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Only instance of the I-15/US-89 concurrency being signed on mainline I-15 between Farmington and Bountiful.
Quickly Instances The Tv set Collection My Brother The Automobile (1986)
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Right after a long time of cat and mouse among these Office lovebirds, the two have been observed satisfied and settled with their loved ones as the collection wrapped its ninth and ultimate year this earlier Could. Right after possessing an cute crush on his best friend for the very first handful of seasons, Jim ultimately managed to get Pam to be his girlfriend, than fiance, then child mama and ultimately wife. The really like driving these two is, effectively, straightforward to really like. Theyre just so sweet. Shippers came up with the pair identify of Jam you cant get sweeter than that.
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THE IMMATERIALISM
Curator: Fabrizio Lollini
Artist: Rothko
About twenty years ago, a great historian of art, Michael Baxandall, wrote a fundamental book for the methodology of the studies, Patterns of Intention, in which, on the basis of a series of principles, he proposes an “inferential criticism” based on nature and fundamental affirmations that we support when we analyze a work of art. That is to say, “If we think or speak of a picture as, among other things, the product of situated volition or intention, what is it that we are doing?” He analyzes, for instance, the expectations that we have towards the work of art as bearer of the formal values of the period (How can we know them? What value they assume for us? How can we be sure that the public is aware of them?) He studies the relationships between the artist and his potential target, the artist and his colleagues, the artist and his client (Did they use common communicational codes? So then, how can we explain the changing of the taste during history? When we speak about “stylistic influence” what do we mean exactly?) Or, again, the relationship between the work of art and the scientific (or philosophical and economical) theories of its period (How can we affirm that the artistic product mirrors them, and if this reflection is intentional or not?)
All this, taking on Baxandall’s previous studies, is made more complicated from the fact that in order to express any critical judgment, we use a language that is not the one of the work of art, that is to say it’s not the visual or sensorial one. Rather, it is the cultural one, which belongs to the written language and bases itself on its own structures that change throughout time.
In the previously quoted text, the critical effort is displayed in four examples, which are different
for technical typology and periods: an iron bridge, the scotch Fort Bridge; Picasso’s Portrait of Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler; Chardin’s A Lady Taking Tea; and Piero della Francesca’s Baptism of Christ.
The chronological order is not respected, because the matter of method, though applied to different objects, must respect a formal rigour that transcends the specificity of the singular case (however bearing it in our mind).
Apart from that, and from some other few anomalous cases of methodological consciousness, especially in the phenomenological sphere, what would happen if the mental forms of contemporary art history were applied to the concrete production of exhibition catalogues, monographic studies or other scientific occasions, to medieval art? Or vice versa? If we read the Renaissance, as the manuals or the students of art history usually do, as “avant-garde” in the modern twentieth-century sense of the term, we will not understand neither its importance, nor its ways of diffusion, nor even the influences on (and from) the client’s taste.
The mimetic distance from the visual reality that an impressionist, or a futurist, or even a landscapist puts in his works, cannot be measured, neither on the basis of motivation nor on material ways, similar to the iconic allusiveness of Byzantine art. There is a feeling of the loss of references in metaphysical art, for instance, like how we feel when we look at Duchamp’s pissoir or bottle dryer, but also at a steady filming of a skyscraper.
Could this be possible in the art of the fourteenth century? The famous pipe, perfectly mimetic, doesn’t aim to be what it is, as the man of an Irish miniaturist of the early Middle Ages pretends to be what he is not, that is to say a material and recognizable reality.
The examples could be numerous.
Most contemporary critics base themselves on the outpouring of known facts regarding the author of the work of art seen in the work itself. From Picasso to Warhol to Haring we have a large documentation, which has built a sort of a daily agenda. But if we go back to the past ages where the information is fewer this agenda we are less likely to find. Hasn’t Cimabue only been a phase of Italian Art for the Anglo-Saxon world, losing a specific argumentum ad personam? (Not by chance, of his 50-year long activity as an artist we know only two concrete facts, as archival data). So, when we have a scheme of interpretation so lacking in details do we need to eliminate in the critical process the need to turn to biographic analysis? Yet, we are still attached to
the idea of genius and formal independence, especially in periods when the artist is quite far from contemporary representation. Some interpretations of medieval production as craftsmen clashed with the fondness for a history of art made of people, as we have been taught by Vasari: Yes, Antelami and Giotto are in fact multiple productive entities, but they are also – and they must be – identifiable as characters of an absolute level.
The idea of materiality opposed to the one of immateriality is not a key of interpretation exclusively based on the present age. Of course, the “immaterial values” that Bacon expresses with material choices in his manner of painting, in relation to the support constituted by the canvas, don’t follow the same of Titian.
Today, when with a plastic card pretending to be money (immaterial money) we buy two letters pretending to be a pair of jeans, or underwear, this doesn’t have a direct parallel to the Middle Ages, even if the signatures of Calvin Klein and Giotto have something in common. They express an immaterial value of quality with reference to the physicality of the object.
We don’t know what Piero della Francesca was thinking concerning the concrete values of his media, in his projects, perceptively rationalizing spaces and shapes. Sometimes we have the impression that he would gladly give up his tables, lime, and chalk if he had available realities that today we would define as more “virtual” (He could be thought as the remote patron of the supporters of Photoshop and AutoCAD).
While we all know very well Bill Viola’s theoretical speculations about technical devices able to overpass the instant temporality, in order to enter a tradition, that is, in the majority of the cases, deliberately and deeply “classic”.
Early on, Petrarch made a distinction between the learned elite and the uneducated public, between the expectations of the ones “who know” and the simpler ones “who don’t,” the stifling nature of ignorant evaluations like “Ah…look! What a nice painting! It seems like a picture!” and, “Look at this nice picture, it really seems like a painting!” always exist, and constitute the basis of a fundamental matter of art history.
From ancient Greek painters on, from Apelle‘s flowers and fruits, which seem so real that the birds crash into the wall in order to pick them up, some of the principles of evaluation have always been how far is the work of art from the reality that it portrays or suggests, if this distance is consciously achieved, or, vice versa, unintentional and not perceived and, finally, if it is permissible to see in the painting, or sculpture, something different from what materially we see.
In this way, without having any claim to offer a homogenous and coherent key of interpretation, or to be particularly original, it could be useful to have a look at some facts of the history of non-contemporary art regarding some ways to look beyond the materiality of the work of art. To show determinate objects, so it doesn’t count as an historical introduction, a sort of “history of art according to us,” but rather as a playful critical hint to highlight the critical course.
If we speak exactly about feeling of a loss of references, why we don ‘t remind ourselves of the scene in which Giotto, at the end of the thirteenth century, places the viewer from the “wrong side” with reference to the common senses? If we speak of “avant-garde”,
why don’t we call back the examples of conscious self-affirmations of the artist, as in Lanfranco’s, Wigelmo’s or Antelami’s eulogies in Northern Italy between the end of the eleventh and the beginning of the thirteenth century?
When we speak about “iconicity” in today’s art production, and nowadays we abuse this concept without having completely understood it, maybe it is better to keep in our mind a concrete example of Byzantine painting, and of the ways of its mental and visual fruition.
One of the biggest masterpieces of the Italian Renaissance is Piero della Francesca’s Legend of the True Cross, in the church of San Francesco in Arezzo.
As we know, the protagonist of the paintings is the sacred wood: born from Adam’s mouth, recognized by the queen of Sheba, hidden by Solomon, collected and employed to crucify the Savior, brought to light from Elena, mother of Constantine, and became the symbol of the new faith and the Christianization of the Roman Empire.
This is an event that is repeated and evocated through many other periods, whose main point is a common material that becomes extraordinary because it constitutes the physical object on which the death of God as human, the theological absolute reality of the foundation of Christianity, is carried out.
This is the only aim of the history.
But there is no crucifixion scene, it is a stage that is skipped, only physically recalled from the painted wooden cross placed on the altar, mentally perceived as the immaterial entity that this pictorial cycle has determined.
official web site: www.nybiennaleart.org/
official blog: nybiennaleart.blogspot.com/
This is one of the instances were color calibration seems necessary. The peppers were deep red and looked very tasty on my workstation screen while they look unappetizing and bland on my MBP and on other computers. I guess some hardware calibration is next on my gadget buying list.
Das ist einer der Fälle in denen Kalibration notwendig wäre. Die Pepperoni sahen auf meinem Desktop daheim tiefrot und sehr lecker aus, wirken auf meinem MBP und anderen Computern aber unappetitlich und fade. Da wird wohl in Kürze mal eine Hardwarekalibration auf der Einkaufsliste stehen.
