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Genesis 6:1-10 (NLT)
When the human population began to grow rapidly on the earth, the sons of God saw the beautiful women of the human race and took any they wanted as their wives. Then the LORD said, "My Spirit will not put up with humans for such a long time, for they are only mortal flesh. In the future, they will live no more than 120 years."
In those days, and even afterward, giants lived on the earth, for whenever the sons of God had intercourse with human women, they gave birth to children who became the heroes mentioned in legends of old.
Now the LORD observed the extent of the people's wickedness, and he saw that all their thoughts were consistently and totally evil. So the LORD was sorry he had ever made them. It broke his heart. And the LORD said, "I will completely wipe out this human race that I have created. Yes, and I will destroy all the animals and birds, too. I am sorry I ever made them." But Noah found favor with the LORD.
This is the history of Noah and his family. Noah was a righteous man, the only blameless man living on earth at the time. He consistently followed God's will and enjoyed a close relationship with him. Noah had three sons: Shem, Ham, and Japheth.
DRAWING NOTES:
TIME OF DAY:
The scriptures do not specify a time. I have made it early morning.
LIGHTING NOTES:
Natural, sunlight, from the left.
CHARACTERS PRESENT:
Noah (in green & blue), standing on a rock, preaching to the local people.
Noah’s wife, to his left, looking cross because the people are laughing at her husband!
Various local people.
RESEARCH/ADDITIONAL NOTES:
Having already drawn my version of the Ark, in the Genesis account of the Flood, I simply used my previous design in this picture. Similarly I have used my previous design & colourations for Noah & his wife in this cartoon. In this cartoon we see Noah busily trying to convince the crowd of locals of the impending flood. His preaching is falling on deaf ears - indeed, his audience are mostly convulsed with laughter, with tears running down their faces! Notice the reaction of the child behind the man in red, who seems to be pondering Noah’s warnings. Perhaps there were a few who listened to Noah’s words & wondered if there was any truth in them. However, we know from the account that only Noah, his wife, his three sons & there wives were eventually saved in the ark. So no-one else believed what Noah was saying.
A very similar thing occurs today: God warns people, through the message of the Bible & through the words of Christians, about his coming judgement upon the people of the earth. Many people do not believe in God, or his judgement, just like the vast majority of human beings alive in Noah’s day. But all those people were wrong about Noah & his plans to build the Ark, weren’t they? God’s judgement did come - & swept all but 8 human beings away to their deaths. The question we all face is this: what account will we give to God when we die & stand before his seat of judgement? If you have believed in his Son Jesus Christ, then you will have nothing to worry about. But if, like the people in my cartoon, you chose to reject Jesus Christ as your Lord & Saviour, then you can only expect to be rejected by God on that day of judgement. And if you are rejected by God, then that only leaves you with the prospect of an eternity in hell - a chilling thought. Perhaps as you read this you will feel the call of Jesus Christ on your life. Don’t delay, call on the name of Jesus right now, & be saved. That is an offer of life that none of us can ignore. See the Links page for information about how to become a Christian.
Where did Noah live?
The Bible does not specify where Noah was living before the flood. However, we do know where Abram (later renamed by God as Abraham) lived: Ur in the land of the Chaldees. Abraham’s native city (the city of Ur) is usually located in southern Babylonia, not very far from the ancient city of Uruk & about 150 miles from the head of the Persian Gulf. I have placed Noah in the same general area. This area is very flat, & is within the borders of modern day Iraq.
Did Noah preach to an unrepentant world?
There is some question about whether or not Noah preached to the people in the region where he lived. From the Genesis account itself there seems to be no evidence that Noah preached to anyone! However, Noah is mentioned by the apostle Peter in 2 Peter 2:5...”And God did not spare the ancient world—except for Noah and his family of seven. Noah warned the world of God's righteous judgment. Then God destroyed the whole world of ungodly people with a vast flood.”
It says in 2 Peter 2:5 that “Noah warned the world of God's righteous judgment”, which suggests that he did preach to the local people about God’s coming judgement.
The Life Application Concise NT Commentary has this to say on the subject:
‘Noah had warned the world of God’s righteous judgment, but no one believed him. God’s punishment is not arbitrary. Those who deserve punishment will receive his punishment; those who trust in him will receive his grace. Peter’s readers should understand the comparison—those who choose the wrong path face eternal consequences.’
