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A barber (from the Latin barba, "beard") is a person whose occupation is mainly to cut, dress, groom, style and shave men's and boys' hair. A barber's place of work is known as a "barber shop" or a "barber's". Barber shops are also places of social interaction and public discourse. In some instances, barbershops are also public forums. They are the locations of open debates, voicing public concerns, and engaging citizens in discussions about contemporary issues. They were also influential in helping shape male identity.
In previous times, barbers (known as barber surgeons) also performed surgery and dentistry. With the development of safety razors and the decreasing prevalence of beards, in English-speaking cultures, most barbers now specialize in cutting men's scalp hair as opposed to facial hair.
TERMINOLOGY
In modern times, the term "barber" is used both as a professional title and to refer to hairdressers who specialize in men's hair. Historically, all hairdressers were considered barbers. In the 20th century, the profession of cosmetology branched off from barbering, and today hairdressers may be licensed as either barbers or cosmetologists. Barbers differ with respect to where they work, which services they are licensed to provide, and what name they use to refer to themselves. Part of this terminology difference depends on the regulations in a given location.
Different states in the US vary on their labor and licensing laws. For example, in Maryland, a cosmetologist cannot use a straight razor, strictly reserved for barbers. In contrast, in New Jersey both are regulated by the State Board of Cosmetology and there is no longer a legal difference in barbers and cosmetologists, as they are issued the same license and can practice both the art of straight razor shaving, colouring, other chemical work and haircutting if they choose.
In Australia, the official term for a barber is hairdresser; barber is only a popular title for men's hairdressers, although not as popular now as it was in the middle of the 20th century. Most would work in a hairdressing salon.
HISTORY
The barber's trade has a long history: razors have been found among relics of the Bronze Age (around 3500 BC) in Egypt. In ancient Egyptian culture, barbers were highly respected individuals. Priests and men of medicine are the earliest recorded examples of barbers. In some early tribes, a barber was one of the most important members, as it was believed that certain evil spirits could enter a person's body through their hair, and that cutting it was a way to drive them out. Due to their spiritual and religious beliefs, barbers even performed religious ceremonies, such as marriages and baptizing children. During these ceremonies, they would leave people's hair hanging down until after dancing; they would then cut the hair and tie it back tightly so that no evil spirits could enter and no good spirits could escape.
Men in Ancient Greece would have their beards, hair, and fingernails trimmed and styled by the κουρεύς (cureus), in an agora (market place) which also served as a social gathering for debates and gossip.
Barbering was introduced to Rome by the Greek colonies in Sicily in 296 BC, and barber shops quickly became very popular centres for daily news and gossip. A morning visit to the tonsor became a part of the daily routine, as important as the visit to the public baths, and a young man's first shave (tonsura) was considered an essential part of his coming of age ceremony.
A few Roman tonsores became wealthy and influential, running shops that were favourite public locations of high society; however, most were simple tradesmen, who owned small storefronts or worked in the streets for low prices.Starting from the Middle Ages, barbers often served as surgeons and dentists. In addition to haircutting, hairdressing, and shaving, barbers performed surgery, bloodletting and leeching, fire cupping, enemas, and the extraction of teeth; earning them the name "barber surgeons". The barber pole, featuring red and white spiraling stripes, symbolized different aspects of the craft. Barbers received higher pay than surgeons until surgeons were entered into British warships during naval wars. Some of the duties of the barber included neck manipulation, cleansing of ears and scalp, draining of boils, fistula and lancing of cysts with wicks.
19th CENTURY AND LATER
Barbershops were influential at the turn of the 19th century in helping to develop African American culture and economy. According to Trudier Harris, "In addition to its status as a gathering place, the black barbershop also functioned as a complicated and often contradictory microcosm of the larger world. It is an environment that can bolster egos and be supportive as well as a place where phony men can be destroyed, or at least highly shamed, from participation in verbal contests and other contests of skill. It is a retreat, a haven, an escape from nagging wives and the cares of the world. It is a place where men can be men. It is a place, in contrast to Gordone's bar, to be somebody."Late in the 19th century there were several noteworthy events in the barber profession that gave it an upward trend, and the effects are still carrying onward and upward. In 1893, A. B. Moler of Chicago, established a school for barbers. This was the first institution of its kind in the world, and its success was apparent from its very start. It stood for higher education in the ranks, and the parent school was rapidly followed by branches in nearly every principal city of the United States. In the beginning of barber schools, only the practical work of shaving, hair-cutting, facial treatments, etc., was taught as neither the public nor the profession were ready to accept scientific treatments of hair, skin and scalp. Not until about 1920 was much effort made to professionalize the work.
In the early 1900s an alternative word for barber, "chirotonsor", came into use in the USA.
The barber Sam Mature, whose interview with Studs Terkel was published in Terkel's 1974 book Working, says "A man used to get a haircut every couple weeks. Now he waits a month or two, some of 'em even longer than that. A lot of people would get manicured and fixed up every week. Most of these people retired, moved away, or passed away. It's all on account of long hair. You take old-timers, they wanted to look neat, to be presentable. Now people don't seem to care too much."
Despite the economic recession in 2008, the barber shop industry has seen continued positive growth.
Training to be a barber is achieved through various means around the world. In the USA, barber training is carried out at "Barber Schools".
Cost—Many states require a barber license in order to practice barbering professionally. The cost of barber school varies from state to state, and also from metro area to metro area. Schools in larger metropolitan areas tend to cost more than those located in more rural towns. Brand names can also affect the cost of barber school. Most barber schools cost between $6,500 and $10,000 to complete. Because each state has different minimums for training hours, the length and cost of the program can vary accordingly. Some schools tuition includes supplies and textbooks, whereas others do not. Barber license exam fees typically range from $50 to $150.
Length—Most states require the same amount of training hours for barbers as they do for cosmetologists. The number of hours required ranges from 800 to 2,000 training hours, depending on the state's licensing requirements. Most programs can be completed in 15 months or fewer.
Curriculum—The barber school curriculum consists of hair cutting, coloring and styling for men's hair and women's short hair. Chemical processes such as bleaching, dyeing, lightening and relaxing hair may also be taught. All cosmetology disciplines learn safety and sanitation best practices. Barber students can expect to learn some elements of anatomy, physiology, bacteriology and some small elements of pharmacology. It also teaches facial hair techniques, including traditional and modern shaves. Generally barber programs touch on scalp massage and treatments. Advanced barber training may include custom shave designs. It is more common in barbering schools than other cosmetology disciplines to get some business and ethics education, since entrepreneurship is especially common in the barbering trade with many professionals choosing to open their own barbershops. All the skills learned in barber school will be tested at the board exams, which typically feature a written and practical exam.
WIKIPEDIA
A barber (from the Latin barba, "beard") is a person whose occupation is mainly to cut, dress, groom, style and shave men's and boys' hair. A barber's place of work is known as a "barber shop" or a "barber's". Barber shops are also places of social interaction and public discourse. In some instances, barbershops are also public forums. They are the locations of open debates, voicing public concerns, and engaging citizens in discussions about contemporary issues. They were also influential in helping shape male identity.
In previous times, barbers (known as barber surgeons) also performed surgery and dentistry. With the development of safety razors and the decreasing prevalence of beards, in English-speaking cultures, most barbers now specialize in cutting men's scalp hair as opposed to facial hair.
TERMINOLOGY
In modern times, the term "barber" is used both as a professional title and to refer to hairdressers who specialize in men's hair. Historically, all hairdressers were considered barbers. In the 20th century, the profession of cosmetology branched off from barbering, and today hairdressers may be licensed as either barbers or cosmetologists. Barbers differ with respect to where they work, which services they are licensed to provide, and what name they use to refer to themselves. Part of this terminology difference depends on the regulations in a given location.
Different states in the US vary on their labor and licensing laws. For example, in Maryland, a cosmetologist cannot use a straight razor, strictly reserved for barbers. In contrast, in New Jersey both are regulated by the State Board of Cosmetology and there is no longer a legal difference in barbers and cosmetologists, as they are issued the same license and can practice both the art of straight razor shaving, colouring, other chemical work and haircutting if they choose.
In Australia, the official term for a barber is hairdresser; barber is only a popular title for men's hairdressers, although not as popular now as it was in the middle of the 20th century. Most would work in a hairdressing salon.
HISTORY
The barber's trade has a long history: razors have been found among relics of the Bronze Age (around 3500 BC) in Egypt. In ancient Egyptian culture, barbers were highly respected individuals. Priests and men of medicine are the earliest recorded examples of barbers. In some early tribes, a barber was one of the most important members, as it was believed that certain evil spirits could enter a person's body through their hair, and that cutting it was a way to drive them out. Due to their spiritual and religious beliefs, barbers even performed religious ceremonies, such as marriages and baptizing children. During these ceremonies, they would leave people's hair hanging down until after dancing; they would then cut the hair and tie it back tightly so that no evil spirits could enter and no good spirits could escape.