Another instance of being stranded out somewhere well after dark because I stayed out to shoot a sunset. I realized about 30 minutes after the sun went down that I had at least an hour walk back to the car, and the problem with that was that I didn’t exactly know where the trail that would take me up to the car was.
In lieu of making this a bad situation, and with the glow of San Diego in the distance, I decided to take the oppotunity to capture the far off city, and the stars that hung in the sky. Oh, and I did find the trail, but not after walking about a third of the way up the wrong trail and realizing that I didn’t recognize parts of the trail that I should. I made it home before midnight
For those of you slightly more interested in the technical side, I’ll be adding this information a little more often. You can always see what gear I’m using in my Gear Bag.
Nikon D7000
20mm
f4.2
ISO125
30sec
There are differences between US coins. For instance, the quarter is larger than the dime, which is smaller than the nickel, which is larger than the penny, which is a completely useless unit of currency. Sometimes pennies can be made larger by placing them on railroad tracks. But that's not enough! A train then has to roll over the penny without either knocking it off the track, or derailing itself and causing unforeseen carnage and possibly mayhem. Also, the resultant stretching of Lincoln's portrait makes him look like a Conehead.
During the late 20th Century, the people who make quarters (the Federation? the US Mint? elves?) began issuing commemorative designs, one for each of the 50¹ states in the union. They started with the whiniest state, Delaware, whose commemorative coin features a man, a horse, and the state's Internet motto: "First!"
Meanwhile, other nations of the world have differentiated their units of currency in more inventive ways. Though the Australian $1 coin is similar in size to both the 10-cent and 20-cent pieces, the dollar coin tastes like beer. And the coins of the E.U. are easily identified by the number of dimensions they inhabit. The 1-cent piece is one-dimensional, the 2-cent piece two-dimensional, etc., continuing up to the 2-euro piece, which is eight-dimensional. No one likes using it, because of the Red Lectroid issue.
¹ the actual number of states is unknown, but 50 sounds fairly impressive, and not just made up.²
² the number of commemorative coin designs in the 50 States program is, at the time of this writing, 56! I kind of wish I were making that up.
More than in many other instances, I feel uncomfortable with the normal process of displaying pictures of art as happening outside of the context in which they are seen, when that context is Bombay Beach. After driving south on CA-111 across barren desert, with the Salton Sea on the left (bottom here), the seemingly desolate and largely abandoned grid that is the town of Bombay Beach, looks hopeless (and it was when I first saw it 20+ years ago.) In the 1950’s, when there was an assumption that the Salton Sea would be a playground/water ski/sport fishing destination, the town’s mobile homes (trailers) were a destination for fun and relaxation, but the fickleness of the Salton Sea crashed those holiday dreams long ago. The town now looks like home for survivalists, vagabonds, innovators, and down-on-their-luck folk, inhabiting trailers from the 50’s and 60’s interspersed among the remains of other trailers that have been vandalized or are simply settling into piles of rotted wood and rusted metal. And, complementing it all, increasingly a location for art that provides insightful interpretations of that past…..
Thanks to Google (satellite) maps for this shot. While there are exhibits within the grid that defines the historic limits of Bombay Beach, the art in the accompanying pictures are on the ever-disappearing coast of the Salton Sea, in the numbered locations on the map (this intro map will be referenced in pictures of the art).
For instance, if parents are addicted to smoking and drinking, their children may copy the bad habit from them. Moreover, maybe as a result of loving blindly, parents tend to look but fail to see their children's fault, which actually gives rise to their children's rebelliousness and disobedience.
Get more details from my blog.
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Another instance of trailing action due to signal and inter-locking failure!! Here lies 12488 (ANVT-JBN) Seemanchal Express trailing behind us !! I was expecting it to overtake us enroute onwards Delhi but the over-take did not occur !!
Le Chat domestique (Felis silvestris catus) est la sous-espèce issue de la domestication du Chat sauvage, mammifère carnivore de la famille des Félidés.
Il est l’un des principaux animaux de compagnie et compte aujourd’hui une cinquantaine de races différentes reconnues par les instances de certification. Dans de très nombreux pays, le chat entre dans le cadre de la législation sur les carnivores domestiques à l’instar du chien et du furet. Essentiellement territorial, le chat est un prédateur de petites proies comme les rongeurs ou les oiseaux. Les chats ont diverses vocalisations dont les ronronnements, les miaulements, les feulements ou les grognements, bien qu’ils communiquent principalement par des positions faciales et corporelles et des phéromones.
Selon les résultats de travaux menés en 2006 et 20071, le chat domestique est une sous-espèce du chat sauvage (Felis silvestris) issue d’ancêtres appartenant à la sous-espèce du chat sauvage d’Afrique (Felis silvestris lybica). Les premières domestications auraient eu lieu il y a 8 000 à 10 000 ans au Néolithique dans le Croissant fertile, époque correspondant au début de la culture de céréales et à l’engrangement de réserves susceptibles d’être attaquées par des rongeurs, le chat devenant alors pour l’Homme un auxiliaire utile se prêtant à la domestication.
Tout d’abord vénéré par les Égyptiens, il fut diabolisé en Europe au Moyen Âge et ne retrouva ses lettres de noblesse qu’au XVIIIe siècle. En Asie, le chat reste synonyme de chance, de richesse ou de longévité. Ce félin a laissé son empreinte dans la culture populaire et artistique, tant au travers d’expressions populaires que de représentations diverses au sein de la littérature, de la peinture ou encore de la musique.
The cat (Felis catus) is a domestic species of small carnivorous mammal. It is the only domesticated species in the family Felidae and is often referred to as the domestic cat to distinguish it from the wild members of the family. A cat can either be a house cat, a farm cat or a feral cat; the latter ranges freely and avoids human contact. Domestic cats are valued by humans for companionship and their ability to hunt pests such as rodents. About 60 cat breeds are recognized by various cat registries.
The cat is similar in anatomy to the other felid species: it has a strong flexible body, quick reflexes, sharp teeth and retractable claws adapted to killing small prey. Its night vision and sense of smell are well developed. Cat communication includes vocalizations like meowing, purring, trilling, hissing, growling and grunting as well as cat-specific body language. It is a solitary hunter but a social species. It can hear sounds too faint or too high in frequency for human ears, such as those made by mice and other small mammals. It is a predator that is most active at dawn and dusk. It secretes and perceives pheromones.
Female domestic cats can have kittens from spring to late autumn, with litter sizes ranging from two to five kittens. Domestic cats are bred and shown at events as registered pedigreed cats, a hobby known as cat fancy. Failure to control breeding of pet cats by spaying and neutering, as well as abandonment of pets, resulted in large numbers of feral cats worldwide, contributing to the extinction of entire bird species and evoking population control.
Cats were first domesticated in the Near East around 7500 BC. It was long thought that cat domestication was initiated in Ancient Egypt, as since around 3100 BC veneration was given to cats in ancient Egypt
As of 2017, the domestic cat was the second-most popular pet in the United States by number of pets owned, after freshwater fish, with 95 million cats owned. In the United Kingdom, around 7.3 million cats lived in more than 4.8 million households as of 2019
Le Chat domestique (Felis silvestris catus) est la sous-espèce issue de la domestication du Chat sauvage, mammifère carnivore de la famille des Félidés.
Il est l’un des principaux animaux de compagnie et compte aujourd’hui une cinquantaine de races différentes reconnues par les instances de certification. Dans de très nombreux pays, le chat entre dans le cadre de la législation sur les carnivores domestiques à l’instar du chien et du furet. Essentiellement territorial, le chat est un prédateur de petites proies comme les rongeurs ou les oiseaux. Les chats ont diverses vocalisations dont les ronronnements, les miaulements, les feulements ou les grognements, bien qu’ils communiquent principalement par des positions faciales et corporelles et des phéromones.
Selon les résultats de travaux menés en 2006 et 20071, le chat domestique est une sous-espèce du chat sauvage (Felis silvestris) issue d’ancêtres appartenant à la sous-espèce du chat sauvage d’Afrique (Felis silvestris lybica). Les premières domestications auraient eu lieu il y a 8 000 à 10 000 ans au Néolithique dans le Croissant fertile, époque correspondant au début de la culture de céréales et à l’engrangement de réserves susceptibles d’être attaquées par des rongeurs, le chat devenant alors pour l’Homme un auxiliaire utile se prêtant à la domestication.
Tout d’abord vénéré par les Égyptiens, il fut diabolisé en Europe au Moyen Âge et ne retrouva ses lettres de noblesse qu’au XVIIIe siècle. En Asie, le chat reste synonyme de chance, de richesse ou de longévité. Ce félin a laissé son empreinte dans la culture populaire et artistique, tant au travers d’expressions populaires que de représentations diverses au sein de la littérature, de la peinture ou encore de la musique.
