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“Never, will an individual fight an opponent as dangerous, damaging, stubborn or underhand as when that individual faces the dark parts of their own mind” - Pete Glogiewicz
192. - The Internal Maxillary Artery, and its Branches.
Original photograph taken with a Polaroid Sonar Autofocus 5000 using Impossible Project PX100 Silver Shade test film.
Emulsion transfer onto heavyweight matt inkjet print of a scan from Gray's Anatomy 1st edition reprint.
My wife cut into a papaya the other day and, found the oddest thing. Inside the fruit, which was completely sealed with no visible cracks or holes, the seeds had started sprouting. She has probably cut open over a thousand papayas in her life and has never seen seeds sprouting. The only thing that could have been stranger would have been to see a picture of a space alien. Mondo bizarro!
I took four different pictures here, with only the focus point changing, and then blended them in Photoshop CS4, in a technique called focus stacking. To see other pictures where I used this same technique to achieve maximum depth of feld, please see my Maximum Depth of Field Macros set. www.flickr.com/photos/9422878@N08/sets/72157624044378381/
My brother on his bike in 1976 wearing a "Welcome Back Kotter" T-shirt. (Can it get more locked-in dated then that?) Minolta SRT-102 w/400mm f6.3 "preset" telephoto lens using Kodachrome 64. Used for TREK Bicycles 40th Anniversary internal corporate video snapshot. See original photo in my bicycle Flickr set.
A close-up of the beautifully crafted hand-rail on the internal stairs of the Casa Batllo, as designed by Gaudi himself. The blue background is from the internal tiles of the building, shot through the protective glass.
Back when Lucca was a Roman colony, an amphitheatre capable of welcoming 10,000 spectators stood where this elliptical piazza now stands. In the Middle Ages, the city sort of grew around the Amphitheatre so that now that it's gone, we are left with a series of houses that have almost perfectly preserved its shape.It makes for a very unique piazza - in fact, there are four doors through which you can reach the piazza, and these are the same doors that once allowed gladiators to walk into the amphitheatre! The Piazza Anfiteatro is now mostly home to souvenir shops, cafes and restaurants, and there always seems to be a lively atmosphere as visitors eventually converge towards the piazza after a nice day of sightseeing. Its sunny terraces are practically impossible to resist!
La piazza dell'Anfiteatro è una piazza della città di Lucca, edificata sui resti dell'antico anfiteatro romano (II secolo d.C.), che ne determinarono la forma ellittica chiusa.La piazza nacque nel medioevo e in quest'epoca era chiamata "parlascio", una storpiatura del latino paralisium ("anfiteatro"), che per influenza della parola "parlare", fu detto che indicasse il luogo dove si tenevano le riunioni di cittadini. Fu progressivamente riempita di costruzioni, variamente utilizzate come deposito di sale, polveriera, carcere.
Lucca is a city and comune in Tuscany, Central Italy, situated on the river Serchio in a fertile plain near the Tyrrhenian Sea. It is the capital city of the Province of Lucca. Among other reasons, it is famous for its intact Renaissance-era city walls.Lucca was founded by the Etruscans (there are traces of a pre-existing Ligurian settlement) and became a Roman colony in 180 BC. The rectangular grid of its historical centre preserves the Roman street plan, and the Piazza San Michele occupies the site of the ancient forum. Traces of the amphitheatre can still be seen in the Piazza dell'Anfiteatro.At the Lucca Conference, in 56 BC, Julius Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus reaffirmed their political alliance known as the First Triumvirate.Frediano, an Irish monk, was bishop of Lucca in the early 6th century.At one point, Lucca was plundered by Odoacer, the first Germanic King of Italy. Lucca was an important city and fortress even in the 6th century, when Narses besieged it for several months in 553. Under the Lombards, it was the seat of a duke who minted his own coins. The Holy Face of Lucca (or Volto Santo), a major relic supposedly carved by Nicodemus, arrived in 742. During the 8th - 10th centuries it was a center of Jewish life, led by the Kalonymos family (who at some point during this period migrated to Germany and became a major component of proto-Ashkenazic Jewry). It became prosperous through the silk trade that began in the 11th century, and came to rival the silks of Byzantium. During the 10–11th centuries Lucca was the capital of the feudal margraviate of Tuscany, more or less independent but owing nominal allegiance to the Holy Roman Emperor.After the death of Matilda of Tuscany, the city began to constitute itself an independent commune, with a charter in 1160. For almost 500 years, Lucca remained an independent republic. There were many minor provinces in the region between southern Liguria and northern Tuscany dominated by the Malaspina; Tuscany in this time was a part of feudal Europe. Dante’s Divine Comedy includes many references to the great feudal families who had huge jurisdictions with administrative and judicial rights. Dante spent some of his exile in Lucca.In 1273 and again in 1277, Lucca was ruled by a Guelph capitano del popolo (captain of the people) named Luchetto Gattilusio. In 1314, internal discord allowed Uguccione della Faggiuola of Pisa to make himself lord of Lucca. The Lucchesi expelled him two years later, and handed over the city to another condottiere Castruccio Castracani, under whose rule it became a leading state in central Italy. Lucca rivalled Florence until Castracani's death in 1328. On 22 and 23 September 1325, in the battle of Altopascio, Castracani defeated Florence's Guelphs. For this he was nominated by Louis IV the Bavarian to become duke of Lucca. Castracani's tomb is in the church of San Francesco. His biography is Machiavelli's third famous book on political rule. In 1408, Lucca hosted the convocation intended to end the schism in the papacy. Occupied by the troops of Louis of Bavaria, the city was sold to a rich Genoese, Gherardino Spinola, then seized by John, king of Bohemia. Pawned to the Rossi of Parma, by them it was ceded to Martino della Scala of Verona, sold to the Florentines, surrendered to the Pisans, and then nominally liberated by the emperor Charles IV and governed by his vicar. Lucca managed, at first as a democracy, and after 1628 as an oligarchy, to maintain its independence alongside of Venice and Genoa, and painted the word Libertas on its banner until the French Revolution in 1789.Lucca had been the second largest Italian city state (after Venice) with a republican constitution ("comune") to remain independent over the centuries.In 1805, Lucca was conquered by Napoleon, who installed his sister Elisa Bonaparte Baciocchi as "Queen of Etruria".After 1815 it became a Bourbon-Parma duchy, then part of Tuscany in 1847 and finally part of the Italian State.