Whilst The Bible Knowledge Commentary says:
‘Noah was a righteous man (Gen. 6:9), an obedient servant of God, and a shipbuilder (Gen. 6:13-22). Peter added that he was also a preacher (kēryka, “herald”) of righteousness, who spoke out against the vile corruption all around him.
The primary focus of 2 Peter 2:5 is the unsparing hand of God on the antediluvian civilization, the ancient world with its ungodly people. Do false teachers today think they can escape God’s judgment because of their large numbers? Peter reminded them and those who are the targets of their delusions that God can judge evil even when it involves the entire human race (with the exception of only eight people). The word brought (epaxas, past part. from epagō, “to bring on”) suggests the suddenness of God’s judgment in the Flood. Peter used the same verb in verse 1 in speaking of heretics who are “bringing” destruction on themselves.’
The Temperance (ie no alcohol) movement had its moments, achieiving partial success in the UK when pub licencing hours were introduced during the First World War. Here is a float at the hospital parade, with the children all badged up for a sober future. Around 1907.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperance_movement_in_the_United_K...
Two butterflies making love in a magnolia tree in our garden. Please enlarge and have a close look at their eyes. They are magnificent.
This month's highlight relates to the moral behaviour of citizens. Written on the 24th February 1810 and signed by Macquarie, the following is titled "Illicit Intercourse, evils arising therefrom." While some may see this as a moral sermon on the perceived evils of immorality and cohabiting without marriage, Macquarie also points out to women the practical difficulties which will be encountered legally on the death of their partner. If their partner dies Intestate without a legal marriage they will not be entitled to the man's possessions.
TRANSCRIPT
Illicit Intercourse, evils arising therefrom
By His Excellency
Lachlan Macquarie Esq.
Captain General etc etc etc
Proclamation
Whereas, His excellency the Governor,
has seen with great Regret, the Immorality and Vice, so pre-
valent among the lower classes of this Colony, and whereas, he
feels himself called upon in particular to reprobate & check
as far as lies in his Power, the scandalous and promiscuous
custom so generally and shamelessly adopted, throughout
this Colony of Persons of different sexes cohabiting and
living together unsantioned by the legal ties of matrimony
And whereas the Consequences of this Immoral and illicit
intercourse has been found (as might have been Expected)
not only highly injurious to the interests of the Society
at large, but often times attended with grievous calamity
to the Parties themselves, and the innocent offspring of
this Misconduct, And whereas such Practices are a
scandal to Religion, to Decency and to all good Go-
vernment, and whereas, also, frequent applications have
been made on the part of Divers women to the
Court of Civil Jurisdiction for the grant of Letters
of Administration of the Goods and Effects of Persons
dying intestate, on the sole ground of having lived
for a number of years with the Deceased in a State
of illegal and criminal Intercourse. His Excellency
the Governor anxious to promote the Interests of
Virtue, upon which those of Society must ever
rest by the Encouragement of lawful Marriage
to preserve Morality and Decorum, and to protect
the innocent sufferers from the consequences of such
practices, and hoping that the frequency of such con
nexions may be in a great measure, owing to an
Ignorance of the Calamity which will probably result
from them, and that a more Extended Knowledge of this
580
circumstance may be the means of checking the formation of
such Engagement in future, feels it is his duty hereby
publicly to make known to the Inhabitants of this
Colony that the mere circumstance of illegal cohabita-
tion (for whatever length of time) with any Man
confers no valid Title upon the Women to the Goods
and Effects of such persons, in case he should Die
Intestate, and that letters of Administration of the
Goods and Effects of Persons dying intestate, cannot
be legally granted to any applicants upon such
grounds and under such circumstances as aforesaid
and that the distressful consequences which must be
felt in particular instances from the refusal of such
Applications, can alone be awarded by the formation
of honourable and legal Engagements.
His Excellency the Governor, aware
of the frequency of such illicit connections, and see-
ing the shameful and open manner in which they
are avowed, to the utter subversion of all decency
and Decorum, is compeled to express in this public
manner, his high disapprobation of such Immorality,
and his firm resolution to suppress by every means
in his power all such disgraceful connexions, and
publicly declares that neither favour, nor patronage
will ever be extended to those who Contract or
Encourage them.