The cat (Felis catus) is a domestic species of small carnivorous mammal. It is the only domesticated species in the family Felidae and is often referred to as the domestic cat to distinguish it from the wild members of the family. A cat can either be a house cat, a farm cat or a feral cat; the latter ranges freely and avoids human contact. Domestic cats are valued by humans for companionship and their ability to hunt pests such as rodents. About 60 cat breeds are recognized by various cat registries.
The cat is similar in anatomy to the other felid species: it has a strong flexible body, quick reflexes, sharp teeth and retractable claws adapted to killing small prey. Its night vision and sense of smell are well developed. Cat communication includes vocalizations like meowing, purring, trilling, hissing, growling and grunting as well as cat-specific body language. It is a solitary hunter but a social species. It can hear sounds too faint or too high in frequency for human ears, such as those made by mice and other small mammals. It is a predator that is most active at dawn and dusk. It secretes and perceives pheromones.
Female domestic cats can have kittens from spring to late autumn, with litter sizes ranging from two to five kittens. Domestic cats are bred and shown at events as registered pedigreed cats, a hobby known as cat fancy. Failure to control breeding of pet cats by spaying and neutering, as well as abandonment of pets, resulted in large numbers of feral cats worldwide, contributing to the extinction of entire bird species and evoking population control.
Cats were first domesticated in the Near East around 7500 BC. It was long thought that cat domestication was initiated in Ancient Egypt, as since around 3100 BC veneration was given to cats in ancient Egypt
As of 2017, the domestic cat was the second-most popular pet in the United States by number of pets owned, after freshwater fish, with 95 million cats owned. In the United Kingdom, around 7.3 million cats lived in more than 4.8 million households as of 2019
This was the final instance of inspecting a potential scramble route that follows a bench below Dead Horse Point. I am looking at the biggest unknown of the route: access to the bench. This and other problems are described at the set level.
While I sat in the sun, Joe Tripod (my photographic assistant in the field) stood in the shadow, unconcerned with the route.
by Clint Burnham (Vancouver, Anvil Press, 1999) & "Franklin W.Dixon" (in this instance, James Duncan Lawrence; New York, Grosset & Dunlap, 1958).
i'd not intended to include this 37th Hardy Boys book in this project but its axmodental proximity to & pairing with Burnham's collection of "stories" proved fortuitous in its contrast of equally vacant opposites.
the Hardy Boys require no description. anyone who has been a child has had to endure the blandness of either these, Nancy Drew or the Bobbsey Twins. the best thing that can be said of them is that they provided the ground for Ted Mann's over-the-top parody The Hardy Boys Visit Nazi Germany in 3¢ Pulp magazine in the '7os. i suppose they're kinda okay for someone just learning to read (especially the later, revised versions, which all but eliminated multisyllabicism) but i wouldn't've wanted my kids to have to suffer them. for real adventure in children's reading, i still say that Dr.Seuss had the right idea: all-out constraint-based writing coupled with remented invention & anchored to a narrative one would call "straightforward" if it weren't so just plain weird (Oulipo For Kids).
Burnham's collection is execrable from the other end of the spectrum that has "good, clean, wholesome fun" at its Hardy Boys end. i fail to see the accomplishment in a literate person palming it off as an "ability" to write as though illiterate about other illiterates whose lives consist of, basically, nothingness. the people who populate these stories are the very ones one tries to avoid in real life: why would i want to read about them?
there's a huge difference between the down&out – & what is done with them – in, say, Charles Bukowski or Jean Genet (or even Irvine Welsh's romanticization of the socially useless (though i'd gladly toss him in the fire along with his books)) & the bland reportage Burnham pretends to. the only underlying theme here is one of emptiness, which seems better served by a half-inch space at the end of the B section in the paperback shelf.
For instance, his very first victim was a nurse who was secretly killing her patients. Then there was the psychiatrist who talked his patients into killing .Source: www.hotdvdset.com/DVDs/Downton-Abbey-Seasons-1-3-DVD-Box-...
Tribunal de grande instance de Paris, XVIIe arrondissement, Paris, France
High Court of Paris, Paris, France
Renzo Piano, architecte - architect
Construction: 2014-2018
Hauteur - Height: 160m
Another instance of turning around to see what is behind you..Whilst exploring the flagstaff to see what was happening I stopped to let some tourists past and this is the scene that greeted me..
The entrance to Port Macquarie harbour, with the sweep of sandy beach on the north shore leading to Point Plomer..Just another place I must put on my list to visit soon..beauty every where you look..
In this instance a grayscale image is necessary.
The ghastly impasse brought about by the contemporary architecture of St James's Hospital, featured in the far background, clashes too much with the ornate ones of Leeds Burial Ground and Thackray's Museum opposite.
Only a grayscale image helps to keep the focus on the older buildings.
The brain of the Instance system is placed in the center of Place Pasteur. This cubic server composed of strata of light comes alive to the rhythm of the data flows generated by the system itself. Facing Place Pasteur, the projection on the Saint-Jacques bell tower transmits the analyzes of digitization of the building realized by Instance to better understand its city. A section on the bell tower also shows the accumulation of the data of the participants who are identified in the capsule located on Place Pasteur. Following the planned update on 4 March, the Saint-Jacques belfry becomes a point of view of the human body. Instance displays the biometric results of its digitizations and analyzes carried out in the capsules. Due to a larger data flow, the main animation of the brain becomes more agitated. A capsule is present at the site to allow Instance to identify the participants.
Illuminart 2017, Festival MONTRÉAL EN LUMIÈRE, Québec.
Another instance of the entire fire dept coming to a nothing radio call involving anything BUT a fire. Backing up traffic, fucking everything up, absolutely no reason to have the fire dept here. (No cops and no ambulance. This was for a beat up, bloody homeless derelict pain in the ass) Marina Del Rey CA, Washington & Lincoln blvd
More Ben & Jerry's flavors over here. Crème Bruleé for instance. Thus combining two of my favorite desserts. Now if only there could be a scoop of chocolate mousse and some whipped cream with it.
Sitting outside near the pool, laptop playing "Year Zero" from Nine Inch Nails, enjoying the icecream. No need to run around from scenery to scenery to attraction to touristic viewpoint to shop to ... sometimes you just need to sit down for an hour and relax. Make plans for the evening : go downtown and shoot the financial buildings in the dark. Unfortunately it started raining an hour in, so we had to come back early. And to make matters worse, it hasn't stopped since. According to NBC news this kind of rainfall wasn't expected and could take a while. It's has been pouring down for over two hours now.
Sold
Margo Wolowiec
Instances (blue, pink, black) detail
Handwoven polyester, cotton, dye sublimation ink
42" x 58"
2013
I know that I tend to take a lot of photos of my wall, but in this instance I am doing it to show Iffat a decisive moment that I wanted to tell her about during class today. There was never the chance though as you will recall, when I was trying to start conversations with you, Michael was busy calling on me to answer questions to the class.
Anyway, this moment is from Barcelona, Spain. Kristen and I had maybe a day left together before she was going back to Rotterdam and I would be off to Madrid. We had been really bad at taking photo booth pictures throughout the trip, so we decided to do one there. In practically every metro stop, there would be a photo booth (as we later figured out, this is because people are always needing passport size photos taken).
So we are trying to figure out how we should pose for these pictures, and then Kristen just shook her head and said "Let's pretend we're having fun!!!" And this is the photo that printed out four times. Because they just use them for passport photos, so it makes sense to print the same pose four times, instead of taking four different shots like two Canadians having fun would expect.
We each have two, as you can see. Mine rests on my wall above my laptop. Kristen is an old lady and keeps hers in her wallet. You should ask to see it maybe if you ever meet her... (Friends & Family Night!)
----
Unrelated details would beguile me to tell you that the masking tape that says "ETHICS" is the label that was on my binder in third year when I took an Intro to Applied Ethics course. I keep it up there to keep myself moral.
The polaroid is actually the very first one that I ever took with the camera my friend Sherry gave me. It's the view out the window from my desk back in Aurora.
The cutout of an empty photo booth was found in some magazine a long time ago.
Le Chat domestique (Felis silvestris catus) est la sous-espèce issue de la domestication du Chat sauvage, mammifère carnivore de la famille des Félidés.
