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This is the way I do it, not necessarily the best way – but it works for me. I use the Tetenal Colortec C-41 set; mix the chemicals to the specifications provided in the set you use and adapt the following to suit your needs (if, for instance, your C-41 set uses separate bleach and fix).
Oh, by the way: the image above has lots of notes, so make sure to check them out if you're interested too.
I set up all my equipment as you see it, using the kitchen sink. I load the film the way I usually do (I'll not get into that now, but 500 ml chemicals will submerge one 120/220 roll or two 135 rolls).
1. Fill the kitchen sink with water approx. 42-45 degrees C. Place the bottles on the bottom. Leave them be for approx. five minutes (this will warm the chemicals to the same temperature as the waterbath surrounding it).
2. Hold the Paterson tank in the waterbath while you wait so as to warm it up a bit, making sure no water enters the tank of course. You don't want cold plastic to cool of the chemicals too rapidly once you get going.
3. Watch the thermometer and prepare to start the process when it reaches 39 degrees C (ideal temperature is 38,5 degrees C for C-41 – at least the Tetenal I use – but there is half a degree latitude and the extra half degree makes no earthly difference.)
4. Once the thermometer hits 38,5–39 degrees C, start pouring the developer into the tank at the same time as you start your timer. It might take you fifteen seconds to pour all the developer in, but never mind that – this time is included in the overall time for development.
5. Developer stays in for 3 minutes and 15 seconds. Inverse the tank immediately four times and repeat this every 30 seconds, and do by all means submerge the tank in the water while you're resting your wrists – it'll help keep the temperature even.
6. At 3 minutes and 10 seconds, drain the developer into the measuring jug marked for the purpose (you will reuse the chemicals for at least 8 rolls, so it's sound financial advice to take good care of the chemicals: as soon as you can, use the funnel to pour them back into the bottles and seal them up again).
7. Pour the bleach fix into the tank. From now on the temperature is not as important; the bleach fix has greater latitude and you don't have to keep this at 38,5 degrees C – anywhere between 30 and 39 will do (I usually remove the bleach fix and stabilizer bottles from the waterbath as soon as I've started developing and just place them to one side; it gives me more room to manouver when I inverse the tank).
8. Inverse the tank every 30 seconds for 4 minutes (if you're on the combined timer, you should do this until it hits 7 minutes and 15 seconds).
9. Drain the bleach fix into the measuring jug marked for the purpose. Don't inhale. It's quite a foul smell and obviously not healthy.
10. Place the tank below the faucet and start the water rinse – fill the tank with running water (approx. 20 degrees C, anywhere around there will do just fine) and empty it every 30 seconds or so. Continue doing this for 3 minutes, until the combined timer reaches 10 minutes and 15 seconds (don't worry if you rinse for longer than that, but three minutes should do it).
11. Pour the stabilizer into the tank. Don't inverse – I find that this makes for more foam, which is difficult to get rid of and leaves bad stains on your negatives that shows up in scans. Just splosh the liquid around for a minute or so, making sure that the film is submerged (which it should be, as you're using the prescribed 500 ml solution for one roll of 120/220 film or two rolls of 135 film). Let it interact with the film for approx. a minute.
12. Drain the stabilizer into the measuring jug marked for the purpose. This chemical is very foul indeed, and quite possibly toxic – note to self: get a face mask and avoid the fumes.
13. Remove the screw-on pouring-top of the tank (if you have a Paterson tank, you know the part I mean) and plonk it in the sink for later rinsing.
14. Remove yourself with the tank and the film still on the loading reel to wherever you plan on hanging the film to dry.
15. Take your gloves off and remove the film from the reel. Don't worry about the foam you see (but make sure to wash your hands straight away after), and hang the film the way you normally would hang a film to dry.
16. Go back to the kitchen and rinse all your gear straight away. Put away the glass bottles with the chemicals for reuse at a later date.
17. Once you're done in the kitchen cleaning up, go back to where your film is hanging. Notice any stains on the slowly drying film? Weird splotches of a liquid type? This is the stabilizer. Here is where it gets a bit tricky, and the following is probably not the best way to deal with it. But these stains will not dry off completely, and unless you like the negatives this way I have only found one way to deal with the problem. I spray tapwater on the hanging negatives – gently, and not much – so that the stains/marks/splotches wash off. This might reduce the effect of the stabilizer – in fact I would be surprised if it didn't – but my hope is that the film has absorbed enough stabilizer in the tank and while I was cleaning up in the kitchen that the film will at least survive in decent shape for some years to come.
18. Dry, then press the negatives on a flat surface using heavy books. Scan. Flickr them.
That's more or less the whole process …
Now how many rolls of film can you squeeze out of 500 ml chemicals? The instructions for my Tetenal says approx. 6–8, but I'm on my 10th now with this batch and don't expect to need to mix a new batch quite yet. The trick is to not let the liquid go too much below 500 ml (you will lose liquid as you develop); simply make up the difference with tapwater and add a few extra seconds for developing. For roll nine I developed for 3 minutes and 20 seconds, having diluted the developer probably some 50–100 mls over the past three rolls. An added five seconds seems to work so far [*** EDIT: check the comments and see that this wasn't quite true, longer time was probably needed ***] … but your mileage may vary, and of course sooner or later the chemicals will simply refuse to yield any images. Experiment to your heart's content.
Great to have a bit of First back on the scene in Devon and in this instance Plymouth one of their old stomping grounds, 37014 looking exceptional too.
This was the DC7 Duchy college working this morning heading up towards Stoke village, in the further distance is a mock style Tudor building which is the Britannia pub owned by Wetherspoons.
it's been utterly fruitless, searching for a shot today, weather is rubbish so I had to look for a thing, and this is not how you approach taking photos, "you" in this instance is "me" , you as "you" may well be approaching this thing totally different, in my case I don't look for a thing, I wait in ambush for the thing to come to me, waiting in ambush may well take form of walking, driving or sitting on a sofa or whatever but still, so me looking for a thing was a project bound to fail, and it did, all shots taken I disliked and I just have to pick one I dislike less intensely than others,
and it just so happens that "autumn leaf stuck in the dangly thing" seems to become an annual thing, I am sure there was similar sort of thing about a year ago ..
and I wanted to play myself out with Aimee Mann for no other reason than I listened to her today at work and she is one of my all time favourites and once I start playing her I can't stop for a bit and while browsing through clips and watching her outstanding Patient Zero I thought "hell, I wonder how old is she" and what I found doesn't make any sense to me, it doesn't make any sense in any known universe , Aimee Mann is going to be 60 this year, this is plain stupid and has to be .. i don't know what .. something has to be done about it ... it is just outright wrong. Some people are not allowed to change their age , Aimee is one of them, she has to always be 35 or something
My inspiration song for this pictur:
SCHAMANISCHES Tribal Drum Journey
Message for you:
Even when the wolf sometimes disappears deep into the forest, he always finds his way back home. May the power animal Wolf guide and lead you because in the last instance we will always follow the call of our soul.
Together we go our Soul Path the Queen of Swords and the Wolf as companions you will meet again and again and strengthen each other's backs because that is the deal and the goal.
Botschaft für dich:
Auch wenn der Wolf manchmal tief im Wald verschwindet findet er immer wieder den Weg nach Hause zurück. Möge das Krafttier Wolf dich leiten und führen, denn in letzter Instanz werden wir immer dem Ruf unserer Seele folgen.
Gemeinsam gehen wir unseren Seelenweg, die Königin der Schwerter und der Wolf als Gefährten werden sie sich immer wieder begegnen und sich gegenseitig den Rücken stärken denn das ist der Deal und das Ziel.
How we see echother:
Ich und Du - Anna Depenbusch & Mark Forster
Egzod & Maestro Chives - Royalty
Sam Tinnesz - Leading The Pack
Valley Of Wolves - Take It All
Soul Mates enter your life some stay for just one page others for a whole chapter and then there are those who are there for the whole story.♥
Since we have met each other I have always seen us as very polarizing and as strong personalities, two alphas who respect each other even if we sometimes snarl at each other.
Like the Bremerstadt musicians we couldn't be more different but we are connected from cradle to grave by a strong bond.
We are there for each other come what may and YES come what may.
We are never alone on the path we each take. I was allowed to grow on and with you and that is incredibly valuable to me. ♥
We know each other for what feels like an eternity now and I am incredibly grateful that you are a part of my life. You make my life more colorful and even more worth living.♥
Thank you for being exactly the way you are because in my eyes you shine in all your facets and it is pure joy to be able to experience this. Friends like us are very rare and I appreciate this gift very much.♥ Together we accompany each other on our way and Yes I am proud to have a friend like you at my side!
I am glad that you wash my head from time to time ^^ and still let me be who I am. ♥
You strengthen me and give me the courage to handle everything because you simply believe in me, thank you for that. ♥♥♥♥♥
Thank you for all the emotional and wonderful moments I was able to experience with you, whether good or bad, both are part of it. ♥
I have found my best friend in you because you are friend and girlfriend in one what could I wish for more ^^
Love you my BBF Friends for Ever SL & RL ♥
Seelen Gefährten treten in dein Leben einige bleiben für nur eine Seite andere für ein ganzes Kapitel und dann gibt es noch die die während der ganzen Geschichte dabei sind.♥
Seit wir uns getroffen haben, habe ich uns immer als sehr polarisierende und starke Persönlichkeiten gesehen zwei Alphas die sich gegenseitig respektieren, auch wenn wir uns manchmal anknurren.
Wie die Bremerstadtmusikannten könnten wir unterschielicher nicht sein und dennoch verbindet uns ein starkes Band denn von der Wiege bis zur Bare sind wir alle miteinander verbunden.
Wir sind für einander da komme was wolle und JA wolle was da komme.
