʻoriston / Булғористон; Bolgariya / Болгария
vie: Bảo Gia Lợi; Bung-ga-ri
vol: Bulgarän
wln: Bulgåreye
wol: Bulgaari
zza: Bulğarıstan
chu: Блъгарія (Blŭgarīja)
alt | kir | kjh | kom | krc | rus | tyv | udm: Болгария (Bolgarija)
che | chv | oss: Болгари (Bolgari)
abq: Болгария (Bołgarija)
bak: Болгария / Bolgariya
bel: Балгарыя / Bałharyja; Баўгарыя / Baŭharyja
bul: България (Bǎlgarija)
chm: Болгарий (Bolgarij)
kaz: Болгария / Bolgarïya / بولگاريا; Болғария / Bolğarïya / بولعاريا
kbd: Болгарие (Bolgarie)
kum: Болгъария (Bolġarija)
lbe: Булгъария (Bulġarija)
mkd: Бугарија (Bugarija)
mon: Болгар (Bolgar)
srp: Бугарска / Bugarska
tab: Булгъаристан (Bulġaristan)
tat: Болгарстан / Bolğarstan
tgk: Булғористон / بلغارستان / Bulƣoriston; Булғория / بلغاریه / Bulƣorija
ukr: Болгарія (Bolharija)
xal: Болгарь (Bolgar')
ara: بلغاريا (Bulġāriyā)
fas: بلغارستان (Bolġārestān)
prs: بلغاریا (Bolġāriyā)
pus: بلغاريا (Bulġāriyā); بلغاريه (Bulġāriyâ); بلغارستان (Bulġāristān)
uig: بۇلغارىيە / Bulghariye / Болгария
urd: بلغاریہ (Balġāriyâ)
div: ބަލްގޭރިއާ (Balgēri'ā)
syr: ܒܠܓܪܝܐ (Bulgariyā)
heb: בולגריה (Bûlgaryah); בולגאריה (Bûlgâryah)
lad: בולגאריה / Bulgaria
yid: בולגאַריע (Bulgarye)
amh: ቡልጋሪያ (Bulgariya); ቡልጋርያ (Bulgarya)
ell: Βουλγαρία (Voylgaría)
hye: Բուլղարիա (Boulġaria)
kat: ბულგარეთი (Bulgareṭi)
hin: बल्गारिया (Balgāriyā); बुल्गारिया (Bulgāriyā); बल्गेरिया (Balgeriyā)
ben: বুলগেরিয়া (Bulgeriyā)
guj: બલ્ગેરિયા (Balgeriyā)
pan: ਬੁਲਗਾਰੀਆ (Bulgārīā)
kan: ಬಲ್ಗೇರಿಯ (Balgēriya)
mal: ബള്ഗേറിയ (Baḷgēṟiya)
tam: பல்கேரியா (Palkēriyā)
tel: బల్గేరియా (Balgēriyā)
zho: 保加利亞/保加利亚 (Bǎojiālìyà)
yue: 保加利亞/保加利亚 (Bóugàleiha)
jpn: ブルガリア (Burugaria)
kor: 불가리아 (Bulgaria)
bod: པུ་ར་ག་རི་ཡ་ (Pu.ra.ga.ri.ya.); པུར་ག་རི་ཡ་ (Pur.ga.ri.ya.); པོ་ཅ་ལི་ཡ་ (Po.ča.li.ya.); པའོ་ཅ་ལི་ཡ་ (Pa'o.ča.li.ya.)
mya: ဘူဂေးရီးယား (Bʰugèẏìyà)
tha: บัลแกเรีย (Bânkǣriya)
lao: ບຸນກາຣີ (Bunkālī)
khm: ប៊ុលហ្គារី (Bulhkārī)
Business Beam (Pvt.) Limited | Training And Consulting Firm | ITIL Certification
Business Beam is a global Consultancy & Training firm. We offer internationally accredited training and consultancy services.
Business service management (BSM) is an approach used to manage business IT services. BSM promotes a customer-centric and business-focused approach to Service Management, aligning business objectives with IT or ICT from strategy through to operations.
Visit: www.businessbeam.com
Business Beam (Pvt.) Limited | Training And Consulting Firm | ITIL Certification
Business Beam is a global Consultancy & Training firm. We offer internationally accredited training and consultancy services.
Business service management (BSM) is an approach used to manage business IT services. BSM promotes a customer-centric and business-focused approach to Service Management, aligning business objectives with IT or ICT from strategy through to operations.
Visit: www.businessbeam.com
Business Beam (Pvt.) Limited | Training And Consulting Firm | ITIL Certification
Business Beam is a global Consultancy & Training firm. We offer internationally accredited training and consultancy services.
Business service management (BSM) is an approach used to manage business IT services. BSM promotes a customer-centric and business-focused approach to Service Management, aligning business objectives with IT or ICT from strategy through to operations.
Visit: www.businessbeam.com
Business Beam (Pvt.) Limited | Training And Consulting Firm | ITIL Certification
Business Beam is a global Consultancy & Training firm. We offer internationally accredited training and consultancy services.
Business service management (BSM) is an approach used to manage business IT services. BSM promotes a customer-centric and business-focused approach to Service Management, aligning business objectives with IT or ICT from strategy through to operations.
Visit: www.businessbeam.com
Business Beam (Pvt.) Limited | Training And Consulting Firm | ITIL Certification
Business Beam is a global Consultancy & Training firm. We offer internationally accredited training and consultancy services.
Business service management (BSM) is an approach used to manage business IT services. BSM promotes a customer-centric and business-focused approach to Service Management, aligning business objectives with IT or ICT from strategy through to operations.
Visit: www.businessbeam.com
Business Beam (Pvt.) Limited | Training And Consulting Firm | ITIL Certification
Business Beam is a global Consultancy & Training firm. We offer internationally accredited training and consultancy services.
Business service management (BSM) is an approach used to manage business IT services. BSM promotes a customer-centric and business-focused approach to Service Management, aligning business objectives with IT or ICT from strategy through to operations.
Visit: www.businessbeam.com
Pertevniyal Valide Sultan Camii'nin Aksaray Meydanı’na bakan avlu kapısı
“Fatih İlçesi’nde, Aksaray Meydanı’nda ve meydanın kuzeybatı kesimindedir. [...] Abdülaziz’in (hd 1861-1876) annesi Pertevniyal Valide Sultan tarafından yaptırılmıştır. Pertevniyal Valide Sultan’ın çok önem vererek yaptırdığı cami, aslında mektep, türbe, muvakkithane ve sebilden oluşan bir külliye olarak tasarlandı. [...] Yapının mimarı Sarkis Balyan’dır, tasarıma Agop Balyan’ın da katıldığı, çizim işlerinde desinatör Osep’in çalıştığı bilinmektedir. [...] Valide Camii, İstanbul’un kentsel düzenleme çalışmalarında en çok zarara uğrayan tarihi miraslarından biridir. 1956-1959 yılları arasında Aksaray Meydanı düzenlemesi ve Vatan ve Millet caddelerinin açılması çalışmaları sırasında Pertevniyal Sultan’ın türbesi ile muvakkithane ve sebil kaldırıldı. [...] Yol açımı sırasında Millet Caddesi’nin kotu yükseltildiğinden, avlunun güney kapısı yoldan aşağı düzeyde kaldı. Doğudan batıya uzanan bir rampa ile kapıya ulaşım sağlandı. 1969’da başlayan altgeçit ve üst yol çalışmaları sonunda cami de iyice gömülü bir pozisyona itildi.” Afife Batur
Kaynak: “Dünden Bugüne İstanbul Ansiklopedisi”, Kültür Bakanlığı ve Tarih Vakfı ortak yayını, cilt 7, s. 360-362, 1994.
#SALTAraştırma, Ali Saim Ülgen Arşivi
Repository: SALT Research
Rights Info: This material can be used under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) license.
Pertevniyal Valide Sultan Camii'nin Aksaray Meydanı’na bakan avlu kapısı
“Fatih İlçesi’nde, Aksaray Meydanı’nda ve meydanın kuzeybatı kesimindedir. [...] Abdülaziz’in (hd 1861-1876) annesi Pertevniyal Valide Sultan tarafından yaptırılmıştır. Pertevniyal Valide Sultan’ın çok önem vererek yaptırdığı cami, aslında mektep, türbe, muvakkithane ve sebilden oluşan bir külliye olarak tasarlandı. [...] Yapının mimarı Sarkis Balyan’dır, tasarıma Agop Balyan’ın da katıldığı, çizim işlerinde desinatör Osep’in çalıştığı bilinmektedir. [...] Valide Camii, İstanbul’un kentsel düzenleme çalışmalarında en çok zarara uğrayan tarihi miraslarından biridir. 1956-1959 yılları arasında Aksaray Meydanı düzenlemesi ve Vatan ve Millet caddelerinin açılması çalışmaları sırasında Pertevniyal Sultan’ın türbesi ile muvakkithane ve sebil kaldırıldı. [...] Yol açımı sırasında Millet Caddesi’nin kotu yükseltildiğinden, avlunun güney kapısı yoldan aşağı düzeyde kaldı. Doğudan batıya uzanan bir rampa ile kapıya ulaşım sağlandı. 1969’da başlayan altgeçit ve üst yol çalışmaları sonunda cami de iyice gömülü bir pozisyona itildi.” Afife Batur
Kaynak: “Dünden Bugüne İstanbul Ansiklopedisi”, Kültür Bakanlığı ve Tarih Vakfı ortak yayını, cilt 7, s. 360-362, 1994.
#SALTAraştırma, Ali Saim Ülgen Arşivi
Repository: SALT Research
Rights Info: This material can be used under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) license.
Pertevniyal Valide Sultan Camii
“Fatih İlçesi’nde, Aksaray Meydanı’nda ve meydanın kuzeybatı kesimindedir. [...] Abdülaziz’in (hd 1861-1876) annesi Pertevniyal Valide Sultan tarafından yaptırılmıştır. Pertevniyal Valide Sultan’ın çok önem vererek yaptırdığı cami, aslında mektep, türbe, muvakkithane ve sebilden oluşan bir külliye olarak tasarlandı. [...] Yapının mimarı Sarkis Balyan’dır, tasarıma Agop Balyan’ın da katıldığı, çizim işlerinde desinatör Osep’in çalıştığı bilinmektedir. [...] Valide Camii, İstanbul’un kentsel düzenleme çalışmalarında en çok zarara uğrayan tarihi miraslarından biridir. 1956-1959 yılları arasında Aksaray Meydanı düzenlemesi ve Vatan ve Millet caddelerinin açılması çalışmaları sırasında Pertevniyal Sultan’ın türbesi ile muvakkithane ve sebil kaldırıldı. [...] Yol açımı sırasında Millet Caddesi’nin kotu yükseltildiğinden, avlunun güney kapısı yoldan aşağı düzeyde kaldı. Doğudan batıya uzanan bir rampa ile kapıya ulaşım sağlandı. 1969’da başlayan altgeçit ve üst yol çalışmaları sonunda cami de iyice gömülü bir pozisyona itildi.” Afife Batur
Kaynak: “Dünden Bugüne İstanbul Ansiklopedisi”, Kültür Bakanlığı ve Tarih Vakfı ortak yayını, cilt 7, s. 360-362, 1994.