Il est l’un des principaux animaux de compagnie et compte aujourd’hui une cinquantaine de races différentes reconnues par les instances de certification. Dans de très nombreux pays, le chat entre dans le cadre de la législation sur les carnivores domestiques à l’instar du chien et du furet. Essentiellement territorial, le chat est un prédateur de petites proies comme les rongeurs ou les oiseaux. Les chats ont diverses vocalisations dont les ronronnements, les miaulements, les feulements ou les grognements, bien qu’ils communiquent principalement par des positions faciales et corporelles et des phéromones.
Selon les résultats de travaux menés en 2006 et 20071, le chat domestique est une sous-espèce du chat sauvage (Felis silvestris) issue d’ancêtres appartenant à la sous-espèce du chat sauvage d’Afrique (Felis silvestris lybica). Les premières domestications auraient eu lieu il y a 8 000 à 10 000 ans au Néolithique dans le Croissant fertile, époque correspondant au début de la culture de céréales et à l’engrangement de réserves susceptibles d’être attaquées par des rongeurs, le chat devenant alors pour l’Homme un auxiliaire utile se prêtant à la domestication.
Tout d’abord vénéré par les Égyptiens, il fut diabolisé en Europe au Moyen Âge et ne retrouva ses lettres de noblesse qu’au XVIIIe siècle. En Asie, le chat reste synonyme de chance, de richesse ou de longévité. Ce félin a laissé son empreinte dans la culture populaire et artistique, tant au travers d’expressions populaires que de représentations diverses au sein de la littérature, de la peinture ou encore de la musique.
The cat (Felis catus) is a domestic species of small carnivorous mammal. It is the only domesticated species in the family Felidae and is often referred to as the domestic cat to distinguish it from the wild members of the family. A cat can either be a house cat, a farm cat or a feral cat; the latter ranges freely and avoids human contact. Domestic cats are valued by humans for companionship and their ability to hunt pests such as rodents. About 60 cat breeds are recognized by various cat registries.
The cat is similar in anatomy to the other felid species: it has a strong flexible body, quick reflexes, sharp teeth and retractable claws adapted to killing small prey. Its night vision and sense of smell are well developed. Cat communication includes vocalizations like meowing, purring, trilling, hissing, growling and grunting as well as cat-specific body language. It is a solitary hunter but a social species. It can hear sounds too faint or too high in frequency for human ears, such as those made by mice and other small mammals. It is a predator that is most active at dawn and dusk. It secretes and perceives pheromones.
Female domestic cats can have kittens from spring to late autumn, with litter sizes ranging from two to five kittens. Domestic cats are bred and shown at events as registered pedigreed cats, a hobby known as cat fancy. Failure to control breeding of pet cats by spaying and neutering, as well as abandonment of pets, resulted in large numbers of feral cats worldwide, contributing to the extinction of entire bird species and evoking population control.
Cats were first domesticated in the Near East around 7500 BC. It was long thought that cat domestication was initiated in Ancient Egypt, as since around 3100 BC veneration was given to cats in ancient Egypt
As of 2017, the domestic cat was the second-most popular pet in the United States by number of pets owned, after freshwater fish, with 95 million cats owned. In the United Kingdom, around 7.3 million cats lived in more than 4.8 million households as of 2019
Photo captured from the Sweet Creek Falls Interpretive Trail at Sweet Creek Rest Area, alongside State Route 31, the International Selkirk Loop and the North Pend Oreille Scenic Byway, via Minolta MD W.Rokkor-X 24mm F/2.8 Lens. Selkirk Mountains Range. Northern Rockies Region. Inland Northwest. Pend Oreille County, Washington. Early October 2017.
Exposure Time: 1/160 sec. * ISO Speed: ISO-250 * Aperture: F/4 * Bracketing: None * Color Temperature: 3850 K
For instance, in the video Tacit:Blue (Rosa Menkman, video, 2015) small interruptions in an otherwise smooth blue video document a conversation between two cryptography technologies; a Masonic Pigpen or Freemasons cipher (a basic, archaic, and geometric simple substitution cipher) and the cryptographic technology DCT (Rosa Menkman, Discrete Cosine Transform encryption, 2015). The sound and light that make up the blue surface are generated by transcoding the same electric signals using different components; what you see is what you hear.
The technology responsible for the audiovisual piece is the NovaDrone (Pete Edwards/Casper Electronics, 2012), a small AV synthesizer designed by Casper Electronics. In essence, the NovaDrone is a noise machine with a flickering military RGB LED on top. The synthesizer is easy to play with; it offers three channels of sound and light (RGB) and the board has twelve potentiometers and ten switches to control the six oscillators routed through a 1/4-inch sound output, with which you can create densely textured drones, or in the case of Tacit:Blue, a rather monotonous, single AV color / frequency distortion.
The video images have been created using the more exciting functions of the NovaDrone. Placing the active camera of an iPhone against the LED on top of the NovaDrone, which turns the screen of the phone into a wild mess of disjointed colors, revealing the NovaDrone’s hidden second practical usage as a light synthesizer.
In this process the NovaDrone exploits the iPhone’s CMOS (Complimentary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor) image sensor, a technology that is part of most commercial cameras, and is responsible for the transcoding of captured light into image data. When the camera function on the phone is activated, the CMOS moves down the sensor capturing pixel values one row at a time. However because the flicker frequency of the military RGB LED is changed by the user and higher than the writing speed of the phone’s CMOS, the iPhone camera is unable to synch up with the LED. What appears on the screen of the iPhone is an interpretation of its input, riddled with aliasing known as rolling shutter artifact; a resolution dispute between the CMOS and the RGB LED. Technology and its inherent resolutions are never neutral; every time a new way of seeing is created, a new prehistory is being written.
024
Fortune Global Tech Forum 2018
Friday, November 30th, 2018
Guangzhou, China
10:25AM - 10:55AM
RISE OF THE ROBOTS AND SMART MANUFACTURING
From assembling cars to taking care of the elderly, robots are rapidly replacing and out-performing humans. And smart manufacturing is altering the very rules of physics by bending material, for instance, that never used to be bendable. Hear from corporate executives on how the rise of robots is transforming their industries and how far smart manufacturing can go.
Chunyuan Gu, President, Asia, Middle East and Africa Region, ABB Group, Chairman, ABB (China) Ltd.
Bill Liu, Founder and CEO, Royole Corporation
Arnaud Thiercelin, Head of R&D, DJI North America
Moderator: Robert Hackett, Fortune
Photograph by Shawn Koh/Fortune
We also discussed "what to do with overflowing recycle bins" We would
like more recycle bins to be put out in areas that there are only two.
For instance, there are only two bins on the road just east of Folsom
St. At least two paper and mixed-metal bins per station seem necessary,
if not more. We will re-address guidelines like this in the next
mobilizer - For example, we would like folks not to stack recyclables
on the street; instead, just throw them away in the dumpster if the
bins are full. Since we don't have bins for cardboard recycling, people
should just throw cardboard away. It is our understanding that
cardboard can't be included in mixed paper.
Enzo plans to fix the bollard at #77 and the bike racks. We are also
hoping he will fix the retaining wall at #70.
A discussion was had about a resident who has items in storage. His
yard was messy when the city owned the park, they cleaned it up for him
after leaving numerous notes, and now there is a fee. The consensus at
the meeting was to proceed with requests for payment; if he cannot pay
the back fees, his materials should be scrapped, with the reasoning
that we cannot bail him out. He is uncommunicative, and this has led
to his current situation.
Jonathan's suggestion of getting another storage shed, to possibly
address the above item, was dropped. ("Having a shed is an invitation
to fill it up" said Alex.)
The issue was brought up about the process by which people in arrears,
who owe back rent to the MHA, will be allowed to make a credit
arrangement with the MHA that involves signing over the title of their
home in addition to making arrangements about payment. If payments are
not made faithfully, the MHA will have the option of eviction and
selling the home for the back rent. This policy is still in flux;
details still to be worked out, especially for those residents who have
never responded to any of the MHA's or Thistle's policies.
The question was raised again: Can our park, which is within the city
limits, evict people without moving their home off the grounds of the
park? In parks outside the city limits, a judge can be asked for the
right to keep the home in exchange for the arrears that one owes - with
the remainder of money going to that resident. We still wonder if this
a city law only.
We did agree that some people need to see what will happen if one
doesn't follow the rules and regs. The City was far too lax in
enforcement of the basic rules, hence, people have lived without fear
of ramification for their actions - in some cases, some residents are
thousands of dollars behind in their rent. Unfortunately, we don't have
a way of dealing with people who don't, or can't, initiate social
services to help themselves. This is something Hast has told us many
times. One of the management committee followed up on that by calling
someone in social services:
> Just spoke with a few people at Boulder County Social Services.