Überwegs auf dem jeweiligen Weg den jeder einschlägt sind wir nie alleine. Ich durfte an und mit dir wachsen und das ist mir wahnsinnig viel wert.♥
Wir kennen uns nun schon eine gefühlte Ewichkeit und ich bin unglaublich dankbar das du ein Teil meines Lebens bist. Du machst mein Leben bunter und noch lebenswerter.♥
Danke das du genau so bist wie du bist den den in meinen Augen strahlst du in all deinen Facetten und es ist die Pure Freude das miterleben zu dürfen. Freunde wie wir es sind sind sehr selten und ich weiss dieses Geschenk sehr zu schätzen.♥ Gemeinsam begleiten wir uns auf unserem Weg und Yes ich bin stoltz einen Freund wie dich an meiner Siete zu haben!
Ich bin froh das du mir ab und an den Kopf wäschst ^^ und mich dennoch so sein lässt wie ich bin. ♥
Du stärkst mich und gibst mir den Mut alles in Agriff zu nehmen weil du einfach an mich Glaubst danke dafür. ♥♥♥♥♥
Danke für all die Emotionalen und wundervollen Momente die ich mit dir erleben durfte ob nun gut oder schlecht beides gehört dazu. ♥
Ich habe in dir meinen besten Freund gefunden denn du bist Freund und Freundin in einem was will man mehr ^^
Love you mein Bester Friends for Ever SL & RL ♥
My 2 cats are very rarely hanging out together.....here is a rare instance. Both chilling in front of the patio door- lulled into relaxation by the chirping of all the songbirds outside. Quick cell phone shot with a bit of post processing.
In this instance, also known as a pilot light. Found on the amplifier in my Kalart-Victor 70-25 16mm projector.
3 consecutive shots (while shooting continuously) merged, but I somewhat altered the position of the 2 instances on the right side.
Thanks to everyone for your visiting, favs & comments :).
This is another instance of persistence paying off. On my last night at the badlands I went out and had a bunch of problems with my intervalometer failing which resulted in a lot of wasted time. I finally got things going right before sunrise.
Image is a composite of about 50 photos to produce the trails. That resulted in some strange artifacts in the sunrise portion of the sky so the image was then blended with one towards the end of the series.
In elementary school, students learn that water freezes at 0 degrees Celsius (32 degrees Fahrenheit). That is true most of the time, but there are exceptions to the rule. For instance, water with very few impurities (such as dust or pollution particles, fungal spores, bacteria) can be chilled to much cooler temperatures and still remain liquid—a process known as supercooling.
Supercooling may sound exotic, but it occurs pretty routinely in Earth’s atmosphere. Altocumulus clouds, a common type of mid-altitude cloud, are mostly composed of water droplets supercooled to a temperature of about -15 degrees C. Altocumulus clouds with supercooled tops cover about 8 percent of Earth’s surface at any given time.
Supercooled water droplets play a key role in the formation of hole-punch and canal clouds, the distinctive clouds shown in these satellite images. Hole-punch clouds usually appear as circular gaps in decks of altocumulus clouds; canal clouds look similar but the gaps are longer and thinner. This true-color image shows hole-punch and canal clouds off the coast of Florida, as observed on December 12, 2014, by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA’s Terra satellite.
Both types of cloud form when aircraft fly through cloud decks rich with supercooled water droplets and produce aerodynamic contrails. Air expands and cools as it moves around the wings and past the propeller, a process known as adiabatic cooling. Air temperatures over jet wings often cool by as much as 20 degrees Celsius, pushing supercooled water droplets to the point of freezing. As ice crystals form, they absorb nearby water droplets. Since ice crystals are relatively heavy, they tend to sink. This triggers tiny bursts of snow or rain that leave gaps in the cloud cover.
Whether a cloud formation becomes a hole-punch or canal depends on the thickness of the cloud layer, the air temperature, and the degree of horizontal wind shear. Both descending and ascending aircraft—including jets and propeller planes—can trigger hole-punch and canal clouds. The nearest major airports in the images above include Miami International, Fort Lauderdale International, Grand Bahama International, and Palm Beach International.
Credit: NASA/GSFC/Jeff Schmaltz/MODIS Land Rapid Response Team
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center enables NASA’s mission through four scientific endeavors: Earth Science, Heliophysics, Solar System Exploration, and Astrophysics. Goddard plays a leading role in NASA’s accomplishments by contributing compelling scientific knowledge to advance the Agency’s mission.
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Carrying my 10kg camera rucksack, with tripod, water, spare layers, food and maps; the people who I am with (in this instance my girlfriend) always comment on how do I do it, or why do I bother. My response is always the same - You have to be in it to win it :)
This photograph proves my point. We hiked to the summit of Scafell Pike, it was hot and steep and although I was constantly greeted with stunning scenery, the light was poor so I didn't bother getting out my camera. It wasn't until the last 15 minutes of the 4hr walk that the elements came together, producing just 30 seconds of stunning light. I had just enough time to set up, frame, focus, shoot. The light went as fast as it came and the effort of labouring up the mountain with my kit was more than worth it. I would also like to add that this hasn't been Photoshopped or played with much... the light was just that good.
My Photography Kit List
Kit I use for YouTube
My Lightweight & Comfortable Camping/Hiking Gear
The Most Comfortable Camping Pillow
A Few Good Photography Books I Read
A fabulous encounter with a Wood Mouse, or in this instance, the other name of a Long-tailed Field Mouse, as it was nowhere near a woodland!!
This little mouse was found on Cairngorm Mountain after the first snow of the winter near the top. It must have been pretty hungry as it took no notice of us as it ran amongst the grasses nibbling at the seeds.
There were a few instances when I began to wonder if this particular box needed an air traffic controller !
There were so many birds around it that getting several in the shot at one time was not too difficult especially if I backed off on the telephoto a bit. But getting them in the same focal plane was tricky and most often when it occurred it was pure luck.
Oregon Coast
One instance of being behind a bus on a curvy road that we loved slowing our pace. It seemed to epitomize the Pacific NW, bumper stickers and guitar included. I like to think I can be critical of vans, we have one too.
Hermit monks lived on Meteora, Greece, since 9th century AD and monasteries (abbeys) were built since 14th c. So, it is hardly a surprise that one can repeatedly see The Cross in many instances there, either on rock formations or on churchesâ rooftops. In Greek Orthodox Church, the holy symbol is extremely and excessively important; so much so, that there is an entire series of shots on the subject.
These four shots (#7a–7d) all focus on the two different Crosses crowning the Assumption (aka Dormition of Virgin Mary) old cathedral beneath Meteora: An austere white Cross crowns the main entrance to the church, whereas the altogether different Cross on top of the bell tower is defined by the small bells hanging from it!
The three-aisled basilica was built in c.1000-1200 AD and it measures 98×43 ft (30×13 m). This is the only church in Greece with its pulpit located in the middle of the nave (similar locations share the pulpits of Haghia Sophia in Constantinople, St. Apollinare in Ravenna and St. Clement in Rome). The frescoes date back to 1573.
The bell tower was added to the church in March 1887; it was constructed by stone masons originating from Epirus, Greece.
There are more shots of the old cathedralâs architectural details on their own album (flic.kr/s/aHsmQb5ezR).
Meteora is the name of the group comprising many impressive and lofty rock formations: The height of the sandstone megaliths ranges between 1,000-2,067 ft (300-630 m). The rock masses were formed 60 million years ago, are geologically unique and listed in UNESCO world heritage sites.
The Cross has ever been important for Christians of all denominations.
Ethereal Pauses
As a rule I don't do any post-processing but today I felt like playing a bit in PS (with a very basic blur in this instance).
Location: Vixen's Creative Studios
Photographer & Model: Michaela Vixen (VampBait69)
Set Design & Creation: Michaela Vixen (VampBait69)
Duality - (noun) 2. an instance of opposition or contrast between two concepts or two aspects of something; a dualism.
I originally posted this to my IG account which I have since deleted. The background as well as the crow are from morgueFile, the bench was a creative commons image courtesy of dodsport (they have since deleted their Flickr account) and I believe the dove is also a creative commons image.
With the instance of assaults rising in the Twin Cities, especially in Minneapolis and around the University of Minnesota, I was keenly aware of this young woman on a dark night.
One of the best defenses for women is to keep moving through areas like this. Diddle with your smart phone when you get to a safe spot with people, and take those ear buds out so you can hear sounds around you.
Other than that, I like the slightly ominous quality of the lighting, the attractive young woman oblivious to the fact that she could be a "the target as seen from the shadows."
This is a REAL instance of ice and not the Trump ICE lockup for migrants and kids in Denver. A while back, I grabbed more Clover Basin ditch shots down at Willow Farm so I hauled my D700 back down even though the sky was blank blue. I therefore had no choice but to point the camera downward for captures and keep the sky from the shots. Just like today and tomorrow and tomorrow! I decided that I needed some better originals to edit! I liked this view as well as the other. I got few real duds in my "action" takes of the ditch but I do have several NORMAL shots of the ditch now (they call it Willow Brook) but I call it a ditch. It's not much of one either. Let's face it, most of the St. Vrain stream flows have been ripped by the city to water blue grass instead of agriculture.
I can't figure why anyone would cut a ditch this darn squirrely. When I first saw it, It was nearly impossible to follow the reasoning for this ditch but it does seem that the floods scoured this ditch somewhat. I think I noticed the colors of the reflections and contrasts and decided to take advantage. They seemed to over-saturate in this case but that's about everything posted on Flickr. The water course was a bit torn up but there must have been no serious flooding here.