Lucca è un comune italiano di 87.373 abitanti, capoluogo dell'omonima provincia in Toscana.La città di Lucca è posta nella Toscana nord-occidentale, situata nella pianura tra il monte Pizzorne (a nord) e il monte Serra (a sud), presso la sponda sinistra del fiume Serchio, a 19 m s.l.m., 18 km a nord-est di Pisa, dalla quale è separata dallo stesso monte Serra.Nata come insediamento ligure secondo alcuni storici, mentre altri ritengono che sia di origine etrusca, e sviluppatasi come città romana a partire dal 180 a.C., nel VI secolo Lucca diviene la capitale del ducato longobardo della Tuscia per poi svilupparsi nel XII secolo come Comune e poi Repubblica.Colonia latina dal 180 a.C., Lucca contiene ancora intatte tante delle caratteristiche tipiche dei tempi lontani. L'anfiteatro, che conserva ancora la sua caratteristica forma di piazza ellittica chiusa; il foro, situato nell'attuale piazza S. Michele dominato dall'omonima chiesa romanica che evoca forti richiami al mondo classico in molti componenti architettonici. Ma la traccia romana più evidente è nelle vie del centro storico, che riflettono l'ortogonalità dell'insediamento romano impostato dal cardo e dal decumano, corrispondenti alle attuali via Fillungo-Cenami e via S. Paolino-Roma-Santa Croce. All'epoca romana risale anche la prima cinta muraria, che delimitava un'area quadrata nella quale, durante il corso dei secoli, si sono costituiti il centro del potere politico (attuale Palazzo Ducale) e il centro religioso. Nel 55 a.C. Lucca fu teatro di un incontro del primo triumvirato tra Caio Giulio Cesare Gneo Pompeo Magno e Marco Licinio Crasso dove Cesare si vide prorogare per un ulteriore quinquennio il proconsolato nelle Gallie.Occupata dai goti nel 400 e dai bizantini il secolo successivo, la storia di Lucca fu caratterizzata dal fatto di essere tra le più importanti capitali del regno longobardo. Si ricordano infatti Desiderio terzo conte di Lucca ed eletto "Rex Langobardorum" nel 756 ed i successori Allone, quarto conte e duca di Pisa e Wicheramo, quinto conte, divenuto vassallo di Carlomagno. Grazie alla presenza del Volto Santo nella chiesa di S. Martino, divenne una tappa principale nel pellegrinaggio da Roma a Canterbury sulla Via Francigena, una delle vie di comunicazione più importanti del Medioevo. Nonostante ciò, sono rimaste ben poche tracce di questo periodo storico. Nel 773 cadde il dominio longobardo su Lucca, ed ebbe inizio il dominio carolingio, grazie alla sconfitta dei duchi di Lucca per mano di Carlo Magno. Durante questo periodo la città consolidò la posizione di rilievo conquistata nell'epoca longobarda sviluppandosi grazie alle attività commerciali e alla produzione tessile, per la quale diventò una città celebre in tutta Europa. La produzione tessile fu l'inizio della crescita economica lucchese e, grazie all'avvio della manifattura della seta, Lucca si impose ancora di più sui mercati europei. L'altissima qualità del prodotto era dovuta alla finezza del materiale e alla bellezza dei decori. Nel Medioevo in particolare la città crebbe notevolmente in relazione anche all'antica Via Francigena di cui Lucca costituiva una tappa importante a livello religioso per la presenza del Volto Santo, una veneratissima reliquia che rappresenta il Cristo crocifisso e che si trova nel Duomo di Lucca. Nell'itinerario di Sigerico, Arcivescovo di Canterbury, la città rappresentava la XXVI tappa (Mansio).Nonostante le continue vicissitudini legate alle lotte tra Guelfi e Ghibellini Lucca nel XIV secolo diviene una delle città più importanti del Medioevo italiano. Il suo Signore Castruccio Castracani degli Antelminelli, nobile ghibellino di grande capacità politica e militare, riesce a farla diventare antagonista unica all'espansione di Firenze portandola alla vittoria (1325) nella battaglia di Altopascio dove sconfigge il più forte esercito fiorentino inseguendolo sino sotto le mura di Firenze. Alla morte di Castruccio la città cade in un periodo di anarchia che la vede soggiacere al dominio dei Visconti e successivamente alla dittatura di Giovanni Dell'Agnello Doge della Repubblica di Pisa. Riottenuta la libertà nel 1370 per intervento dell'imperatore Carlo IV, Lucca si dette un governo repubblicano e con un'accorta politica estera tornò a conoscere una notevole fama in Europa grazie ai suoi banchieri e al commercio della seta." Il 27 Marzo 1370 Messer Guido da Bologna cardinale,lasciò Lucca libera ai lucchesi e l'Agosta,grande fortezza (eretta de Castruccio) si gettò in terra tutta." [ Diario dei Monaldi ], Milano, 1845, p. 433. L'imperatore Carlo IV concesse alla città anche la possibilità di dotarsi di uno studium generale', ma una vera e propria università lucchese non entrerà in funzione prima del 1787.A parte un breve periodo di Signoria come quella di Paolo Guinigi, Lucca rimase una repubblica indipendente fino al 1799 anno della sua definitiva caduta a opera degli Austriaci. Il 23 giugno 1805 su richiesta del senato di Lucca, viene costituito il Principato di Lucca e Piombino, assegnato alla sorella di Napoleone Bonaparte, Elisa Bonaparte, e al marito Felice Baciocchi.Nel Congresso di Vienna venne deciso di creare il ducato di Lucca. Il 10 maggio 1815 subentra, come reggente, Maria Luisa di Borbone-Spagna, alla quale succedette Carlo Ludovico di Borbone 1824-1847. Nel 1847 divenne parte del granducato di Toscana. Nel 1860 fu infine annessa al regno di Sardegna.