> Basically the only way that they can help is if the person in need
> calls them. If the person is over 55, or has children or is
> receiving disability they can offer assistance. They encouraged us to
> refer anyone however. They declined attending a meeting saying that
> unless the individual asks for assistance their is really nothing they
> can do. She said that the homeless shelter on N Broadway could be an
> option.
>
The MHA is formulating a letter to a resident who has challenged
Mapleton LLC's rental structure and who also gave a comprehensive
presentation to members of the management committee and the Thistle
board earlier this month. The process now is to receive from Thistle
their recommendation, a 'response' if you will, to this resident's
presentation. Once we have that info, and have reviewed it, the
Management committee will direct Hast to craft a letter to the resident
via certified mail. The letter will reflect the extent to which MHA
can influence the agreements that were made over the period of 5 years
with Thistle and the City.
It looks like, at this time, all expenses for maintaining the new home
in spot #81 will fall under MHA's books. We are going to be talking
more to CU About this, but it seems clear that we should track expenses
for this project on MHA's books. We are hoping for grant money on this
project.
Jonathan has asked Roger of Mobile Maintenance to give us a bid on
temporary tie-downs for home #81. As of this writing, he has been asked
twice, but with no results. Another person may be chosen to help us
out.
Devising parking tags for the parks residents is now on our priority
list. Two stickers per household, and a guest tag that will hang from
the rear-view mirror.
submitted by Jonathan Machen, MHA management committee chair
Sold
Margo Wolowiec
56 Instances detail
Handwoven polyester, cotton, dye sublimation ink
39 x 34inches
2013
Le Chat domestique (Felis silvestris catus) est la sous-espèce issue de la domestication du Chat sauvage, mammifère carnivore de la famille des Félidés.
Il est l’un des principaux animaux de compagnie et compte aujourd’hui une cinquantaine de races différentes reconnues par les instances de certification. Dans de très nombreux pays, le chat entre dans le cadre de la législation sur les carnivores domestiques à l’instar du chien et du furet. Essentiellement territorial, le chat est un prédateur de petites proies comme les rongeurs ou les oiseaux. Les chats ont diverses vocalisations dont les ronronnements, les miaulements, les feulements ou les grognements, bien qu’ils communiquent principalement par des positions faciales et corporelles et des phéromones.
Selon les résultats de travaux menés en 2006 et 20071, le chat domestique est une sous-espèce du chat sauvage (Felis silvestris) issue d’ancêtres appartenant à la sous-espèce du chat sauvage d’Afrique (Felis silvestris lybica). Les premières domestications auraient eu lieu il y a 8 000 à 10 000 ans au Néolithique dans le Croissant fertile, époque correspondant au début de la culture de céréales et à l’engrangement de réserves susceptibles d’être attaquées par des rongeurs, le chat devenant alors pour l’Homme un auxiliaire utile se prêtant à la domestication.
Tout d’abord vénéré par les Égyptiens, il fut diabolisé en Europe au Moyen Âge et ne retrouva ses lettres de noblesse qu’au XVIIIe siècle. En Asie, le chat reste synonyme de chance, de richesse ou de longévité. Ce félin a laissé son empreinte dans la culture populaire et artistique, tant au travers d’expressions populaires que de représentations diverses au sein de la littérature, de la peinture ou encore de la musique.
The cat (Felis catus) is a domestic species of small carnivorous mammal. It is the only domesticated species in the family Felidae and is often referred to as the domestic cat to distinguish it from the wild members of the family. A cat can either be a house cat, a farm cat or a feral cat; the latter ranges freely and avoids human contact. Domestic cats are valued by humans for companionship and their ability to hunt pests such as rodents. About 60 cat breeds are recognized by various cat registries.
The cat is similar in anatomy to the other felid species: it has a strong flexible body, quick reflexes, sharp teeth and retractable claws adapted to killing small prey. Its night vision and sense of smell are well developed. Cat communication includes vocalizations like meowing, purring, trilling, hissing, growling and grunting as well as cat-specific body language. It is a solitary hunter but a social species. It can hear sounds too faint or too high in frequency for human ears, such as those made by mice and other small mammals. It is a predator that is most active at dawn and dusk. It secretes and perceives pheromones.
Female domestic cats can have kittens from spring to late autumn, with litter sizes ranging from two to five kittens. Domestic cats are bred and shown at events as registered pedigreed cats, a hobby known as cat fancy. Failure to control breeding of pet cats by spaying and neutering, as well as abandonment of pets, resulted in large numbers of feral cats worldwide, contributing to the extinction of entire bird species and evoking population control.
Cats were first domesticated in the Near East around 7500 BC. It was long thought that cat domestication was initiated in Ancient Egypt, as since around 3100 BC veneration was given to cats in ancient Egypt
As of 2017, the domestic cat was the second-most popular pet in the United States by number of pets owned, after freshwater fish, with 95 million cats owned. In the United Kingdom, around 7.3 million cats lived in more than 4.8 million households as of 2019
Actually, in this instance we do have probably a better tracking system than was the instance in Canada. Because this is a dairy cow, they're all individually tagged.
--Ann Veneman --
taken with a nikkor 28mm f/3.5 ai at 3.5 with the on-camera at full power to see the cow instead of a silhouet.
Press: hudsonreporter.com/view/full_story/20838118/article-Showi...
111 first street. From Paris to Jersey City, They Showed No Love.
a Branko Documentary Film
In the area of Jersey City NJ, for about 20 years, existed a warehouse building where artists had about 130 art studios. The artists left in 2005 and the building was demolished in 2007.
This movie only deals with the art, presented by the artists.
This documentary is a historical document of a very important part of Art in America.
Screening on:
2-23-2012
1:00 PM
Jersey City Library
Biblioteca Criolla, 4th. Floor
472 Jersey Avenue
Jersey City, NJ 07302
111 First Street (film) - Wiki
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/111_First_Street_(film)
111 First Street (a Branko Film), Trailer
111 Jam Band (a Branko Film). Unedited
Faizulla Khamraev (a Branko Film)
Maria Benjumeda, Flamenco and Bulerias at 111 First Street
American Watercolor Movement, Live at Coney Island. A Branko Film (Unedited)
© branko
Branko: Entrevista TV Español
Movies:
Books:
West Indian Parade (Photo Book)
Cecilia Mamede, Times Square NYC (Photo Book)
The eLearning Unit team has had an active involvement in various curriculum review initiatives, supporting or facilitating student or staff sessions , e.g. via focus groups or nominal group technique. The above survey by Tunde Varga-Atkins is an instance of our research-led approach, trying to evaluate and innovate some of the methods used in this area together with Educational Development colleagues (Jaye McIsaac and Ian Willis).
For instance, an Oktoberfest was happening while we were here. Part of the complex is also a casino (of course!)
Leeds Dock (formerly New Dock and previously Clarence Dock) is a mixed development with retail, office and leisure presence by the River Aire in central Leeds, West Yorkshire, England. It has a large residential population in waterside apartments.
History
The dock was constructed for boats using the Leeds and Liverpool Canal and the Aire and Calder Navigation to tranship goods and commodities from Leeds city centre in 1843. It was primarily used to bring coal from collieries around Rothwell and Wakefield to supply heavy industries in Hunslet and business and commerce in Leeds city centre.
The western side of the dock once had a large crane on tracks along the side of the dock to load and unload goods from canal barges. In the 1990s the surrounding area was made up of Victorian industrial buildings most of which were derelict. Throughout the second half of the 20th century the area suffered steady industrial decline. The mills and many heavy engineering works began to close, move further out of town or scale down.
Construction of the £42.5 million purpose-built Royal Armouries Museum marked the start of the area's redevelopment which opened in March 1996. No further development was made until 2004 when a multi-storey car park opened followed by an Express hotel in August 2006. The retail and leisure sector was launched on 11 October 2008 with fashion shows from celebrity fashion consultant and TV presenter Gok Wan. However few retail chains were attracted to the area and the site failed to take off as a shopping centre.
The site, which had been known as Clarence Dock, became New Dock in mid-2012 as part of a re-branding initiative. The site was bought by Allied London, and rebranded as Leeds Dock in 2013.
Facilities
Leeds Dock is the home of the Royal Armouries Museum, a major national museum. The site attracts around 1.5 million visitors a year. Although the site was originally intended to include a destination shopping centre, few shops opened and most of the shops that did open have since closed. Leeds Dock's main shopping street, 'The Boulevard' radiates southbound from Armouries Square. Another focal point is 'The Anchorage' at the top of the dock. Clarence House is a 218-foot (66 m) tower containing 227 apartments and six retail units.