We hit the end of autumn then and the chills came through but we hit the 60s then after Christmas - so no coat. I won't go down to shoot ice today - it hit the 67 degrees in early December. No Coats, no Clarks either. I've still got a lot of captures in the temp directory in this stretch of no skies. I found Willow Farm on Google maps when searching for a barn I glimpsed and made some trips down there and added some more weird captures to temp stash. This is a shot of Willow Creek, another ditch, IMHO. I went back down with my D70 to see if I could capture some shot of the barn. I may go out tomorrow if we can retrieve some skies and clouds at all. I am pulling for a good sky with the front tomorrow.
Here is a normal, if not fairly slow hand held exposure. I already posted other shots that were "action" shots and they were the better shots. I burned up the Christmas lights this season. I grabbed a couple of slices in Lightroom and dropped them into Photoshop to see what might appear.
There are several instances in the constellation Leo where you find galaxies bunched together. Some of them are groups of galaxies, like the one containing M65 and M66. At the bottom of this image is M96 (NGC 3368), which is the galaxy from which this group gets its name. It is also known as the Leo I Group. M96 is a barred spiral galaxy, as is NGC 3384 (closest to the upper left corner). Just right of NGC 3384 is the elliptical galaxy M105 (NGC 3379). These three galaxies are part of the Leo I Group, wihch is located approximately 30 million light years away. Another prominent member of this galaxy group is M95, which I show with M96 in this image:
What about the smaller, bluish galaxy below NGC 3384 along the left edge of the image? That's the spiral galaxy NGC 3389, which is more than twice as distant as the Leo I Group. The blue color indicates new star formation is taking place there.
This is a stack of 28 2 minute and 3 minute exposures from my light polluted backyard in Long Beach, CA.
Telescope: Celestron Edge HD 925 at f/2.3 with Hyperstar lens
Camera: Atik 314L+ color CCD with Baader light pollution filter
Preprocessing in Nebulosity; registration, stacking, and initial processing in PixInsight; final touches in Photoshop.
Photo captured via Minolta Maxxum AF Zoom 100-200mm F/4.5 "Baby Beer Can" Lens. Spokane Indian Reservation. Selkirk Mountains Range. Okanogan-Colville Xeric Valleys and Foothills section within the Northern Rockies Region. Inland Northwest. Stevens County, Washington. Early October 2021.
Exposure Time: 1/5 sec. * ISO Speed: ISO-100 * Aperture: F/11 * Bracketing: None * Color Temperature: 5812 K * Plug-In: Black Magic Preset #48 * Elevation: 2,463 feet above sea-level
"“Nobody of any real culture, for instance, ever talks nowadays about the beauty of sunset. Sunsets are quite old fashioned. To admire them is a distinct sign of provincialism of temperament. Upon the other hand they go on”
I'm going to take a big risk here and dedicate this shot to the one and only barbera*. She hates sunset shots. No, that's not true - she detests them! But earlier today she faved one of mine. Oh yes!!! So, Barbara, this one is for you with love, thanks and a little wink ;-))
NEW GALLERY - Please take a look at tanakawho's work in this new gallery.
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This beautiful little sun-kissed island, just off the coast of County Antrim, Northern Ireland is called the Isle of Muck (from the Irish, meaning 'pigs') - not to be confused with another small island of the same name in the Inner Hebrides of Scotland.
Despite its small size (half a kilometre long and about 150m wide), Muck boasts the third largest colony of cliff-nesting seabirds in Northern Ireland. They include common guillemot, razorbill and kittiwake, northern fulmar, black guillemot and cormorant.
If I told you I was going to show you a photo of "Muck", you probably would have been expecting to see something quite different. Names can be misleading!
In the Bible, names are very significant and can tell you a lot about the person. For instance, the name 'Jesus' is derived from the Hebrew, Yeshua, also having the variants Joshua or Jeshu. The name is related to the Hebrew verb root "rescue, deliver" and one of its noun forms, "deliverance".
There could be no more appropriate name, then, for the Son of God who left heaven's glory, became a man and offered Himself as a sacrifice for sin, so that God's judgement would fall on Him rather than us.
For the wages of sin is death; but the gift of God is eternal life through Jesus Christ our Lord. (Romans 6:23)
Epilobium canum—zauschneria. The common name of zauschneria is a rare instance of a Latin genus name becoming the vernacular name after the plant was moved to the genus Epilobium. Gardening books and field manuals may call it "California fuchsia", but that name is rarely heard in speech. Zauschnerias are found in almost every garden in Berkeley and perhaps throughout California, making it one of the best known of all California natives. The plant blooms into November at the Regional Parks Botanic Garden. E. canum provides an important late season nectar source for native California hummingbirds. Photographed at Regional Parks Botanic Garden located in Tilden Regional Park near Berkeley, CA.
On my way to Chinley, I spied a single track lane that disappeared steeply and jaggedly up a hill, and so, decided to take it to see what kind of views would be afforded. Finding a place to park off the road, I walked to the nearest footpath and this is the view that greeted me. The crepuscular rays lasted just long enough for me to set-up my camera, snap a few shots, then were gone.
A black and white edit seemed to work better in this instance.
Photo of the Similkameen River and the distant North Cascades Mountains and Region, in the far background, captured via Minolta MD Zoom Rokkor-X 24-50mm F/4 lens and the bracketing method of photography. Okanogan Highlands Region. Inland Northwest. Okanogan County, Washington. Early February 2018.
Exposure Time: 1/250 sec. * ISO Speed: ISO-100 * Aperture: F/11 * Bracketing: +1 / -1 * Color Temperature: 6650 K * Film Plug-In: Kodak Portra 160 NC
First instance of a MHV on Route 164 - MHV40
London General MHV40 on Route 164, Wimbledon Francis Grove
BG66MJJ
Volvo B5LH/MCV EvoSeti
Lucky instance...
Launched in September 2021, the HertsLynx concept (operated by Uno) uses a set of Mercedes minibuses to provide an on-demand transport service between a number of towns and villages across a wide area of north and east Hertfordshire.
Bishops Stortford stands at the eastern most side of the travel network, with Mercedes Benz 516CDi/EVB RJ21XDB seen passing along a dull Hadham Road leaving Bishops Stortford behind heading back west 30/12/21
Another instance where you think you have more time than you really have. There I was tucking into my Beef and Ale pie in Weaverham thinking I had half an hour in hand when a brief glance on my phone revealed this was on the move 21E dispensing with the pathing stop at Ditton. Jacket on, camera in hand and a sprint across the field (well quick walk/run) and as I arrived at the bridge my heart sank as 'something' diesel hauled passed through the cutting out of view. A quick check of RTT though revealed the Pullman was held at Weaver Jct, so it was back on.
Five minutes later DB 67021, getting a move on, came into view and the sun came out ... there is a God!
The distinctive tail of a Lockheed Constellation, in this instance a C-121 of the West Virginia Air National Guard, at the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center in Chantilly, Virginia. The link provides more information on the Constellation and its many variants.
Dear Protagonist, (a reverie regarding you in the perpetual present), Tim Lowly © 2013, acrylic on panel, 86” x 74”
The parenthetical latter part of the title alludes to both how
1) a painting has a relatively temporally static state (compared to film for instance) and as such the viewer's experience with a painting is fundamentally rooted in the present [ie. this reading suggests the "you" is the viewer].
and
2) Temma (my daughter depicted in the painting) seems to have a fairly limited memory and as such seems to exist in a perpetual present [ie. this reading suggests the "you" is Temma].
Assistance with this work by Erica Elan Ciganek and Maggie Hubbard]
Please view this large
Here is the beginning of an essay Kelly VanderBrug in which she reflects on the painting (it's from the book "Trying to Get a Sense of Scale" ). Over the summer I was finishing this painting Kelly would stop by frequently to observe the process of the painting's making:
Temma takes a step, making and made. As in Temma on Earth, she continues muscle tensed, hunched, clenched hands, but this Temma’s vulnerability lies below the surface. She shuffles forward from dark clearing to a path—perhaps a dry streambed. Her awkward yet purposeful baby steps exhibit intentionality. She isn’t just going to the store. She wants to show the viewer herself, her role.
She gazes inward rather than out at the viewer. Technically the real Temma is cortically blind, eyes intact but brain unable to process the images that come. In this painting a blindness of sorts gets painted even though it is ambiguous. Her eyes look down or maybe flicker shut though she still seems to see in her own way. The oddest thing by far comes as a surprise, rising in my mind as I continue looking at this painting. It is this: here seeing assumes no higher value than any other voluntary or involuntary action except as a means of recognizing the girl.
When the viewer pulls back to take in the whole image, ambiguity adds to ambiguity. Everything gets peeled back and tipped up. What is here? The viewer lists a girl, wall, maybe wallpaper or garden or corral reef, air, floor, and shimmer of light. The bottom left corner is important. It points to a real and readable domestic space. It suggests that something double happens: The outside space is the wallpaper of this room with a doll’s bed, but the bed could also fit a person. In the latter case this Temma towers over the space with its vaulted ceiling.
In the painting Temma exists ambiguously, both vision and real. The light says it reflects on her and comes from her but not as exactly as Rembrandt’s Supper at Emmaus. Temma’s glow subtly makes, grows, and extends. Unlike her steps, she does not make with intention. It is her very existence that makes. She emits the cool bioluminescence of a female firefly and also moves close to the ground. She is a messenger without wings. Around her, embers fly up, shimmering into the heights, but nothing sears the eye or skin. These embers, paint daubs skipping from her shoulders, land at her feet and shimmer temporarily. As this world grows chilled, Temma brings light in a small circle. Her light quakes, fragile and expanding.
The light that reflects on her is another light all together. Temma comes forward into this brighter light, and even in her projecting glow, everything else fades back. The blanket dazzles. Her wrap of rainbow color cocoons her and hums with bright energy. Its softness appears blurred even as the light crisply carves out peaks and valleys. Her hands and face beam even more. It is clear that her body is not “normative,” but at the same time Lowly depicts her beauty. The reflecting light spotlights her and emphasizes her already obvious significance. Her message is a call to attention. It suggests that paying attention to her will create change.