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Ever want to build a S.H.I.P? Never have the pieces? Thats me. Then I thought " well if moonabase can be assembled by multiple people, why couldn't a ship?
sooc
Playing with a new idea the other night, didn't realize my zoom so It was a little closer than I wanted, but I like it. Shot with custom white balance.
Hunslet 18in. 'Austerity' 0-6-0 saddle tank 'Amazon' (Vulcan Foundry works No.5297 built 1945) positioning internal user wagons from BSC Workington Steelworks under the loader at Harrington Coal Preparation Plant, Lowca, Cumbria, 22nd June 1972. The British Steel Corporation internal wagons were brought to Lowca via the steeply graded Lowca Light Railway from Workington Steelworks, usually by Yorkshire Engine Co. 0-4-0 diesel-electric locos working in tandem.
© Copyright Gordon Edgar - No unauthorised use.
When in water (right), shell is more translucent, lighter and brighter in colour, and less reflective, than when in air (left).
1: internal view of row of palatal protrusions at earlier position of palatal lip.
2: external view through translucent shell of same row of protrusions as in ‘1’.
Shell height 6.1 mm. Salting on tidal River Dee, Flintshire, Wales. December 2018.
Full DESCRIPTION BELOW
Sets of OTHER SPECIES: www.flickr.com/photos/56388191@N08/collections/
GLOSSARY BELOW
Preface
Specimens illustrated in this account which were supplied to Amgueddfa Cymru (the Natural History Museum, Wales) were sequenced by Ben Rowson who found no difference in the DNA of M. myosotis and M. denticulata and concluded that they were a single species; Myosotella myosotis (Draparnaud, 1801). This has been accepted by WoRMS; see www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=139672 ]
A possibility, raised by Martins (2013), is that the true M. myosotis (Draparnaud, 1801) occurs in the Mediterranean and that both British shell forms are ecotypes of M. denticulata (Montagu, 1803). This account, written before molecular sequencing united them, describes the form previously regarded as M. denticulata.
Because of its special habitat intermediate between terrestrial and marine, this species, and its Leucophytia relative in the family Ellobiidae, are omitted from some identification guides, while variously appearing in others devoted solely to either terrestrial, marine or even freshwater mollusca.
Myosotella myosotis form denticulata (Montagu, 1803)
Synonyms: Voluta denticulata Montagu, 1803; Voluta ringens W. Turton, 1819; Ovatella denticulata (Montagu, 1803); Alexia ringicula Locard, 1893; Conovulus denticulatus in Forbes & Hanley (1853); Melampus myosotis (part of) in Jeffreys (1869);
Vernacular Probably applied at times to both M. denticulata and M. myosotis: Mouse-eared Alexia, Mouse ear(ed) snail (English); Clust llygoden (Welsh); Evesnegl (Danish); Muizenoortje (Dutch); Ovatelle naine des vases (French); Stranddvärgsnäcka (Swedish); Mäuseöhrchen (German);
Applied to just this form: Many-toothed mouse-ear (English); Gewoon muizenoortje (Dutch);
Description
When in water, shell is more translucent, lighter and brighter in colour, and less reflective, than when in air 1Md flic.kr/p/2ejw2rW . The following shell description is of specimens in air.