On the other hand, his Excellency
the Governor is anxious to hold forth every induce-
ment to the formation of lasting and virtuous connexions
and to Encourage Lawful marriage by every possible
Means, as he is convinced, that from such connexions
also, can be Expected to arise, either habits of
Industry or Decency of Conduct those therefore,
who from such connexions, and whose lives and conduct
are sober, Decent and Industrious, may ever look up to
His Excellency for all reasonable Encouragement.
As a further means of effecting
that improvement which he so earnestly wishes, His
Excellency cannot forbear to make known his indignation
581
towards those persons, who in Defiance of all Law and De-
cency, scandalously Keep open during the night the
most licentious and Disorderly Houses for the reception
of the abandoned of both sexes and to the great En-
couragement of dissolute and disorderly habits, and
he publicly avows his resolution to give street orders
to the officers of the Police, to report to him, the
Proprietors of all such Houses, and to punish such
offenders to the utmost Extent allowed by law.
His Excellency the Governor,
sanguinely hopes that the measures he is now a-
dopting will not be ineffectual in producing that
Decorum and Morality, that want of which, is at
once so Disgraceful and so Detrimental to Society
and he trusts, that when the inhabitants of this Colony
shall that favour and Encouragement are to be ob-
tained only by a strict observance of the Rules of
Morality and Decorum, they will become sensible
of the Error and Folly of a longer indulgence of habits
of Profligacy and Irregularity.
Given under my hand etc
This 24 Day of February 1810
God Save the King
Signed L Macquarie
J T Campbell Secretary
Let's get this right out of the way: Intercourse — the one in Pennsylvania, USA — has nothing to do with intercourse, Intercourse is a center of Amish life & is surrounded by beautiful Amish farms. Visitors get an intriguing up close look at the local culture & unique shops, not far away is an Amish living Museum where the public can walk around taking photographs with out upsetting Amish beliefs.
The hash agreed to MOST of these rules though the word 'Rules' alone was enough to set many of us on edge!
Great idea. Lay trail along Highway 46 that has no shoulder and where pickup trucks fly by at sixty miles an hour. How many will we lose along THIS section of trail?!?
Sex and sexuality are a part of life. Aside from reproduction, sex can be about intimacy and pleasure. Sexual activity, penile-vaginal intercourse (PVI), or masturbation, can offer many surprising benefits to all facets of your life:
And that's why sex on clivesex, like on any other page is important even when you're alone.
physical
intellectual
emotional
psychological
social
Sexual health is more than avoiding diseases and unplanned pregnancies. It’s also about recognizing that sex can be an important part of your life, according to the American Sexual Health Association.
How can sex benefit your body?
This study suggests that sex can be good cardiovascular exerciseTrusted Source in younger men and women. Though sex isn’t enough exercise on its own, it can be considered light exercise.
Some of the benefits you can get from sex include:
lowering blood pressure
burning calories
increasing heart health
strengthening muscles
reducing your risk of heart disease, stroke, and hypertension
increasing libido
People with active sex lives tend to exercise more frequently and have better dietary habits than those who are less sexually active. Physical fitness may also improve sexual performance overall.
Nine ways to improve your sexual performance »
Stronger immune system
In a study of immunity in people in romantic relationships, people who had frequent sex (one to two times a week) had more immunoglobulin A (IgA) in their saliva. People who had infrequent sex (less than once a week) had significantly less IgA.
IgA is the antibody that plays a role in preventing illnesses and is the first line of defense against human papillomavirus, or HPV.
But those who had sex more than three times a week had the same amount of IgA as those who had infrequent sex. The study suggests that anxiety and stress can possibly cancel out the positive effects of sex.
Better sleep
Your body releases oxytocin, also called the “love” or “intimacy” hormone, and endorphins during an orgasm. The combination of these hormones can act as sedation.
Better sleep can contribute to:
a stronger immune system
a longer lifespan
feeling more well-rested
having more energy during the day
Headache relief
Another study shows that sexual activity can provide full or partial relief from migraines and cluster headaches.
Of people who were sexually active during their attacks:
60 percent reported an improvement during a migraine
70 percent reported moderate to complete relief during a migraine
37 percent reported improvement of symptoms in cluster headaches
91 percent reported moderate to complete relief in cluster headaches
How sex benefits all genders
In men
A recent review found that men who had more frequent penile-vaginal intercourse (PVI) had less risk of developing prostate cancer.
One study found that men who averaged having 4.6 to 7 ejaculations a week were 36 percent less likely to receive a prostate cancer diagnosis before the age of 70. This is in comparison to men who reported ejaculating 2.3 or fewer times a week on average.