It is important here that Temma crosses multiple spaces. She not only steps on a path, but that path is a wall. It leads into a room and out to the space where the painting hangs. The three spaces barely clear their throat. A viewer must take time for it to settle in. She moves from outside the wall to domestic space to our world. She is already leaning through, her head catching the bright light of our space. Or is our space the fourth space, the third space being a stage where all this happens?
Whatever the case, Temma is our guide and the focus of our attention. The focus is sharpest in her face and hands. Everything else winks in and out of focus. Here and there a stone is clear, but not the plant or bit of wood next to it. Darkness shrouds the upper reaches of the painting, the background, and the bed’s head- board. The blanket around her blurs slightly.
Photo of Wahkeena Creek captured via Minolta MD Zoom Rokkor-X 24-50mm F/4 lens. On the Wahkeena Creek Trail #420. Wahkeena Canyon. Mount Hood National Forest. Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area. Columbia River Gorge-Area. Cascades Range. Multnomah County, Oregon. Early April 2017.
Exposure Time: 0.4 sec. * ISO Speed: ISO-100 * Aperture: F/22 * Bracketing: None
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For instance, from Huffington Post, Nov. 5, 2009:
EXCERPT: While thousands of at-risk Americans wait, some big Wall Street banks have already secured the hard-to-find H1N1 vaccine for their employees.
Building on a story that BusinessWeek broke, NBC reports that employees at the New York Stock Exchange, bankers at Goldman Sachs and Citigroup, and employees at the Federal Reserve have all received swine flu vaccine doses to administer to their employees.
In particular, NBC reports that Goldman Sachs has received 200 doses of the vaccine -- the same amount as Lenox Hill Hospital in New York.
VIDEO & full text at: www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/11/05/swine-flu-vaccine-banks...
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Blame for this lies squarely upon Bait & Switch Obama & the vicious corporatism which he is using all of his power to advance (witness the golden pigs he put atop the nation immediately under himself, such as Larry Summers & Tim Geithner).
Taking advantage of a nice blacked out space. You can't tell without anything for scale reference, but this is about 10ft in diameter.
"So it happens, for instance, that a man who sees another man on the street corner with only a stump for an arm will be so shocked the first time that he'll give him sixpence. But the second time it'll only be a threepenny bit. And if he sees him a third time, he'll hand him over cold-bloodedly to the police."
― Bertolt Brecht, The Threepenny Opera
Yet another instance of "I got here too early again" as BNSF 7303 runs through the edge of the Coconino National Forest on it's way to Winslow and eventually the CSXT at Chicago, Illinois. Can't understate how nice it was to see trains run through area's lush with various Evergreen and Conifers, hopefully next time I get out here I'll see the tracks lit up with sunlight instead of being covered in shadows.
In this instance the word refers to what are essentially 'shock absorbers' between two heritage carriages on the Hoorn–Medemblik heritage steam railway in the Netherlands. Access was allowed onto the open platforms between carriages. The trick was to focus on the equipment rather than the track ballast whilst the train rocked and rolled along the 20 km or 12 1/2 mile journey.
The photo was taken two years ago.
Why is it so hard?
Well, it's not universally and equally difficult. Some instances are definitely harder than others.
Forgiving people I don't trust or like is easier for example. Simply choose to forgive, erase the hurt, and avoid contact with that person - forever. Done!
When forgiving myself, that process is not an option. It's not possible to quit the friendship, get a divorce or simply walk away from myself.
We are stuck with ourselves regardless of hurt, disappointment, rage, or sense of futility.
So mastering the art of self appreciation, love, and forgiveness is critical. Right?
Just because it is difficult, does not mean it is not the right path.
A little bit at a time works for me. Case by case.
Today I forgive myself for how I acted the day this image was taken.
In NYC and all dolled up by incredible Adrian Acosta.
It was good day, that could have been great. I blew it!
Can't go back.
Time to move on.
That is one down and innumerable more to go. Sigh!
How about you?
Nora
Not enough catnip garnish, for instance, and not one cheezburger on this week's menu! The horror!
Keeping the girls off the counters is impossible. I pretty much wash them (the counters, not the feline overlords) down with straight vodka before prepping food. The worst Ben ever did was beg from a distance...and he was given occasional scraps. The girls never did learn from their noble collie brother, and they get no scraps.
Sea level drop refers to the phenomenon in which melting glaciers cause the surrounding land to rise.. Between 1901 and 2018, the average global sea level rose by 15–25 cm (6–10 in), or an average of 1–2 mm per year. This rate accelerated to 4.62 mm/yr for the decade 2013–2022.[3] Climate change due to human activities is the main cause. Between 1993 and 2018, thermal expansion of water accounted for 42% of sea level rise. Melting temperate glaciers accounted for 21%, with Greenland accounting for 15% and Antarctica 8%.: 1576 Sea level rise lags changes in the Earth's temperature. So sea level rise will continue to accelerate between now and 2050 in response to warming that is already happening. What happens after that will depend on what happens with human greenhouse gas emissions. Sea level rise may slow down between 2050 and 2100 if there are deep cuts in emissions. It could then reach a little over 30 cm (1 ft) from now by 2100. With high emissions it may accelerate. It could rise by 1 m (3+1⁄2 ft) or even 2 m (6+1⁄2 ft) by then.[6][7] In the long run, sea level rise would amount to 2–3 m (7–10 ft) over the next 2000 years if warming amounts to 1.5 °C (2.7 °F). It would be 19–22 metres (62–72 ft) if warming peaks at 5 °C (9.0 °F): 21 meters. Rising seas ultimately impact every coastal and island population on Earth. This can be through flooding, higher storm surges, king tides, and tsunamis. These have many knock-on effects. They lead to loss of coastal ecosystems like mangroves. Crop production falls because of salinization of irrigation water and damage to ports disrupts sea trade. The sea level rise projected by 2050 will expose places currently inhabited by tens of millions of people to annual flooding. Without a sharp reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, this may increase to hundreds of millions in the latter decades of the century. Areas not directly exposed to rising sea levels could be affected by large scale migrations and economic disruption. At the same time, local factors like tidal range or land subsidence, as well as the varying resilience and adaptive capacity of individual ecosystems, sectors, and countries will greatly affect the severity of impacts. For instance, sea level rise along the United States (particularly along the US East Coast) is already higher than the global average, and it is expected to be 2 to 3 times greater than the global average by the end of the century. Yet, out of the 20 countries with the greatest exposure to sea level rise, 12 are in Asia. Bangladesh, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, the Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam collectively account for 70% of the global population exposed to sea level rise and land subsidence. Finally, the greatest near-term impact on human populations will occur in the low-lying Caribbean and Pacific islands—many of those would be rendered uninhabitable by sea level rise later this century.
Societies can adapt to sea level rise in three ways: by managed retreat, by accommodating coastal change, or by protecting against sea level rise through hard-construction practices like seawalls or soft approaches such as dune rehabilitation and beach nourishment. Sometimes these adaptation strategies go hand in hand; at other times choices must be made among different strategies. A managed retreat strategy is difficult if an area's population is quickly increasing: this is a particularly acute problem for Africa, where the population of low-lying coastal areas is projected to increase by around 100 million people within the next 40 years. Poorer nations may also struggle to implement the same approaches to adapt to sea level rise as richer states, and sea level rise at some locations may be compounded by other environmental issues, such as subsidence in so-called sinking cities. Coastal ecosystems typically adapt to rising sea levels by moving inland; but may not always be able to do so, due to natural or artificial barriers. Between 1901 and 2018, the global mean sea level rose by about 20 cm (or 8 inches). More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements found a rise of 7.5 cm (3 in) from 1993 to 2017 (average of 2.9 mm/yr), accelerating to 4.62 mm/yr for the decade 2013–2022.
Regional variations: Sea level rise is not uniform around the globe. Some land masses are moving up or down as a consequence of subsidence (land sinking or settling) or post-glacial rebound (land rising due to the loss of weight from ice melt). Therefore, local relative sea level rise may be higher or lower than the global average. Gravitational effects of changing ice masses also add to differences in the distribution of sea water around the globe. When a glacier or an ice sheet melts, the loss of mass reduces its gravitational pull. In some places near current and former glaciers and ice sheets, this has caused local water levels to drop, even as the water levels will increase more than average further away from the ice sheet. Consequently, ice loss in Greenland has a different fingerprint on regional sea level than the equivalent loss in Antarctica. On the other hand, the Atlantic is warming at a faster pace than the Pacific. This has consequences for Europe and the U.S. East Coast, which receives a sea level rise 3–4 times the global average. The downturn of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) has been also tied to extreme regional sea level rise on the US Northeast Coast. Many ports, urban conglomerations, and agricultural regions are built on river deltas, where subsidence of land contributes to a substantially increased relative sea level rise. This is caused by both unsustainable extraction of groundwater and oil and gas, as well as by levees and other flood management practices preventing the accumulation of sediments which otherwise compensates for the natural settling of deltaic soils, over 3 m (10 ft) in urban areas of the Mississippi River Delta (New Orleans), and over 9 m (30 ft) in the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta. On the other hand, post-glacial isostatic rebound causes relative sea level fall around the Hudson Bay in Canada and the northern Baltic.