Men in Ancient Greece would have their beards, hair, and fingernails trimmed and styled by the κουρεύς (cureus), in an agora (market place) which also served as a social gathering for debates and gossip.
Barbering was introduced to Rome by the Greek colonies in Sicily in 296 BC, and barber shops quickly became very popular centres for daily news and gossip. A morning visit to the tonsor became a part of the daily routine, as important as the visit to the public baths, and a young man's first shave (tonsura) was considered an essential part of his coming of age ceremony.
A few Roman tonsores became wealthy and influential, running shops that were favourite public locations of high society; however, most were simple tradesmen, who owned small storefronts or worked in the streets for low prices.Starting from the Middle Ages, barbers often served as surgeons and dentists. In addition to haircutting, hairdressing, and shaving, barbers performed surgery, bloodletting and leeching, fire cupping, enemas, and the extraction of teeth; earning them the name "barber surgeons". The barber pole, featuring red and white spiraling stripes, symbolized different aspects of the craft. Barbers received higher pay than surgeons until surgeons were entered into British warships during naval wars. Some of the duties of the barber included neck manipulation, cleansing of ears and scalp, draining of boils, fistula and lancing of cysts with wicks.
19th CENTURY AND LATER
Barbershops were influential at the turn of the 19th century in helping to develop African American culture and economy. According to Trudier Harris, "In addition to its status as a gathering place, the black barbershop also functioned as a complicated and often contradictory microcosm of the larger world. It is an environment that can bolster egos and be supportive as well as a place where phony men can be destroyed, or at least highly shamed, from participation in verbal contests and other contests of skill. It is a retreat, a haven, an escape from nagging wives and the cares of the world. It is a place where men can be men. It is a place, in contrast to Gordone's bar, to be somebody."Late in the 19th century there were several noteworthy events in the barber profession that gave it an upward trend, and the effects are still carrying onward and upward. In 1893, A. B. Moler of Chicago, established a school for barbers. This was the first institution of its kind in the world, and its success was apparent from its very start. It stood for higher education in the ranks, and the parent school was rapidly followed by branches in nearly every principal city of the United States. In the beginning of barber schools, only the practical work of shaving, hair-cutting, facial treatments, etc., was taught as neither the public nor the profession were ready to accept scientific treatments of hair, skin and scalp. Not until about 1920 was much effort made to professionalize the work.
In the early 1900s an alternative word for barber, "chirotonsor", came into use in the USA.
The barber Sam Mature, whose interview with Studs Terkel was published in Terkel's 1974 book Working, says "A man used to get a haircut every couple weeks. Now he waits a month or two, some of 'em even longer than that. A lot of people would get manicured and fixed up every week. Most of these people retired, moved away, or passed away. It's all on account of long hair. You take old-timers, they wanted to look neat, to be presentable. Now people don't seem to care too much."
Despite the economic recession in 2008, the barber shop industry has seen continued positive growth.
Training to be a barber is achieved through various means around the world. In the USA, barber training is carried out at "Barber Schools".
Cost—Many states require a barber license in order to practice barbering professionally. The cost of barber school varies from state to state, and also from metro area to metro area. Schools in larger metropolitan areas tend to cost more than those located in more rural towns. Brand names can also affect the cost of barber school. Most barber schools cost between $6,500 and $10,000 to complete. Because each state has different minimums for training hours, the length and cost of the program can vary accordingly. Some schools tuition includes supplies and textbooks, whereas others do not. Barber license exam fees typically range from $50 to $150.
Length—Most states require the same amount of training hours for barbers as they do for cosmetologists. The number of hours required ranges from 800 to 2,000 training hours, depending on the state's licensing requirements. Most programs can be completed in 15 months or fewer.
Curriculum—The barber school curriculum consists of hair cutting, coloring and styling for men's hair and women's short hair. Chemical processes such as bleaching, dyeing, lightening and relaxing hair may also be taught. All cosmetology disciplines learn safety and sanitation best practices. Barber students can expect to learn some elements of anatomy, physiology, bacteriology and some small elements of pharmacology. It also teaches facial hair techniques, including traditional and modern shaves. Generally barber programs touch on scalp massage and treatments. Advanced barber training may include custom shave designs. It is more common in barbering schools than other cosmetology disciplines to get some business and ethics education, since entrepreneurship is especially common in the barbering trade with many professionals choosing to open their own barbershops. All the skills learned in barber school will be tested at the board exams, which typically feature a written and practical exam.
WIKIPEDIA
From Lock Baker Builder of Icarus...The inspiration for Icarus was primarily to push my limits as an engine builder. You see, for years I only did the metal fabrication on my motorcycles, leaving the motor rebuilds to professionals.The problem was that the local professionals, in many instances, turned out to be unreliable, costly, and difficult to work with. I knew that in order to become a true bikebuilder I needed to master every aspect of bike construction. I had assembled a few engines in a conventional manner but nothing that proved I knew the true dynamics and intricacies of internal combustion. When you simply assemble a motor from a parts catalog you do not need to know much, other than how it all fits together. Look at a shop manual for the given engine type, follow the instructions, and presto—you have a running engine. This engine may not be a competitive race winner, but it will go down the road. I wanted to prove to myself, and mypeers, that I truly understood the mechanics and theories of internal combustion. The only way to do this was to design and build— not simply assemble—a custom engine.
I remember several years ago watching a TV program with Indian Larry. He was explaining one of his engines, one with two different Harley heads on a common crankcase. He said that he liked engines to be as bizarre and mechanical looking as possible, hence the two different heads. I couldn’t agree more! I thought that I could push that concept further still—by not usingHarley parts at all. This engine is a hybrid of different designs. The crankcase is Harley style. In other words it is a V-twin, single cam, 45-degree cylinder angle, with a gear driven breather system. The cylinders, pistons, and heads started life as Continental 0 200 parts. Continental is an aircraft engine company that primarily builds boxer style prop plane piston engines. The work involved in making this whole thing come together is too long a story to tell here, but I will cover some of the major challenges. The task of mating the cylinders to the case was a big one. Continental cylinders are “oversquare,” meaning that they have a larger bore than stroke. In this case, the bore is 41⁄8” while the stroke is only 31⁄2”. In order to make this fit the case, I needed a much larger “deck” area than a typical Harley. The cases I used were manufactured by Delkron, who were kind enough to sell them to me with a blank deck, meaning there were no stud holes. I also specified a case set up for a 1⁄4” extended pinion shaft, essentially moving the entire cam compartment over in order to make room for the increased cylinder base area. There are more differences between typical Harley cylinders and Continental cylinders. Continental cylinders have six base studs instead of the usual four, as well as an O-ring base gasket instead of a flat paper one. The base studs were a problem because two of the six studs per cylinder were located exactly where my tappet blocks were! To fix this I built up weld material outward from the deck area towards the tappet blocks then shaped them by hand, blending them into the case. This provided the extra meat I needed to accommodate these new base studs. The tappet blocks themselves then needed to be machined in order to have them fit this new deck modification. They barely fit!The connecting rods had to be custom made for a few reasons. The wrist pin was Continental and the crank pin was Harley style. Also, the distance between the two pins was much longer than a Harley. Carrillo was chosen to manufacture these custom rods, and after four months of waiting they showed up. They are the most beautiful rods I have ever seen: H-beam, shot-peened, perfect. The crank assembly was another challenge. Because of the short stroke the Continental cylinders called for, I needed to have custom flywheels made. You see, the only Harley flywheels to have a 31⁄2”stroke were 61” Knuckleheads. My crankcase calls for Evolution style pinion and sprocket shafts, meaning a corresponding set of flywheels. I called Truett & Osborn, a trusted flywheel manufacturer, and asked them if they could build these custom wheels around my custom connecting rods. Once they started, I received a phone call saying that because the stroke is so short, the nuts that hold the crank pin in place are too close to the sprocket and pinion shaft bases. Makes sense when you think about it. Luckily for me, they are cool people over there at T&O, and they came up with a neat solution: make a custom crank pin with smaller threaded ends, meaning they could use smaller nuts. Problem solved. Here’s another: Harleys have two different cylinder heads, a front and a rear. They are almost mirror images, allowing for both intake ports to be located across the street from one another. This allows them to use a common intake manifold and a single carb to feed both cylinders. Continental engines are boxer style, so every head and cylinder is exactly the same. When you take two of them and put them upright in a 45-degree configuration, they look like two rear Harley heads. This means a few things. I needed two custom-made intake manifolds and two carbs. I also needed a custom camshaft with the front two lobes reversed. In addition, the rocker arm ratio of the Continental is 1.2/1 while modern Harleys are 1.6/1. This would mean that in order for the valves to lift as much as Harley valves do, I would need a much higher lift cam. The cam design and construction was given to Redline Racing Cams out of California. It took over six months but they eventually nailed it. Thank you Redline! I could go on forever, but here is a basic synopsis of the other challenges: custom collapsible pushrods, custom intake manifolds, custom Lectron carbs, custom load bearing rocker boxes, cus-tom pushrod boots, custom top end oil drains, magneto re-degreed, custom exhaust, cylinder fins extensively clearanced, custom base studs and nuts, and I even had to make a custom valve spring compressor due to the fact that the cylinders and heads are permanently attached to each other! (No head gaskets.) The rest of the bike is every bit as wild as the engine. With the help of Acme Choppers, we made an entirely stainless steel frame in order to fit the taller engine. I made the hubs from scratch and had them laced to imported Morad rims from Spain. Bandit Machine Works provided the primary drive, which I modified to accommodate a 10-degree transmission plate tilt. This allowed me to get a fair lead on the final belt drive (an old Indian Larry trick). I also made the fuel tank from scratch out of aluminum (see past Iron- Works article for that one!). The fork is a shaved 35mm narrow glide. Everything else, including the bars, foot controls, fender struts, taillight, plumbing, seat, oil tank, and 4-bar pneumatic seat suspension were all made by me at Eastern Fabrications.I feel very satisfied with the final result. The engine runs like a top and the bike rides exactly the way I wanted it to —light, quick, agile and fun. It goes without saying that I had the help of a lot of talented and generous people. Mark Simiola, from Sterling Performance was instrumental in helping me calculate the length of the rods to get my desired compression ratio. He also
answered countless questions and helped me time the engine. Acme Choppers came through as usual with the bottom half of the frame. Clifford Frizzel from Esquire Machinehelped make the beautiful rocker boxes and decked the cases. Cooney Engraving did the custom badges that adorn the bike. Truett & Osborn, Carrillo, Delkron, and Redline all treated me with professionalism and kindness. I would like to thank all of you for your willingness to think outside the box with me. Oh yeah, the name. The story of Icarus comes from Greek myth. Icarus was the son of Daedalus, a craftsman who built a set of wings that allowed man to fly. Icarus was allowed to use the wings on one condition; that he not fly too close to the hot sun, as the wings were held together with wax. As Icarus flew he did not heed his father’s warning; the wax melted and he fell to his death. I chose the name because, by using aircraft parts, I was taking a risk. I knew that if I was not careful and diligent it would not work. Luckily, patience pays off and so, this Icarus Flies.