For men, sex may even affect your mortality. One study that had a 10 year follow-up reported that men who had frequent orgasms (defined as two or more a week) had a 50 percent lower mortality risk than those who had sex less often.
Although results are conflicting, the quality and health of your sperm may increase with increased sexual activity, as some research suggests.
In women
Having an orgasm increases blood flow and releases natural pain-relieving chemicals.
Sexual activity in women can:
improve bladder control
reduce incontinence
relieve menstrual and premenstrual cramps
improve fertility
build stronger pelvic muscles
help produce more vaginal lubrication
potentially protect you against endometriosis, or the growing of tissue outside your uterus
The act of sex can help strengthen your pelvic floor. A strengthened pelvic floor can also offer benefits like less pain during sex and reduced chance of a vaginal prolapse. One study shows that PVI can result in reflexive vaginal contractions caused by penile thrusting.
Women who continue to be sexually active after menopause are less likely to have significant vaginal atrophy, or the thinning of vaginal walls. Vaginal atrophy can cause pain during sex and urinary symptoms.
How can sex benefit your mental health?
Sexual activity, with a partner or through masturbation, can provide important psychological and emotional benefits. Like exercise, sex can help reduce stress and anxiety and increase happiness.
Studies suggest that sexual activity (defined as PVI) may correlate with:
increased satisfaction with your mental health
increased levels of trust, intimacy, and love in your relationships
improved ability to perceive, identify, and express emotions
lessened use of your immature psychological defense mechanism, or the mental processes to reduce distress from emotional conflict.
Gautama Buddha, also known as Siddhārtha Gautama,[note 3] Shakyamuni,[note 4] or simply the Buddha, was a sage[3] on whose teachings Buddhism was founded.[web 2] He is believed to have lived and taught mostly in eastern India sometime between the sixth and fourth centuries BCE.[4][note 5]
The word Buddha means "awakened one" or "the enlightened one". "Buddha" is also used as a title for the first awakened being in an era. In most Buddhist traditions, Siddhartha Gautama is regarded as the Supreme Buddha (Pali sammāsambuddha, Sanskrit samyaksaṃbuddha) of our age.[note 6] Gautama taught a Middle Way between sensual indulgence and the severe asceticism found in the Sramana (renunciation) movement[5] common in his region. He later taught throughout regions of eastern India such as Magadha and Kośala.[4][6]
Gautama is the primary figure in Buddhism and accounts of his life, discourses, and monastic rules are believed by Buddhists to have been summarized after his death and memorized by his followers. Various collections of teachings attributed to him were passed down by oral tradition and first committed to writing about 400 years later.Scholars are hesitant to make unqualified claims about the historical facts of the Buddha's life. Most accept that he lived, taught and founded a monastic order during the Mahajanapada era in India during the reign of Bimbisara, the ruler of the Magadha empire, and died during the early years of the reign of Ajatshatru who was the successor of Bimbisara, thus making him a younger contemporary of Mahavira, the Jain teacher.[7] Apart from the Vedic Brahmins, Buddha's lifetime coincided with the flourishing of other influential sramana schools of thoughts like Ājīvika, Cārvāka, Jain, and Ajñana. It was also the age of influential thinkers like Mahāvīra, Pūraṇa Kassapa , Makkhali Gosāla, Ajita Kesakambalī, Pakudha Kaccāyana, and Sañjaya Belaṭṭhaputta, whose viewpoints Buddha most certainly must have been acquainted with and influenced by.[8][9][note 7] There is also evidence to suggest that the two masters, Alara Kalama and Udaka Ramaputta, were indeed historical figures and they most probably taught Buddha two different forms of meditative techniques.[10] While the most general outline of "birth, maturity, renunciation, search, awakening and liberation, teaching, death" must be true,[11] most scholars do not consistently accept all of the details contained in traditional biographies.[12][13]
The times of Gautama's birth and death are uncertain. Most historians in the early 20th century dated his lifetime as circa 563 BCE to 483 BCE.[1][14] More recently his death is dated later, between 411 and 400 BCE, while at a symposium on this question held in 1988, the majority of those who presented definite opinions gave dates within 20 years either side of 400 BCE for the Buddha's death.[1][15][note 5] These alternative chronologies, however, have not yet been accepted by all historians.[20][21][note 9]
The evidence of the early texts suggests that Siddhārtha Gautama was born into the Shakya clan, a community that was on the periphery, both geographically and culturally, of the northeastern Indian subcontinent in the 5th century BCE.[23] It was either a small republic, in which case his father was an elected chieftain, or an oligarchy, in which case his father was an oligarch.[23] According to the Buddhist tradition, Gautama was born in Lumbini, nowadays in modern-day Nepal, and raised in Kapilavastu, which may either be in present day Tilaurakot, Nepal or Piprahwa, India.[note 1] He obtained his enlightenment in Bodh Gaya, gave his first sermon in Sarnath, and died in Kushinagara.