Projections: A comparison of SLR in six parts of the US. The Gulf Coast and East Coast see the most SLR, whereas the West Coast the least NOAA predicts different levels of sea level rise through 2050 for several US coastlines. There are two complementary ways of modeling sea level rise and making future projections. In the first approach, scientists use process-based modeling, where all relevant and well-understood physical processes are included in a global physical model. An ice-sheet model is used to calculate the contributions of ice sheets and a general circulation model is used to compute the rising sea temperature and its expansion. While some of the relevant processes may be insufficiently understood, this approach can predict non-linearities and long delays in the response, which studies of the recent past will miss. In the other approach, scientists employ semi-empirical techniques using historical geological data to determine likely sea level responses to a warming world, in addition to some basic physical modeling. These semi-empirical sea level models rely on statistical techniques, using relationships between observed past contributions to global mean sea level and global mean temperature. This type of modeling was partially motivated by most physical models in previous Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) literature assessments having underestimated the amount of sea level rise compared to observations of the 20th century.
Projections for the 21st century: Historical sea level reconstruction and projections up to 2100 published in 2017 by the U.S. Global Change Research Program.[35] RCPs are different scenarios for future concentrations of greenhouse gases. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change provides multiple plausible scenarios of 21st century sea level rise in each report, starting from the IPCC First Assessment Report in 1990. The differences between scenarios are primarily due to the uncertainty about future greenhouse gas emissions, which are subject to hard to predict political action, as well as economic developments. The scenarios used in the 2013-2014 Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) were called Representative Concentration Pathways, or RCPs. An estimate for sea level rise is given with each RCP, presented as a range with a lower and upper limit, to reflect the unknowns. The RCP2.6 pathway would see GHG emissions kept low enough to meet the Paris climate agreement goal of limiting warming by 2100 to 2 °C. Estimated SLR by 2100 for RCP2.6 was about 44 cm (the range given was as 28–61 cm). For RCP8.5 the sea level would rise between 52 and 98 cm (20+1⁄2 and 38+1⁄2 in). A set of older estimates of sea level rise. Sources showed a wide range of estimates
Sea level rise projections for the years 2030, 2050 and 2100
The report did not estimate the possibility of global SLR being accelerated by the outright collapse of the marine-based parts of the Antarctic ice sheet, due to the lack of reliable information, only stating with medium confidence that if such a collapse occurred, it would not add more than several tens of centimeters to 21st century sea level rise. Since its publication, multiple papers have questioned this decision and presented higher estimates of SLR after attempting to better incorporate ice sheet processes in Antarctica and Greenland and to compare the current events with the paleoclimate data. For instance, a 2017 study from the University of Melbourne researchers estimated that ice sheet processes would increase AR5 sea level rise estimate for the low emission scenario by about one quarter, but they would add nearly half under the moderate scenario and practically double estimated sea level rise under the high emission scenario. The 2017 Fourth United States National Climate Assessment presented estimates comparable to the IPCC for the low emission scenarios, yet found that the SLR of up to 2.4 m (10 ft) by 2100 relative to 2000 is physically possible if the high emission scenario triggers Antarctic ice sheet instability, greatly increasing the 130 cm (5 ft) estimate for the same scenario but without instability. A 2016 study led by Jim Hansen presented a hypothesis of vulnerable ice sheet collapse leading to near-term exponential sea level rise acceleration, with a doubling time of 10, 20 or 40 years, thus leading to multi-meter sea level rise in 50, 100 or 200 years, respectively. However, it remains a minority view amongst the scientific community. For comparison, two expert elicitation papers were published in 2019 and 2020, both looking at low and high emission scenarios. The former combined the projections of 22 ice sheet experts to estimate the median SLR of 30 cm (12 in) by 2050 and 70 cm (27+1⁄2 in) by 2100 in the low emission scenario and the median of 34 cm (13+1⁄2 in) by 2050 and 110 cm (43+1⁄2 in) by 2100 in a high emission scenario. They also estimated a small chance of sea levels exceeding 1 meter by 2100 even in the low emission scenario and of going beyond 2 meters in the high emission scenario, with the latter causing the displacement of 187 million people. The other paper surveyed 106 experts, who had estimated a median of 45 cm (17+1⁄2 in) by 2100 for RCP2.6, with a 5%-95% range of 21–82 cm (8+1⁄2–32+1⁄2 in). For RCP8.5, the experts estimated a median of 93 cm (36+1⁄2 in) by 2100, with a 5%-95% range of 45–165 cm (17+1⁄2–65 in). By 2020, the observed ice-sheet losses in Greenland and Antarctica were found to track the upper-end range of the AR5 projections. Consequently, the updated SLR projections in the 2019 IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate were somewhat larger than in AR5, and they were far more plausible when compared to an extrapolation of observed sea level rise trends. The main set of sea level rise projections used in IPCC Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) was ultimately only slightly larger than the one in SROCC, with SSP1-2.6 resulting in a 17-83% range of 32–62 cm (12+1⁄2–24+1⁄2 in) by 2100, SSP2-4.5 resulting in a 44–76 cm (17+1⁄2–30 in) range by 2100 and SSP5-8.5 leading to 65–101 cm (25+1⁄2–40 in). The report also provided extended projections on both the lower and the upper end, adding SSP1-1.9 scenario which represents meeting the 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) goal and has the likely range of 28–55 cm (11–21+1⁄2 in), as well as "low-confidence" narrative involving processes like marine ice sheet and marine ice cliff instability under SSP5-8.5. For that scenario, it cautioned that the sea level rise of over 2 m (6+1⁄2 ft) by 2100 "cannot be ruled out".[7] And as of 2022, NOAA suggests 50% probability of 0.5 m (19+1⁄2 in) sea level rise by 2100 under 2 °C (3.6 °F), increasing to >80% to >99% under 3–5 °C (5.4–9.0 °F)." If countries cut greenhouse gas emissions significantly (lowest trace), the IPCC expects sea level rise by 2100 to be limited to 0.3 to 0.6 meters (1–2 feet).However, in a worst case scenario (top trace), sea levels could rise 5 meters (16 feet) by the year 2300. A map showing major SLR impact in south-east Asia, Northern Europe and the East Coast of the US
Map of the Earth with a long-term 6-metre (20 ft) sea level rise represented in red (uniform distribution, actual sea level rise will vary regionally and local adaptation measures will also have an effect on local sea levels). Models consistent with paleo records of sea level rise: 1189 indicate that substantial long-term SLR will continue for centuries even if the temperature stabilizes. After 500 years, sea level rise from thermal expansion alone may have reached only half of its eventual level, which models suggest may lie within ranges of 0.5–2 m (1+1⁄2–6+1⁄2 ft).[51] Additionally, tipping points of Greenland and Antarctica ice sheets are expected to play a larger role over such timescales, with very long-term SLR likely to be dominated by ice loss from Antarctica, especially if the warming exceeds 2 °C (3.6 °F). Continued carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel sources could cause additional tens of metres of sea level rise, over the next millennia. The available fossil fuel on Earth is enough to ultimately melt the entire Antarctic ice sheet, causing about 58 m (190 ft) of sea level rise. In the next 2,000 years the sea level is predicted to rise by 2–3 m (6+1⁄2–10 ft) if the temperature rise peaks at its current 1.5 °C (2.7 °F), by 2–6 m (6+1⁄2–19+1⁄2 ft) if it peaks at 2 °C (3.6 °F) and by 19–22 m (62+1⁄2–72 ft) if it peaks at 5 °C (9.0 °F).[6]: SPM-28 If temperature rise stops at 2 °C (3.6 °F) or at 5 °C (9.0 °F), the sea level would still continue to rise for about 10,000 years. In the first case it will reach 8–13 m (26–42+1⁄2 ft) above pre-industrial level, and in the second 28–37 m (92–121+1⁄2 ft). As both the models and observational records have improved, a range of studies has attempted to project SLR for the centuries immediately after 2100, which remains largely speculative. For instance, when the April 2019 expert elicitation asked its 22 experts about total sea level rise projections for the years 2200 and 2300 under its high, 5 °C warming scenario, it ended up with 90% confidence intervals of −10 cm (4 in) to 740 cm (24+1⁄2 ft) and −9 cm (3+1⁄2 in) to 970 cm (32 ft), respectively (negative values represent the extremely low probability of very large increases in the ice sheet surface mass balance due to climate change-induced increase in precipitation ). The elicitation of 106 experts led by Stefan Rahmstorf had also included 2300 for RCP2.6 and RCP 8.5: the former had the median of 118 cm (46+1⁄2 in), a 17%-83% range of 54–215 cm (21+1⁄2–84+1⁄2 in) and a 5%-95% range of 24–311 cm (9+1⁄2–122+1⁄2 in), while the latter had the median of 329 cm (129+1⁄2 in), a 17%-83% range of 167–561 cm (65+1⁄2–221 in) and a 5%-95% range of 88–783 cm (34+1⁄2–308+1⁄2 in). By 2021, AR6 was also able to provide estimates for year 2150 SLR alongside the 2100 estimates for the first time. According to it, keeping warming at 1.5 °C under the SSP1-1.9 scenario would result in sea level rise in the 17-83% range of 37–86 cm (14+1⁄2–34 in), SSP1-2.6 a range of 46–99 cm (18–39 in), SSP2-4.5 of 66–133 cm (26–52+1⁄2 in) range by 2100 and SSP5-8.5 leading to 98–188 cm (38+1⁄2–74 in). Moreover, it stated that if the "low-confidence" could result in over 2 m (6+1⁄2 ft) by 2100, it would then accelerate further to potentially approach 5 m (16+1⁄2 ft) by 2150. The report provided lower-confidence estimates for year 2300 sea level rise under SSP1-2.6 and SSP5-8.5 as well: the former had a range between 0.5 m (1+1⁄2 ft) and 3.2 m (10+1⁄2 ft), while the latter ranged from just under 2 m (6+1⁄2 ft) to just under 7 m (23 ft). Finally, the version of SSP5-8.5 involving low-confidence processes has a chance of exceeding 15 m (49 ft) by then. In 2018, it was estimated that for every 5 years CO2 emissions are allowed to increase before finally peaking, the median 2300 SLR increases by the median of 20 cm (8 in), with a 5% likelihood of 1 m (3+1⁄2 ft) increase due to the same. The same estimate found that if the temperature stabilized below 2 °C (3.6 °F), 2300 sea level rise would still exceed 1.5 m (5 ft), while the early net zero and slowly falling temperatures could limit it to 70–120 cm (27+1⁄2–47 in). Measurements: Sea level changes can be driven by variations in the amount of water in the oceans, by changes in the volume of that water, or by varying land elevation compared to the sea surface. Over a consistent time period, assessments can source contributions to sea level rise and provide early indications of change in trajectory, which helps to inform adaptation plans. The different techniques used to measure changes in sea level do not measure exactly the same level. Tide gauges can only measure relative sea level, whilst satellites can also measure absolute sea level changes. To get precise measurements for sea level, researchers studying the ice and the oceans on our planet factor in ongoing deformations of the solid Earth, in particular due to landmasses still rising from past ice masses retreating, and also the Earth's gravity and rotation. Satellites: Jason-1 continued the sea surface measurements started by TOPEX/Poseidon. It was followed by the Ocean Surface Topography Mission on Jason-2, and by Jason-3. Since the launch of TOPEX/Poseidon in 1992, an overlapping series of altimetric satellites has been continuously recording the sea level and its changes. Those satellites can measure the hills and valleys in the sea caused by currents and detect trends in their height. To measure the distance to the sea surface, the satellites send a microwave pulse towards Earth and record the time it takes to return after reflecting off the ocean's surface. Microwave radiometers measure and correct the additional delay caused by water vapor in the atmosphere. Combining these data with the precisely known location of the spacecraft determines the sea-surface height to within a few centimetres (about one inch).