#SALTAraştırma, Harika-Kemali Söylemezoğlu Arşivi
Repository: SALT Research
Rights Info: This material can be used under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) license.
Pertevniyal Valide Sultan Camii, İstanbul. Fotoğraf: Teknicolor Fotoğraf Bürosu (16.03.1960)
“Fatih İlçesi’nde, Aksaray Meydanı’nda ve meydanın kuzeybatı kesimindedir. [...] Abdülaziz’in (hd 1861-1876) annesi Pertevniyal Valide Sultan tarafından yaptırılmıştır. Pertevniyal Valide Sultan’ın çok önem vererek yaptırdığı cami, aslında mektep, türbe, muvakkithane ve sebilden oluşan bir külliye olarak tasarlandı. [...] Yapının mimarı Sarkis Balyan’dır, tasarıma Agop Balyan’ın da katıldığı, çizim işlerinde desinatör Osep’in çalıştığı bilinmektedir. [...] Valide Camii, İstanbul’un kentsel düzenleme çalışmalarında en çok zarara uğrayan tarihi miraslarından biridir. 1956-1959 yılları arasında Aksaray Meydanı düzenlemesi ve Vatan ve Millet caddelerinin açılması çalışmaları sırasında Pertevniyal Sultan’ın türbesi ile muvakkithane ve sebil kaldırıldı. [...] Yol açımı sırasında Millet Caddesi’nin kotu yükseltildiğinden, avlunun güney kapısı yoldan aşağı düzeyde kaldı. Doğudan batıya uzanan bir rampa ile kapıya ulaşım sağlandı. 1969’da başlayan altgeçit ve üst yol çalışmaları sonunda cami de iyice gömülü bir pozisyona itildi.” Afife Batur
Kaynak: “Dünden Bugüne İstanbul Ansiklopedisi”, Kültür Bakanlığı ve Tarih Vakfı ortak yayını, cilt 7, s. 360-362, 1994.
#SALTAraştırma, Ali Saim Ülgen Arşivi
Repository: SALT Research
Rights Info: This material can be used under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) license.
Pertevniyal Valide Sultan Camii’nin avlu yan kapısı
“Fatih İlçesi’nde, Aksaray Meydanı’nda ve meydanın kuzeybatı kesimindedir. [...] Abdülaziz’in (hd 1861-1876) annesi Pertevniyal Valide Sultan tarafından yaptırılmıştır. Pertevniyal Valide Sultan’ın çok önem vererek yaptırdığı cami, aslında mektep, türbe, muvakkithane ve sebilden oluşan bir külliye olarak tasarlandı. [...] Yapının mimarı Sarkis Balyan’dır, tasarıma Agop Balyan’ın da katıldığı, çizim işlerinde desinatör Osep’in çalıştığı bilinmektedir. [...] Valide Camii, İstanbul’un kentsel düzenleme çalışmalarında en çok zarara uğrayan tarihi miraslarından biridir. 1956-1959 yılları arasında Aksaray Meydanı düzenlemesi ve Vatan ve Millet caddelerinin açılması çalışmaları sırasında Pertevniyal Sultan’ın türbesi ile muvakkithane ve sebil kaldırıldı. [...] Yol açımı sırasında Millet Caddesi’nin kotu yükseltildiğinden, avlunun güney kapısı yoldan aşağı düzeyde kaldı. Doğudan batıya uzanan bir rampa ile kapıya ulaşım sağlandı. 1969’da başlayan altgeçit ve üst yol çalışmaları sonunda cami de iyice gömülü bir pozisyona itildi.” Afife Batur
Kaynak: “Dünden Bugüne İstanbul Ansiklopedisi”, Kültür Bakanlığı ve Tarih Vakfı ortak yayını, cilt 7, s. 360-362, 1994.
#SALTAraştırma, Ali Saim Ülgen Arşivi
Repository: SALT Research
Rights Info: This material can be used under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) license.
Pertevniyal Valide Sultan Camii, İstanbul
Fotoğraf: Teknicolor Fotoğraf Bürosu (16.03.1960)
“Fatih İlçesi’nde, Aksaray Meydanı’nda ve meydanın kuzeybatı kesimindedir. [...] Abdülaziz’in (hd 1861-1876) annesi Pertevniyal Valide Sultan tarafından yaptırılmıştır. Pertevniyal Valide Sultan’ın çok önem vererek yaptırdığı cami, aslında mektep, türbe, muvakkithane ve sebilden oluşan bir külliye olarak tasarlandı. [...] Yapının mimarı Sarkis Balyan’dır, tasarıma Agop Balyan’ın da katıldığı, çizim işlerinde desinatör Osep’in çalıştığı bilinmektedir. [...] Valide Camii, İstanbul’un kentsel düzenleme çalışmalarında en çok zarara uğrayan tarihi miraslarından biridir. 1956-1959 yılları arasında Aksaray Meydanı düzenlemesi ve Vatan ve Millet caddelerinin açılması çalışmaları sırasında Pertevniyal Sultan’ın türbesi ile muvakkithane ve sebil kaldırıldı. [...] Yol açımı sırasında Millet Caddesi’nin kotu yükseltildiğinden, avlunun güney kapısı yoldan aşağı düzeyde kaldı. Doğudan batıya uzanan bir rampa ile kapıya ulaşım sağlandı. 1969’da başlayan altgeçit ve üst yol çalışmaları sonunda cami de iyice gömülü bir pozisyona itildi.” Afife Batur