No written records about Gautama have been found from his lifetime or some centuries thereafter. One edict of Emperor Ashoka, who reigned from circa 269 BCE to 232 BCE, commemorates the Emperor's pilgrimage to the Buddha's birthplace in Lumbini. Another one of his edict mentions several Dhamma texts, establishing the existence of a written Buddhist tradition at least by the time of the Mauryan era and which may be the precursors of the Pāli Canon.[34][note 11] The oldest surviving Buddhist manuscripts are the Gandhāran Buddhist texts, reported to have been found in or around Haḍḍa near Jalalabad in eastern Afghanistan and now preserved in the British Library. They are written in the Kharoṣṭhī script and the Gāndhārī language on twenty-seven birch bark scrolls, and they date from the first century BCE to the third century CE.[web 10]The sources for the life of Siddhārtha Gautama are a variety of different, and sometimes conflicting, traditional biographies. These include the Buddhacarita, Lalitavistara Sūtra, Mahāvastu, and the Nidānakathā.[35] Of these, the Buddhacarita[36][37][38] is the earliest full biography, an epic poem written by the poet Aśvaghoṣa, and dating around the beginning of the 2nd century CE.[35] The Lalitavistara Sūtra is the next oldest biography, a Mahāyāna/Sarvāstivāda biography dating to the 3rd century CE.[39] The Mahāvastu from the Mahāsāṃghika Lokottaravāda tradition is another major biography, composed incrementally until perhaps the 4th century CE.[39] The Dharmaguptaka biography of the Buddha is the most exhaustive, and is entitled the Abhiniṣkramaṇa Sūtra,[40] and various Chinese translations of this date between the 3rd and 6th century CE. Lastly, the Nidānakathā is from the Theravāda tradition in Sri Lanka and was composed in the 5th century CE by Buddhaghoṣa.[41]
From canonical sources, the Jātakas, the Mahapadana Sutta (DN 14), and the Achariyabhuta Sutta (MN 123) which include selective accounts that may be older, but are not full biographies. The Jātakas retell previous lives of Gautama as a bodhisattva, and the first collection of these can be dated among the earliest Buddhist texts.[42] The Mahāpadāna Sutta and Achariyabhuta Sutta both recount miraculous events surrounding Gautama's birth, such as the bodhisattva's descent from Tuṣita Heaven into his mother's womb.Traditional biographies of Gautama generally include numerous miracles, omens, and supernatural events. The character of the Buddha in these traditional biographies is often that of a fully transcendent (Skt. lokottara) and perfected being who is unencumbered by the mundane world. In the Mahāvastu, over the course of many lives, Gautama is said to have developed supramundane abilities including: a painless birth conceived without intercourse; no need for sleep, food, medicine, or bathing, although engaging in such "in conformity with the world"; omniscience, and the ability to "suppress karma".[43][44][45] Nevertheless, some of the more ordinary details of his life have been gathered from these traditional sources. In modern times there has been an attempt to form a secular understanding of Siddhārtha Gautama's life by omitting the traditional supernatural elements of his early biographies.
Andrew Skilton writes that the Buddha was never historically regarded by Buddhist traditions as being merely human:[46]
It is important to stress that, despite modern Theravada teachings to the contrary (often a sop to skeptical Western pupils), he was never seen as being merely human. For instance, he is often described as having the thirty-two major and eighty minor marks or signs of a mahāpuruṣa, "superman"; the Buddha himself denied that he was either a man or a god; and in the Mahāparinibbāna Sutta he states that he could live for an aeon were he asked to do so.