Shell
Juvenile shell usually less than 6 mm high. Adult shells often less than 6mm , usual maximum 7.5 mm, exceptionally 10 mm 2Md flic.kr/p/24NUBLV . Fusiform shell, width c.45% to 55% of height 3Md flic.kr/p/2fkP2h7 . Small spire with sharp apex; body whorl c. 73% of shell height, usually a little less on small specimens. Apex slightly twisted 3Md flic.kr/p/2fkP2h7 due to change from sinistral protoconch to dextral teleoconch. Shell-wall thin, opaque or slightly translucent, with a silky sheen when clean 4Md flic.kr/p/2fkP21f . Up to 8 moderately convex whorls separated by distinct shallow sutures. On juveniles, the periostracum is drawn into a row of bristles below the sutures 5Md flic.kr/p/2fkP1V5 , but they are worn off over time. Earliest juveniles with three or fewer whorls lack periostracum and bristles; their shells are white-translucent with punctate spiral lines which may persist for a time as the shell grows ; occasionally visible through periostracum on later whorls 6Md flic.kr/p/2fkP1HS . Very fine, closely spaced, costal lines sometimes visible on adults, especially on spire whorls 6Md flic.kr/p/2fkP1HS , often most clearly developed on subsutural ramp 4Md flic.kr/p/2fkP21f . Adults have growth lines; most easily seen when periostracum is worn 3Md flic.kr/p/2fkP2h7 , less so when periostracum is intact 7Md flic.kr/p/2fkP1Gj . Usually no umbilicus except for an umbilicus-like slit in the apex caused by the change from the sinistral larval shell (protoconch) to a dextral shell 8Md flic.kr/p/2fqtbmD . Within the shell, when it reaches 2½ whorls, the columella and septa between the spire whorls are resorbed by the mantle, leaving an open space except for the columella and septum of the body whorl. Aperture 50% to 60% of shell height 3Md flic.kr/p/2fkP2h7 , juveniles usually nearer the higher limit; shaped like a narrow ear with a rounded base and a sharp adapical angle 2Md flic.kr/p/24NUBLV . Thin palatal (outer) lip on specimens over 3mm high has two to seven (or more) protrusions (folds/teeth/denticles) 2Md flic.kr/p/24NUBLV which may be set into a pale calcareous ridge within the aperture near the palatal rim. Further sets of protrusions are often present further back in the aperture, marking previous positions of palatal lip 2Md flic.kr/p/24NUBLV . The palatal lip is sometimes weakly reflected on large adults 9Md flic.kr/p/2fkP1kN . The columellar-parietal lip (inner lip of aperture) has three or four protrusions . The parietal lip consists of a wide glazed area on the body whorl, but is often difficult to discern 2Md flic.kr/p/24NUBLV & 10Md flic.kr/p/2fkNZXU . Juveniles less than 3mm high may not have developed protrusions sufficiently to be distinguished from M. myosotis. For a clear view of the features within the aperture, including far-back rows of teeth, the animal may need a prod with a small brush to make it withdraw, and the shell requires tilting at different angles 11Md flic.kr/p/2fkNZsA . There is no operculum . Exterior colour varies from yellowish brown to brown 2Md flic.kr/p/24NUBLV . The protoconch and juvenile shell up to about 1.4mm height are white, and are retained as a white apex on the adult 3Md flic.kr/p/2fkP2h7 & 14Md flic.kr/p/2fkNZ4E . On dead stranded shells the periostracum often peels off and the colour bleaches to whitish 10Md flic.kr/p/2fkNZXU .
Body
Specimens from non-salting conditions have white or very pale grey flesh; colour on an individual varies with degree of extension and whether in air or water 12Md flic.kr/p/2fkNZeE . The colour of the occasional ones from under stones on saltings is similar to that of M. myosotis with darker grey arranged in transverse bands across the dorsum, and colour intensity usually increases with size/age 13Md flic.kr/p/RE4vht . The tentacles on all forms are usually grey or greyish. Sides of foot are paler than the dorsum of grey specimens 12Md flic.kr/p/2fkNZeE & 13Md flic.kr/p/RE4vht . The mantle sometimes projects a short way beyond the aperture rim of the palatal lip, but is not reflected onto it 13Md flic.kr/p/RE4vht . The parietal lip on the body whorl is a glaze formed by the mantle extending onto it 2Md flic.kr/p/24NUBLV & 10Md flic.kr/p/2fkNZXU . The mantle cavity, the roof of which contains a network of haemolymph vessels 14Md flic.kr/p/2fkNZ4E , functions as a lung for respiration. It is sealed off from the exterior by a thick, white or brownish-white, mantle-collar which fits closely round the body as it extends or retracts 6Md flic.kr/p/2fkP1HS & 24Md flic.kr/p/2e2z6Ja . The collar has a pneumostome which, when in air, can be opened and closed 15Md flic.kr/p/2fqt9Jk for respiration and humidity control but, when immersed, does not effectively retain air or exclude water 16Md flic.kr/p/RE4uWD & 17Md flic.kr/p/2fqt9ta . The rectum and part of the intestine, visible through translucent shells in water 17Md flic.kr/p/2fqt9ta , runs along the rear edge of the roof of the mantle cavity to the anus 18Md flic.kr/p/2e2z6XM which opens to the exterior in a folded part of the mantle-collar in the adapical angle of the aperture close to the pneumostome . The head has two cephalic tentacles; nearly linear with a bluntly pointed tip (subulate) when dry, and conical and paler when swollen with water 13Md flic.kr/p/RE4vht . When not fully extended, they are contracted, becoming annulated in the basal half 19Md flic.kr/p/2fkNYE3 , not retracted by inversion into the body. The tentacles widely diverge from their bases near the midline of the head 20Md flic.kr/p/2e2z6TZ . The distal half of the tentacles, sometimes slightly bulbous, is opaque grey, sometimes with a brownish tint 21Md flic.kr/p/2fkNYzU , and contains sensory chemoreceptor cells (Wondrak, 1984). There is an internal black eye within the posteromesial base of each tentacle 19Md flic.kr/p/2fkNYE3 . The head in front of the tentacles forms a broad, slightly bilobed “muzzle” (Forbes & Hanley,1853) 22Md flic.kr/p/2e2z6LV which can be variably configured, but not cylindrically to form a snout like that of many marine gastropods. Near the anterior edge of the muzzle are two button-like, pads (“fungiform bodies” of Wondrak, 1984) which contain sensory cells 21Md flic.kr/p/2fkNYzU , but they are inconspicuous on animals with white flesh. Ventrally, the mouth is protected by white outer-lip lobes. When feeding, the ventrally translucent-white muzzle is spread out flat on the substrate and the outer lips moved aside to expose the mouth edged anteriorly by the rim of the red-brown jaw 23Md flic.kr/p/24NUzJ8 , and to allow the extension of the anterior of the radula covered in thousands of white teeth. When translucent, the muzzle may reveal dorsally the oral tube leading from the mouth to the buccal mass, and the oesophagus passing from it towards the stomach 20Md flic.kr/p/2e2z6TZ . On weakly pigmented, translucent specimens the dumbbell-shaped, dorsal part of the nerve ring with two cerebral ganglia may be visible 20Md flic.kr/p/2e2z6TZ . The ring encircles the oesophagus. It and its ganglia that innervate organs on the head are the nearest approximation in gastropods to a centralised brain, but other ganglia distributed on nerve cords around the body innervate other organs. The anterior edge of the translucent white sole is broad and gently curved or almost straight, sometimes with a slightly indented middle, and tapers to a rounded posterior 22Md flic.kr/p/2e2z6LV . M. denticulata is a protandrous hermaphrodite. The common genital aperture is hidden beneath the mantle on the right of the animal. The female opening is covered by a thin lip of integument which continues forwards as a narrow fold enclosing the vas deferens 18Md flic.kr/p/2e2z6XM to the male aperture on the right of the head from which penis with vas deferens can be everted for mating by hydrostatic pressure of haemolymph.