Kaynak: “Dünden Bugüne İstanbul Ansiklopedisi”, Kültür Bakanlığı ve Tarih Vakfı ortak yayını, cilt 7, s. 360-362, 1994.
#SALTAraştırma, Ali Saim Ülgen Arşivi
Repository: SALT Research
Rights Info: This material can be used under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) license.
DSC_7433: Today's Computer Science / IT / geek rebus for all you nerds out there.
This shows a typical client-server relationship.
It also shows providers and consumers.
Real 3.5", 5.25", and 8" diskettes. Not 3D printed replicas.
Available from www.floppydisk.com in Tustin, CA, USA for retro geek art projects.
¯½A°GÑñx
°[È
ƸkB`ÏHÖGù~A²hûÒ~¯s%Òô{Ëb9isA×tSýRÍ[°$|Xý¼ÐÌ¢ÒÔs`>@õìÂ:fV1ê·0<¥Ñè˯¾Ã³`6
ÅwoöYtꬸØå~¯«!l¶ö æL#l¤WøRRh>yoÃÄJ.í¬¢8¶ïîÝ[WAÙÔÄÁLzÖ²¹' eD¶Å<ViJ)L6N!Öc·ò ´NT¡i·æuû**Í2´Ó×÷s çS!³ÿÐ=yf2Pu9¡FéáUlÝòAرNÔQÐä\Íãµ'2±ÆÜL
Jô:¥NC$i26È&¾9Wx;NÓ¬Fà
äá×e0(Qx2ÒLdJíÔò-H¡!ǧË"E2æ©!1æÇÓo©ZS#ÂÏeÎa¨ÚIotXfR®¸8|0B<RÏüÏüõ<Éò½
ìðÜÞÝ[HôS¤{u-N+üÙY{9X§é³Þñk;TѼÀÑ_ÛIÃ:º¤òRƤ{÷l=Ìñ~q8Óë[wºè$!?OÅ;úÿ},æn\?é
æTÓ´¹¡Fâ&żvÿ[ad¸¢-ZÊ×µÏOåÿnl±ÝÂÖHý%ºk;¸%ÝFÕf;WèA˱N¼K@¾¨üÖÿ.aá
Õǥ˯{ýùer"&ì£Ró-¨¦YCdq¼óRú&O*ì2¡¹lÙùjMON¸RÑ¿û²@1
·ùK^KÃ2¹ Õ5uG])SDbó;¿0^I¨#÷ºàÈ>yîÚvÍCLÑúw®¤íHlÑ{£4Ý@Cæ7:c1Úg(këæZäç;m)R?SÆk>¶m9I4Ë»; }'µ&Ôÿ5|e ïÍÓ÷*Ìðå°ËÄ%&@æk?1Gdl$Ïpá)òAVl\ÊO'j?>u¹ºæ÷pÅÇq0êíGØËé¢~ky¤ôcrT8Ù$%ÉMsjþiûë(îm^U6$²W~¹ñ=ÎmzÎ>I=Z»Ô\Í"z³]ÎhÐÅåG_Û%ÓUýË!gêþ¨o=¾ÃùsèÈ.K¸Ô/ÉbÕ¨U+R>öÌAÈGø]îIÅ*;)-ºü¼¾çYTF¬¡WAߦNË8àMòÝ :ÓuÀÎnìÑõ©âw§Ù4Ì ajÈ/ÀÞM6yÜÿ19·i>T¶vdÞùtbÖdÔå<د<ÇkVM`K½V;=M«ÜñÌ0Ýß{J+kXì.1SíQ©ò÷ÉÃÍ^½ýô®±¬½ìÖ6ªßû?ð¸<âû¦ØäHËýÊ_6bkeõhñߨªÐd L¦WðkÉÃ!ê£æ?0°óµÊÓiBÐüº}Ù
TëpÁÄɧÇÐÊ?5z·FæÚÔxÀL$ySâDnxú$:5íÖ÷ïat4k%Jmú<ì½hÞpýææ4Ý's@µ
BÕÞý¬ïE¢+ÿú×ÌÚͼ2ê|!1¨xnj(TõV?ËÐæÑO&çß/êÖ}sËÒ[Ø´2ܵªËHÀ<¡_´ªÊvfÌ)â<\Q~#ôý?éý)¬Ú4k²À+s
~"ªDWÛÛ1°ã1¨á÷;í.^?Péé-)ÕípWfB>Ð>æDlH(-6j¬ñ)8]>kíöí}¬pÄñÚØD
¹[ÆubR+ê9V£§6"ÈtÞýÿ8÷¨ÝMåÍZ׬)x¥Zµë
·ÑyãEËÀl=ÎÚ?Oea¶Üïu»Ò@ëÒÈJà²YÐFMAe?LìÂRÁç¸âbmªBf·XgäÃcÛ$DMªÚF$$1¢Åu¯2[C:ï@NPNíã`MB¬ýJ÷mÍpÚ_J*r®ì3';
2Qb®^Ó'ࣦ~U»ºÕ¦
µwfö>1Kµ?8ê1:Û\ê0oN&%kþÄÐâ!²²QPjò½°åä$Þ( fÓöU~.?å;e£Í4òi$ã[*þÂ^àÿ¯)Ù>KÊ`tÿ|ÙáÕ4KDi-äÎÎâ°Àìy·ûñ}'#àH;ºf3Â;U¥ÿ:K¥
-ã
0ejmU©>äïéH¿Óµ~r$Ð?æãÿC.·{lâáGÃ/
Ôî*vc8æ"+g$I7e~§$É%¼Æwia*éóÛþjÊFpKd±PKâó
±A¨Ý¸ ¯ôËcNíR
QÉåÝ@àmo·§¸u?dã ADH(õ:}a[¶3ØIÈ*ARVÈÈØß1·.LÑ|Ñ£ó³FÞ$§×¦HýÐHé³Õô¯6é®6¤½²xhÐô¿ÏöCdxÇVæ
|µ¡Ùh¶öéo¦ß¬Ö÷<X¹Ti+ÈxõlÂÈxå@zgô²ÇÃóõã©ÇP¶Ò@ðËsiaåõrI#÷h@ðÊ2O×Cø]ßetâcfÍ'raI¯§ÚÖ¨¸N[A£¨\5O^ÙM´
ÙItÔc""Je:L"Ò¾ÃtÔrZM¬ÄÞ0íß"Y@°sn÷wÜyµÛÃ+"ÛÕõ&°×pp©FÏåĶӸÜ-Lã`&ñ7ùròKæT¹?v]§ÊTþÕ=*rïö¹ÃfËÒêò}I._Ò#ûÞJR¿G·d¸ìLçI)ë}Ó½ëÓr Gþòõ®ÕþóðÛïÄrdÊ|Ïë±Óë?fJqãË¡þî½²³Íäô?:úßámýíåõ§¥=>uâoö~YN^CÞÝê>å,óÿÉË/É__©^]øüMqúd~Ysÿé¼ýzú+Oqõ)þÃn?ËþN`õsÿ
êUôkè¦JmqæóÞSè§Óðéei_£ûrüm¾^ítíL¸òqÇ6=©×êZô?jÃ)'"ØvO®qëû5þ9@rK-ªÿ´5I©tj×éþÌc}ÇëïýÍÊåË)-ñFCJ/÷]?f¹È¯û?Ça'ÿÙ8BIM%Ðß
{hÓ ¡ÝÃëàpòÿâXICC_PROFILEHLinomntrRGB XYZ Î1acspMSFTIEC sRGBöÖÓ-HP cprtP3desclwtptðbkptrXYZgXYZ,bXYZ@dmndTpdmddÄvuedLviewÔ$lumiømeas$tech0rTRC<gTRC<bTRCELRY`gnu|¡©±¹ÁÉÑÙáéòú&/8AKT]gqz¢¬¶ÁËÕàëõ!-8COZfr~¢®ºÇÓàìù -;HUcq~¨¶ÄÓáðþ
+:IXgw¦µÅÕåö'7HYj{¯ÀÑãõ+=Oat¬¿Òåø2FZnª¾Òçû%:Ody¤ºÏåû
'
=
T
j
®
Å
Ü
ó"9Qi°Èáù*C\u§ÀÙó
&
@
Z
t
©
Ã
Þ
ø.Id¶Òî%A^z³Ïì&Ca~¹×õ1OmªÉè&Ed£Ãã#Cc¤Åå'IjÎð4Vx½à&Il²ÖúAe®Ò÷@e¯Õú Ek·Ý*QwÅì;c²Ú*R{£ÌõGpÃì@j¾é>i¿ê A l Ä ð!!H!u!¡!Î!û"'"U""¯"Ý#
#8#f##Â#ð$$M$|$«$Ú%%8%h%%Ç%÷&'&W&&·&è''I'z'«'Ü(
(?(q(¢(Ô))8)k))Ð**5*h**Ï++6+i++Ñ,,9,n,¢,×--A-v-«-á..L..·.î/$/Z//Ç/þ050l0¤0Û11J11º1ò2*2c22Ô3
3F33¸3ñ4+4e44Ø55M55Â5ý676r6®6é7$7`77×88P88È99B99¼9ù:6:t:²:ï;-;k;ª;è<'<e<¤ >`> >à?!?a?¢?â@#@d@¦@çA)AjA¬AîB0BrBµB÷C:C}CÀDDGDDÎEEUEEÞF"FgF«FðG5G{GÀHHKHH×IIcI©IðJ7J}JÄKKSKKâL*LrLºMMJMMÜN%NnN·OOIOOÝP'PqP»QQPQQæR1R|RÇSS_SªSöTBTTÛU(UuUÂVV\V©V÷WDWWàX/X}XËYYiY¸ZZVZ¦Zõ[E[[å\5\\Ö]']x]É^^l^½__a_³``W`ª`üaOa¢aõbIbbðcCccëd@ddée=eeçf=ffèg=ggéh?hhìiCiiñjHjj÷kOk§kÿlWl¯mm`m¹nnknÄooxoÑp+ppàq:qqðrKr¦ss]s¸ttptÌu(u
uáv>vvøwVw³xxnxÌy*yyçzFz¥{{c{Â|!||á}A}¡~~b~Â#åG¨
kÍ0ôWºã
G
«r×;iÎ3þdÊ0ücÊ1ÿfÎ6nÖ?¨zãM¶ ô_É4