Daughter of Mireia Gibert and Josep Badosa.
Press: hudsonreporter.com/view/full_story/20838118/article-Showi...
111 first street. From Paris to Jersey City, They Showed No Love.
a Branko Documentary Film
In the area of Jersey City NJ, for about 20 years, existed a warehouse building where artists had about 130 art studios. The artists left in 2005 and the building was demolished in 2007.
This movie only deals with the art, presented by the artists.
This documentary is a historical document of a very important part of Art in America.
Screening on:
2-23-2012
1:00 PM
Jersey City Library
Biblioteca Criolla, 4th. Floor
472 Jersey Avenue
Jersey City, NJ 07302
111 First Street (film) - Wiki
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/111_First_Street_(film)
111 First Street (a Branko Film), Trailer
111 Jam Band (a Branko Film). Unedited
Faizulla Khamraev (a Branko Film)
Maria Benjumeda, Flamenco and Bulerias at 111 First Street
American Watercolor Movement, Live at Coney Island. A Branko Film (Unedited)
© branko
Branko: Entrevista TV Español
Movies:
Books:
West Indian Parade (Photo Book)
Cecilia Mamede, Times Square NYC (Photo Book)
George Gordon a famous Christian historian, about Hazrat Ali he said:
"None can praise Ali to the extent that he deserves. So many instances of his piety and fear of God are cited that one starts loving and venerating him. He was a true, strict and scrupulous follower of Islam. His words and deeds bore stamps of nobility, sagacity and courage of conviction. He was a great man having his own independent views about life and its problems. He never deceived, misled, or betrayed anybody. In various phases and periods of his life he exhibited marvelous strength of body and mind which were due to his true faith in religion and in his sincere belief in truth and justice. He never had a servant and never allowed his slaves to work hard. Often he would carry his household goods himself and if anybody offered to relieve him of the weight he would refuse."
Philip Hitti In his book History of the Arabs, Professor Hitti assessed the character of Hadrat Ali as follows:
"Valiant in battle, wise in council, eloquent in speech, true to his friends, magnanimous to his foes, Ali became both the paragon of Muslim nobility and chivalry, and the Solomon of Arabic tradition around whose name, poems, proverbs, sermonettes and anecdotes innumerable have clustered. He had swarthy complexion, large black eyes, bald head, a thick and long white beard, and was opulent and of medium stature. His sword Dhul Fiqar, which was wielded by the Prophet on the battlefield of Badr, has been immortalized in the words of this verse found engraved in many medieval Arab records, "no sword can match Dhul Fiqar, and no young warrior can compare with Hadrat Ali."
Sir William Muir In his book, The Caliphate, its Rise, Decline and Fall, Sir William Muir paid his tribute to Hadrat Ali in the following words:
"In the character of Ali, there are many things to commend him for. Mild and beneficent, he treated Basra when prostrate at his feet with a generous forbearance. Towards theocratic fanatics, who wearied his patience by incessant intrigues and senseless rebellion, he showed no vindictiveness.
Charles Mills In his book A History of Muhammadanism, Charles Mills assessed Hadrat Ali as follows:
"As the chief of the family of Hashim, and as the cousin and son-in-law of him whom the Arabians respected almost to idolatry it is apparently incredible that Ali was not raised to the caliphate immediately after the death of Muhammad p.b.u.h. In the advantage of his birth and marriage was added the friendship of the Prophet. The son of Abu Talib was one of the first converts to Islam, and was Muhammad's p.b.u.h favourite appellation of him, the Aaron of a second Moses. His talents as an orator, and his intrepidity as the warrior commanded to a nation in whose judgment courage was virtue and eloquence was wisdom.
Professor Nicholson In his book A Literary History of the Arabs, Nicholson remarked:
"Ali was a gallant warrior, a wise counselor, a true friend and generous foe. He excelled in poetry and in eloquence. His verses and sayings are famous throughout the Muhammadan East. He can be compared with Montrose and Bayard in the fineness of spirit. He had no talent for the stern realities of statecraft and was overmatched by unscrupulous rivals who knew that war is the game of deceit. Within a century of his death, he came to be regarded as the Prophet's successor jure divine; as a blessed martyr, sinless and infallible, and even by some as an incarnation of God. The Ali of the Shi'ite legend is not a historical figure glorified, rather he symbolizes in a purely ethical fashion, the religious aspirations and political aims of a large section of the Muslim world."
Edward Gibbon In his book Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Edward Gibbon observed the following about the assassination of Hadrat Othman and the succession of Hadrat Ali:
"A tumultuous anarchy of five days after the martyrdom of Othman was appeased by the inauguration of Ali. His refusal would have provoked a general massacre. In this painful situation, he supported the becoming pride of the chief of the Hashimites; declared that he would rather serve than reign; rebuked the presumption of the strangers and required the formal, if not the voluntary, assent of the chiefs of the nation. He has never been accused of promoting the assassination of Othman, though Persia indirectly and secretly celebrates the festivals of that holy martyr. The quarrel between Othman and his subjects was assuaged by the early mediation of Ali, and Hasan, the eldest of his sons, was insulted and wounded in the defence of the Caliph."
Thomas Carlyle In his book On Heroes and Hero Worship, Thomas Carlyle observed:
"As for this young Ali, one cannot but like him. A noble minded creature, as he shows himself, now and always afterwards, full of affection, of fiery daring something chivalrous in him, brave as a lion, yet with a grace, truth and affection worthy of Christian knighthood. He died by assassination in the mosque at Kufa, death occasioned by his own generous fairness, confidence in the fairness of others. He said: if the wound proved not unto death, they must pardon the assassin, but if it did, they must slay him straightaway, so that the two of them in the same our might appear before God, and see which side of that quarrel was the just one."
Dr. Henry Stubbe In his book An Account of the Rise and Progress of Muhammadanism, Dr. Henry Stubbe observed:
He feared God much, gave many alms, was just in all his actions, humble and affable, of an exceedingly quick wit, and of an ingenuity that was not common. He was exceedingly learned, not only in those sciences that terminate in speculations, but those which extend to practice."