Leeds is a city in West Yorkshire, England. It is the largest settlement in Yorkshire and the administrative centre of the City of Leeds Metropolitan Borough, which is the second most populous district in the United Kingdom. It is built around the River Aire and is in the eastern foothills of the Pennines. The city was a small manorial borough in the 13th century and a market town in the 16th century. It expanded by becoming a major production centre, including of carbonated water where it was invented in the 1760s, and trading centre (mainly with wool) for the 17th and 18th centuries.
Leeds developed as a mill town during the Industrial Revolution alongside other surrounding villages and towns in the West Riding of Yorkshire. It was also known for its flax industry, iron foundries, engineering and printing, as well as shopping, with several surviving Victorian era arcades, such as Kirkgate Market. City status was awarded in 1893, and a populous urban centre formed in the following century which absorbed surrounding villages and overtook the population of nearby York.
Leeds economy is the most diverse of all the UK's main employment centres, and has seen the fastest rate of private-sector jobs growth of any UK city and has the highest ratio of private to public sector jobs. Leeds is home to over 109,000 companies generating 5% of England's total economic output of £60.5 billion, and is also ranked as a gamma world city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Leeds is considered the cultural, financial and commercial heart of the West Yorkshire Urban Area. Leeds is the largest legal and financial centre in the UK, with the financial and insurance services industry worth £13 billion to regional economy.
Leeds is also served by four universities, and has the fourth largest student population in the country and the country's fourth largest urban economy. The student population has stimulated growth of the nightlife in the city and there are ample facilities for sporting and cultural activities, including classical and popular music festivals, and a varied collection of museums.
Leeds has multiple motorway links such as the M1, M62 and A1(M). The city's railway station is, alongside Manchester Piccadilly, the busiest of its kind in Northern England. Public transport, rail and road networks in the city and wider region are widespread. It is the county's largest settlement with a population of 536,280, while the larger City of Leeds district has a population of 812,000 (2021 census). The city is part of the fourth-largest built-up area by population in the United Kingdom, West Yorkshire Built-up Area, with a 2011 census population of 1.7 million.
Loidis, from which Leeds, Yorkshire derives its name, was anciently a forested area of the Celtic kingdom of Elmet. The settlement certainly existed at the time of the Norman conquest of England and in 1086 was a thriving manor under the overlordship of Ilbert de Lacy. It gained its first charter from Maurice de Gant in 1207 yet only grew slowly throughout the medieval and Tudor periods. The town had become part of the Duchy of Lancaster and reverted to the crown in the medieval period, so was a Royalist stronghold at the start of the English Civil War.
In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries Leeds prospered and expanded as a centre of the woollen industry and it continued to expand rapidly in the Industrial Revolution. Following a period of post industrial decline in the mid twentieth century Leeds' prosperity revived with the development of tertiary industrial sectors.
Name
The name "Leeds" is first attested in the form "Loidis": around 731 Bede mentioned it in book II, chapter 14 of his Historia ecclesiastica, in a discussion of an altar surviving from a church erected by Edwin of Northumbria, located in "...regione quae vocatur Loidis" ('the region known as Loidis'). This was evidently a regional name, but it subsequently occurs in the 1086 Domesday Book denoting a settlement, in the later Old English form Ledes. (The 1725 map by John Cossins spells it as Leedes.) The name is not Old English in form, so is presumably an Anglo-Saxonisation of an earlier Celtic name. It is hard to be sure what this name was; Mills's A Dictionary of British Place-Names prefers Celtic *Lādenses 'people living by the strongly flowing river'. This name may be derived from the Brittonic *lāto- meaning "rut, heat" (in animals ready to mate),[3] an element represented in Welsh as llawd, "heat", and possibly cognate to Greek plōtós, "flowing".
It has been surmised that the name denoted either a forest covering most of the kingdom of Elmet, which existed during the fifth century into the early seventh, or an early river-name, presumably that of the River Aire. An inhabitant of Leeds is locally known as a Loiner, possibly derived from Loidis.
Leeds City Council maintains "a photographic archive of Leeds" using the title "Leodis", thought to be an Old English or Celtic form of the name.
Prehistoric to Anglo-Saxon periods
There is no dependable reference to any place that might be associated with Leeds, before Bede's mention in circa 730 AD; and that was to a region rather than a village or town; thus little is known of any Roman, British or Anglo-Saxon predecessors to Leeds.
As well as scattered Bronze Age objects throughout the Leeds area, there were, according to 19th-century records, two Bronze Age barrows on Woodhouse Moor. In the pre-Roman and Roman Iron Age, the vicinity of Leeds was associated with the Brigantes; as well as possible Roman-period earthworks, a paved ford across the River Aire has been discovered, and is supposed to date to Roman times. Brigantian remains have been found in villages and towns in the vicinity of Leeds, and there are Roman remains in nearby settlements, notably at Adel, and at Alwoodley; in the suburb of Headingley a stone coffin was found in 1995 at Beckett's Park which is believed to date from Roman times.
Bede's account indicates activity in the vicinity of Leeds, though not necessarily near the town as it is now known: his unidentified place-name Campodonum might refer to an important place in the area; and one Abbot Thrythwulf had a monastery nearby in Bede's time, though it did not last long into the medieval period. Campodonum is possibly, Elmet capital and Roman fort (anylised as camp+(l)odonum), Cambodunum. Cambodunum is a possible earlier Latin form name of Camelot, likely due to its location and early Brittonic ties.
Evidence for major wealth and status comes from fragments of at least six stone crosses/other monuments, with the ninth- to tenth-century decoration characteristic of Anglo-Scandinavian culture, which were found in the fabric of the 14th-century Leeds Parish Church when it was demolished and replaced in 1838, now site of Leeds Minster. The best preserved, now in the modern church, depicts alongside other images the story of Wayland the Smith.
Leeds's profile was raised by the 2008-09 discovery of the West Yorkshire Hoard, a small, probably tenth- or eleventh-century treasure hoard of items from the early 7th century onwards, in the Leeds area. It seems likely that the Anglo-Saxon settlement consisted largely of an ecclesiastical site, a ford over the River Aire, and Kirkgate. Other evidence for occupation in the Anglo-Saxon period lies in the old Shire Oak at Headingley, which is believed to have lent its name to the wapentake of Skyrack, and in the presence of many places around Leeds which have the termination of their names in ley: such as Bramley, Rodley, Farnley, Armley, Wortley, and Farsley, which is derived from the Anglo-Saxon leah, an open place in the wood.
Norman period
Leeds parish is thought to have developed from a large British estate sub-divided, under Anglo-Saxon occupation, into smaller land holdings. The ancient estate straddled the wapentakes of Morley and Skyrack, encompassing Leeds, Headingley, Allerton, Gipton, Bramley, Armley, Farnley, Beeston and Ristone (Wortley). Leeds parish in Skyrack was the most important of these holdings. Leeds was then further sub divided so that when the first dependable historical record about Leeds (as "Ledes") was written in the Domesday book of 1086, it was recorded as having comprised seven small manors in the days of Edward the Confessor. At the time of the Norman conquest, Leeds was evidently a purely agricultural domain, of about 1,000 acres (4 km2) in extent. It was divided into seven manors, held by as many thanes; they possessed six ploughs; there was a priest, and a church, and a mill: its taxable value was six pounds. When the Domesday records were made, it had slightly increased in value; the seven thanes had been replaced by twenty-seven villeins, four sokemen, and four bordars. The villains were what we should now call day-labourers: the soke or soc men were persons of various degrees, from small owners under a greater lord, to mere husbandmen: the bordars are considered by most specialists in Domesday terminology to have been mere drudges, hewers of wood, drawers of water. The mill, when this survey was made, was worth four shillings. There were 10 acres (40,000 m2) of meadow. The tenant in chief was Ilbert de Lacy to whom William the Conqueror had granted a vast Honour stretching widely across country from Lincolnshire into Lancashire, and whose chief stronghold was at Pontefract Castle, a few miles to the south-east.
That Leeds was owned by one of the chief favourites of William was fortunate; the probability is that the lands of the de Lacy ownership were spared when the harrying of the North took place. While the greater part of the county was absolutely destitute of human life, and all the land northward lay blackened, Leeds in 1086 had a population of at least two hundred people.
There were two significant foci to the settlement; the area around the parish church and the main manorial landholding half a mile to the west of the church. In 1399, according to the Hardynge Chronicle, the captive Richard II was briefly imprisoned at Leeds, before being transported to another de Lacy property at Pontefract, where he was later executed.
The kyng then sent kyng Richard to Ledis,
there to be kepte durely in previtee;
fro thens after to Pykering went he needis,
and to Knaresbro' after led was he
but to pontefrete last where he did dee.