uàL¸$ühÕB¯÷dÒ@®ú i Ø¡G¡¶¢&¢££v£æ¤V¤Ç¥8¥©¦¦¦ý§n§à¨R¨Ä©7©©ªª««u«é¬\¬ÐD¸®-®¡¯¯°°u°ê±`±Ö²K²Â³8³®´%´µµ¶¶y¶ð·h·à¸Y¸Ñ¹J¹Âº;ºµ».»§¼!¼½½¾
¾¾ÿ¿z¿õÀpÀìÁgÁãÂ_ÂÛÃXÃÔÄQÄÎÅKÅÈÆFÆÃÇAÇ¿È=ȼÉ:ɹÊ8Ê·Ë6˶Ì5̵Í5͵Î6ζÏ7ϸÐ9кÑ<ѾÒ?ÒÁÓDÓÆÔIÔËÕNÕÑÖUÖØ×\×àØdØèÙlÙñÚvÚûÛÜÜÝÝÞÞ¢ß)߯à6à½áDáÌâSâÛãcãëäsäüåæ
æçç©è2è¼éFéÐê[êåëpëûìííî(î´ï@ïÌðXðåñrñÿòóó§ô4ôÂõPõÞömöû÷øø¨ù8ùÇúWúçûwüüý)ýºþKþÜÿmÿÿÿá%http://ns.adobe.com/xap/1.0/
Remy Prevost
0, 0
255, 255
0, 0
255, 255
0, 0
255, 255
0, 0
255, 255
ÿîAdobed@ÿÛÿÀÀ
ÿÝDÿÄ¢
u!"1A2#QBa$3Rqb%C¡±ð&4r
ÁÑ5'áS6ñ¢DTsEF7Gc(UVW²ÂÒâòdte£³ÃÓã)8fóu*9:HIJXYZghijvwxyz
¤¥¦§¨©ª´µ¶·¸¹ºÄÅÆÇÈÉÊÔÕÖ×ØÙÚäåæçèéêôõö÷øùúm!1"AQ2aqB#R¡b3±$ÁÑCrðá4%ScDñ¢²&5T6Ed'
sFtÂÒâòUeuV7
£³ÃÓãó)¤´ÄÔäô¥µÅÕåõ(GWf8v¦¶ÆÖæögw§·Ç×ç÷HXhx¨¸ÈØèø9IYiy©¹ÉÙéù*:JZjzªºÊÚêúÿÚ?´Ò-w¥1ÕO¨êrJ`@¬
álå¨tBA)e28ãú{·ò=V?>ª'I¸DCÓ1&Dj¤jA¤b«rHÿxöÁ&½£¢bLA¬T_ÑÈê<éSë¤âS¥
2 g.
ÇÐðM¿ÛøÖñN¡©<~xÉIb+p¿ºRØiæàÜÚßméôêõõë<Q¡EY\;¤0 Ekß_Û<k5ïþ÷µ´kÔåÌIQÉétHlå"Ѧm
Qfö$(?Kq{Òi¤u°}z±Ä)ôÞ Ø"±Qi\=î@,Ü]Òàqõ÷rêèsÖALgOTeÁ
¨év TcúIãðQU]¾<3«\£B)@#WõkcP½%c)©®î@QN ÓRÝM±þ¤suk@3ÓDôñpÅ¢@¦2\ÈêA@ì?PAàs~}ÜS¦ÏÛÓª¢"^2ã[(×Ò]ZÃëÏðü@áÓUÏ\äÆä+,¨T3±£[üÙnAtÚß9÷Ri^¶qé×[̲5.ÁÊ*<
¤à"Ö±'üGõçCÕ)»mªT®ÌÄ~?AîÇ#PTuå)2ÎQU½E5ë»éáâ×=uâC«Ä¦°í
´Ím#ñ{>ãîº1ת|úìD¯³Åå@ 0]1ÚìYjÏx?_¡÷`µÏú¸õï<tß4rà¥ZFЩÌúAòsÏçÝ)Óã¬qÓ¤X¼l|zÛIâV±osù¿äþÛhÁ4êÁëÛò®ÐåÅ9tôÚÀÉãü}è'¯[ÕéÔg¡µp hdÐÞ;Ȫ¨ÇÒúßýkqïz<WçÓp¤¼gÆÖO
×#zÚý7úëP¸éÝyê±:*TÓ¥EdѬ
ôÿKý=ÑX0óê?Ø)µÖÑ«%ï(IoäekXÿP¶m«öu³'MóP^Â$fI_ÊbTºè,WAæÀµûÛ-
p¬$õëðäH1"ØØ]¤IÃÔ@ô?¯ä{ØJg¯x×2Tã4*jYK´b,Æê,nRI~ZüØÕ¢ éô¦1è(1CeF6«¡W¨É/Ô/Á·âÖú´PS§<RMkÔIñ~D@¡)Y5¸J}hì }}EuXýîG§^ÓçÔ ¬ÞiHDJBf¯ÓX?E'èO¿ºÇϯxë3ÑêÆþ8
*´%%äÕ)i$$Ó¤õ'éo{)QN{_çÔ1G`ÌQÙ%Å"Æä(µÓ+B4éPßF \/È÷BÝ[HD¾QYV'+¬K¡jSÓ{z'ëqôÞNÒÈL¯û¨¤Ë:±0µ¨§×ë{V§§ÇQÉRçJµXÄY^úû²ÆÝXéJôÙjðêHCYµ/
.o¨t,r¾þ9üwÒ>«^¹ø1FR±IÀÒuæÿÐxÿZÞíá{Që¥P@¶¬>ÞÄ0?ë{°S{Æ5ÏX¾ÍUPØ^yR¹b×¹77ÿÈ÷¯c¯«çÖhâeR`>Hþµ!x,^Àä°÷³.ÖkÔCJV3!OKDkñk°¸_¥@Úµé} ø¿Ø{÷_.½«Ó¯MLÁ¬ÒU»C,8Ñcp9¿Ó~hGç×Pc¥FFÔ$`l4'
µo¤òOäý}²!êåÍzÆ)ãi`5eæñØ®¤¸µäSþéàÝ{Q®ÖÄ+k(Ö¡G¡L@:H òGø}¿ÉÇZ-õÀ XC²È·ÿ8eV¤8WFi½ÓúOvT¢õâjqÔi ó¦(xîh(ØòHètñïb=X§«ª5JªäøÈÔ@,K3éc¤ñϺèÇVé7[,Që
ZÑipAQoí?ëíC^=>SL5tÈåIy`ÌLFÅIQsùÔGôâßZ<úr½!ò4þ8ÜÒ*4bXÈñ°£w [P$þ-õa
OÆÙé
¦%©Wc"±²º³Ræ'[ôãaí;d×¥!óN§¬Éä×÷NÇD GåMöÕW²*Iâ÷'úûK0¨¯^~è?ÍR»ÊÂ4z}JU:ôHÀ
z²§ü.EÉçÒ9z
óTð«Üy°éñF²A taQ¤zJßÔ@?Ù¹'ÝS¦:
3òHiäiçòO1Y&ARͬ¸
5ëÐ*õ?ø9êýÅT´Ê¾ãÔ¬pÀ$
ý: 3=ï4êtÈÔIOFq
ÆÐfõN«âcû{³ÎÇIÒ¨E:¾¾ô@áÒi3Ò&ª9ÒZ¢4´ðÂb)D7ðÛ§·«õ[èBEÅ@}$5ÏLµ+K$4ÿm০ð,R*ÌIÐFº£`
ÈoniÕ
:LÏrÉOæSWvâYæZ©XÌdK*^æÃOÖþßANjtÈÈ
4(Ô)¥dYW÷cIs}²º¹B¼ob,Eïíå\×=4Ü)Òjzxe$yDÉ!pój©4RJ rªÉ©=·¯U*ztû:
ÑÓ¼¤ÓÉQò#©VPÅΰ¾=L©O6Ó`M½ê½l×*zhä¡jBPË$CËX¨YÁ@
üÚßý½lN)1Öo!ÐÎdhYÞöé1Ð饸ÑÀsõ7÷cÖÀ'L*Ñ$+öð´Fhå*t@¨f`¶]6
¨ÛèºN¼zü.)M"N²ÓøE@¬§S#IY©äûmWLaÕVò1îªÝ.¿#ú·çÖÀÎzÉ1ÂÒx$Zü«9:XhÔX¤Q ,dr?üGVòêU%r?ÛÇdU£ÂÓE?9m¨
,K@$²)Ã=X¼ªì«©XÍ,¸§ªyHuøÒRtn@
%x÷VãÕºeüÄi$îaòSË2y5)È·G©¹à\}Õ:pS¨ÂZ%js³ÊÎXIVy%Bñ,ì.Ti¾G]PõqÔ-;,jï$uD¹V7¦Ã-àpÑÊ!¸äÛß=YzeÕ"jØ 7jÈâ
Å£¨`·ÛÓ+úJ°.EÍÉûóSË=XWפóT³¢,1Óæj²òT¨j9â§*¥¾¯§BØ0·ô¶¹ê½'ëÓL²¸U<qÀº¤0I+*ÈÇ\_ÚwëTÏJ<b$´«Aã
Dµ)V°ªZd¯«[i]
zuEGB
¤ë'ª#SXä¦XÙgy±"blà:`¶6nØéDKZt7mê9 g¬.d V¦È5©rA¿- aÉõjöôº(Ájt3múCnt«È¡çWG;Ó^8ãK8C¨_Áúí0=[
+<<°$ê9
Q»ÄÐE³)PðXߥ··KS§üú1BaÙwf-5æe×®;ÅlÎÄòÔ=Öµéõ8éu2WÈC¹+æÃcÖPúl½ýïH§Z¯OúO)ÑQ<0xå¦Æ~
d»ôYuMÿ?_zU®ëÕó-ibR¢[h2bÔe$pOàrHü{yG[ò¯Rc¤ID#hthêbPçà9$&ÀÞÇê=Ø(=oU:Ò,¨KBм2ÄZªcµì¶Vk ñ#ÝzÖ¡Ö{F±»É©HÑ´´Í©VÒ86c` ÛÝ°ZÏIâ¡ÊdmU
2«²è1¼iÀsm\Þàl·®8t«;Êèªc<6i4ȳP\ò?§¶xu¼uÁãWòå¢${®¦à7*G?_ëuCÖɯXrEѨ¹fFÎc#ýV{ê¹)¦Å}A¾·ueéô,"T_ÈK?RJ3FBUÔpUG?R¶i®äõcñù]äeHâ2DÑÆiNÊCôÞ«ß_u§MÓµ<q«¥HÆåÜZ¡uÓÉOíXRÀ.@ú¸¨+SÓLqN¦Ô4Â;²GH$F`þ`¨f¼ºnVçJ±àklF:fê<ÒRVm
ó´RtÃJ&¶)©
¬¸¹ãÞ©«Jõ,JÃÊ56¸~à¸KJ4ÜÜsrEô¸é©IyäY^I&7w~u)Ò@¤_éT~&½2zj¨ed½?ÃÊÚ%hÏ1ºÝ.ÔÿK¤}EOM'ªÓ,I2¹I)ÝEAturGÓK9k9¿×Þ©Òyxtͪ^)Q"!Z)ágLÔì8u%RMÅدµqñèqi¿ÏR¬c\R(
JªC-¥°âäô+wg®)4¢ñÃ$ÜÅr¥eÖ%ï¥X%ÙCEïÉÝÔÓ¤ò-sÓ=}M$´ñ0§Ã2yY,iµêÜNë4t
E¦håôÏïDÆHmãBêÕb,IçÝMi^®:´Ô±ÿÔJYYõȼQNL2ÆÀ-ÙØÜÇéöaQND"ðM)ZA$±SÓ´rÈd£ò=$µÚâÀ\@öÆjz[\ô@µR4nÅPóH¦z¢!Sq¼¬IFúH,5{FãérzõÒXÿÉgEj2ËNð&ÊB
P,@¹R¢üÙ¬éÒc(3øÏ4ÍMÞ'Hòg)êÑc`
ž9é\c¨2!¬§ÒiüÉ$/hä°Saô),1{s«ØS¥Q/P¤¥¦¬È5è=Q47}ÊH5êC`cbõZè'ÏJ
u:J¤Î²3Ãæ´º¼bD+Ü76¨¸÷ZÐt¢%'¦ô¤5äXíé"§>oD³Fx¡Ê«`N`¡ÑjT®zl1WhÅ® /"C_NtÈ
@,ò®ÁÝ®¥¬n=è±9¯WÓN£ÕÍLL2d(ÚUO,6j
×$rʪ§¤¹¹úop-£ZW¦Þ%2p)ÒU3¼2I$m}aÖ¡bKøwT¨Ylo£·
ôÈÈ(kZ³PíMÔD#TD"àtª¡çü,ÍííM¸ÏsLô¨LoNÎÉL£"a:ZZ
á%ÊòBÌò0[QØòf>°Å=3Ò6¾ÔÕÅN°ÌI£ÄX²frxos{ªð91·RsÒI8Ó Î¶QÞ·Ét