The ancient Indians were generally unconcerned with chronologies, being more focused on philosophy. Buddhist texts reflect this tendency, providing a clearer picture of what Gautama may have taught than of the dates of the events in his life. These texts contain descriptions of the culture and daily life of ancient India which can be corroborated from the Jain scriptures, and make the Buddha's time the earliest period in Indian history for which significant accounts exist.[47] British author Karen Armstrong writes that although there is very little information that can be considered historically sound, we can be reasonably confident that Siddhārtha Gautama did exist as a historical figure.[48] Michael Carrithers goes a bit further by stating that the most general outline of "birth, maturity, renunciation, search, awakening and liberation, teaching, death" must be true.[11]The Buddhist tradition regards Lumbini, present-day Nepal, to be the birthplace of the Buddha.[49][note 1] He grew up in Kapilavastu.[note 1] The exact site of ancient Kapilavastu is unknown. It may have been either Piprahwa, Uttar Pradesh, present-day India,[32] or Tilaurakot, present-day Nepal.[50] Both places belonged to the Sakya territory, and are located only 15 miles apart from each other.[50]
Siddharta Gautama was born as a Kshatriya,[51][note 13] the son of Śuddhodana, "an elected chief of the Shakya clan",[4] whose capital was Kapilavastu, and who were later annexed by the growing Kingdom of Kosala during the Buddha's lifetime. Gautama was the family name. His mother, Queen Maha Maya (Māyādevī) and Suddhodana's wife, was a Koliyan princess. Legend has it that, on the night Siddhartha was conceived, Queen Maya dreamt that a white elephant with six white tusks entered her right side,[53][54] and ten months later[55] Siddhartha was born. As was the Shakya tradition, when his mother Queen Maya became pregnant, she left Kapilvastu for her father's kingdom to give birth. However, her son is said to have been born on the way, at Lumbini, in a garden beneath a sal tree.
The day of the Buddha's birth is widely celebrated in Theravada countries as Vesak.[56] Buddha's birth anniversary holiday is called "Buddha Purnima" in Nepal and India as Buddha is believed to have been born on a full moon day. Various sources hold that the Buddha's mother died at his birth, a few days or seven days later. The infant was given the name Siddhartha (Pāli: Siddhattha), meaning "he who achieves his aim". During the birth celebrations, the hermit seer Asita journeyed from his mountain abode and announced that the child would either become a great king (chakravartin) or a great holy man.[57] By traditional account,[which?] this occurred after Siddhartha placed his feet in Asita's hair and Asita examined the birthmarks. Suddhodana held a naming ceremony on the fifth day, and invited eight Brahmin scholars to read the future. All gave a dual prediction that the baby would either become a great king or a great holy man.[57] Kaundinya (Pali: Kondañña), the youngest, and later to be the first arahant other than the Buddha, was reputed to be the only one who unequivocally predicted that Siddhartha would become a Buddha.[58]
While later tradition and legend characterized Śuddhodana as a hereditary monarch, the descendant of the Solar Dynasty of Ikṣvāku (Pāli: Okkāka), many scholars think that Śuddhodana was the elected chief of a tribal confederacy.
Early texts suggest that Gautama was not familiar with the dominant religious teachings of his time until he left on his religious quest, which is said to have been motivated by existential concern for the human condition.[59] The state of the Shakya clan was not a monarchy, and seems to have been structured either as an oligarchy, or as a form of republic.[60] The more egalitarian gana-sangha form of government, as a political alternative to the strongly hierarchical kingdoms, may have influenced the development of the Shramana-type Jain and Buddhist sanghas, where monarchies tended toward Vedic Brahmanism.[61]Siddhartha was brought up by his mother's younger sister, Maha Pajapati.[62] By tradition, he is said to have been destined by birth to the life of a prince, and had three palaces (for seasonal occupation) built for him. Although more recent scholarship doubts this status, his father, said to be King Śuddhodana, wishing for his son to be a great king, is said to have shielded him from religious teachings and from knowledge of human suffering.