[59] Rates of sea level rise for the period 1993–2017 have been estimated from satellite altimetry to be 3.0 ± 0.4 millimetres (1⁄8 ± 1⁄64 in) per year. Satellites are useful for measuring regional variations in sea level, such as the substantial rise between 1993 and 2012 in the western tropical Pacific. This sharp rise has been linked to increasing trade winds, which occur when the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) change from one state to the other.[61] The PDO is a basin-wide climate pattern consisting of two phases, each commonly lasting 10 to 30 years, while the ENSO has a shorter period of 2 to 7 years.Tide gauges: Between 1993 and 2018, the mean sea level has risen across most of the world ocean (blue colors). The global network of tide gauges is another important source of sea-level observations. Compared to the satellite record, this record has major spatial gaps but covers a much longer period of time. Coverage of tide gauges started primarily in the Northern Hemisphere, with data for the Southern Hemisphere remaining scarce up to the 1970s. The longest running sea-level measurements, NAP or Amsterdam Ordnance Datum established in 1675, are recorded in Amsterdam, Netherlands. In Australia, record collection is also quite extensive, including measurements by an amateur meteorologist beginning in 1837 and measurements taken from a sea-level benchmark struck on a small cliff on the Isle of the Dead near the Port Arthur convict settlement in 1841. This network was used, in combination with satellite altimeter data, to establish that global mean sea-level rose 19.5 cm (7.7 in) between 1870 and 2004 at an average rate of about 1.44 mm/yr (1.7 mm/yr during the 20th century). By 2018, data collected by Australia's Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) had shown that the global mean sea level was rising by 3.2 mm (1⁄8 in) per year, at double the average 20th century rate,[68][69] while the 2023 World Meteorological Organization report found further acceleration to 4.62 mm/yr over the 2013–2022 period.[3] Thus, these observations help to check and verify predictions from climate change simulations. Regional differences are also visible in the tide gauge data. Some are caused by the local sea level differences, while others are due to vertical land movements. In Europe for instance, only some land areas are rising while the others are sinking. Since 1970, most tidal stations have measured higher seas, but sea levels along the northern Baltic Sea have dropped due to post-glacial rebound. Past sea level rise: Changes in sea levels since the end of the last glacial episode. An understanding of past sea level is an important guide to where current changes in sea level will end up once these processes conclude. In the recent geological past, thermal expansion from increased temperatures and changes in land ice are the dominant reasons of sea level rise. The last time that the Earth was 2 °C (3.6 °F) warmer than pre-industrial temperatures was 120,000 years ago, when warming due to Milankovitch cycles (changes in the amount of sunlight due to slow changes in the Earth's orbit) caused the Eemian interglacial; sea levels during that warmer interglacial were at least 5 m (16 ft) higher than now. The Eemian warming was sustained over a period of thousands of years, and the magnitude of the rise in sea level implies a large contribution from the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets: 1139 According to Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide similar to today's ultimately increased temperature by over 2–3 °C (3.6–5.4 °F) around three million years ago. This temperature increase eventually melted one third of Antarctica's ice sheet, causing sea levels to rise 20 meters above the present values. Since the Last Glacial Maximum, about 20,000 years ago, sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410 ft), with rates varying from less than 1 mm/year during the pre-industrial era to 40+ mm/year when major ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia melted. meltwater pulses are periods of fast sea level rise caused by the rapid disintegration of these ice sheets. The rate of sea level rise started to slow down about 8,200 years before present; sea level was almost constant for the last 2,500 years. The recent trend of rising sea level started at the end of the 19th century or at the beginning of the 20th.
Causes: A graph showing ice loss sea ice, ice shelves and land ice. Land ice loss contributetes to SLR. Earth lost 28 trillion tonnes of ice between 1994 and 2017: ice sheets and glaciers raised the global sea level by 34.6 ± 3.1 mm. The rate of ice loss has risen by 57% since the 1990s−from 0.8 to 1.2 trillion tonnes per year. The three main reasons warming causes global sea level to rise are the expansion of oceans due to heating, along with water inflow from melting ice sheets and glaciers. Sea level rise since the start of the 20th century has been dominated by retreat of glaciers and expansion of the ocean, but the contributions of the two large ice sheets (Greenland and Antarctica) are expected to increase in the 21st century. The ice sheets store most of the land ice (~99.5%), with a sea-level equivalent (SLE) of 7.4 m (24 ft 3 in) for Greenland and 58.3 m (191 ft 3 in) for Antarctica. Each year about 8 mm (5⁄16 in) of precipitation (liquid equivalent) falls on the ice sheets in Antarctica and Greenland, mostly as snow, which accumulates and over time forms glacial ice. Much of this precipitation began as water vapor evaporated from the ocean surface. Some of the snow is blown away by wind or disappears from the ice sheet by melt or by sublimation (directly changing into water vapor). The rest of the snow slowly changes into ice. This ice can flow to the edges of the ice sheet and return to the ocean by melting at the edge or in the form of icebergs. If precipitation, surface processes and ice loss at the edge balance each other, sea level remains the same. However scientists have found that ice is being lost, and at an accelerating rate. Ocean heating: There has been an increase in ocean heat content during recent decades as the oceans absorb most of the excess heat created by human-induced global warming. The oceans store more than 90% of the extra heat added to Earth's climate system by climate change and act as a buffer against its effects. The amount of heat needed to increase average temperature of the entire world ocean by 0.01 °C (0.018 °F) would increase atmospheric temperature by approximately 10 °C (18 °F): a small change in the mean temperature of the ocean represents a very large change in the total heat content of the climate system. When the ocean gains heat, the water expands and sea level rises. The amount of expansion varies with both water temperature and pressure. For each degree, warmer water and water under great pressure (due to depth) expand more than cooler water and water under less pressure : 1161 Consequently cold Arctic Ocean water will expand less than warm tropical water. Because different climate models present slightly different patterns of ocean heating, their predictions do not agree fully on the contribution of ocean heating to SLR. Heat gets transported into deeper parts of the ocean by winds and currents, and some of it reaches depths of more than 2,000 m (6,600 ft). Antarctic ice loss: The large volume of ice on the Antarctic continent stores around 70% of the world's fresh water. There is constant ice discharge along the periphery, yet also constant accumulation of snow atop the ice sheet: together, these processes form Antarctic ice sheet mass balance. Warming increases melting at the base of the ice sheet, but it is likely to increase snowfall, helping offset the periphery melt even if greater weight on the surface also accelerates ice flow into the ocean. While snowfall increased over the last two centuries, no increase was found in the interior of Antarctica over the last four decades. Further, sea ice, particularly in the form of ice shelves, blocks warmer waters around the continent from coming into direct contact with the ice sheet, so any loss of ice shelves substantially increases melt raises and instability. The Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica's largest, is about the size of France and up to several hundred metres thick. Different satellite methods for measuring ice mass and change are in good agreement, and combining methods leads to more certainty about how the East Antarctic Ice Sheet, the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, and the Antarctic Peninsula evolve. A 2018 systematic review study estimated that the average annual ice loss across the entire continent was 43 gigatons (Gt) during the period from 1992 to 2002, acceletating to an annual average of 220 Gt from 2012 to 2017.[85] The sea level rise due to Antarctica has been estimated to be 0.25 mm per year from 1993 to 2005, and 0.42 mm per year from 2005 to 2015, although there are significant year-to-year variations. In 2021, limiting global warming to 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) was projected to reduce all land ice contribution to sea level rise by 2100 from 25 cm to 13 cm (from 10 to 6 in.) compared to current mitigation pledges, with mountain glaciers responsible for half the sea level rise contribution,[86] and the fate of Antarctica the source of the largest uncertainty.