¥jQcº»IéHäF>75¯ô {6XÅ:DÇ5óé-]hÜxÌTÑ$pÒUÅ2%AIÞrѲ¸ò eªÇGçÚ¥@#ºd¨ª¥¥YeF(Wö°¨5DÉä*.ïcaùö¶5 §EÒZõ¥ý5atc§JªU0ÝDÊ| °g¼ª\HÛ W¤ä^¢ÁED+Ót×W¾i~ÞYePñ,¤2º+3$ºßñÍôn¨ÇM·MÒSÃ#$$&x)ä£SH*
Ò¶"ÃP:oϺøAOMÐuÎ:4Wî`pÊÔÉ$u#P§±Ç°@6!yþH¼p:Ñ;кÊdJuo"´²6
*©¹¥% @lÀDðW'¬½?QÓ$ÒH)ÎÍSRÉT°XséW<9,½í§¯O4B¢4i#Ñ/ÜΪ]Lk-U2iÓ<2jÔ.I.ä}h¥Fzp-zUÒP®¨É KÍñI3ÇI#~®¥YBú@8êÞôéA0_,(bépÃ¥Þy5,K58+ µØîéS^¼éI^9îFË"
Ï$`,©A
î[Æ0Ùú¿ÁÕãâ:Tâã /N¬ijÓ°ãÕ±NP©(U§]K=Tj%I4,á.Y@ØoV^ÔTð,¨Ua#KÙÓQ,HZ./ [þ§òÆO¨éQAEN¥}¤E
LsHÓU+O©
À!P
6Ò}£ÏJPõËí4G©ÞHÔ¨/,!!âé±°'I7öÃDJõjf£®MG$)R&¥,,
J~²ÅÁ)=@ÚÀs~Xiü=YAH#H¯RhC
*iHAÇêñXØ5ÙöGÖûeÇO¯4TÐ21X\sµ¤É<B4åÃè<°¹P?'I7¸l§¯Jã¥
41¡ 4@S@g$OÍý$XsèÑQ\usÓ½-3Å<!«ÌÍ£ñC"â%½D5]t~}ÕªåÓý9ZëOàH27ߺVP45i7kq~~ñ¢§ª®zÔxËÄg´ÈdvcY%-©µ¾[8ÔûaíR¡^Ѻl`VE"&f%iæBñDP Ò¬ÌJ7
¤vµ½R0z×|úÇ
¨T_ó2Çh¢
¥p¡¦ò,3L«bF¥]dþ¹ô`*ÔëÅÇY
*²³DWîå%ðæTeerÒ
õ
LOçÛâu½êRa£òPűD²¹ISKÊx7¿ê¿ÒÞÖC¨êáhqÓõ-;4É!XÚ+m<¤+0¿Õb
íìÒ9Ò(:"Éw¤¤eWÓÈS~
µpo~×TÆ=Rº4L¤QÞ²ê¾2ÌXúKk_oë±l@©ã×µgrJÊÄ´êÕûß¿â¤ÖbO6ÿnüQ°9ëÕOiE?lP,NÁÄ EPu$ñþSROM+ÖASô ¦z©&¸ê-LFi$Fd%Õ
$¡È3Ü©Rô?tq\yuï*ùõ
ZYÊ>cV©Ò2ìÑ»>iõ°à ëÈ·'Û,
1ÖÁDjgºB)Z-K#IÚ6_
ÑuNYù _Y#åÕ«çÖ-!ÔXÒWJOâ9eÔEìyãéïTÇ^êpC¼JÚ=!AK»Hu[ék»pëCz¨eHZádÔ¬7^l-fÕ~oÏøZ¸êàu8Ù¤Fû"iu.¤Vfy$ûp|lmkn¢Àr<ûß^?.¤¬k8Y¢ñù
Ò\f6Y?½D@·»õ^³Ýb}Jº¢¤$V:I"Þê¨U°¸À¯Í¯\×˯qê-IX'`¥ZE§©Ý
ÒÒßëÿ_zjuqZt¯*IJ¾9|«$n¦}^#öìê)",¡${¼@Ø>@-ùþ£~+Ódyõ
QÏãJviáAeXÊéðÙnXÁ¿Ô~y÷]#ZÓu«i0
2%,ãÌ,±ÜÙ=e@x<n=èúujuÉ©ã!Æ(I¸h\ÛQ é?Áñ^½¦½O:xk/_F¦3/ÓFA°r·ãÕɱðuEz¸cúDTI×Íí,ÖMÞKrÈo¨Í¹û®·ÓÄËTë+£3ÁÆ&5Y¡]r0:ÏY¾ß_vÒ@ë}cxÄHjìÁçD$wú
,OñþºiÕºãXhÖiC;EÆoêàÃéø÷à<º÷N´~H©ÈgÒHÐKH54Ø+^1ôµú8
0:Ð=8DÂdD
#À强â@á-Àµí¦ÿKV£¯q4=J1¬Þ©4ú£G:dñ1 G7®I¿'߸ñêÔë1O:7"g
K½C!HÌq¢~ Ù#óÇtë^}D(ÒÀëÒ¯)SF©6%±¹ÕÀRú{©Ï·AÓmD)á8 A"4ÊÑ6ãPd¹<©ÔÖR·7þô}êëÓ}B~änTG+g3²ÌQßRIV
ï¦ü^Þôzyzh©0ÇîC{ãꡬ,/ÏÒM£D²TNêj´J±µ:I¸Üsî¼OUë*Ó¬#jt0øBj\±L§Z륤F+Õ¢B®,Q+ê¦-¨ãQp6¸>ýAçÕ|úliäE$\,ȤÁi£0OÐÎ5/Ç=ÖêפÇ5âiFáÖüéQc4~ã\^xþ
iÕX[°¦&_ÌJ«:´³ÎKÝn²/ϽôË
f£
iço$ìEI¡](ñ0pHÍu¿ô÷aNaÓd¸ÍT"¡é×È%
ÄU»ÊÊ}**¸¹æçÞõӪ騯PfVÖ^J$XHi]}¼=:E,®«\³:î÷åÅýÙnV¸ëDõM½Q$ê«AJÁ©dÔYäHôJôí)E`¼1$XµÐpè¸@8õºº8Y<Iå1H!Xe\`Ȧ47 ØêàÜókûqfSçÖÍOM§²gM«Æ(RPeI OÞ ²éb/ôá½¼uáC×j¢Rdz¯<,D¡JÉ!zcQÄÏedC¨Ùúé·»¶YPxDtð¬ÒGO;+Ù ªJËL¬=h¬[ø½à{ß[§§]bɬtë²ÂèÌêZUB]µ?¤pªö¿ªF:ØQÓJPÕÔVB³µ3²¶8ò7âå¸$N¼1þ¬õ-[ÀÉ(
; G-BXÆâu
»QÂþ@·×g#«yztïOER´sû²ÏsùZÊjÜê#Q>bßOuoðôô±Q£Û¦ÚNyÚ¢:·µ<ÒkyÉV - EtÌ®ÇMÓôß
ýÓDu¼ì¨Ú#:ãºQ,õ2¬ç_ÜMeHä}9Ã~ë]x$B¢H¥sI¡¥¥hÆ®·ûv58¿íªP[ÆǪ}:NZTËÝe8Ùi÷×¾Î!_-"·Û²Bc1¤L"I<É!³@ÄX~E½è`õ¿.¢×ÆÂæ1DCK¢ªI
પtú!úG»={IºßÔ@D<^¤b¡Â|è±Y5[N_ë{puF馼Ä:²^©Å)¤¦a©ÍCC²G'ýE¸ÙȧU'¤Ít##4òd»ÇHj5=ªjkcðZÉ m#íé³Ò%(¢Uýô±Ô}ÌÄ$xÈtC#WK+ÜsvQÕÔÓçÒ1éEH 8Ã2t+Ñ}ê©ANüºNWƱ$µÐIå$¼òS£ü@ãMVWV(×úõ>Ìb u|ÓmZÌ&i¨X ÛÇpM°ó;3y.£K?$oíÐ1×õÿзSI5OMá(O4ùdfôhkz#úÇ"ßKñ
%IãÖ^Ô¹d5-3N#]H0!¦B¼h"ÆÆßì¿P@zõ}zs¥IBî[íTºDÊò#Ê$eËáuÒ¼jO×{ûðöu£NjÉ@,°»´i
8kOßê_{ÒKuªã¥s$ÞxêCHUKBîÅn.9öú©Éê:!T121(]v²J²dWãP¾IúÛóïÄkæzn4Ø´«#:}Ê di?âµ½¶Ü:qFz`©È°XBªêbG#B t$ÈúëËÙ¯O(Çe¨BfMzâS¨#Êß½ç¼õ±-ÁAá¢ztuèÖDý·e1¿Ný ÂñÖÞt±!¿÷Qóë}IB²h%øÔJ¦i
³Bà\3µà}=ìq¯^==Dç¼e¥}"ÚZUu0Öäô¿õ÷~9éÑdZdw¾¨¸§&PªUZ]_U¸çúûµB©Jñë9ó2+Æ|`ÈpÒ0'Ò
l?Çúû®x©@8õßrÄ»á°ç[ø¼*Hx>¡ÏôüñïÄç:í#eÓ*«N®êmfð5£ÔÊÅé'Q±úý>õ§Ï¯¤SÓ² JSɪ6p?óq9bm«Ô9ÿ`zÝz!VgxÙ¾YÌÀñ[r+^?ÛØvXèI<zÖ¬tæÉã
ÄHÐN-[ÈÎÐrMíkÛÛÞÁ#W]9CH<Ëekhc2yêé*0gScnÐ=¸¨µÇM³
ôòìÉäDÜ&Ïï"Ú%P÷ Ùúý}¹¦¹êù¨éVU3æhÑÖ32ð¨HXà§àN}¼ZÓniÓTÏq"¤h='ËŬnÌ¡E½_mo<zlì½Z½%ÅÁ£ôèõ+}Oáy¿?×ÞTÔÅyjB8¼H$Eô-*66üÚÆÿK{$éùôÝ~]c`dXÅä1ºjhR;\±Õn[{m
@êéÞÈÔÎÁcÌåµØì}íkÀõ¦ùu-ÆÀ¡.ÌÀÅq1é%¢ÌI]?Ù···EG9ë\¡eg7T¼º5ë(%GÔ[õêxõ±òë0TnË.°JSxù».nx${°\Tg¯V=r(.¨bFB¤¶±¦à\¦7V-boþö@)׳Ǯ~ã´¼¬Zòiè£Î ÕOvÒS¯T°²²4¤¶BMĶ+¤ jk?â=¶qöõa¸ d» Gà¨ñ/&
þÏÑA¹ò}èsÃÐpëFĸF¸£.¶äXÁbµ¾·ÿ{Ò§[ùõÄA¥}
KiÂHÈ¡mkXØð~¼Û~Ng[®sÖ$Jcò<¾Õ¥K Y@¿Í½ø-xõceHY]O%å+ã*ur.
¸þí Öª)^¥G,q"Ii·/uF êü/ûô<)Õ
:ç8è#¬±«ÛZ<,r7ö¯ôæàÇj´áÖõéÆ$R]TüúrñVä
¸MFÊú@½ìO×óíà´=7Z³©1@ÂÆÚDwÚYõåJݬís¨Üôàûº§U'®
%®øÒËÈuÄ.F¯£ÈúûÐ^êõâh:æôæU\j¼£Jcdè,ÓoÓÏ?ëûÙMYë`ÓcîÊZ)Vou[úõ
ØþGâÞôÉSCÖÃuXD%½$(j³\Çéf_Ïà?ÛetðéÀuuS=QvxÃúQìçK¹½Í¬ý?ë ôæ¡ÔWDzÍÀ<gÓ )ô¼|s`¾ÁÿcïF:
õ½`õídIhý»¢î¨oÅ/á¿?áî+·«¬"cÒËLAe¹®|ͨ2·¨ß®ÊÚÞý¢§[Ô}z
öB2=~ëDÒ[öEÂßV¢97ãúóî)òëeé²z¿´ªÚ¬¬=ÅnGO϶Ú?.çÓy¢`Tib¦0Oépo}@
bõÛÐz¶¾£MvX(/i5I©#@"S@Àk¢àrMíz´FµêÁÅ)Ô:'Zá=2ǧIyb»Å`¶ ÜZ×_u1yõpÕê4ù#Ê"¦Æ<q§÷Ü,ÑiX}FÅnmsôv1éÀWU~}b1
ÒR°6xã:ùçTe¹`ÜsùöÙP1ÖÇPæ
¡E&A&gÌH
ÇóoÅøe¨5êÀÔצºØÀFQ#yTÈÀj+MDÿ°ùúlÈ1ZtêúW¦¤¡*³ ô4èºT,sbõ5qÉ¿×ÛU-^ é¦eÒ´ùÀyÄA¼f2[ÐÁ®AàÿS{{©À¯V7´¤Jα¨5º%lb b·ÃQ¼°^R