When he reached the age of 16, his father reputedly arranged his marriage to a cousin of the same age named Yaśodharā (Pāli: Yasodharā). According to the traditional account,[which?] she gave birth to a son, named Rāhula. Siddhartha is said to have spent 29 years as a prince in Kapilavastu. Although his father ensured that Siddhartha was provided with everything he could want or need, Buddhist scriptures say that the future Buddha felt that material wealth was not life's ultimate goal.[62]According to the early Buddhist texts,[web 11] after realizing that meditative dhyana was the right path to awakening, but that extreme asceticism didn't work, Gautama discovered what Buddhists call the Middle Way[web 11]—a path of moderation away from the extremes of self-indulgence and self-mortification, or the Noble Eightfold Path, as was identified and described by the Buddha in his first discourse, the Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta.[web 11] In a famous incident, after becoming starved and weakened, he is said to have accepted milk and rice pudding from a village girl named Sujata.[web 12] Such was his emaciated appearance that she wrongly believed him to be a spirit that had granted her a wish.[web 12]
Following this incident, Gautama was famously seated under a pipal tree—now known as the Bodhi tree—in Bodh Gaya, India, when he vowed never to arise until he had found the truth.[70] Kaundinya and four other companions, believing that he had abandoned his search and become undisciplined, left. After a reputed 49 days of meditation, at the age of 35, he is said to have attained Enlightenment.[70][web 13] According to some traditions, this occurred in approximately the fifth lunar month, while, according to others, it was in the twelfth month. From that time, Gautama was known to his followers as the Buddha or "Awakened One" ("Buddha" is also sometimes translated as "The Enlightened One").
According to Buddhism, at the time of his awakening he realized complete insight into the cause of suffering, and the steps necessary to eliminate it. These discoveries became known as the "Four Noble Truths",[web 13] which are at the heart of Buddhist teaching. Through mastery of these truths, a state of supreme liberation, or Nirvana, is believed to be possible for any being. The Buddha described Nirvāna as the perfect peace of a mind that's free from ignorance, greed, hatred and other afflictive states,[web 13] or "defilements" (kilesas). Nirvana is also regarded as the "end of the world", in that no personal identity or boundaries of the mind remain. In such a state, a being is said to possess the Ten Characteristics, belonging to every Buddha.
According to a story in the Āyācana Sutta (Samyutta Nikaya VI.1) — a scripture found in the Pāli and other canons — immediately after his awakening, the Buddha debated whether or not he should teach the Dharma to others. He was concerned that humans were so overpowered by ignorance, greed and hatred that they could never recognise the path, which is subtle, deep and hard to grasp. However, in the story, Brahmā Sahampati convinced him, arguing that at least some will understand it. The Buddha relented, and agreed to teach.After his awakening, the Buddha met Taphussa and Bhallika — two merchant brothers from the city of Balkh in what is currently Afghanistan — who became his first lay disciples. It is said that each was given hairs from his head, which are now claimed to be enshrined as relics in the Shwe Dagon Temple in Rangoon, Burma. The Buddha intended to visit Asita, and his former teachers, Alara Kalama and Udaka Ramaputta, to explain his findings, but they had already died.
He then travelled to the Deer Park near Varanasi (Benares) in northern India, where he set in motion what Buddhists call the Wheel of Dharma by delivering his first sermon to the five companions with whom he had sought enlightenment. Together with him, they formed the first saṅgha: the company of Buddhist monks.
All five become arahants, and within the first two months, with the conversion of Yasa and fifty four of his friends, the number of such arahants is said to have grown to 60. The conversion of three brothers named Kassapa followed, with their reputed 200, 300 and 500 disciples, respectively. This swelled the sangha to more than 1,000.For the remaining 45 years of his life, the Buddha is said to have traveled in the Gangetic Plain, in what is now Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and southern Nepal, teaching a diverse range of people: from nobles to servants, murderers such as Angulimala, and cannibals such as Alavaka. Although the Buddha's language remains unknown, it's likely that he taught in one or more of a variety of closely related Middle Indo-Aryan dialects, of which Pali may be a standardization.
The sangha traveled through the subcontinent, expounding the dharma. This continued throughout the year, except during the four months of the Vāsanā rainy season when ascetics of all religions rarely traveled. One reason was that it was more difficult to do so without causing harm to animal life. At this time of year, the sangha would retreat to monasteries, public parks or forests, where people would come to them.The first vassana was spent at Varanasi when the sangha was formed. After this, the Buddha kept a promise to travel to Rajagaha, capital of Magadha, to visit King Bimbisara. During this visit, Sariputta and Maudgalyayana were converted by Assaji, one of the first five disciples, after which they were to become the Buddha's two foremost followers. The Buddha spent the next three seasons at Veluvana Bamboo Grove monastery in Rajagaha, capital of Magadha.