When immersed in water, the body absorbs water, swells, and it and the shell become paler and more translucent, sometimes, revealing internal organs 24Md flic.kr/p/2e2z6Ja , 17Md flic.kr/p/2fqt9ta ,18Md flic.kr/p/2e2z6XM & 20Md flic.kr/p/2e2z6TZ . A dissection was not made for this species/ecotype. Most published anatomy accounts are of M. Myosotis sensu lato which includes this species. Dissections can be seen of M. myosotis in its account at flic.kr/s/aHsmv1sTC7 images 32 to 37.
Key identification features
Features 1 to 4, below, accord with Forbes & Hanley (1853) and Gittenberger (2004). The former aggregated M. myosotis sensu stricto with M. denticulata but “scrupulously kept apart their description.” Many currently used identification guides aggregate them and their features under M. myosotis sensu lato. Consequently, distribution maps on GBIF and NBN include many M. denticulata occurrences under “M. myosotis”, and the M. denticulata maps have under-representation of its occurrence.
To observe aperture sculpture the animal must be well withdrawn, and the shell tilted at different angles. Sometimes the outer (palatal) lip sculpture of an earlier growth stage is visible deep into the aperture and should be used if the sculpture on new growth has not yet developed. It is advisable to examine several specimens of different sizes from a site; sometimes both are present..
Myosotella denticulata(Montagu, 1803).
1. Live shell brown (beachworn shells may be dull whitish). Usual adult height 3.5 mm to 7.5 mm, exceptionally 10 mm 2Md flic.kr/p/24NUBLV .
2. Inner (columellar/parietal) lip has 3 or 4 apertural protrusions 2Md flic.kr/p/24NUBLV .
3.Outer (palatal) lip has 2 to 7 (or more) apertural protrusions 2Md flic.kr/p/24NUBLV sometimes set into a pale ridge which occasionally submerges them. [If no protrusions, check further back in aperture for protrusions on earlier lip position; may be visible from exterior through translucent shell, with or without connecting streaks.]
4. In its typical non-salting habitat, the flesh colour of normally extended dorsal body is white or very pale whitish grey, with darker grey tentacles 12Md flic.kr/p/2fkNZeE . But when it occurs in muddier conditions, it may be as dark as M. myosotis 13Md flic.kr/p/RE4vht .
5. Habitat: typically under slightly embedded stones at Extreme High Water Spring level and above (supralittoral) on sheltered coast without salting vegetation at fully marine salinity. Occasionally under stones on landward edge of Saltmarsh-grass sward by tidal rivers with low salinity 25Md flic.kr/p/2fkNYuy .
Similar species/ecotype
Myosotella myosotis
(Full account flic.kr/s/aHsmv1sTC7 )
1. Live shell brown 28Md flic.kr/p/2fqt7di (beachworn shells may be dull whitish 29Md flic.kr/p/RE4sZH ). Usual adult height 6.5mm to 8mm, exceptionally 10mm .
2. Inner (columellar/parietal) lip has only 2 or 3 apertural protrusions 30Md flic.kr/p/2ejvWdQ .
3. Outer (palatal) lip has a single apertural denticle or none 30Md flic.kr/p/2ejvWdQ . Some have a pale apertural ridge running close to the lip.
4. Flesh colour of normally extended dorsal body is grey 31Md flic.kr/p/2e2z4yD . Shade and intensity varies with age, extension and whether in air or water, but not pure white when adult.
5. Habitat: among vegetation, often under driftwood, on low salinity estuarine saltings and Saltmarsh-grass sward by tidal rivers a little above and below EHWS. Locally abundant. (May occur with M. denticulata under stones on/near saltings 25Md flic.kr/p/2fkNYuy .)
Leucophytia bidentata (Montagu, 1808).
(Full account flic.kr/s/aHsmwhDvaL )
1. Live shell slightly-translucent ivory-white; yellow viscera may show through spire 32Md flic.kr/p/24NUy3H . Usual adult height to 5 mm, occasionally to 7 mm. Sutures shallower and whorls less rounded than on M. myosotis 33Md flic.kr/p/2e2z4hB .
2. Inner (columellar/parietal) lip has 2 protrusions within the aperture; not more 33Md flic.kr/p/2e2z4hB .
3. Outer (palatal) lip has no protrusions or rib (sometimes in a photo, a strong growth line might be mistaken for a rib 33Md flic.kr/p/2e2z4hB .
4. Flesh colour of normally extended dorsal body is almost pure white 32Md flic.kr/p/24NUy3H , but when contracted into body-whorl colour saturation gives it a cream appearance.
5. Lives in deep, silty, rock crevices between High Water Neap level and Low Water Spring level. Also under stones embedded into soil-like substrate at Extreme High Water Spring level and a little above on sheltered coast where it is often with M. denticulata.