Major Price In his book Memoirs of the Principal Events of Muhammadan History, Major Price observed:
"His virtues and extraordinary qualities have been the subject of voluminous panegyrics, and his warlike exploits from his youth upwards have been particularly celebrated in the "Khawer Nama," a poem well-known in the East and which may perhaps contend in extravagance with the wildest effusions of European romance. With his acknowledged talents and magnanimity, it is however, difficult to account for the train of civil mischief and perpetual discontent which continued to disturb him for the whole of his reign. His gallant spirit was probably incapable of bonding to the ordinary shifts of political craft, and it is perhaps true that the Arabian chiefs were not yet sufficiently disciplined to see the sovereign authority quietly monopolized by any particular family."
A barber (from the Latin barba, "beard") is a person whose occupation is mainly to cut, dress, groom, style and shave men's and boys' hair. A barber's place of work is known as a "barber shop" or a "barber's". Barber shops are also places of social interaction and public discourse. In some instances, barbershops are also public forums. They are the locations of open debates, voicing public concerns, and engaging citizens in discussions about contemporary issues. They were also influential in helping shape male identity.
In previous times, barbers (known as barber surgeons) also performed surgery and dentistry. With the development of safety razors and the decreasing prevalence of beards, in English-speaking cultures, most barbers now specialize in cutting men's scalp hair as opposed to facial hair.
TERMINOLOGY
In modern times, the term "barber" is used both as a professional title and to refer to hairdressers who specialize in men's hair. Historically, all hairdressers were considered barbers. In the 20th century, the profession of cosmetology branched off from barbering, and today hairdressers may be licensed as either barbers or cosmetologists. Barbers differ with respect to where they work, which services they are licensed to provide, and what name they use to refer to themselves. Part of this terminology difference depends on the regulations in a given location.
Different states in the US vary on their labor and licensing laws. For example, in Maryland, a cosmetologist cannot use a straight razor, strictly reserved for barbers. In contrast, in New Jersey both are regulated by the State Board of Cosmetology and there is no longer a legal difference in barbers and cosmetologists, as they are issued the same license and can practice both the art of straight razor shaving, colouring, other chemical work and haircutting if they choose.
In Australia, the official term for a barber is hairdresser; barber is only a popular title for men's hairdressers, although not as popular now as it was in the middle of the 20th century. Most would work in a hairdressing salon.
HISTORY
The barber's trade has a long history: razors have been found among relics of the Bronze Age (around 3500 BC) in Egypt. In ancient Egyptian culture, barbers were highly respected individuals. Priests and men of medicine are the earliest recorded examples of barbers. In some early tribes, a barber was one of the most important members, as it was believed that certain evil spirits could enter a person's body through their hair, and that cutting it was a way to drive them out. Due to their spiritual and religious beliefs, barbers even performed religious ceremonies, such as marriages and baptizing children. During these ceremonies, they would leave people's hair hanging down until after dancing; they would then cut the hair and tie it back tightly so that no evil spirits could enter and no good spirits could escape.
Men in Ancient Greece would have their beards, hair, and fingernails trimmed and styled by the κουρεύς (cureus), in an agora (market place) which also served as a social gathering for debates and gossip.
Barbering was introduced to Rome by the Greek colonies in Sicily in 296 BC, and barber shops quickly became very popular centres for daily news and gossip. A morning visit to the tonsor became a part of the daily routine, as important as the visit to the public baths, and a young man's first shave (tonsura) was considered an essential part of his coming of age ceremony.
A few Roman tonsores became wealthy and influential, running shops that were favourite public locations of high society; however, most were simple tradesmen, who owned small storefronts or worked in the streets for low prices.Starting from the Middle Ages, barbers often served as surgeons and dentists. In addition to haircutting, hairdressing, and shaving, barbers performed surgery, bloodletting and leeching, fire cupping, enemas, and the extraction of teeth; earning them the name "barber surgeons". The barber pole, featuring red and white spiraling stripes, symbolized different aspects of the craft. Barbers received higher pay than surgeons until surgeons were entered into British warships during naval wars. Some of the duties of the barber included neck manipulation, cleansing of ears and scalp, draining of boils, fistula and lancing of cysts with wicks.
19th CENTURY AND LATER
Barbershops were influential at the turn of the 19th century in helping to develop African American culture and economy. According to Trudier Harris, "In addition to its status as a gathering place, the black barbershop also functioned as a complicated and often contradictory microcosm of the larger world. It is an environment that can bolster egos and be supportive as well as a place where phony men can be destroyed, or at least highly shamed, from participation in verbal contests and other contests of skill. It is a retreat, a haven, an escape from nagging wives and the cares of the world. It is a place where men can be men. It is a place, in contrast to Gordone's bar, to be somebody."Late in the 19th century there were several noteworthy events in the barber profession that gave it an upward trend, and the effects are still carrying onward and upward. In 1893, A. B. Moler of Chicago, established a school for barbers. This was the first institution of its kind in the world, and its success was apparent from its very start. It stood for higher education in the ranks, and the parent school was rapidly followed by branches in nearly every principal city of the United States. In the beginning of barber schools, only the practical work of shaving, hair-cutting, facial treatments, etc., was taught as neither the public nor the profession were ready to accept scientific treatments of hair, skin and scalp. Not until about 1920 was much effort made to professionalize the work.
In the early 1900s an alternative word for barber, "chirotonsor", came into use in the USA.
The barber Sam Mature, whose interview with Studs Terkel was published in Terkel's 1974 book Working, says "A man used to get a haircut every couple weeks. Now he waits a month or two, some of 'em even longer than that. A lot of people would get manicured and fixed up every week. Most of these people retired, moved away, or passed away. It's all on account of long hair. You take old-timers, they wanted to look neat, to be presentable. Now people don't seem to care too much."
Despite the economic recession in 2008, the barber shop industry has seen continued positive growth.
Training to be a barber is achieved through various means around the world. In the USA, barber training is carried out at "Barber Schools".
Cost—Many states require a barber license in order to practice barbering professionally. The cost of barber school varies from state to state, and also from metro area to metro area. Schools in larger metropolitan areas tend to cost more than those located in more rural towns. Brand names can also affect the cost of barber school. Most barber schools cost between $6,500 and $10,000 to complete. Because each state has different minimums for training hours, the length and cost of the program can vary accordingly. Some schools tuition includes supplies and textbooks, whereas others do not. Barber license exam fees typically range from $50 to $150.
Length—Most states require the same amount of training hours for barbers as they do for cosmetologists. The number of hours required ranges from 800 to 2,000 training hours, depending on the state's licensing requirements. Most programs can be completed in 15 months or fewer.
Curriculum—The barber school curriculum consists of hair cutting, coloring and styling for men's hair and women's short hair. Chemical processes such as bleaching, dyeing, lightening and relaxing hair may also be taught. All cosmetology disciplines learn safety and sanitation best practices. Barber students can expect to learn some elements of anatomy, physiology, bacteriology and some small elements of pharmacology. It also teaches facial hair techniques, including traditional and modern shaves. Generally barber programs touch on scalp massage and treatments. Advanced barber training may include custom shave designs. It is more common in barbering schools than other cosmetology disciplines to get some business and ethics education, since entrepreneurship is especially common in the barbering trade with many professionals choosing to open their own barbershops. All the skills learned in barber school will be tested at the board exams, which typically feature a written and practical exam.
WIKIPEDIA
A barber (from the Latin barba, "beard") is a person whose occupation is mainly to cut, dress, groom, style and shave men's and boys' hair. A barber's place of work is known as a "barber shop" or a "barber's". Barber shops are also places of social interaction and public discourse. In some instances, barbershops are also public forums. They are the locations of open debates, voicing public concerns, and engaging citizens in discussions about contemporary issues. They were also influential in helping shape male identity.
In previous times, barbers (known as barber surgeons) also performed surgery and dentistry. With the development of safety razors and the decreasing prevalence of beards, in English-speaking cultures, most barbers now specialize in cutting men's scalp hair as opposed to facial hair.
TERMINOLOGY
In modern times, the term "barber" is used both as a professional title and to refer to hairdressers who specialize in men's hair. Historically, all hairdressers were considered barbers. In the 20th century, the profession of cosmetology branched off from barbering, and today hairdressers may be licensed as either barbers or cosmetologists. Barbers differ with respect to where they work, which services they are licensed to provide, and what name they use to refer to themselves. Part of this terminology difference depends on the regulations in a given location.
Different states in the US vary on their labor and licensing laws. For example, in Maryland, a cosmetologist cannot use a straight razor, strictly reserved for barbers. In contrast, in New Jersey both are regulated by the State Board of Cosmetology and there is no longer a legal difference in barbers and cosmetologists, as they are issued the same license and can practice both the art of straight razor shaving, colouring, other chemical work and haircutting if they choose.