ò~óÒ|ÜÀúyöÛ/õî´Âøâ.}?H[{Ûݸuî=eLR]Çÿn%i;ÑY¸Ókp8÷¶´sÔÁH¯!K*`4Dò*BÇéäII>뢽kORié#=,òIãÍ)¢*jRµ]ý(°¦Ål±°ú_vÑUÇZ ¯Oô4¬Ó+Kï¾GDD]IüÛK(¥¾§Ûñ®r:Ñ éIlÑ0*xýLþÂÞFd
¨}ëø#èHÕ*æqéêÐáQtXc>dÞìH?O§·zôËzôÿ"@IÖ£ÉâG}ZV"˧ér×o7ÓÅ=D]N$Ó"¹pUQm,f7¿?¯úþÝÑAÕéÑ(ñ¶n¶Õ`à>*4±QôÿïÚÓZ±ÖTühX©VHJ¥ßQµÍíǺé4ÏZ'8ê\tîB«ÜêÁuàoÕkp¿ûϽé<T$S©~[KkP~MÁ ûö`õZ.²øÜÈÒXÄÛRÙ§ Ø ÿaø÷â5ëU§Sc§¹ë¦ééõY¤,8Õeâãóø÷`½P·§R"¤ÓqZ5ñ¨r¡´:¯ý?Ûý-ïa?U-^=HH\,zê¤Ìò,/¯ÍøÛÝÂ
õZ²× èT6
¤+YýÊÜõàvëÕkÓ¤$ f,R÷³X(fúâÝÓ^=R uÁc_óÑË¢pe·t¡?Nö_§¿üCÔð=tiðgïh{»YÃñªçéqq¥½ï@9#^]¬T¬]nú´{:_Oãëý/ïa(j:õkǬÝ}QÝÊÚ9uòZ×úoÏøý~ä:®¯^²b©f·¥T
Ô«ñÏ${¾.µ¨ÖqL
§B©VCê³¹ÔG%lÿöÞï£ÓªÇXÊ,©©£þÓ!À²F¡A@n9&÷·÷°n´½oUq×RÁgÐTSfÀW
¿r£ýo~dõxuÓ¸R2*cP=
ÅÐtÄæäõâl8>Û)Û¨W=E+¥Ù@Òû:ÀR6®¶ôÐõo.ºK¨(εGV[YHÆOãUøý-ï@SËQÉdáÉd/¬ÈÅÄ:ßÔDnx,967[Þ©N½òÿQê$Pá´! Ì@'éŽdò>ëïßo^zm¨
bô~m(·f*O¡?àE¿?Ôû¡Nz¸ãj´Æºª!ó²3¾°§Q²é66¹ú{aè3ÓËSùû¢0òºKn}$ÜpGûid5éåÇHºØ[ȲÕ):wÔÌy½ùêIöúqHzAåímvÔ±48bGhÈ_¡/͸öôê7H:ÊÙt«È>Üe´ìKI«Béàý½¿'Ý+ùtã0=!«£Hj%WË®Cã5(b,ª¦$R¯êsõö_ sÓMìê*#ë òN÷Ziäy¡WÖÒÁoÑoÒEþ¤r§Ú&=2FqÐO¸é¿v&iæ
ª%bO/Z¤S¬©TnH?_ǽ½åÐY?Q»G&yS2IéXiã[ù'ÔçH¿õ÷jõFôèö
:LÝ"«å$ÔÍuG §Ç&¨Ö/'îÁÑôú+êÔ
½¨p¦[ÔtÅVf!?oS
5"ÅD@´2Ï-ÌÈbÝV,H$²[r/íá@i^9é73ʲÕÌпÚHÿk:¢)N15=DhAò9buik6&ÞÝǯM^%HægE#-4¾ç÷kJÒ5
ʺZÌ9b@Ü9Óg='ªÜU¡§Hh¡y¼Iþf)3+¹*±WOçÚÆ1Óg¦Y¡(B?Ì×$Dv$ºka}.£õ`~¡\t¯MiÓbPÍ$©%`QH¤«#Ó¼±²\¬×PuUþ¾Ô<ºoIBb8SþÝý½X.:ÏáPOÛ¤²0¨êxuºt ¥¢^a©¨I£JóòYãõqâÀæö·#ÛG«Ó´qv2,-:iDÓÓ(¹õ4¢ÚõCí¾¬ë̵M1ûiUmFòA!)Ì_pÎUdG¨Gëk9°êzµ3³]¡Úb14É$*µ`Êjìî4õÿ_u=l^°pvtËZÅ;¹TvN|¯ ÒBvk,±ÕRyD¨¡fjI^TwÍå2F¥#¹
ä}F÷·½ÕêZ´rÆð$¬MTÏON2yƦ6cwTböÉèÃÏ«N¤X ©£¤ÓS¬s¨¥$¯¤¬ZÁ1®³v°[cô¿½|WÓ¦üN*êI¦%´QC4y¯ã±:EÙq§Ò4ïÁiÕºj¨òµA3¼Ì¡
$4ñm¨F8¹äǨ8ÖÈé;¨ó%d¨z-`SAOP"]`®À\jêGÓÝÉꧦ*³²É:Á
Q¥£
|ÞIøMBPª'¨\°ÃÌõï?J(*q$±I0h'b¦
G¯fe*ìÚÄd#]u)éõÇB~ß Q:Í5' TN¾CC-K9I!©Qéõê ~
sE¤ÿª½,#ZÑÛ¸ÆäicÒ,gФ±Æµ,c]20m:=:y¹$Þ¤ðèÚ´úô4âôÓÒV¿}"@¾8¥ò¨f<X@¾BþõÒõ è[ÄQ(hË°U |¦ r£ÈcOGÑÖà#Jð§Ûf£«
WÅ
_Ù1+4¥¦òÂiÚ¡Ø)° Á~JØéuáÓÃ+¨éÔÇeòMש$Ö7¶Y@±:ÿO§·ãý½)iKåFðÅ!þ!v:Æ8Û[(^H
Üyçéïtzu¡ãDHõIsq&fo5æebZRXhõ5¿Ãéï@
g«Tõ9_K
¤i9ML#e]B2ÑÈT¶CpÝþνå¥Á+¤pVIµFA¤ÇÁ6ë½okß=ØÇ8uÊU 2«xÕKÑDѶ«ª¶Òm{oñÙ£pëÀÓ=%«£u©(úHVE.T<O#Ú¸?ôöÃ
upj:fjs2ÄeLÐ?î3
0Çô²(B[W?{{¦ñ=j¹ëËK<*T$Ä¥
&Hè-îÁh1Ô*5÷L¯SÄF¥t¼!UOÔð¦äþèéLÕ«ÒfHÃÉ0ðÔ2¼PÂgº×6ä¨Qô¿?á~}§+c° ¨Úsd¥¾¨¦L¡rÊé$XÛÞ´tÑ&½( Q+è5ý¤ñé<¼:@äåDªUÒjÇľqªéñý$ÚTòl}©O^çé%%sÅLÀÊíV¡Ui
È©O¥y·_êIOv¦c=3WÔùHãdÑ*/C,«ÕyiD;[I,W[ý/~=ïν%vÓ¤äõÕ˪bæEX!DgW5WO¤4¨ÿ«>÷JÓ¤÷*ºkij¤¯ÝÏV¦U
jX
)3cbI¿ÒmGXjZv°x¥x$hLÑ.©ÅC£ÅN]¶¤ÖT\WÝHéÐ:àPÞhÌ69¼µçÆÍUát¨,µ®l4ÿWåÓ§§ª£RI ghS+>¨XfY @¡P KJpédXëUÅK,ÒS,äh]Ó7JPuÆFòG,ÐÇÀôéûÌDVhØ6*$ÍþÚ¥Qõé^´ÿ$4Q]*X£¦%ä¤ ò^ìãA#\Ð|úUÔÓ®ÚkÒȧKÃÏ®trÇI2 ÒÁ,v¡Q©úCzÈIÛg(E éX½S2ÔÞ¥æghYÔ f²ßÈ,¬=Wù)Àz¦Ñ=2BÊ4nÎÏ>/J¤ªjµ=®·Q\pé+ÒC,ñ5Cåy!jt§P¤u¦ª/C©<B1EZtÍzEä%g¤cK;i'fh$/PVÕ-ûw`ÙMÈe¸°öen§¤éÐ}UJÔÀwi©Þ¥K5PIÝ4ð<µ^à1IqnÄQã¤5S$1y×c
©cÄÐ<RRñëÔÅ?$ÞßjÒG5é f9ê|Ë®G=BQE,I®¬rh
T®:¬#úÙBz/rjzoDªzÕZÏ/ÞÍ<K¦¥\pËHͪÁSP$-*yu(@ =''®-@íd9¦Äa§UǺåNõç
ßQCÓ$u«4ò«O4BXG¨1ø%I«^¨~}B(àvMy+IK*4²3BKSxb©ZËÉúð=» WªÓ¬sBhBEGGSåCS3$%Ô¹bÚIÿÛÞÙh(:Ñ;ÒÇ#JòTºÓª+«gAá¥PTì̪ßBÖ'úûyl©)îªÊÓR³_į@²£QQ$îì)Ó£zSP¤J®µ'ítF®+¬KÁf¢ºP&BñHèѦ ìEìlWüEHêàS=(Q,5,ÑR4º}Ãä}Ë*©Êo!às`,4G^açÓÌ%3µSLÓ;HÕ"ãO&ªm^¥BHTsco~ã½ç^Ò«Å@|ùc@èæFFØoø÷î½_.ñâ_·iSQÒ)Õ±"%Ú5OKNf¹§µT3$KQ1ªTyTdÒxm@óí;åÒ×X31,A¸Ð»Èð,+<jªOÒÿA`Æ:òútºÄÅ(âÅU÷p´ÀÄiäp2ë7Ño §ÚgBzyFzTE¹%,òF
-%BË©
YüãÆ«
\}÷½"§×§*tíãAªÑ7NöeËP4he 8ú{Ó "«éêØÄ$8Õ¬Ï_2¸[¯1.÷æÜOØhÇ[˧úZ§D-æO*ø¡
ÕÝå$2*?%Ô¹:CùÚ)N>¸<ÓÒÊ¿¸Ò=+bàIú®}¶R:ñ^¥Óã£W
úΡS¬sD.
]ÊÔ+Q&×úM·Ò!^½¦½=ÓP½0y^?#1¼KãIBþbD ¹bt~ock¬H´çªS®³Îe Ò¤¢8V#]½µköø@Ez¦¬ôõÆKtèñ"FêcõJµfÒÎáOçþ#ÛñÆ@ëUôé[5Ù'hÂRᮩ5õkõC(๲¡"£R½p·ù±hóº¦Vg/ä0ÛÕ«Rõüò/a¿R£W©iE%æò,d4êîà*Mâh¡}7&öP °>ßT#ZêdSkvh&¸»èERÁX(r,
Á*À~mô}ñêµG¦vF:VQ":ð¿_ð÷zSÖ½fStxÙõÕSÄo!iE-eú¤~ü{tWTuªãmFWVIYüitsP[Eå¬þ¿^}Þ§ÏtÞÌèÏ#¤DüqºÉæ{KaeK_>Ü\p8t®)Ô×HÔ¢¨¥!"ë>$ò##*> )*CkÞ×ä[ùõaƽrñÍ"úWÒk-Ág*òpX~>Xï^uZ½v_¥P³©diÕ¤× ºþ/n@°úz>T±¼1»)df!q4(fhV=\ZæüY½Õ¸c¯TùõÅ£(cøUÕ4ÍC)%¿?ïÞö½½¶p:ÞQübÇ©kñº)F"b±\mpn·{hg×8ê7Séÿ:Cd;¢5ì~¬ÖâÆáE½ÐNº&XÙ¥ñJÍæH|aÄ
!ýÁä2¦Ö²cpEÁú{Øá¶8õØè9|Ë XÙ]u0¼7+pK`ú÷ês¬=zNMJÄ¡ÕHI
cP]ËQ³M®M`O¶ôõº×¤õT$£
uU)ò&6× )¶'Róý§½qëDù3STøÄSÀõØJ¬eª&5Ò6Vb
9þn¯½PÓ=xÓ˯ào3G!ëx('e
\¨ÔÅÉ`Á}ZMÉ·ßÝ©éÕsצ³°Û\zBÃDÂm8imr9$,>¼ûðê´Ï]:hza¤K0ó$©º8k
ü¸#¥½èùu²:ÎùVWX¦F±*%9É2¬¨ÓnKZâçÞ©S×=K7Q4PC"Iû¹£%Â×*«6@\ÿU·#~]^½C`fUñÞdYä3M4ÆÚô$NÉt¿