Upon hearing of his son's awakening, Suddhodana sent, over a period, ten delegations to ask him to return to Kapilavastu. On the first nine occasions, the delegates failed to deliver the message, and instead joined the sangha to become arahants. The tenth delegation, led by Kaludayi, a childhood friend of Gautama's (who also became an arahant), however, delivered the message.
Now two years after his awakening, the Buddha agreed to return, and made a two-month journey by foot to Kapilavastu, teaching the dharma as he went. At his return, the royal palace prepared a midday meal, but the sangha was making an alms round in Kapilavastu. Hearing this, Suddhodana approached his son, the Buddha, saying:
"Ours is the warrior lineage of Mahamassata, and not a single warrior has gone seeking alms."
The Buddha is said to have replied:
"That is not the custom of your royal lineage. But it is the custom of my Buddha lineage. Several thousands of Buddhas have gone by seeking alms."
Buddhist texts say that Suddhodana invited the sangha into the palace for the meal, followed by a dharma talk. After this he is said to have become a sotapanna. During the visit, many members of the royal family joined the sangha. The Buddha's cousins Ananda and Anuruddha became two of his five chief disciples. At the age of seven, his son Rahula also joined, and became one of his ten chief disciples. His half-brother Nanda also joined and became an arahant.
Of the Buddha's disciples, Sariputta, Maudgalyayana, Mahakasyapa, Ananda and Anuruddha are believed to have been the five closest to him. His ten foremost disciples were reputedly completed by the quintet of Upali, Subhoti, Rahula, Mahakaccana and Punna.
In the fifth vassana, the Buddha was staying at Mahavana near Vesali when he heard news of the impending death of his father. He is said to have gone to Suddhodana and taught the dharma, after which his father became an arahant.
The king's death and cremation was to inspire the creation of an order of nuns. Buddhist texts record that the Buddha was reluctant to ordain women. His foster mother Maha Pajapati, for example, approached him, asking to join the sangha, but he refused. Maha Pajapati, however, was so intent on the path of awakening that she led a group of royal Sakyan and Koliyan ladies, which followed the sangha on a long journey to Rajagaha. In time, after Ananda championed their cause, the Buddha is said to have reconsidered and, five years after the formation of the sangha, agreed to the ordination of women as nuns. He reasoned that males and females had an equal capacity for awakening. But he gave women additional rules (Vinaya) to follow.Dhyana and insight[edit]
A core problem in the study of early Buddhism is the relation between dhyana and insight.[82][95][84] Schmithausen, in his often-cited article On some Aspects of Descriptions or Theories of 'Liberating Insight' and 'Enlightenment' in Early Buddhism notes that the mention of the four noble truths as constituting "liberating insight", which is attained after mastering the Rupa Jhanas, is a later addition to texts such as Majjhima Nikaya 36.[85][81][82]
Kotsu - Communication; intercourse; traffic.
- suru - To have intercourse with; communicate with.
The intercourse between Japan and foreign countries prior to the Restoration was very slight indeed.
The traffic between Tokyo and Yokohama is very brisk.
Since the invention of telegraphy and telephone communication has been greatly facilitated and it will, I think, be still further facilitated when flying-machines are commercially successful.
I'm sure the use of the word "intercourse" will give this picture a lot of traffic :-)
See also:
uair01.blogspot.com/2011/06/kadochigai-mistaking-door.html
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I bought this dictionary for one euro at the - wonderful - Rotterdam second hand market. It is part 2 of three volumes. Ja, page 599 to Ryuzu, page 1286. Reading the English translations is like entering the world of Haruki Murakami.
No date nor editor or printer are mentioned in the book. I suspect that the dictionary dates from 1910 - 1920 because these are dates and technology that are mentioned in the book.
Any information is welcome ...
Women can be tricky. Get this — only 25 percent of women orgasm during intercourse.
Why? Well, several factors, such as stress, dryness, and lack of emotional intimacy can play a part, but oftentimes, it’s because several sex positions don’t offer clit stimulation. And, trust us,...
www.ourstyle.life/what-can-happen-to-your-body-if-you-mas...
Saw this sign on the side of a shop in Intercourse, PA. in the heart of Lancaster County. It was a Amish Shop.
By the way, Intercourse is right down the road from Blue Balls, PA.
more images and items from my collection at my blogspot page:
According to the law in Jamaica, "sexual intercourse under the Sexual Offences Act is penetration of the vagina of one person by the penis of another person". The United Nations, wants to change that.
The old debate about anal sex has been resurrected with a United Nations...