[86] By 2019, several studies have attempted to estimate 2300 sea level rise caused by ice loss in Antarctica alone: they suggest 16 cm (6+1⁄2 in) median and 37 cm (14+1⁄2 in) maximum values under the low-emission scenario but a median of 1.46 m (5 ft) metres (with a minimum of 60 cm (2 ft) and a maximum of 2.89 m (9+1⁄2 ft)) under the highest-emission scenario. East Antarctica: The world's largest potential source of sea level rise is the East Antarctic Ice Sheet (EAIS). It holds enough ice to raise global sea levels by 53.3 m (174 ft 10 in)[87] Historically, it was less studied than the West Antarctica as it had been considered relatively stable, an impression that was backed up by satellite observations and modelling of its surface mass balance. However, a 2019 study employed different methodology and concluded that East Antarctica is already losing ice mass overall. All methods agree that the Totten Glacier has lost ice in recent decades in response to ocean warming and possibly a reduction in local sea ice cover. Totten Glacier is the primary outlet of the Aurora Subglacial Basin, a major ice reservoir in East Antarctica that could rapidly retreat due to hydrological processes. The global sea level potential of 3.5 m (11 ft 6 in) flowing through Totten Glacier alone is of similar magnitude to the entire probable contribution of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. The other major ice reservoir on East Antarctica that might rapidly retreat is the Wilkes Basin which is subject to marine ice sheet instability. Ice loss from these outlet glaciers is possibly compensated by accumulation gains in other parts of Antarctica. In 2022, it was estimated that the Wilkes Basin, Aurora Basin and other nearby subglacial basins are likely to have a collective tipping point around 3 °C (5.4 °F) of global warming, although it may be as high as 6 °C (11 °F), or as low as 2 °C (3.6 °F). Once this tipping point is crossed, the collapse of these subglacial basins could take place as little as 500 or as much as 10,000 years: the median timeline is 2000 years. On the other hand, the entirety of the EAIS would not be committed to collapse until global warming reaches 7.5 °C (13.5 °F) (range between 5 °C (9.0 °F) and 10 °C (18 °F)), and would take at least 10,000 years to disappear.[92][93] It is also suggested that the loss of two-thirds of its volume may require at least 6 °C (11 °F) of warming. West Antarctica: Even though East Antarctica contains the largest potential source of sea level rise, West Antarctica ice sheet (WAIS) is substantially more vulnerable. In contrast to East Antarctica and the Antarctic Peninsula, temperatures on West Antarctica have increased significantly with a trend between 0.08 °C (0.14 °F) per decade and 0.96 °C (1.73 °F) per decade between 1976 and 2012. Consequently, satellite observations recorded a substantial increase in WAIS melting from 1992 to 2017, resulting in 7.6 ± 3.9 mm (19⁄64 ± 5⁄32 in) of Antarctica sea level rise, with a disproportionate role played by outflow glaciers in the Amundsen Sea Embayment. In 2021, AR6 estimated that while the median increase in sea level rise from the West Antarctic ice sheet melt by 2100 is ~11 cm (5 in) under all emission scenarios (since the increased warming would intensify the water cycle and increase snowfall accumulation over the ice sheet at about the same rate as it would increase ice loss), it can conceivably contribute as much as 41 cm (16 in) by 2100 under the low-emission scenario and 57 cm (22 in) under the highest-emission one. This is because WAIS is vulnerable to several types of instability whose role remains difficult to model. These include hydrofracturing (meltwater collecting atop the ice sheet pools into fractures and forces them open), increased contact of warm ocean water with ice shelves due to climate-change induced ocean circulation changes, marine ice sheet instability (warm water entering between the seafloor and the base of the ice sheet once it is no longer heavy enough to displace the flow, causing accelerated melting and collapse) and even marine ice cliff instability (ice cliffs with heights greater than 100 m (330 ft) collapsing under their own weight once they are no longer buttressed by ice shelves). These processes do not have equal influence and are not all equally likely to happen: for instance, marine ice cliff instability has never been observed and was ruled out by some of the more detailed modelling. Thwaites Glacier, with its vulnerable bedrock topography visible.
The Thwaites and Pine Island glaciers are considered the most prone to ice sheet instability processes. Both glaciers' bedrock topography gets deeper farther inland, exposing them to more warm water intrusion into the grounding zone. Their contribution to global sea levels has already accelerated since the beginning of the 21st century, with the Thwaites Glacier now amounting to 4% of the global sea level rise. At the end of 2021, it was estimated that the Thwaites Ice Shelf can collapse in three to five years, which would then make the destabilization of the entire Thwaites glacier inevitable. The Thwaites glacier itself will cause a rise of sea level by 65 cm (25+1⁄2 in) if it will completely collapse,[107][102] although this process is estimated to unfold over several centuries. Since most of the bedrock underlying the West Antarctic Ice Sheet lies well below sea level, it is currently buttressed by Thwaites and Pine Island Glaciers, meaning that their loss would likely destabilize the entire ice sheet.[38][108] This possibility was first proposed back in the 1970s,[37] when a 1978 study predicted that anthropogenic CO2 emissions doubling by 2050 would cause 5 m (15 ft) of SLR from the rapid WAIS loss alone. Since then, improved modelling concluded that the ice within WAIS would raise the sea level by 3.3 m (10 ft 10 in). In 2022, the collapse of the entire West Antarctica was estimated to unfold over a period of about 2000 years, with the absolute minimum of 500 years (and a potential maximum of 13,000 years). At the same time, this collapse was considered likely to be triggered at around 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) of global warming and would become unavoidable at 3 °C (5.4 °F). At worst, it may have even been triggered already: subsequent (2023) research had made that possibility more likely, suggesting that the temperatures in the Amundsen Sea are likely to increase at triple the historical rate even with low or "medium" atmospheric warming and even faster with high warming. Without unexpected strong negative feedbacks emerging, the collapse of the ice sheet would become inevitable. While it would take a very long time from start to end for the ice sheet to disappear, it has been suggested that the only way to stop it once triggered is by lowering the global temperature to 1 °C (1.8 °F) below the preindustrial level; i.e. 2 °C (3.6 °F) below the temperature of 2020. Other researchers suggested that a climate engineering intervention aiming to stabilize the ice sheet's glaciers may delay its loss by centuries and give more time to adapt, although it's an uncertain proposal, and would necessarily end up as one of the most expensive projects ever attempted by humanity. Greenland ice sheet loss: Greenland 2007 melt, measured as the difference between the number of days on which melting occurred in 2007 compared to the average annual melting days from 1988 to 2006. Most ice on Greenland is part of the Greenland ice sheet which is 3 km (10,000 ft) at its thickest. Other Greenland ice forms isolated glaciers and ice caps. The sources contributing to sea level rise from Greenland are from ice sheet melting (70%) and from glacier calving (30%). Average annual ice loss in Greenland more than doubled in the early 21st century compared to the 20th century,[117] and there was a corresponding increase in SLR contribution from 0.07 mm per year between 1992 and 1997 to 0.68 mm per year between 2012 and 2017. Total ice loss from the Greenland Ice Sheet between 1992 and 2018 amounted to 3,902 gigatons (Gt) of ice, which is equivalent to the SLR of 10.8 mm.[118] The contribution for the 2012–2016 period was equivalent to 37% of sea level rise from land ice sources (excluding thermal expansion).[119] This rate of ice sheet melting is also associated with the higher end of predictions from the past IPCC assessment reports. In 2021, AR6 estimated that under the SSP1-2.6 emission scenario which largely fulfils the Paris Agreement goals, Greenland ice sheet melt adds around 6 cm (2+1⁄2 in) to global sea level rise by the end of the century, with a plausible maximum of 15 cm (6 in) (and even a very small chance of the ice sheet reducing the sea levels by around 2 cm (1 in) due to gaining mass through surface mass balance feedback). The scenario associated with the highest global warming, SSP5-8.5, would see Greenland add a minimum of 5 cm (2 in) to sea level rise, a likely median of 13 cm (5 in) cm and a plausible maximum of 23 cm (9 in). Certain parts of the Greenland ice sheet are already known to be committed to unstoppable sea level rise. Greenland's peripheral glaciers and ice caps crossed an irreversible tipping point around 1997, and will continue to melt. A subsequent study had found that the climate of the past 20 years (2000–2019) would already result of the loss of ~3.3% volume in this manner in the future, committing the ice sheet to an eventual 27 cm (10+1⁄2 in) of SLR, independent of any future temperature change.[126] There is also a global warming threshold beyond which a near-complete melting of the Greenland ice sheet occurs. Earlier research has put this threshold value as low as 1 °C (1.8 °F), and definitely no higher than 4 °C (7.2 °F) above pre-industrial temperatures.[128][26]: 1170 A 2021 analysis of sub-glacial sediment at the bottom of a 1.4 km Greenland ice core finds that the Greenland ice sheet melted away at least once during the last million years, even though the temperatures have never been higher than 2.5 °C (4.5 °F) greater than today over that period.[129][130] In 2022, it was estimated that the tipping point of the Greenland Ice Sheet may have been as low as 0.8 °C (1.4 °F) and is certainly no higher than 3 °C (5.4 °F) : there is a high chance that it will be crossed around 1.5 °C (2.7 °F). Once crossed, it would take between 1000 and 15,000 years for the ice sheet to disintegrate entirely, with the most likely estimate of 10,000 years. Mountain glacier loss: Based on national pledges to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, global mean temperature is projected to increase by 2.7 °C (4.9 °F), which would cause loss of about half of Earth's glaciers by 2100—causing a sea level rise of 115±40 millimeters. There are roughly 200,000 glaciers on Earth, which are spread out across all continents. Less than 1% of glacier ice is in mountain glaciers, compared to 99% in Greenland and Antarctica. However, this small size also makes mountain glaciers more vulnerable to melting than the larger ice sheets. This means they have had a disproportionate contribution to historical sea level rise and are set to contribute a smaller, but still significant fraction of sea level rise in the 21st century. Observational and modelling studies of mass loss from glaciers and ice caps indicate a contribution to sea level rise of 0.2-0.4 mm per year, averaged over the 20th century. The contribution for the 2012–2016 period was nearly as large as that of Greenland: 0.63 mm of sea level rise per year, equivalent to 34% of sea level rise from land ice sources. Glaciers contributed around 40% to sea level rise during the 20th century, with estimates for the 21st century of around 30%.