Habits and ecology
M. denticulata lives typically under slightly embedded stones at Extreme High Water Spring level and slightly above (supralittoral) on sheltered coast without salting vegetation at fully marine salinity; often in company with Leucophytia bidentata and some terrestrial invertebrates. Occasionally, it also occurs under stones on the landward edge of Saltmarsh-grass sward by tidal rivers with low salinity 25Md flic.kr/p/2fkNYuy , often with more numerous M. myosotis, Assiminea grayana and some terrestrial invertebrates. It does not live in permanently submerged in pools, but can survive and be active for short periods of immersion. As there is no operculum to reduce dessication, the species is an obligatory hygrophile. Its spindle shaped shell is well adapted for moving through small gaps under stones. When moving, the foot and shell are cushioned on a layer of watery mucus which is sometimes mistaken for the foot 26Md flic.kr/p/2fqt7pv & 27Md flic.kr/p/RE4tge which usually underlies little more than the aperture . M. denticulata senses its surroundings with its tentacles and the two button-like pads (“fungiform bodies” of Wondrak, 1984) 21Md flic.kr/p/2fkNYzU near the anterior edge of the muzzle. In its usually dark habitat, its eyes probably function as little more than light detectors to trigger negative phototaxic motion when exposed to light.
It is a euryhaline species capable of surviving immersion in water from 0 p.p.t to full marine salinity or more, but individuals require time to adapt to changes in salinity and may become inactive/moribund when abruptly immersed in water they are unaccustomed to.
Respiration is of atmospheric air in the mantle cavity which is sealed by a collar of thickened mantle 6Md flic.kr/p/2fkP1HS that firmly embraces the body but allows it to extend-from/retract-into the shell 24Md flic.kr/p/2e2z6Ja . A pneumostome (respiratory pore) in the collar 15Md flic.kr/p/2fqt9Jk can be opened for inhalation/exhalation of air or closed to seal the cavity against dehydration. The roof of the mantle cavity contains a network of haemolymph vessels 14Md flic.kr/p/2fkNZ4E and is very thin, enabling oxygen from inhaled air to diffuse into the vessels and for carbon dioxide to leave with the exhaled air. When immersed, air escapes 17Md flic.kr/p/2fqt9ta from the mantle cavity and water enters as the pneumostome is not tightly closed 16Md flic.kr/p/RE4uWD .
When feeding, the muzzle is spread out on the substrate and the radula is extended 23Md flic.kr/p/24NUzJ8 to gather, with the red jaw as a backstop, decaying vegetation, diatoms (Wiese & Richling, 2008) and sediment rich in organic material which are bound into food boli with mucus from the supra pedal gland brought to the mouth along a median groove. Unlike marine prosobranch gastropods, which defecate into a mantle cavity that is cleared by water currents, M. denticulata has a rectum that opens to the exterior through an anus in the mantle collar 18Md flic.kr/p/2e2z6XM , near to, but separate from, the pneumostome so that faeces are expelled without fouling the respiratory mantle-cavity. The soft faeces are wet and loosely bound with mucus when fresh 27Md flic.kr/p/RE4tge . There is no operculum 11Md flic.kr/p/2fkNZsA to provide protection against intrusion by predators, but the numerous protrusions narrow the aperture to impede attack. The aperture protrusions of M. denticulata may have developed in response to the different (more threatening?) predators present in its habitat, which is more terrestrial than that of M. myosotis.
Reproduction: (Details assumed from published accounts of M. myosotis sensu lato.) M. denticulata is a protandrous hermaphrodite which changes its sexual function in the wild when 1½ to 2 years old, so younger, 1 to 1½ years, fully mature males mate with older, over 1½ years, females (Schultes, 2014) using the stout, conical penis everted from the side near the posterior of the right tentacle. Female deposits 15 to 80 egg capsules in a small, yellow or white, frog-spawn-like mass (Morton, 1954 and Gittenberger, 2004). Each ovoid capsule contains a single ovum. The cases are attached to each other in a loosely convoluted chain by a filament (chalaziform process) at each end. The closely packed cases with intervening clear fluid are contained in a tough binding membrane which is attached to stones. There is a larval veliger stage, with sinistral shell, which is passed entirely within the ovum (Morton, 1954).
Distribution and status
Europe from England to Mediterranean and Azores. GBIF map, www.gbif.org/species/4359191
Locally common in suitable habitat with rocks in Britain but records from vegetated saltings are likely to be the species/ecotype M. myosotis sensu stricto. NBN map
species.nbnatlas.org/species/NHMSYS0001702111
Irish distribution, National biodiversity data centre, in Mollusc Ireland: www.habitas.org.uk/molluscireland/species.asp?ID=121
Acknowledgements
I gratefully thank Ben Rowson of the National Museum Wales for his help with the account, but any errors or omissions are mine.
Links and references
Anderson, R. MolluscIreland, accessed January 2019. www.habitas.org.uk/molluscireland/species.asp?ID=121
Forbes, E. & Hanley S. 1849-53. A history of the British mollusca and their shells. vol. 4 (1853), 190 – 197 & plate CXXV. London, van Voorst. (AsConovulus denticulatus var. myosotis.)
Free pdf at archive.org/details/historyofbritish04forbe/page/190
plate at archive.org/details/historyofbritish04forbe/page/n565
Fretter, V. & Peake, J. 1975. Pulmonates functional anatomy and physiology. Vol.1. London. Academic Press.
Gittenberger, E. et al. 2004. De Nederlandse zoetwatermollusken. Leiden, Netherlands, Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum Naturalis.
Heller J. 2015. Marine Ancestors of most Land Snails: Pulmonates. In: Sea Snails. Springer, Cham. link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-319-15452-7_10
Jeffreys, J.G. 1862-69. British conchology. vol. 5 (1869). London, van Voorst. (As Melampus myosotis (including var. ringens = Myosotella denticulata); Free pdf at archive.org/stream/britishconcholog05jeffr#page/106/mode/2up . Use slide at base of page to select pp.106-109.)