Ó¦ßKÞçÛLs׺¯.§õ´(8XÑBÓnÈXh:ðoýïÓÔVIÖ=qFZ1#ª1#
*'MØn=Ü^µçÖ5WËÆJ²òG(,ªKi$Wзä[ÝÏ«Óé¾6*èôâò²5b¶M
#W]WÔ£P @ÜmùÔuºuÊwEô¢ ½Å FåP}%$}AR~¼~«S§ô2,q¤/+~>¹úókºõà3Ò58¦áÙKÆÉ"k"9ldªõD,úoTië@õØþÓCl¯$A¢Ý#ôÞÊ·{¯½½Juü¥Ô
:¬¬t4ì³h! Ø4Zö?{PÐõ`:ÃW
XÐÅýrÉqê@ê
äj§Þxõ`zZËJ2Þ42:FºÑ¢g.U½BÜô$ïDÓVQÒJ±,òÇp",¡7ÁK1q:
tXÂò×7$û§Ë§IÙiÞ'.ȯ̺xdTSwb¢ÎÄþpG¿´ÞbÒ²úÓ°Y%ªÆªK}VIu¯T¥zÄ E
ÈòDoå·H^ÞE0*G¨~
õ@:$u ¾½rþã£ãôÈó«¢´²<=
Ic`QJª`-õ¿½WÇQd£J&=KÑÛϪ¢7^*xø[£_Òmôâä{ÕkÕéµàvòÇLd´±;
\$1 ÌZÊßf¶OÖÞë_^#ˬM;Ïäh$vh¥W¥2ÄGLF³úA9ô·ë~}Ö½P»ZHZS4ôÿwuD΢8cF+4ñWS~ZÆä·½WªÖ!Hõ1´\K4¡c
ã
^VHìËrBê$/ïZºld§p"kGM#ʪZbÊ]¶Hr6ÿî
üúl°IÛ$VMZ§9wF×"
K1õ7ãm³WªN <Lʱ¢4q
ÄåEÔ?ÊêÝgô°úµ¶ôÙ1TaJÈN*j£L±¡§rPFÊï§ü.·Zü¼²SªLozX¾/<K40¨¥ÞXÚ%ZIþÕÖä3Ø©çêGµ+/^§]®9cHPEv3»4k$V^0ÉrWKò©
Ç·Cuªu2Vi|Ì|HBsp¤}/f½ßVzØê5N?Ц*$©"ñ´f¢1$ÚôvnB°C{°½®}¾¯ÖéÒb¦ÊQù«ÓÎ&@ËOH&%rx^9$k¢X
ô(£Gi]Þ(ÞD28ZoHE(·Ò¤q©¾
b·[°ÓS¤ÐÒ¨ªå
ɼ:ßáéÂjx¦ð¹&D2GæJid©¬[üÕ>ZëpQ!~¾÷Õuo$24ª(%ZG
¤A%3DJ²Ù½
ÔóÉ{ª¡ÕyÐ%DQ7Þ%RÅÙ2³¬«µÃ=}
½}Tõ6)eÑL³´nÅQ©¼I*©
%RÊܧP /b¿u®â!Øz·\¤Wza<ÑéçHã1¢gFVð'Â0êMÙÏzx'ÞǵöôɼJg&AUÆg¨Ð%£9Hôþ·k^.ÄX^ã¦ÛHÚªªëÊ]!Z¹LtX¥|±4²R#'/Á¿½âR§Ï¨Uw0Õ(¤Þ÷^UwÖ®c¦úIcè¼ÞüÛÛL<ú×uO]дr+yÂGM2ÇPiã%¡[j$sr4n(¡{Ê£¤f7VRÔ³ëM
ÌfQqúê6ÕÏõüxºNz£útÈÑñ-(ê¢idO&¤NÚ.K~¥[`WôØ¥.ÿaï
øäuY¥^8© àCéÒîÑeÒYé¨97úÛúì.´3Öhõ}Ì5²8H 25É624äô\ÿ¯ôëç^g§êñÕiËkDJ«Â]imÅÙ¿=ÝpÙêç¨jYVrÒ3¬©£Ä ¿HúÆö½ÏÖ×àn+SÕiìÑKþz71´Æ°!SpãUrT«)äz¾ÂþêXæ½n1O6¤s¥P/ï´@«C¨F*Òþ1NñA«CÒ
·?måÕÁÏR% AçÐ@!2\h×ôÜØçSsȵ½.·^ µ*DQWJÈÈÜy=,Ñ*Þ0N¢Ö
ÓÝò=hǧîÝ1ø§*ä3X+#MbAkuôÞßAîÜ:¡Ï§SDÞr<n9û.F¿S«!RÈ¿+ïÁsÕIÅzU
<Ñ©ehüÊÆ`·7úúôÿcï`PS¦Ï½XÉQ"²Ùª"º¨ú6¿ÒÖ÷_·éÔµ«è
,r4hõD«yÖÛÀ$õ¿»é5ëÝ9=+g)HÊInÁê/«è¡ÿoíÍ&¸áÕAéâ
UV%'ev
ÒWHg±âáI¹·ô··U@<z£7¯R,B¬bEcâ+O"jÐÄ0²+{pÇü÷Tã))ÉeðFúHà±fÀÒIKxä[Û¦ÉõéKIH4'4e$Þ;2$3¥ÙA7ÇÐ}}¾©^8é²Þ9*
é$²¬aÛLrÆxo¡ýGéø··@Å:©9ë:,@mêÆ.SK^cëô¿ä}mïb¶ú{¸
ZõSJu*CãYÝM0Á
i½¾N? »Sóé°\µUf6.Âå(ÖU,¹¿6¸ä~?§¿PÒ§¯c®Ò5FLjKÄP«eePA_ëaôþ¾ü¢nµvLb(å2Ç,UCpäÀ6
Ïôüûñ
õ¼ÖpÞdÖezôé:HXÒÍeJZÆÀKßÞf½m@pðìÌÍaÜ+X»i¿õú5ãê
«§WujÓ¯.~RëBÓ&«p'§#vÓå^¶YQ¹m©Tµ2Dü}Oûë{ØëÝyPþÒGdÚHD»Nkr}ìM[ûzæbuS¡nÅZÖ?»ªmô±õWý¿½ÐõêI§.¶Ö<ºCkkXÚ@7à[þ7íÅ6ÜzÈ]J$w+mHÚBªrI`ý÷p§ëE¼úËH² },ª©Éþõmø½¸÷`¢¹ëD1Ó<º&Ï
®ææ[P5ÿN?ý}¸¨ªðé¶$àñêZ¤Ì×ðÆU¦T}(nÄúHª¨áËÖÿ¨ãÛ+ÕuS¬Ê©¡B+#
mcÉcªÊF }í½ØLu¬Ö§¬?Úôÿ¸Mw%É'Qk`¢äëϽÓkÏ®¥®µ»é6>²måRnOÔ_ýãêu§=l¸N* ³þ1rt=ô©³qr.l?{a^¶:éãMGʺ5>¶°$P<f&¿ ]Gøßu yõ°M1ÔALìBiWI^Ì=HÌ/©`
þÀÇ#Ýt_W\V$f&»¥@)ä½ÿOÑGçú~=ø(l±áÖF
â+#¯è*+iµjüůþÃÞ´
ýl9§XÚ.¢eÔKrD©µ°ýDXÉ·¿iǯ^+éÔiUÔ*F×Ð^ÀbÙÈú÷¯m2Ôc«§ÞU¢r}kéÂ9lÝY@ý¦5ã×W¦ùi
+*jA]§!oÒnA¤{©Lõ`øê4S©.bYè1Ù=lQ¸%ÒÄñú}(So_Y
3**LPÞ6%Õt wý'oskþG»Í8u]]vô'B£+å?Öúô+À?_v)ë×zuÈÓ¥£g!¼ÒztùCqv76Õôý¤yõªñ¦ÙhÄ`ʧÒ8BcXh´b×Qk^ß[{m£Ôtà5ÇMòÑÄl¡äUhü±,]2½&
m2Uit¼vA²X
aþò9öÏAÓõéjäÆ3°
I!\zàTRHô
OÖÖ±$í£êÕõëÔN+F¥´r~ç"EÈ?W',?=èÆG[xõiuN®ªFáZC$¾±)@/rÄsþÇÞTç«pë>ßZ,jcCD,RJȤ°#ë`·ú{ÒiÕÀa(ÐÍ;(ñÂhgt MÔ\î¥1¬>]`VM:PÚK«ê+*i*¥Ox:?Ak[ÝBuãÖD rGHæ-"DúäVÒÀîÚ
:¨Éë)¦Ee+$¨&(§H9©'Iè>ñsõñëÝfG¥Ø«Ä¨Eâ-$®ÆÞMD^êÎÍ`xââþö5òëÇåÓ:¯ÛN xⶹ¡þiCÒBpG¤EÀÿ_ß´æPW¬¢·$ °&@ÿ÷9ëUÇRÌ$S!dY£ýK¤_¥ìEÇ¿hÍGU'Èõ68\]ü2QõzK~l§øÿN-¤ðê=L6èn`£i/êµþÛëïaAê
z´q¡Ö¿í½¸ô޳ì¾0Pù½:B¸]V!Þ?CîÔÇZëƱ¨
(P.ÙC%ËZAôñÍýïM^®zò[
OÈIÐö±¾ VãØçߧZòë")+¥À$#pa"xâÄ}÷°¤²°µÁæÃÝ#=T²
4¹$lBè ¤`_öøµ_ý·»Z©òë
ù!K¹
yÔèvÔ@µ¬8°âß{þ}{¬¡Æ|׸UÒQlÔÌÎ8ä@ÿb=ÜLõZã®>=:Ü UPÜ´.ít±ú}?Öö^¯\Ò6,6dT
¥éÒT¨¹ñ÷p
sÖôëÍe,P Eò¡ñ©Y× øãþßÝ©\õ OX¥
Ø1ÔÊÁ(4ÙWAD@¹$}'úûÑ:ÀðÑÂÛOªÀOõÿÿ
ýúרÞ0át)c>Ç%ÍÖ½¯Ï'z§[:é¡dÔ¡C~%½%XÈyúƯéý=úµ^°ÉLãFÒÁé¼ÞÊI7ú_ñô¿½¯[
N°ÉMËhUñúÖ%'ÈK«Ô®9o¥ùüºëÁ½z%*_Q:¬×°"ÇêXhroþÜ{¡N·¬ôÝèÃçÕÁé²ðúJøãr
IªÃÍúýM½°àS§Ôç¦ ò¹æR
Ä£É#ÈBª>7'ëí3
IZfóÊòIpUÚ=ÃÈM®P\© }=¦eÎzÝqAÒFªdeRº3 bdõr~¡@?R-Ç´äyõqǤ&NÊêÉdVXä@TF`b>-wÒã=²rzttåà
Fæ14nZeY2V¢4~~(·´²ç¯LͼC"¤Lì#ýÛIQ5<dS<Ymȵÿ6öAåÓdW 3Wiaªr"EÉôVGB÷,¤ºÿ
9öU:Õ:
óp¼h¨àʾ0]$Ã7¥iäAà.£b·7~
ëÓ/ªòñEÈ)ê$¬YÁ7h¡ð~ìÎÌYtÙ,
Ýþºöà5=&cÐu£¨
Ù$J9-%7ßVYe]!cQÅSôÎ-ÏL0#¤ZitBóGª9©f§«Ó@УÄK3}Eä±ÒĨ{SIÛ¦:´¥yêLJVOºÍ$±ú<MæY¤Bìo'¦Ökkóíåé³NñH¯FÐ
éáHht©s3£/$ü7æÌN?À{x1ÓUòé¾¢$SÔ&1Õ®zÆ4ð¼h`I<±Ý¬§Êú©â$BT7£ðuôåàÝSO§RãÅj2QA¥_#¢"N´E¯ÒìÑ !Ç ¯VkQÖfÂTÉS?QiâyÖÙ¥òaôijekÜÏ»ëÅ=<}sH"qÊ®é,@)TWþ"Km`Ì?´G«ñîÕ êÚA=MÏÅÞ5(D|ï"´IK
°ð²Vô°qf·7#Þ«Öôõ-1D±¨hãá¼ÏJÄÔ3J"u Xɹ?Kz-¶#©¯R|MApzÔ§Ýë¨v+V»
jc-gY$cø¹÷ZÔñëetR½uE
Ee|
*ø5BÔÀê¦Vy5SÚ@Xn@Ö5n9ñ ë@sÓÔtr
§"§3~ãâÖ*PªBX°#Ósõ±»gçÓxS§GUÂ?qMGÒE¨tÈmèaÑ°e`æ¢AÀ¶M@ÅÐ{©ã^´zD*Ìcs*ªñÅÒøF·RHYCp×ãõà:
RÓFi«´SG÷qC#´×¤zfÔJÔ4ÖµÍýòêÿ>°øch/H§iYU¡I´Ó¤ÚøÔVÊS`.