[4] The IPCC Fifth Assessment Report estimated that glaciers contributing 7–24 cm (3–9+1⁄2 in) to global sea levels: 1165 . In 2023, a Science paper estimated that at 1.5 °C (2.7 °F), one quarter of mountain glacier mass would be lost by 2100 and nearly half would be lost at 4 °C (7.2 °F), contributing ~9 cm (3+1⁄2 in) and ~15 cm (6 in) to sea level rise, respectively. Because glacier mass is disproportionately concentrated in the most resilient glaciers, this would in practice remove between 49% and 83% of glacier formations. It had further estimated that the current likely trajectory of 2.7 °C (4.9 °F) would result in the SLR contribution of ~11 cm (4+1⁄2 in) by 2100. Mountain glaciers are even more vulnerable over the longer term. In 2022, another Science paper estimated that almost no mountain glaciers can be expected to survive once the warming crosses 2 °C (3.6 °F), and their complete loss largely inevitable around 3 °C (5.4 °F): there is even a possibility of complete loss after 2100 at just 1.5 °C (2.7 °F). This could happen as early as 50 years after the tipping point is crossed, although 200 years is the most likely value, and the maximum is around 1000 years. Sea ice loss: Sea ice loss contributes very slightly to global sea level rise. If the melt water from ice floating in the sea was exactly the same as sea water then, according to Archimedes' principle, no rise would occur. However melted sea ice contains less dissolved salt than sea water and is therefore less dense, with a slightly greater volume per unit of mass. If all floating ice shelves and icebergs were to melt sea level would only rise by about 4 cm (1+1⁄2 in). Changes to land water storage: Human activity impacts how much water is stored on land. Dams retain large quantities of water, which is stored on land rather than flowing into the sea (even though the total quantity stored will vary somewhat from time to time). On the other hand, humans extract water from lakes, wetlands and underground reservoirs for food production, which often causes subsidence. Furthermore, the hydrological cycle is influenced by climate change and deforestation, which can lead to further positive and negative contributions to sea level rise. In the 20th century, these processes roughly balanced, but dam building has slowed down and is expected to stay low for the 21st century: 1155 . Water redistribution caused by irrigation from 1993 to 2010 caused a drift of Earth's rotational pole by 78.48 centimetres (30.90 in), causing an amount of groundwater depletion equivalent to a global sea level rise of 6.24 millimetres (0.246 in). Impacts: High tide flooding, also called tidal flooding, has become much more common in the past seven decades.[ The impacts of sea level rise include higher and more frequent high-tide and storm-surge flooding, increased coastal erosion, inhibition of primary production processes, more extensive coastal inundation, along with changes in surface water quality and groundwater. These can lead to a greater loss of property and coastal habitats, loss of life during floods and loss of cultural resources. Agriculture and aquaculture can also be impacted. There can also be loss of tourism, recreation, and transport related functions.[10]: 356 Coastal flooding impacts are exacerbated by land use changes such as urbanisation or deforestation of low-lying coastal zones. Regions that are already vulnerable to the rising sea level also struggle with coastal flooding washing away land and altering the landscape.
Because the projected extent of sea level rise by 2050 will be only slightly affected by any changes in emissions,[5] there is confidence that 2050 levels of SLR combined with the 2010 population distribution (i.e. absent the effects of population growth and human migration) would result in ~150 million people under the water line during high tide and ~300 million in places which are flooded every year—an increase of 40 and 50 million people relative to 2010 values for the same.[13][141] By 2100, there would be another 40 million people under the water line during high tide if sea level rise remains low, and 80 million for a high estimate of the median sea level rise.[13] If ice sheet processes under the highest emission scenario result in sea level rise of well over one metre (3+1⁄4 ft) by 2100, with a chance of levels over two metres (6+1⁄2 ft),[16][6]: TS-45 then as many as 520 million additional people would end up under the water line during high tide and 640 million in places which are flooded every year, when compared to the 2010 population distribution.
Major cities threatened by sea level rise. The cities indicated are under threat of even a small sea level rise (of 1.6 feet/49 cm) compared to the level in 2010. Even moderate projections indicate that such a rise will have occurred by 2060.[142][143]
Over the longer term, coastal areas are particularly vulnerable to rising sea levels, changes in the frequency and intensity of storms, increased precipitation, and rising ocean temperatures. Ten percent of the world's population live in coastal areas that are less than 10 metres (33 ft) above sea level. Furthermore, two-thirds of the world's cities with over five million people are located in these low-lying coastal areas.[144] In total, approximately 600 million people live directly on the coast around the world.[145] Cities such as Miami, Rio de Janeiro, Osaka and Shanghai will be especially vulnerable later in the century under the warming of 3 °C (5.4 °F), which is close to the current trajectory.[12][36] Altogether, LiDAR-based research had established in 2021 that 267 million people worldwide lived on land less than 2 m (6+1⁄2 ft) above sea level and that with a 1 m (3+1⁄2 ft) sea level rise and zero population growth, that number could increase to 410 million people. Even populations who live further inland may be impacted by a potential disruption of sea trade, and by migrations. In 2023, United Nations secretary general António Guterres warned that sea level rises risk causing human migrations on a "biblical scale". Sea level rise will inevitably affect ports, but the current research into this subject is limited. Not enough is known about the investments required to protect the ports currently in use, and for how they may be protected before it becomes more reasonable to build new port facilities elsewhere. Moreover, some coastal regions are rich agricultural lands, whose loss to the sea can result in food shortages elsewhere. This is a particularly acute issue for river deltas such as Nile Delta in Egypt and Red River and Mekong Deltas in Vietnam, which are disproportionately affected by saltwater intrusion into the soil and irrigation water. Ecosystems:
When seawater reaches inland, coastal plants, birds, and freshwater/estuarine fish are threatened with habitat loss due to flooding and soil/water salinization.[153] So-called ghost forests emerge when coastal forest areas become inundated with saltwater to the point no trees can survive. Starting around 2050, some nesting sites in Florida, Cuba, Ecuador and the island of Sint Eustatius for leatherback, loggerhead, hawksbill, green and olive ridley turtles are expected to be flooded, and the proportion would only increase over time. And in 2016, Bramble Cay islet in the Great Barrier Reef was inundated, flooding the habitat of a rodent named Bramble Cay melomys.[157] In 2019, it was officially declared extinct. While some ecosystems can move land inward with the high-water mark, many are prevented from migrating due to natural or artificial barriers. This coastal narrowing, sometimes called 'coastal squeeze' when considering human-made barriers, could result in the loss of habitats such as mudflats and tidal marshes. Mangrove ecosystems on the mudflats of tropical coasts nurture high biodiversity, yet they are particularly vulnerable due to mangrove plants' reliance on breathing roots or pneumatophores, which might grow to be half a metre tall.[ While mangroves can adjust to rising sea levels by migrating inland and building vertically using accumulated sediment and organic matter, they will be submerged if the rate is too rapid, resulting in the loss of an ecosystem. Both mangroves and tidal marshes protect against storm surges, waves and tsunamis, so their loss makes the effects of sea level rise worse. Human activities, such as dam building, may restrict sediment supplies to wetlands, and thereby prevent natural adaptation processes. The loss of some tidal marshes is unavoidable as a consequence. Likewise, corals, important for bird and fish life, need to grow vertically to remain close to the sea surface in order to get enough energy from sunlight. The corals have so far been able to keep up the vertical growth with the rising seas, but might not be able to do so in the future.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_level_rise
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_level_drop
Tidal range is the difference in height between high tide and low tide. Tides are the rise and fall of sea levels caused by gravitational forces exerted by the Moon and Sun, by Earth's rotation and by centrifugal force caused by Earth's progression around the Earth-Moon barycenter. Tidal range depends on time and location. Larger tidal range occur during spring tides (spring range), when the gravitational forces of both the Moon and Sun are aligned (at syzygy), reinforcing each other in the same direction (new moon) or in opposite directions (full moon). The largest annual tidal range can be expected around the time of the equinox if it coincides with a spring tide. Spring tides occur at the second and fourth (last) quarters of the lunar phases. By contrast, during neap tides, when the Moon and Sun's gravitational force vectors act in quadrature (making a right angle to the Earth's orbit), the difference between high and low tides (neap range) is smallest. Neap tides occur at the first and third quarters of the lunar phases. Tidal data for coastal areas is published by national hydrographic offices. The data is based on astronomical phenomena and is predictable. Sustained storm-force winds blowing from one direction combined with low barometric pressure can increase the tidal range, particularly in narrow bays. Such weather-related effects on the tide can cause ranges in excess of predicted values and can cause localized flooding. These weather-related effects are not calculable in advance. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_range
Autumn in the Pacific Northwest, as well as in other areas, has seem to have arrived late this year. Finally, towards the middle part of october, the fall colors are starting to show and other places, and the beautiful cities parks. I remember this time last year the falll colors were just about done, so it's beautiful to be out and about early in the morning among the mist and among the cool and comforting fall air. This is such a beautiful time of year I'll tell you, and if this year's fall colors aren't as impressive as last year's or the years' before, then that's okay.
Photo of the Spokane River captured via Minolta Maxxum AF Zoom 70-210mm F/4 "Beer Can" Lens. Spokane Indian Reservation. Selkirk Mountains Range. Okanogan-Colville Xeric Valleys and Foothills section within the Northern Rockies Region. Inland Northwest. Stevens / Lincoln Counties, Washington. Late October 2022
Exposure Time: 1/5 sec. * ISO Speed: ISO-100 * Aperture: F/11 * Bracketing: None * Color Temperature: 6000 K ** Color Grading: Autumn Forest LUT 03