Martins, A.M. de F. 1996. Anatomy and systematics of the western Atlantic Ellobidae (Gastropoda: Pulmonata). Malacologia 37(2): 163 – 332.
www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13113594#page/179/mode/1up
Martins, A.M. de F. & Mendes, A.R.M. 2013. Do cosmopolitans speciate? Anatomical diversity of Myosotella in Azores. Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos. Ponta Delgada, Açores, Portugal. Poster for World Congress of Malacology 2013 in pdf: www.researchgate.net/publication/264339925_Do_cosmopolita... .
Montagu, G. 1808. Supplement to: 1803 Testacea Britannica, or, Natural history of British shells, marine, land, and fresh-water, including the most minute : systematically arranged and embellished with figures. London, J. White.
Description of Leucophtia bidentata as Voluta bidentata pp. 100-101.
www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/24430722#page/806/mode/1up
Plate 30, fig.2:
www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/24430722#page/917/mode/1up
Morton, J. E. 1955. The functional morphology of the British Ellobiidae (Gastropoda Pulmonata) with special reference to the digestive and reproductive systems. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Ser. B .
239, No. 661: 89-160 www.jstor.org/stable/92507
Schultes, F.W. 2014. Species summary for Ovatella myosotis (Draparnoud, 1801). AnimalBase. SUB Göttingen. www.animalbase.uni-goettingen.de/zooweb/servlet/AnimalBas... Accessed January 2019.
Watson, H. I943. Notes on a list of the British non-marine Mollusca. J. Conch. 22: 13 - 22.
Wiese, V. & Richling, I. 2008. Das Mäuseöhrchen Myosotella myosotis (Draparnaud 1801). Arbeitskreis Mollusken NRW.
www.mollusken-nrw.de/weichtier_des_jahres/weichtier2008.htm
Wondrak, G. 1984. Ultrastructure of the sensory epithelia of oral tube, fungiform sensory bodies, and terminal knobs of tentacles of Ovatella
myosotis. Draparnaud (Archaeopulmonata, Gastropoda) J. Morphol. 181: 333-347 .
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jmor.1051810307
Current taxonomy:
www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=139673
Glossary
adapical angle = angle at which outer lip meets body-whorl.
boli = (sing. bolus) small rounded masses, especially of triturated food material.
cerebral = to do with integration of sensory and neural functions to initiate and coordinate body activity.
chalaziform = resembling the two spiral bands (chalazae) in a bird's egg that attach the yolk to opposite ends of the lining membrane.
columella = solid or hollow axial “little column” around which gastropod shell spirals; hidden inside shell, except on final whorl next to lower part of inner lip of aperture where hollow ones may end in an umbilicus or siphonal canal.
columellar = (adj.) of or near central axis of coiled gastropod.
columellar lip = lower (abapical) part of inner lip of aperture.
costa (pl. costae) = rib running across a whorl of a gastropod shell at approximately right-angles to direction of coiling and any spiral striae.
costal (adj.) = of, or arranged like, costae.
dextral = (of gastropod shell) in apertural view with spire uppermost, the aperture is on the right. Most gastropod species adults have dextral shells.
distal = away from centre of body or from point of attachment.
diverticula = (for digestion) blind ended tubules in the digestive gland that receive nutrients for digestion.
EHWS = extreme high water spring tide.
euryhaline = able to tolerate a wide variation in salinty.
fusiform = slender, spindle-shaped, tapering almost equally towards both ends.
ganglia = (sing. ganglion) knots on a nerve cord containing sensory cell bodies that conduct impulses to (innervate) organs of the body.
haemolymph = circulating fluid in molluscs that carries nutrients, waste and hormones. Analagous to vertebrate blood, but most molluscs have copper-based haemocyanin in it instead of red haemoglobin to carry oxygen. It may be tinged blue when oxygenated; colourless when depleted of oxygen.
halophyte = plant tolerant of saline soil and periodic tidal immersion, usually on saltmarshes, estuarine shores and sides of tidal rivers.
hygrophile = living in moist, humid, but not submerged, conditions.
(obligatory hygrophile = only able to live in such conditions.)
mantle = sheet of tissue that secretes the shell, covers the viscera and forms a cavity in gastropods. In terrestrial gastropods ('pulmonates') the cavity roof contains a network of haemolymph ('blood') vessels enabling the cavity to act like a lung.
mesial = on or facing towards the midline of the body.
operculum = plate of horny conchiolin, rarely calcareous, used to close shell aperture of prosobranch gastropods.
palatal lip = outer lip of gastropod aperture.
parietal lip ( or parietal wall) = upper part of inner side of gastropod aperture, often lacking clear lip structure with just a glaze on side of whorl adapically of columellar lip.
periostracum = thin horny layer of proteinaceous material often coating shells.
posteromesial = at the rear facing towards the midline of the body.
prosobranch = member of Prosobranchia, one of three subclasses into which the class Gastropoda (slugs and snails) was divided during the 20th Century (other two were Pulmonata and Opisthobranchia). This classification is no longer used by scientists, but prosobranch is a useful informal term to signify (mainly marine) snails breathing with a ctenidium (comblike gill inside mantle cavity), an operculum, and a shell which can accommodate the whole body.
protandrous hermaphrodite = each individual starts mature life as a functioning male, later changing to female function.
protoconch = apical whorls produced during embryonic and larval stages of gastropod; often different in form from other whorls (teleoconch).
protrusions = teeth, denticles, folds, lamellae or cogs (terms used by various authors).
punctate = with pinprick-like depressions.