In Australia, the official term for a barber is hairdresser; barber is only a popular title for men's hairdressers, although not as popular now as it was in the middle of the 20th century. Most would work in a hairdressing salon.
HISTORY
The barber's trade has a long history: razors have been found among relics of the Bronze Age (around 3500 BC) in Egypt. In ancient Egyptian culture, barbers were highly respected individuals. Priests and men of medicine are the earliest recorded examples of barbers. In some early tribes, a barber was one of the most important members, as it was believed that certain evil spirits could enter a person's body through their hair, and that cutting it was a way to drive them out. Due to their spiritual and religious beliefs, barbers even performed religious ceremonies, such as marriages and baptizing children. During these ceremonies, they would leave people's hair hanging down until after dancing; they would then cut the hair and tie it back tightly so that no evil spirits could enter and no good spirits could escape.
Men in Ancient Greece would have their beards, hair, and fingernails trimmed and styled by the κουρεύς (cureus), in an agora (market place) which also served as a social gathering for debates and gossip.
Barbering was introduced to Rome by the Greek colonies in Sicily in 296 BC, and barber shops quickly became very popular centres for daily news and gossip. A morning visit to the tonsor became a part of the daily routine, as important as the visit to the public baths, and a young man's first shave (tonsura) was considered an essential part of his coming of age ceremony.
A few Roman tonsores became wealthy and influential, running shops that were favourite public locations of high society; however, most were simple tradesmen, who owned small storefronts or worked in the streets for low prices.Starting from the Middle Ages, barbers often served as surgeons and dentists. In addition to haircutting, hairdressing, and shaving, barbers performed surgery, bloodletting and leeching, fire cupping, enemas, and the extraction of teeth; earning them the name "barber surgeons". The barber pole, featuring red and white spiraling stripes, symbolized different aspects of the craft. Barbers received higher pay than surgeons until surgeons were entered into British warships during naval wars. Some of the duties of the barber included neck manipulation, cleansing of ears and scalp, draining of boils, fistula and lancing of cysts with wicks.
19th CENTURY AND LATER
Barbershops were influential at the turn of the 19th century in helping to develop African American culture and economy. According to Trudier Harris, "In addition to its status as a gathering place, the black barbershop also functioned as a complicated and often contradictory microcosm of the larger world. It is an environment that can bolster egos and be supportive as well as a place where phony men can be destroyed, or at least highly shamed, from participation in verbal contests and other contests of skill. It is a retreat, a haven, an escape from nagging wives and the cares of the world. It is a place where men can be men. It is a place, in contrast to Gordone's bar, to be somebody."Late in the 19th century there were several noteworthy events in the barber profession that gave it an upward trend, and the effects are still carrying onward and upward. In 1893, A. B. Moler of Chicago, established a school for barbers. This was the first institution of its kind in the world, and its success was apparent from its very start. It stood for higher education in the ranks, and the parent school was rapidly followed by branches in nearly every principal city of the United States. In the beginning of barber schools, only the practical work of shaving, hair-cutting, facial treatments, etc., was taught as neither the public nor the profession were ready to accept scientific treatments of hair, skin and scalp. Not until about 1920 was much effort made to professionalize the work.
In the early 1900s an alternative word for barber, "chirotonsor", came into use in the USA.
The barber Sam Mature, whose interview with Studs Terkel was published in Terkel's 1974 book Working, says "A man used to get a haircut every couple weeks. Now he waits a month or two, some of 'em even longer than that. A lot of people would get manicured and fixed up every week. Most of these people retired, moved away, or passed away. It's all on account of long hair. You take old-timers, they wanted to look neat, to be presentable. Now people don't seem to care too much."
Despite the economic recession in 2008, the barber shop industry has seen continued positive growth.
Training to be a barber is achieved through various means around the world. In the USA, barber training is carried out at "Barber Schools".
Cost—Many states require a barber license in order to practice barbering professionally. The cost of barber school varies from state to state, and also from metro area to metro area. Schools in larger metropolitan areas tend to cost more than those located in more rural towns. Brand names can also affect the cost of barber school. Most barber schools cost between $6,500 and $10,000 to complete. Because each state has different minimums for training hours, the length and cost of the program can vary accordingly. Some schools tuition includes supplies and textbooks, whereas others do not. Barber license exam fees typically range from $50 to $150.
Length—Most states require the same amount of training hours for barbers as they do for cosmetologists. The number of hours required ranges from 800 to 2,000 training hours, depending on the state's licensing requirements. Most programs can be completed in 15 months or fewer.
Curriculum—The barber school curriculum consists of hair cutting, coloring and styling for men's hair and women's short hair. Chemical processes such as bleaching, dyeing, lightening and relaxing hair may also be taught. All cosmetology disciplines learn safety and sanitation best practices. Barber students can expect to learn some elements of anatomy, physiology, bacteriology and some small elements of pharmacology. It also teaches facial hair techniques, including traditional and modern shaves. Generally barber programs touch on scalp massage and treatments. Advanced barber training may include custom shave designs. It is more common in barbering schools than other cosmetology disciplines to get some business and ethics education, since entrepreneurship is especially common in the barbering trade with many professionals choosing to open their own barbershops. All the skills learned in barber school will be tested at the board exams, which typically feature a written and practical exam.
WIKIPEDIA
A barber (from the Latin barba, "beard") is a person whose occupation is mainly to cut, dress, groom, style and shave men's and boys' hair. A barber's place of work is known as a "barber shop" or a "barber's". Barber shops are also places of social interaction and public discourse. In some instances, barbershops are also public forums. They are the locations of open debates, voicing public concerns, and engaging citizens in discussions about contemporary issues. They were also influential in helping shape male identity.
In previous times, barbers (known as barber surgeons) also performed surgery and dentistry. With the development of safety razors and the decreasing prevalence of beards, in English-speaking cultures, most barbers now specialize in cutting men's scalp hair as opposed to facial hair.
TERMINOLOGY
In modern times, the term "barber" is used both as a professional title and to refer to hairdressers who specialize in men's hair. Historically, all hairdressers were considered barbers. In the 20th century, the profession of cosmetology branched off from barbering, and today hairdressers may be licensed as either barbers or cosmetologists. Barbers differ with respect to where they work, which services they are licensed to provide, and what name they use to refer to themselves. Part of this terminology difference depends on the regulations in a given location.
Different states in the US vary on their labor and licensing laws. For example, in Maryland, a cosmetologist cannot use a straight razor, strictly reserved for barbers. In contrast, in New Jersey both are regulated by the State Board of Cosmetology and there is no longer a legal difference in barbers and cosmetologists, as they are issued the same license and can practice both the art of straight razor shaving, colouring, other chemical work and haircutting if they choose.
In Australia, the official term for a barber is hairdresser; barber is only a popular title for men's hairdressers, although not as popular now as it was in the middle of the 20th century. Most would work in a hairdressing salon.
HISTORY
The barber's trade has a long history: razors have been found among relics of the Bronze Age (around 3500 BC) in Egypt. In ancient Egyptian culture, barbers were highly respected individuals. Priests and men of medicine are the earliest recorded examples of barbers. In some early tribes, a barber was one of the most important members, as it was believed that certain evil spirits could enter a person's body through their hair, and that cutting it was a way to drive them out. Due to their spiritual and religious beliefs, barbers even performed religious ceremonies, such as marriages and baptizing children. During these ceremonies, they would leave people's hair hanging down until after dancing; they would then cut the hair and tie it back tightly so that no evil spirits could enter and no good spirits could escape.
Men in Ancient Greece would have their beards, hair, and fingernails trimmed and styled by the κουρεύς (cureus), in an agora (market place) which also served as a social gathering for debates and gossip.
Barbering was introduced to Rome by the Greek colonies in Sicily in 296 BC, and barber shops quickly became very popular centres for daily news and gossip. A morning visit to the tonsor became a part of the daily routine, as important as the visit to the public baths, and a young man's first shave (tonsura) was considered an essential part of his coming of age ceremony.
A few Roman tonsores became wealthy and influential, running shops that were favourite public locations of high society; however, most were simple tradesmen, who owned small storefronts or worked in the streets for low prices.Starting from the Middle Ages, barbers often served as surgeons and dentists. In addition to haircutting, hairdressing, and shaving, barbers performed surgery, bloodletting and leeching, fire cupping, enemas, and the extraction of teeth; earning them the name "barber surgeons". The barber pole, featuring red and white spiraling stripes, symbolized different aspects of the craft. Barbers received higher pay than surgeons until surgeons were entered into British warships during naval wars. Some of the duties of the barber included neck manipulation, cleansing of ears and scalp, draining of boils, fistula and lancing of cysts with wicks.