In 1147, Cistercian monks settled at Kirkstall, and there from about 1152 began to build Kirkstall Abbey.
First borough charter
Leeds was subinfeudated – along with much other land in Yorkshire, by the de Lacy family to the Paynel family; Ralph Paynel is mentioned often in the Domesday entries. He was one of the principal tenants-in-chief in Yorkshire. It was from a descendant of the Paynels, sometimes described as Maurice de Gant, that the inhabitants of Leeds received their first charter, in November, 1207. Leeds had the geographical advantages of being on a river crossing and being on the York to Chester route as well as being close to the Wharfedale to Skipton route through the Pennines. The manorial lords were keen to increase their revenues by exploiting these advantages.
The preamble of the charter reads:
"I Maurice Paynall have given and granted and by this charter confirmed to my burgesses of Leeds and their heirs franchise and free burgage and their tofts and with each toft half an acre of land for tillage to hold these of me and my heirs in fief and inheritance freely quit and honourably rendering annually to me and my heirs for each toft and half an acre of land sixteen pence at Pentecost and at Martinmas."
The charter made various provisions for the appointment of a bailiff (prator) to preside over a court of justice, to collect rents and dues, and to fine recalcitrants; others stipulated for aids when the lord needed monetary help, and placed tenants under obligation to grind corn at his mill and bake in his oven Leeds was granted some rights of self-government and it had burgesses who were freemen. Yet the charter granted to the townspeople of Leeds only the lowest conditions needed for urban development. It did not transform the manor into a borough but established a borough within a manor. It was not coextensive with the manor but consisted of only a group of tenements within it. The new town was laid out along the line of a street, later to be called Briggate, which was wide enough to hold a market, with about thirty burgage plots on either side. The south end of the street had a river crossing but the earliest recorded bridge, from which its name is derived (bridge gate), is in 1384. The population was small in 1207 and remained scanty for a long time afterwards. At the time of the Poll Tax of 1379 it appears not to have exceeded three hundred persons at the very outside; it was certainly one of the smallest towns in Yorkshire, such places as Snaith, Ripon, Tickhill, and Selby exceeding it in importance. Even in the thirteenth century, Leeds consisted of several distinct areas of habitation and activity. There was the old settlement around the parish church, the newly founded borough, the manor house and mill to the west and the town fields at Burmantofts (borough men's tofts). By establishing the borough the manorial revenues were increased and Leeds became more prosperous. Tax returns of 1334 and 1377 show that population of the whole parish before the Black Death was about 1,000 people of whom 350 to 400 lived in the central area including the borough. Leeds began to rank with the more prosperous towns to the east.
In 1217 Maurice de Gant lost the Leeds estate by figuring on the wrong side at the battle of Lincoln. His holding passed from him to Ranulf, Earl of Chester, and through him reverted to the de Lacy family; when the de Lacy estates became merged by marriage in the Duchy of Lancaster they passed to the royal family, and, on the accession of Henry IV, were absorbed into the possessions of the Crown.
Late Middle Ages
For four centuries after the Norman invasion, the growth of Leeds was slow. Its site had no particular military advantages: the great strategic position of that part of Yorkshire was at Pontefract, close by. It had, at first, no commercial values—it may have been that its first beginnings in its staple wool trade sprang from the wool growing of the Cistercians at Kirkstall Abbey, on its western borders. The township was concerned with little more than agriculture, and such trade as it knew was confined to those retailings which establish themselves wherever communities spring up—dealings in the necessities of life, which, reduced to a minimum, are merely food and clothing. The town itself was small—it was probably confined within a triangle formed on the lines of the present lower Briggate, Kirkgate, and the River Aire, with the parish church at one angle somewhere about, perhaps on, the site of the modern one. The streets would be narrow, unpaved and unlighted. The houses, in spite of the fact that stone is so plentiful in the district, were of wood, whitewashed, in many cases, thatched. St Mary's Whitkirk is the only medieval church remaining, a 15th-century building replacing an earlier one. All around the town lay the open fields and meadows, cultivated on the principle of strip-farming. And beyond these lay the forest of Elmet.
Tudor period and incorporation
The Tudor period was a time of transition for Leeds, from a relatively mean settlement to a solid cloth-trading town. In 1470, it was obscure enough to be described as being "near to Rothwell", which in the fifteenth century had the rights of a market town. By 1536, when John Leland visited it, he was able to report of it that it was a pretty market town which stood most by clothing and was as large as Bradford, though not so "quik", by which he evidently meant not so enterprising. Nevertheless, much of the old life and conditions still existed. The Crown was now over-lord, and had been so ever since the accession of Henry IV, and the folk still ground their corn at the King's mills and baked their bread at the King's oven. There was as yet no charter of incorporation, and though the people were rapidly approaching to conditions of liberty their lot was still not very appreciably different from that of their forefathers. Up to the end of the sixteenth century Leeds may be looked upon as existing in semi-feudalism.
There is no mention of education in Leeds until 1552, when one William Sheafield, who seems to have been a chantry priest of St. Catherine in Leeds, left property in the town for the establishment of a learned school-master who should teach freely for ever such scholars, youths, and children as should resort to him, with the wise proviso that the Leeds folk themselves should find a suitable building and make up the master's salary to ten pounds a year. Here is the origin of Leeds Grammar School which, first housed in the Calls, and subsequently—through the beneficence of John Harrison—in Lady Lane, had by the end of that century become an institution of vast importance.
As the sixteenth century drew to a close, and while the seventeenth was still young, the towns-folk of Leeds secured in the first instance at their own cost, in the second by a strictly limited Royal favour two important privileges—the right of electing their own vicar and of governing themselves in municipal affairs. In 1583 the town bought the advowson of the parish church from its then possessor, Oliver Darnley, for £130, and henceforth the successive vicars were chosen by a body of trustees—the most notably successful experiment in popular election which has ever been known in the National Church. In 1626, Leeds received its first charter of incorporation from Charles I. The charter, premising that Leeds in the County of York is an ancient and populous town, whose inhabitants are well acquainted with the Art and Mystery of making Woollen Cloths, sets up a governing body of one Alderman, nine Burgesses, and twenty Assistants. But the privilege for some years was a limited one: the Crown reserved to itself the rights of appointment to any of the thirty vacancies which might occur by death: popular election did not come for some time.
English Civil War and political representation
Eighteen years after the granting of the charter of incorporation, Leeds joined with other towns in the neighbourhood in a Memorial to the King wherein he was besought to settle his differences with the rebellious Parliament. Of this no notice was taken, and in the earlier stages of the Civil War the town was garrisoned for the Royal cause under Sir William Savile. But it was a very small Leeds which he occupied for the King in January 1643, having under him 500 horse and 1,500 foot. He made elaborate preparations for the defence of the place, digging a six-foot trench from St. John's Church by Upper Headrow, Boar Lane, and Swinegate to the banks of the river; erecting breastworks at the north end of the bridge, and placing demi-culverins in a position to sweep Briggate. Against him on Monday, January 23, advanced the redoubtable Sir Thomas Fairfax, at the head of a Parliamentary force which appears to have numbered at least 3000 horse and foot. Finding the bridge at Kirkstall broken down, Fairfax crossed the Aire at Apperley Bridge, and came on to Woodhouse Moor, from where he called on Savile to surrender. Savile returned the answer which was doubtless expected, and in the teeth of a heavy snowstorm, Fairfax led his troops forward to the assault. The action began about two o'clock of the afternoon and appears to have developed on all sides of the town. It rapidly went in favour of the assailants, and by four o'clock the Parliamentarian leaders and their troops were in Briggate and Boar Lane, while Savile and others were fleeing for their lives. Fairfax took nearly 500 prisoners and immediately released them on their promising not to take up arms against the Parliament on any further occasion. Though not a very great affair, it settled the question of King or Commons so far as that part of the West Riding was concerned.
The Puritan regime followed on the first successes of the Parliamentarians, and Leeds saw two Puritan ministers placed in the parish church and the new church of St. John. But in 1644 Leeds folk had something else to think: an epidemic, so serious as to rank with the medieval visitations of plague, broke out, and resulted in the death of 1300 inhabitants. The weekly markets were discontinued, and deaths occurred with such startling rapidity that it was impossible to keep pace with them in the parish registers.
In 1646 Charles I. came to Leeds a prisoner. After his surrender to the Scottish generals at Kelham, near Newark, he was led northward to Newcastle; on his return from that city, he spent one night in the house called Red Hall, in Upper Head Row.