resorb = absorb what was previously secreted; break it down into component materials and disperse into the circulation.
resorption = the process of absorbing what was previously secreted by breaking it down into component materials and dispersal into the circulation.
salting = area of salt tolerant vascular plants rooted in sediment between mean high water mark (MHW) and extreme high water of spring tides (EHWS). [Preferred synonym for “saltmarsh” as much of salting not marshy.]
septa = plural of septum; internal partition separating two chambers/ shell-whorls of a gastropod.
septum = internal partition separating two chambers/ shell-whorls of a gastropod.
sinistral = (of gastropod shell) in apertural view with spire uppermost, the aperture is on the left. Most gastropod species adults have dextral shells.
subsutural = close below the suture when shell positioned with apex uppermost.
subulate = slender and tapering to a point like onion leaf or awl.
suture = groove or line where whorls of gastropod shell adjoin.
teleoconch = entire gastropod shell other than the apical, embryonic & larval stage protoconch.
triturate = reduce to small particles.
vascular plants = plants that have vascular tissues to transport water and nutrients through the plant. Include all seed-bearing plants, ferns and horsetails. Usually terrestrial or in freshwater or brackish water; a few, such as Zostera, live in fully marine salinity water.
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African apes and humans have basically the same internal organs, share all the same bones (although slightly different in shape and size), do not have an outer tail, and have several important blood type systems. We will also suffer from many of the same diseases. When gorillas are young (up to about 8 years old), it is difficult to distinguish between males and females because they are about the same size. ... The adult male or silverback gorilla is almost twice the size of the fe komale, with silver hair on the back and a large mass called the sagittal ridge on the top of the head. Female gorillas do not have any special names based on gender. However, adult male gorillas are called "silverbacks" after the age of 12 because of the growth of silver hairs on their backs and hips. Adult females are approximately 1.5 m (59.1 inches) long and weigh approximately 71.5 kg (158 pounds).
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The adult male mountain gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) weighs 220 kg (484 lb), and the female weighs approximately 97.7 kg (215 lb). Gorillas are considered very smart. Some imprisoned people, such as Koko, have learned a subset of sign language. Like other great apes, gorillas can laugh, cry, have a "rich emotional life", establish strong family relationships, make and use tools, and think about the past and the future.
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The Disney Store's Cinderella Disney Film Collection doll in the blue Royal Ball gown. She is fully deboxed and posed standing, supported by a Kaiser stand.
The Disney doll is nice, but the Mattel doll wins in almost every way. The hair style on the Disney doll is nicer, although neither is very accurate (the promo images of the Mattel show hair that is more accurate than the actual dolls that I have seen). The DS shoes are more movie accurate, but I like the totally clear Mattel shoes better, since they look more like glass. The DS doll's face has a pout, and the Mattel doll has a more pleasant expression, but the DS doll has more personality. The Disney doll's head is larger (like most DS dolls), whereas the Mattel doll has better proportioned head. The Disney gown is bulky and much less accurate than the Mattel gown, although the skirt's stiffness and the petticoat makes it keep it's shape very well. The Mattel gown is truly magical, and flowing, with double layered purple tulle over blue satin. It is much wider than the Disney gown, and the tulle overskirt helps keep its shape. It has many delicate 3D butterflies of different shapes and sizes, made of thin fabric covered in glitter, and attached to the tulle portions of the gown (shoulder and skirt). There are also smaller flat silver glitter butterflies throughout the skirt. The Disney Store has far fewer butterflies, only being in the shoulders of the gown. They are made of thick iridescent plastic, with embedded crystals. There is also glitter throughout the gown, which does shed quite a bit, as well as rhinestones in the organza overskirt. The only area where the Disney Store doll definitely wins is in articulation. The Mattel doll has stiff arms and legs, made of hard plastic, with the arms in fixed but differing poses. The Disney doll has jointed elbows, wrists and knees (internal) that are lacking in the Mattel doll, so she is much more posable. The legs are made of rubbery plastic, that is prone to glitter sticking on them, and this doll has this problem that is common with DS dolls. Finally, the Mattel doll's box is much more impressive and reusable than the Disney one. It is also much wider, allowing for the gown to shown in its full extent, rather than being cramped in a narrow box like the the Disney Store one.
Product information from the US Disney Store website:
Cinderella Disney Film Collection Doll - Live Action Film - 11''
US Disney Store
Release online and in stores 2015-01-26
Purchased online 2015-01-26
Received 2015-02-03
$34.95
Item No. 6070040901171P
Beyond midnight
All eyes turn to Cinderella as she appears in Disney's new live action film. Finely detailed with beautifully styled hair and sparkling bejeweled gown, this elegant doll is part of the Disney Film Collection.
Magic in the details...
Please note: Purchase of this item is limited to 2 per Guest.
• Fully articulated
• Deluxe costume
• Sparkling satin gown with glittering organza overskirt and trims
• Faceted gem and iridescent butterfly accents
• Clear slippers
• Rooted, styled hair
• Finely sculptured with intricate paint detail
• Scenic packaging
• Part of the Disney Film Collection
• Inspired by Disney's live action movie Cinderella
The bare necessities
• Ages 3+
• Plastic / polyester
• 11'' H
• Imported
Safety
WARNING: CHOKING HAZARD - Small Parts. Not for children under 3 years.
As my senior year in high school is progressing the conflict in my mind has been growing about what I want to do with my life and what I want to make of myself. There's a constant battle going on in my head between me, myself, and I.
This is a set of photos I worked on with my photo teacher for my portfolio for college. Right now I am in the process of creating this type of image on wood using liquid light emulsion and negatives of the photos:) Its all trial and error so I'm still working towards the final outcome!
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