19th CENTURY AND LATER
Barbershops were influential at the turn of the 19th century in helping to develop African American culture and economy. According to Trudier Harris, "In addition to its status as a gathering place, the black barbershop also functioned as a complicated and often contradictory microcosm of the larger world. It is an environment that can bolster egos and be supportive as well as a place where phony men can be destroyed, or at least highly shamed, from participation in verbal contests and other contests of skill. It is a retreat, a haven, an escape from nagging wives and the cares of the world. It is a place where men can be men. It is a place, in contrast to Gordone's bar, to be somebody."Late in the 19th century there were several noteworthy events in the barber profession that gave it an upward trend, and the effects are still carrying onward and upward. In 1893, A. B. Moler of Chicago, established a school for barbers. This was the first institution of its kind in the world, and its success was apparent from its very start. It stood for higher education in the ranks, and the parent school was rapidly followed by branches in nearly every principal city of the United States. In the beginning of barber schools, only the practical work of shaving, hair-cutting, facial treatments, etc., was taught as neither the public nor the profession were ready to accept scientific treatments of hair, skin and scalp. Not until about 1920 was much effort made to professionalize the work.
In the early 1900s an alternative word for barber, "chirotonsor", came into use in the USA.
The barber Sam Mature, whose interview with Studs Terkel was published in Terkel's 1974 book Working, says "A man used to get a haircut every couple weeks. Now he waits a month or two, some of 'em even longer than that. A lot of people would get manicured and fixed up every week. Most of these people retired, moved away, or passed away. It's all on account of long hair. You take old-timers, they wanted to look neat, to be presentable. Now people don't seem to care too much."
Despite the economic recession in 2008, the barber shop industry has seen continued positive growth.
Training to be a barber is achieved through various means around the world. In the USA, barber training is carried out at "Barber Schools".
Cost—Many states require a barber license in order to practice barbering professionally. The cost of barber school varies from state to state, and also from metro area to metro area. Schools in larger metropolitan areas tend to cost more than those located in more rural towns. Brand names can also affect the cost of barber school. Most barber schools cost between $6,500 and $10,000 to complete. Because each state has different minimums for training hours, the length and cost of the program can vary accordingly. Some schools tuition includes supplies and textbooks, whereas others do not. Barber license exam fees typically range from $50 to $150.
Length—Most states require the same amount of training hours for barbers as they do for cosmetologists. The number of hours required ranges from 800 to 2,000 training hours, depending on the state's licensing requirements. Most programs can be completed in 15 months or fewer.
Curriculum - The barber school curriculum consists of hair cutting, coloring and styling for men's hair and women's short hair. Chemical processes such as bleaching, dyeing, lightening and relaxing hair may also be taught. All cosmetology disciplines learn safety and sanitation best practices. Barber students can expect to learn some elements of anatomy, physiology, bacteriology and some small elements of pharmacology. It also teaches facial hair techniques, including traditional and modern shaves. Generally barber programs touch on scalp massage and treatments. Advanced barber training may include custom shave designs. It is more common in barbering schools than other cosmetology disciplines to get some business and ethics education, since entrepreneurship is especially common in the barbering trade with many professionals choosing to open their own barbershops. All the skills learned in barber school will be tested at the board exams, which typically feature a written and practical exam.
WIKIPEDIA
The Monastery of the Holy Eucharist in Lindogon, Sibonga in Cebu province is run by Marian monks. The place is where several instances of the phenomena ~ whereby the image of the Virgin Mary shed tears in several instances starting in 1998. It is now very popular for Marian pilgrims and devotees who flock to the palace-like monastery. This transformed the once sleepy barangay into a popular destination. Daily, the monastery is visited by thousands of devotees from all over the country and even from foreign tourists. This crown structure is memorial of the victorious and powerful intercession of the Blessed Virgin Mother thru the Penitential Rosary Walk in 1998, against the killer epidemic hat struck the place, where several lives of poor children and infants had died. Built to honour Mary on the 8th year anniversary of the Monks arrival in Lindogon. Blessed on the 27th day of February, 2004.”
There are available coloured candles near the monastery. Proceeds of the candles will give part to the monks for funds. The following are coloured candles with its own purpose.
Gold: Healing (Good health, Recovery, Spiritual, Family Tree)
Green: Prosperity/Success (Exams, Study, Financial, Business)
Blue: Perseverance (Employment, Career, Assignment, Promotions)
Violet: Achievement (Plans in life, Struggles, Endeavours, Journeys, Voyage)
Red: Love (Utility, Friendship, Engagement, Family)
Yellow: Peace (Courage, Strength, Hope)
White: Purity (Enlightenment, Guidance, Right Path)
Orange: Reconciliation (Sweetheart, Wife, Husband, Enemy, Family)
Pink: Thanksgiving/Happiness/Joy (Spiritual, Physical)
Black: Souls (Forgiveness, Pardon)
Brown: Vocation (Marriage Bond, God’s Servant, Single life)
Grey: Deliverance (Bad ways, Things, Spirits)
Cream: Conversion/Faith (Children, Household, Couples)
A gentle reminder from the Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines, the following guidelines must be strictly followed and not allowed to wear inside the Monastery: wearing of tube & short blouses/dresses, fitting & transparent pants, spaghetti straps/sleeveless dress, mini skirts, shorts. While taking you to the Monastery, it is required to remove footwear before entering the Mother Mary’s prayer room. Cameras flash should be turned off while taking pictures so as not to interrupt/destruct others when praying. All Catholic & Non-Catholic are advised to please respect and observe solemnity inside the Church. Smoking is prohibited inside the premises. Parking area is situated to the right side of the entrance.
If you are from Cebu City taking you through Sibonga town proper to estimate of 50 kilometres southeast or travel time for about 2-hours and can be reached via any of the buses (air con/non air-con) that leaves regularly for Sibonga from the South Bus Terminal along N. Bacalso Ave. in Cebu City. Bus fare is less than a hundred pesos. The place is famous among all passengers, just ask the conductor to drop you off to the crossing in going to Birhen sa Simala. Mary’s pilgrimage is few kilometres away from the drop off point and you can reach the destination by riding in a motorcycles for hire habal-habal or public tricycles. The Monastery of the Holy Eucharist opens daily from 8:00 am - 6:00 pm.
From Lock Baker Builder of Icarus...The inspiration for Icarus was primarily to push my limits as an engine builder. You see, for years I only did the metal fabrication on my motorcycles, leaving the motor rebuilds to professionals.The problem was that the local professionals, in many instances, turned out to be unreliable, costly, and difficult to work with. I knew that in order to become a true bikebuilder I needed to master every aspect of bike construction. I had assembled a few engines in a conventional manner but nothing that proved I knew the true dynamics and intricacies of internal combustion. When you simply assemble a motor from a parts catalog you do not need to know much, other than how it all fits together. Look at a shop manual for the given engine type, follow the instructions, and presto—you have a running engine. This engine may not be a competitive race winner, but it will go down the road. I wanted to prove to myself, and mypeers, that I truly understood the mechanics and theories of internal combustion. The only way to do this was to design and build— not simply assemble—a custom engine.