It seems curious that up to the middle of the seventeenth century Leeds had never been directly represented in Parliament. Many now quite insignificant places in Yorkshire had sent members to the House of Commons from a very early period--Malton, Beverley, Northallerton had returned members as far back as 1298; Otley had had two members for centuries. But it was not until 1654 that Adam Baynes was returned to sit at Westminster; he was returned again two years later with Francis Allanson as a second member. This representation came to an end at the Restoration in 1660, and Leeds had no more members of Parliament until the Reform Act 1832. But in 1661 it received some concession from the Crown which was perhaps of more importance to it—a new Municipal Charter. There had been some readjustment of the old one in 1642, but Charles II's Charter was of a far-reaching nature. It set up a Mayor, twelve Aldermen, twenty-four Assistants or Councillors, a Town Clerk, and a Recorder; it also provided for local election to vacancies. From the Charter of Charles I and that of his son are derived the well-known arms of the town. The owls are the Savile owls famous throughout the county, where the Saviles have been legion; the mullets figured on the arms of Thomas Danby, first Mayor. The dependent sheep typifies the wool trade.
In 1715 the first history of Leeds was written by Ralph Thoresby, entitled Ducatus Leodiensis; or the Topography of the antient and populous Town and Parish of Leedes.
Leeds was mainly a merchant town, manufacturing woollen cloths and trading with Europe via the Humber estuary and the population grew from 10,000 at the end of the seventeenth century to 30,000 at the end of the eighteenth. As a gauge of the importance of the town, by the 1770s Leeds merchants were responsible for 30% of the country's woollen exports, valued at £1,500,000 when 70 years previously Yorkshire accounted for only 20% of exports.
Woollen cloth trade
During the Middle Ages, Cistercian monks, such as those at Kirkstall, were involved in sheep farming, and weaving was introduced to West Yorkshire during the reign of Edward III. Leland records the organised trading of woollen cloth in a market that took place on a bridge over the Aire, at the foot of Briggate; this trade occurred under tightly regulated conditions, including specific times. The cloth was predominantly manufactured in individual homes, in the villages surrounding Leeds. (Bradford, by contrast, was the centre of the worsted cloth trade.) There was a fulling mill at Leeds by 1400, and cloth dying may also have been an early centralised activity.
By the early 18th century, cloth trading had outstripped the capacity of the bridge, and had moved to trestle tables in up to two rows on each side of Briggate. Ralph Thoresby was involved in the establishment of the first covered cloth market, when with others he secured the permission of the 3rd Viscount Irwin, holder of the Manor of Leeds, to erect the White Cloth Hall. The fact of Wakefield having erected a trading hall in 1710 was almost certainly a driver of change. The new hall opened on 22 May 1711 (It lasted for 65 years before being removed to a new site in The Calls; by the mid-19th century it was taking place in a dedicated trading hall.) Daniel Defoe (c. 1720) mentions that Leeds traders also travelled all over the country, selling cloth on credit terms; and that an export trade existed. In 1758, a coloured or mixed cloth hall was built near Mill Hill – a quadrangular building 66 yards (60 m) by 128 yards (117 m), with capacity for 1800 trading stalls, initially let at three guineas per annum, but later at a premium of £24 per annum. (In the 1890s both the hall and a subsequent hall were demolished to make way for the new General Post Office and the Metropole Hotel.)
In 1831, a strike at Gotts Woollen Mill led to the establishment of the Yorkshire Trades Union. This soon dissolved, but in 1887 the Yeadon and Guiseley Factory Workers' Union was founded, this later becoming part of the National Union of Dyers, Bleachers and Textile Workers.
Industrial Revolution Expansion
The industrial revolution had resulted in the radical growth of Leeds whose population had risen to over 150,000 by 1840. The city's industrial growth was catalysed by the introduction of the Aire & Calder Navigation in 1699, Leeds and Liverpool Canal in 1816 and the railways from 1834 onwards; the first being the Leeds and Selby Railway opened on 22 September 1834. The first Leeds railway station was at Marsh Lane; the Leeds Wellington station was opened in 1848; the Central in 1854, and the New station in 1869. Little by little the town was linked up with Hull, York, Sheffield, Bradford, Dewsbury; with the Durham and Northumberland towns; with Manchester and Liverpool; and with the Midlands and London.
In 1893 Leeds had been granted city status. These industries that developed in the industrial revolution had included making machinery for spinning, machine tools, steam engines and gears as well as other industries based on textiles, chemicals and leather and pottery. Coal was extracted on a large scale and the still functioning Middleton Railway, the first successful commercial steam locomotive railway in the world, transported coal into the centre of Leeds. The track was the first rack railway and the locomotive (Salamanca) was the first to have twin cylinders.
Various areas in Leeds developed different roles in the industrial revolution. The city centre became a major centre of transport and commerce, Hunslet and Holbeck became major engineering centres. Armley, Bramley and Kirkstall became milling centres and areas such as Roundhay became middle class suburbs, the building of the Leeds Tramway allowing them better connections with the rest of the city.
Barnbow
Barnbow in Cross Gates was a large ammunitions factory producing ten thousand shells per week by August 1915. The worst tragedy ever to happen within Leeds (in terms of fatalities) happened at the Barnbow tragedy of 5 December 1916. 35 workers (all women aged 14 or over) were killed in the Barnbow Munitions Factory, which later became the Royal Ordnance Factory Barnbow. The plant employed 16,000 workers, from Leeds, Selby, Wakefield, Tadcaster and Wetherby and had its own railway station to cope with the daily influx of workers. The railway station had an 850-foot (260 m) platform and 38 special trains from surrounding towns and cities. An explosion from Hall 42 killed 35 workers and mutilated many more. Mechanic Mr William Parking was presented with an engraved silver watch for his bravery in saving factory workers during the incident.
Leeds Pals
During the First World War, regiments were made up of men from particular towns, meaning that if one regiment suffered heavy losses, a town or city would suffer heavy losses of its male population. Leeds was one city unfortunate enough to suffer this. By the Second World War, regiments weren't so geographically based. The battalion formed in 1914 and suffered its worse losses in the Battle of the Somme in 1916.
Inter-war
During the period between the two world wars, the Leeds Women Citizens League was active in advocating what women's needs for housing were to the national Women's Housing Sub-Committee. This was a parliamentary committee which was established in 1918 by the Ministry of Reconstruction in order discover what a woman's view on post-war housing would look life. Recommendations for the Leeds branch of the league included 'porcelain sinks with plugs' that children could be washed in, as well as 'an upstairs'.
Second World War
During the Second World War Leeds made a further contribution to the war effort, although it was perhaps less historically notable than that of the first. Although the result of the sinking of the third Royal naval vessel named 'Ark Royal' which was Leeds's adopted ship the people of Leeds raised over £9 million in 1942 for a new ship, surpassing the £5 million target.
Bombing
Leeds escaped the worst of The Blitz, due mainly to its inland location and lack of any significant industrial targets. On the night of the 14 March and early hours of 15 March 1941, Leeds received its worst night of Luftwaffe bombing. Beeston had more bombs dropped on it than any other district of the city, yet escaped with the least damage. Flaxton Terrace was the only street to be damaged during the night-time blackout air raid, with nearly all the other bombs landing on Cross Flatts Park. In his 2005 poem 'Shrapnel' poet Tony Harrison, who was in Beeston on the night of the raid, speculates whether this was an act of heroism by the Luftwaffe pilot, a theory that has been explored ever since the raid. Significant damage was also caused in Holbeck and Headingley, while the Eastern side of the Town Hall was damaged. Bombs were also dropped on the Woodhouse area during nighttime air raids, as the Luftwaffe attempted to destroy an industrial target.
Thorp Arch
ROF Thorp Arch was the main munitions factory in the area at this time. The facility which is now a trading estate and retail park, was situated near Wetherby and like Barnbow featured significant railway facilities. The works suffered minor damage from bombing raids. People from all over West Yorkshire travelled to work at the facility by train from Leeds and Wetherby stations.
Yeadon
The town of Yeadon housed the underground factory that manufactured the parts for Avro Lancaster bombers. The factory was located alongside the current Leeds Bradford Airport.
Rodley
Rodley to the west had two factories, Smiths and Booths, that manufactured cranes and had been converted to make bombs.
Modern history
By the 20th century this social and economic had started to change with the creation of the academic institutions that are known today as the University of Leeds and Leeds Beckett University. This period had also witnessed expansion in medical provision, particularly Leeds General Infirmary and St James's Hospital. Following the Second World War there has been, as in many other cities, a decline in secondary industries that thrived in the 19th century. However this decline was reversed in the growth of new tertiary industries such as finance retail, call centres, offices and media. Today Leeds is known as one of eight core cities that act as a focus of their respective regions and Leeds is generally regarded as the dominant city of the ceremonial county of West Yorkshire.