íîzØ6LsQµ4ÑJÔfóA1)f4©
I¹×pܨä~" õqÔI%2*Ò£y'¥QA)},4[Ííô¿½Rêà
tвAI 1ù
H,E*¬=AþvAáÕéÓqi¨H.Ó+¢`»ÂÀz`
Í´G§Z#4O!²%« hôÊÊTʦHÕK.«¬q`mom0ϵCÒUt5ËWªXãXAdb/!µ6$1$f~ÁÖÂô·ÁÅA]?RÙèÂmÁ!v)`\F<3JHcQ
iòy`ßúJ1ѼéÐñ¶1µ
ô2Óùlõ7O¸(e
QDzº3M¡uÓoiÍz0H9èmÃÒ½B¤ÃÇäâ¤òD£M¾¡
ïÁUdÚäýG½Ò :0ôÆ72YÄo J#ĬÏQ¢éb@@ÏpOü¹ëÄùu5nºÂÛÍ©Èö2Å@)«_Öö^@÷µ\õãÓÛ(ED/ª8<¤ +¡1øb¬8ô{EäµçÊÌðË$
ô@$ KJ·Ô°¹ãÛz½zfjXm$ª
h¡§D*ÎGfXõT>£kô÷P£ZÕåÖ2Y^4-ÌNðxYV@Ò
AàI½É°÷¾ëUõ뺪?*
tó2kiõ¢»Ô[QEÒ/
A¸²Çà{³-WZ
CÓ=m'È£«,¦@ÑO¥B¦¸¦%{P ÿ¬Ó§êÀô´0Ê`H#£\ ¦ô¬N5j2i6#Q?×ýaí94ëÕ®zË
¾¸K¤É#Cu¨¨
©±#AR9çëõ$~Px´z:¬;BñÇ7cGýÀß¹)V`H+k\Xþ÷r:¯MPøâ$DF«-BRP;ho®k\ÚßVÈë]&òxwI&4ËLè¨Ä]²poõ<ý}¹§¤íǨ/R¢RÒÏåiîÉ.u¤!À°Qo¡ü©·üWÓ¦TtÎ;H²Ìi
2}´) óHÖ0ÅC¦üßÈÜ^¦éªÈñSËONI"*7f2Laº£ò%R@ãGjrjATÓÆ¥Í1)¬ØÓéó»éÓý´6¸ü«X=#sCÓdµòUø*^fWq¨tT!RÄ8f§Ðèí=zNù¬rÕà©7#Ï¥d¤J_LGâü+9ìxµ¹¶¦:JWIÚ¦`ª*¼Nºü!¼rq£§WÓ¯;Ô4Gã]¤«}qM¦8¢E0PK8
d¿'ÛféÐ*kÖX¤Bö&fy£ÇNÁC³hS{0Øi%áÒ¨QÄU82=»,¬¿ºþce'0Îˬj¹e³]@àp
I(KbH®d9¥$´r"ѳr¬
ô+HàQoërnON§ìê@<²ÒÒPº`¤dbWÓ`1±;°cÅÔí;zÿ¥(<ºpJwûM1¼ãN°Ê°LQªëÆÑ¢%B=¨eD´iN³¨p9&ö*@ò&sÒ*¶5§!¨iÒý¼±}¾©ÒP÷©ÆÊæÊÕ¦þÞAI£ÃU÷u5>3/N Zµ)sáR»°¾±`¿öò&µê*CLõI¡®»JÂJx^tFlBXØ8&Ç]ZÓ&êM)©ûYi)¡wi$53ÏãEVcÔZ±×p
øüÇP¸UÖ¥%s"ÊÏäþj:¼
#Z"ÚAAô7°õo+µçÔSL-B,14bf¥©.¤y-¤²×?ô÷m æz<ÁI¯J:TÇÐ$xZàÊÌàé°uF,஢O&ööÓ·O>¡h¤Z·?ÝË,À
P«t³YH²þÛëGçÓî6%©JzeGÓñNiÖBurñ¦¢ºÃ£1álIÓϽ=x
tú±S¶ºvñh§ÓHR6µ4hB%*÷'Õuõ{¦x®9#§dCeff©¢t§R*`ÆÍ8]dý$µÂý½[à>μÉAãu¢h©¦j
,e¤R?
ÔEù¿º{®*côÝHÏ!$Îî)Ì'Ûti46§[H¹çÙëç(g*È
JkA Jµd²¤±ÂÑK7§ÒÚ¬~À¿¿c«ùç§jVáÿ'xK<rÊõ©X_
LwÓ}CêmïÇ[b"5a]4´½e)±¦§_YÒ_H~llljs·óë¢c¡Åê¼ÔS+´jŤ
£¾Ó7¶¢½xÚ(aÔõú¤6M$±ÄÒr®£N¾M¬ß^xhô©:]bhVU
fUe4xj<òA¦hF
µÉ?×é~}Ô¨=(Ztö´±,ÔÁE`|Q
“Fatih İlçesi’nde, Aksaray Meydanı’nda ve meydanın kuzeybatı kesimindedir. [...] Abdülaziz’in (hd 1861-1876) annesi Pertevniyal Valide Sultan tarafından yaptırılmıştır. Pertevniyal Valide Sultan’ın çok önem vererek yaptırdığı cami, aslında mektep, türbe, muvakkithane ve sebilden oluşan bir külliye olarak tasarlandı. [...] Yapının mimarı Sarkis Balyan’dır, tasarıma Agop Balyan’ın da katıldığı, çizim işlerinde desinatör Osep’in çalıştığı bilinmektedir. [...] Valide Camii, İstanbul’un kentsel düzenleme çalışmalarında en çok zarara uğrayan tarihi miraslarından biridir. 1956-1959 yılları arasında Aksaray Meydanı düzenlemesi ve Vatan ve Millet caddelerinin açılması çalışmaları sırasında Pertevniyal Sultan’ın türbesi ile muvakkithane ve sebil kaldırıldı. [...] Yol açımı sırasında Millet Caddesi’nin kotu yükseltildiğinden, avlunun güney kapısı yoldan aşağı düzeyde kaldı. Doğudan batıya uzanan bir rampa ile kapıya ulaşım sağlandı. 1969’da başlayan altgeçit ve üst yol çalışmaları sonunda cami de iyice gömülü bir pozisyona itildi.” Afife Batur
Kaynak: “Dünden Bugüne İstanbul Ansiklopedisi”, Kültür Bakanlığı ve Tarih Vakfı ortak yayını, cilt 7, s. 360-362, 1994.
#SALTAraştırma, Ali Saim Ülgen Arşivi
Repository: SALT Research
Rights Info: This material can be used under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) license.
Pertevniyal Valide Sultan Camii'nin Aksaray Meydanı’na bakan avlu kapısı
“Fatih İlçesi’nde, Aksaray Meydanı’nda ve meydanın kuzeybatı kesimindedir. [...] Abdülaziz’in (hd 1861-1876) annesi Pertevniyal Valide Sultan tarafından yaptırılmıştır. Pertevniyal Valide Sultan’ın çok önem vererek yaptırdığı cami, aslında mektep, türbe, muvakkithane ve sebilden oluşan bir külliye olarak tasarlandı. [...] Yapının mimarı Sarkis Balyan’dır, tasarıma Agop Balyan’ın da katıldığı, çizim işlerinde desinatör Osep’in çalıştığı bilinmektedir. [...] Valide Camii, İstanbul’un kentsel düzenleme çalışmalarında en çok zarara uğrayan tarihi miraslarından biridir. 1956-1959 yılları arasında Aksaray Meydanı düzenlemesi ve Vatan ve Millet caddelerinin açılması çalışmaları sırasında Pertevniyal Sultan’ın türbesi ile muvakkithane ve sebil kaldırıldı. [...] Yol açımı sırasında Millet Caddesi’nin kotu yükseltildiğinden, avlunun güney kapısı yoldan aşağı düzeyde kaldı. Doğudan batıya uzanan bir rampa ile kapıya ulaşım sağlandı. 1969’da başlayan altgeçit ve üst yol çalışmaları sonunda cami de iyice gömülü bir pozisyona itildi.” Afife Batur
Kaynak: “Dünden Bugüne İstanbul Ansiklopedisi”, Kültür Bakanlığı ve Tarih Vakfı ortak yayını, cilt 7, s. 360-362, 1994.
#SALTAraştırma, Ali Saim Ülgen Arşivi
Repository: SALT Research
Rights Info: This material can be used under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) license.
Pertevniyal Valide Sultan Camii’nin avlu yan kapısı
“Fatih İlçesi’nde, Aksaray Meydanı’nda ve meydanın kuzeybatı kesimindedir. [...] Abdülaziz’in (hd 1861-1876) annesi Pertevniyal Valide Sultan tarafından yaptırılmıştır. Pertevniyal Valide Sultan’ın çok önem vererek yaptırdığı cami, aslında mektep, türbe, muvakkithane ve sebilden oluşan bir külliye olarak tasarlandı. [...] Yapının mimarı Sarkis Balyan’dır, tasarıma Agop Balyan’ın da katıldığı, çizim işlerinde desinatör Osep’in çalıştığı bilinmektedir. [...] Valide Camii, İstanbul’un kentsel düzenleme çalışmalarında en çok zarara uğrayan tarihi miraslarından biridir. 1956-1959 yılları arasında Aksaray Meydanı düzenlemesi ve Vatan ve Millet caddelerinin açılması çalışmaları sırasında Pertevniyal Sultan’ın türbesi ile muvakkithane ve sebil kaldırıldı. [...] Yol açımı sırasında Millet Caddesi’nin kotu yükseltildiğinden, avlunun güney kapısı yoldan aşağı düzeyde kaldı. Doğudan batıya uzanan bir rampa ile kapıya ulaşım sağlandı. 1969’da başlayan altgeçit ve üst yol çalışmaları sonunda cami de iyice gömülü bir pozisyona itildi.” Afife Batur
Kaynak: “Dünden Bugüne İstanbul Ansiklopedisi”, Kültür Bakanlığı ve Tarih Vakfı ortak yayını, cilt 7, s. 360-362, 1994.
#SALTAraştırma, Ali Saim Ülgen Arşivi
Repository: SALT Research
Rights Info: This material can be used under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) license.
Business Beam (Pvt.) Limited | Training And Consulting Firm | ITIL Certification
Business Beam is a global Consultancy & Training firm. We offer internationally accredited training and consultancy services.
Business service management (BSM) is an approach used to manage business IT services. BSM promotes a customer-centric and business-focused approach to Service Management, aligning business objectives with IT or ICT from strategy through to operations.
Visit: www.businessbeam.com
Crislene, Diretora Comercial Crislene Santos Pereira. Sócia-Gerente sendo uma das fundadoras do Espaço MULTIPLICIDADE de Coworking, formação em Administração de Empresas, cursos de ITIL Foundation. Agente de validação - ICP BRASIL
Business Beam (Pvt.) Limited | Training And Consulting Firm | ITIL Certification
Business Beam is a global Consultancy & Training firm. We offer internationally accredited training and consultancy services.
Business service management (BSM) is an approach used to manage business IT services. BSM promotes a customer-centric and business-focused approach to Service Management, aligning business objectives with IT or ICT from strategy through to operations.
Visit: www.businessbeam.com