I remember several years ago watching a TV program with Indian Larry. He was explaining one of his engines, one with two different Harley heads on a common crankcase. He said that he liked engines to be as bizarre and mechanical looking as possible, hence the two different heads. I couldn’t agree more! I thought that I could push that concept further still—by not usingHarley parts at all. This engine is a hybrid of different designs. The crankcase is Harley style. In other words it is a V-twin, single cam, 45-degree cylinder angle, with a gear driven breather system. The cylinders, pistons, and heads started life as Continental 0 200 parts. Continental is an aircraft engine company that primarily builds boxer style prop plane piston engines. The work involved in making this whole thing come together is too long a story to tell here, but I will cover some of the major challenges. The task of mating the cylinders to the case was a big one. Continental cylinders are “oversquare,” meaning that they have a larger bore than stroke. In this case, the bore is 41⁄8” while the stroke is only 31⁄2”. In order to make this fit the case, I needed a much larger “deck” area than a typical Harley. The cases I used were manufactured by Delkron, who were kind enough to sell them to me with a blank deck, meaning there were no stud holes. I also specified a case set up for a 1⁄4” extended pinion shaft, essentially moving the entire cam compartment over in order to make room for the increased cylinder base area. There are more differences between typical Harley cylinders and Continental cylinders. Continental cylinders have six base studs instead of the usual four, as well as an O-ring base gasket instead of a flat paper one. The base studs were a problem because two of the six studs per cylinder were located exactly where my tappet blocks were! To fix this I built up weld material outward from the deck area towards the tappet blocks then shaped them by hand, blending them into the case. This provided the extra meat I needed to accommodate these new base studs. The tappet blocks themselves then needed to be machined in order to have them fit this new deck modification. They barely fit!The connecting rods had to be custom made for a few reasons. The wrist pin was Continental and the crank pin was Harley style. Also, the distance between the two pins was much longer than a Harley. Carrillo was chosen to manufacture these custom rods, and after four months of waiting they showed up. They are the most beautiful rods I have ever seen: H-beam, shot-peened, perfect. The crank assembly was another challenge. Because of the short stroke the Continental cylinders called for, I needed to have custom flywheels made. You see, the only Harley flywheels to have a 31⁄2”stroke were 61” Knuckleheads. My crankcase calls for Evolution style pinion and sprocket shafts, meaning a corresponding set of flywheels. I called Truett & Osborn, a trusted flywheel manufacturer, and asked them if they could build these custom wheels around my custom connecting rods. Once they started, I received a phone call saying that because the stroke is so short, the nuts that hold the crank pin in place are too close to the sprocket and pinion shaft bases. Makes sense when you think about it. Luckily for me, they are cool people over there at T&O, and they came up with a neat solution: make a custom crank pin with smaller threaded ends, meaning they could use smaller nuts. Problem solved. Here’s another: Harleys have two different cylinder heads, a front and a rear. They are almost mirror images, allowing for both intake ports to be located across the street from one another. This allows them to use a common intake manifold and a single carb to feed both cylinders. Continental engines are boxer style, so every head and cylinder is exactly the same. When you take two of them and put them upright in a 45-degree configuration, they look like two rear Harley heads. This means a few things. I needed two custom-made intake manifolds and two carbs. I also needed a custom camshaft with the front two lobes reversed. In addition, the rocker arm ratio of the Continental is 1.2/1 while modern Harleys are 1.6/1. This would mean that in order for the valves to lift as much as Harley valves do, I would need a much higher lift cam. The cam design and construction was given to Redline Racing Cams out of California. It took over six months but they eventually nailed it. Thank you Redline! I could go on forever, but here is a basic synopsis of the other challenges: custom collapsible pushrods, custom intake manifolds, custom Lectron carbs, custom load bearing rocker boxes, cus-tom pushrod boots, custom top end oil drains, magneto re-degreed, custom exhaust, cylinder fins extensively clearanced, custom base studs and nuts, and I even had to make a custom valve spring compressor due to the fact that the cylinders and heads are permanently attached to each other! (No head gaskets.) The rest of the bike is every bit as wild as the engine. With the help of Acme Choppers, we made an entirely stainless steel frame in order to fit the taller engine. I made the hubs from scratch and had them laced to imported Morad rims from Spain. Bandit Machine Works provided the primary drive, which I modified to accommodate a 10-degree transmission plate tilt. This allowed me to get a fair lead on the final belt drive (an old Indian Larry trick). I also made the fuel tank from scratch out of aluminum (see past Iron- Works article for that one!). The fork is a shaved 35mm narrow glide. Everything else, including the bars, foot controls, fender struts, taillight, plumbing, seat, oil tank, and 4-bar pneumatic seat suspension were all made by me at Eastern Fabrications.I feel very satisfied with the final result. The engine runs like a top and the bike rides exactly the way I wanted it to —light, quick, agile and fun. It goes without saying that I had the help of a lot of talented and generous people. Mark Simiola, from Sterling Performance was instrumental in helping me calculate the length of the rods to get my desired compression ratio. He also
answered countless questions and helped me time the engine. Acme Choppers came through as usual with the bottom half of the frame. Clifford Frizzel from Esquire Machinehelped make the beautiful rocker boxes and decked the cases. Cooney Engraving did the custom badges that adorn the bike. Truett & Osborn, Carrillo, Delkron, and Redline all treated me with professionalism and kindness. I would like to thank all of you for your willingness to think outside the box with me. Oh yeah, the name. The story of Icarus comes from Greek myth. Icarus was the son of Daedalus, a craftsman who built a set of wings that allowed man to fly. Icarus was allowed to use the wings on one condition; that he not fly too close to the hot sun, as the wings were held together with wax. As Icarus flew he did not heed his father’s warning; the wax melted and he fell to his death. I chose the name because, by using aircraft parts, I was taking a risk. I knew that if I was not careful and diligent it would not work. Luckily, patience pays off and so, this Icarus Flies.
Large forest showcase rendering.
Created using the powerful instancing capabilities of MASH in Maya, this forest has close to a million trees. Trees constructed in SpeedTree, scene built in Maya and rendered in Arnold.
The Owl of Athena was also used in this instance, as a localized navigation map of Greenland, the Avernus Basin, and Labrador, which coincides with other Greek, Egyptian, and Irish mythology images meant to safely guide travelers over land and sea . It was probably used in many other locations as well.
See also the Avernus image...
www.flickr.com/photos/10749411@N03/5249386712/in/photostr...
Not a surprise, but the eyes of the Owl image are also the eyes of Hades image of Eastern North America, shown earlier.
While many of my theories I am 110% sure of, I am only 95% sure of this idea.
The lines of the owl are too close, and the "google eyes" match too well, the Hades eyes mentioned earlier.
The ancient adage was "As Above" (in the celestial heavens), "So Below" (on Mother Earth), and "As Within" (the human body itself). For this reason, I am now strongly suggesting that the Owl Figure was one of many interpretations of the features found on the moon, as well as mirroring the geographic landscape on earth, and certainly being the anthropomorphic form of Athena, the Greek version of the Moon Goddess. I am certain that these ideas have been a million times repeated, and I am just the latest.
As the Avernus Basin flooded surrounding Greenland, and all habitats at lower levels were lost, a new map was needed to show the navigation around the multiple islands and channels from the Atlantic area towards the Arctic Ocean.
The ancient message to me is clear. Past this channel area, you are entering the realm of night and death, so beware! Do not cross this area or face danger.
It also strongly indicates that some form of ancient Northwest passage existed for ships, to "cross into the other ocean", meaning the Pacific, through these series of channels. All passageways appear to have been filled with sediment, and the transit points became useless.
From the website called, "The Owl Pages", I have the following wonderful quote...
"In the mythology of ancient Greece, Athene, the Goddess of Wisdom, was so impressed by the great eyes and solemn appearance of the Owl that, having banished the mischievous crow, she honoured the night bird by making him her favourite among feathered creatures. Athene's bird was a Little Owl, (Athene noctua)."
www.owlpages.com/articles.php?section=Owl+Mythology&t...
...and another wonderful quote from the same location...
"In Roman Mythology, Proserpine (Persephone) was transported to the underworld against her will by Pluto (Hades), god of the underworld, and was to be allowed to return to her mother Ceres (Demeter), goddess of agriculture, providing she ate nothing while in the underworld."
One last item, or two... If you look real close, there are two owl versions shown. The one depicted in the Greek coin has a slightly upright tail, the other has a "soft tail" flush down. The first one has eyes tweaked at about 20 degrees down from horizontal, the second one is horizontal with the Greenland overlay.
Here is what is even more amazing to me. The first Owl, "upright tail Greek coin version" ALSO overlays the portion of Greenland west of the original overlay towards Baffin Bay! The second Owl overlay image, which was used in the original overlay, has the tail figures transcending over the "Davis Strait" towards Labrador and "Leopold Island".
It is as if there was an early map version with head and body transcending towards Labrador across the "Davis Strait", and a later map version with an Owl body entirely in Greenland, and only the legs transcending towards Labrador! Amazing!
Side Notes: This also rings an etymology bell, in that Nashua, New Hampshire and Iowa, may both be named after Athene Noctua.
Anyways, I am only 95% certain on this theory, it makes explicit sense yet I can't be sure, and it will take true academics and scientists possibly 20 years to verify the navigation reasons for this image. I hope all enjoy the similarities.
Hurricanes pack a lot of kinetic energy. E=MW^3 for Windriaan and E_kin=1/2Mv^2 ( M in kg and v in m/s).
An ordinary sailing boat and commonly known wind mills ( turbines ) are no good in hurricanes. It was useless to go to, for instance, Antarctica. Wind energy, as we know it, stops above windforce ten beaufort. Windenergy without hurricanes is what you get from the system. Der untergang is what we get from the system. Stand up people.
When we use the wind above ten Beaufort then the next step is to make hydrogen from marine water. And then, fresh water. In order to solve the food problem too, in one go.
Orkanen herbergen veel energie. Een gewone zeilboot en gewone windturbines zijn niet geschikt voor orkanen. Het had dus geen zin om naar bijvoorbeeld Antarctica te gaan. Windenergie, zoals we dat kennen, stopt boven de windkracht tien Beaufort. Als we eenmaal orkanen gebruiken, dan is de volgende stap om van zeewater waterstof te maken. En dan, zoet water om het voedsel probleem op te lossen.
Orkanen komen meer voor doordat de aarde, met name het zeewater, is verwarmd. De turbo staat erop, als het ware.
Het doel is om energie te verkrijgen, uit storm. Water en eten zijn heel kostbaar, maar, in feite, na gebruik van stormen en zeewater, bijna gratis.
The goal is to convert energy, in storm.
Het doel is om energie te halen uit storm.
Zeewater wordt, LH2, met behulp van, Orbites strai, en Spailboats. Die zijn gebaseerd op het windsurfen en als gevolg gaan ze half wind. Half wind surfing is along with wave front. A track, right over the equator makes ring.
Energy, brought up by Orbites strai and Spailboat turns marine water into, LH2. Spailboat and Orbites strai cme from wind surfing. Half wind wind surfing opens the sea, cuz the course lays over the tubes the waves make on open sea.
Even terug naar af: een gangbare en / of gewone windmolen / wind-turbine is niet geschikt / kan niet draaien in harde storm, zodat het geen zin had om naar, bijvoorbeeld, Antarctica, te gaan; met de handel. Windenergie, zoals we dat kennen, is zonder orkanen.
Back to the beginning: a common known wind mill / turbine is not suitable for high winds, so, it was useless to go to where the wind is blowing real fast. Wind surfing however is suitable for high seas and this is mainly because the course wind surfers sail is half wind.
Near the arctic poles are more storms and together with these kind of hurricanes, appearing over our longtitudes, we can provide the whole world with energy, hydrogen and electricity. De inventions are suitable for these kind of stormy winds. Orbites strai and Spailboat are based upon wind surfing. With Spailboat we can go to the seas near the Arctics to harvest the wind. Orbiets stai are static and work on land, or on special ( maybe floating ) platforms at sea.
Aan de ene kant stormt het en aan de kant is er energie nodig. Nu is die storm mede een gevolg van juist ons energie verbruik. Global warming maakte de lucht dikker, warmde zo de aarde op, en de warmere wateren en dikkere lucht zorgden voor meer wind. Meer wind leidt tot hogere golven. Wind en golven. Pak dat nu eens letterlijk op, en dan volgt: wind surf!
The thing is that the world needs energy. Hurricanes pack a lot of energy. And, more specific, global warming makes more hurricanes. More wind implies higher waves. So, after screening everything else out, we have left: wind and waves. Or, wind surf.
Wind surfen gebeurt met plastic, olie dus, en zet de wind om in snelheid. Massa maal snelheid is, energie. Met energie hoeven we niet naar de oorlog te gaan. het ging om olie, toch? Het ging er toch om dat het volk zijn brood krijgt? LH2, of, stikstof of, elektriciteit zijn energie, het tegenwoordige brood.
Wind surfing equipement is made from super good plastics, super composites; oil. And, energy is mass in motion. Enough wind means, enough energy, cuz, the very base of, LH2, is marine water.
Olie is plastic en plastic is het bouwmateriaal voor de mechanische wind- en kitesurfers die dan natuurlijk energie opwekken. Ofwel, leren vliegen als vogels, is, wat de mensheid moet doen, voor vrede, omdat vrede hangt om energie. Via energie kan namelijk zeewater worden gezuiverd. Met water kan er worden geïrrigeerd, voor voedsel voor bossen en zo meer.
Without the fencing around waters we can hunt, gain energy.
mankind has / knows two periods. before metal and agriculture and, after. before the fencing around the ground we were hunters. mankind walked on in the first period. Spailing, as I want to call it now.
in 2013, where we speak, this second period has run out. so, mankind is heading to the third period. the fencing is no longer working for us. the volume of mankind is simply too big to be fenced around. what we can do is, getting / giving every body food and water. for this, we need energy, and for energy, we have to hunt!!?? so, in fact, the third period of mankind is very much like the first, in where mankind walked over the earth, looking for food, well, energy.
Wind- en kitesurfen zijn moeilijk. alleen de mens zelf kan het. Anders dan over de lucht glijden met vliegtuigen, vergt wind en kitesurfen de gecontroleerde articulatie van de vleugels. de '''wetenschap''' die wel goed is met articuleren is oorlog! luchtafweergeschut, zoals de goalkeeper, en de lopen van tanks worden gearticuleerd. wind- en kitesurfen vallen dus onder de oorlogsindustrie.
rings and spailboats come, and spailobats are in facto a sort of space crafts, looking for energy on the go. spailcrafts and space crafts are the same, although, based on the same principle, looking for energy. space crafts go for another solar system, after the sun runs out. my thoughts are four billion years further where, we are building space crafts to leave this planet because the sun runs out. the words you read, in any of my shows, are only marks, for myself, to know what I was thinking at the time. after all, energy flows. E_kin = 1 / 2 M v^2 in Watts. wind is mass in motion.
the thing with words is, that the brain stops working on the race. let others write. let me do the trick.
flat to the wind, half wind, going no where but fast for energy, m v w
for the critic section : try to find one blunder in the construction. there are no fauls / flaws in the Spailcrafts and the ORBITes strai. the mess in the words, is only the dust I throw in the eyes of the judges, proving that they like to judge!
use, LH2, for a large part, and save the oil . well, keep on pumping it up, for the plastic. plastic, super composites with carbon fibers,. which is mainly oil by the way. an everlasting future is made out of super composites with carbon fibers. this planet got its rescue. it is going out there to gain energy. the skill is wind surfing and kite surfing. it takes other means than we used to. for using the wind and waves, we need Spailcrafts and for wind, alone, the ORBITes strai.
the former crowns and rings are now spinned. it's only rock 'n roll, but i like it.
the wheels are now spinned through the water.
in both sentences is energy generated. a new ring and the old wheel in water. two times the wheel reinvented.
the former wheels over land are replaced by maglev. and, when wheels are still used, the bearings are done with maglev.
plastic is ever lasting. it is not for nothing called : super composites.
plastic wind using machines make LH2, from [marine - ] water.
Veel van de wind was altijd te hard om te benutten. Windriaan en Speelboot zijn cyclonen en Gails de baas. Energie probleem opgelost.
Problem solved. Energy problem.
The strongest wind ever recorded 560km/hr. There is plenty of wind left to convert with Windriaan and Spailboat. The planet has a south pole and oceans. Where there should Windriaan and Spailboats.
Spailboat and Windriaan are hydrogen generators. The oceans and Antarctica can pack billions of each. Energy problem solved.
A barber (from the Latin barba, "beard") is a person whose occupation is mainly to cut, dress, groom, style and shave men's and boys' hair. A barber's place of work is known as a "barber shop" or a "barber's". Barber shops are also places of social interaction and public discourse. In some instances, barbershops are also public forums. They are the locations of open debates, voicing public concerns, and engaging citizens in discussions about contemporary issues. They were also influential in helping shape male identity.
In previous times, barbers (known as barber surgeons) also performed surgery and dentistry. With the development of safety razors and the decreasing prevalence of beards, in English-speaking cultures, most barbers now specialize in cutting men's scalp hair as opposed to facial hair.
TERMINOLOGY
In modern times, the term "barber" is used both as a professional title and to refer to hairdressers who specialize in men's hair. Historically, all hairdressers were considered barbers. In the 20th century, the profession of cosmetology branched off from barbering, and today hairdressers may be licensed as either barbers or cosmetologists. Barbers differ with respect to where they work, which services they are licensed to provide, and what name they use to refer to themselves. Part of this terminology difference depends on the regulations in a given location.
Different states in the US vary on their labor and licensing laws. For example, in Maryland, a cosmetologist cannot use a straight razor, strictly reserved for barbers. In contrast, in New Jersey both are regulated by the State Board of Cosmetology and there is no longer a legal difference in barbers and cosmetologists, as they are issued the same license and can practice both the art of straight razor shaving, colouring, other chemical work and haircutting if they choose.
In Australia, the official term for a barber is hairdresser; barber is only a popular title for men's hairdressers, although not as popular now as it was in the middle of the 20th century. Most would work in a hairdressing salon.
HISTORY
The barber's trade has a long history: razors have been found among relics of the Bronze Age (around 3500 BC) in Egypt. In ancient Egyptian culture, barbers were highly respected individuals. Priests and men of medicine are the earliest recorded examples of barbers. In some early tribes, a barber was one of the most important members, as it was believed that certain evil spirits could enter a person's body through their hair, and that cutting it was a way to drive them out. Due to their spiritual and religious beliefs, barbers even performed religious ceremonies, such as marriages and baptizing children. During these ceremonies, they would leave people's hair hanging down until after dancing; they would then cut the hair and tie it back tightly so that no evil spirits could enter and no good spirits could escape.
Men in Ancient Greece would have their beards, hair, and fingernails trimmed and styled by the κουρεύς (cureus), in an agora (market place) which also served as a social gathering for debates and gossip.
Barbering was introduced to Rome by the Greek colonies in Sicily in 296 BC, and barber shops quickly became very popular centres for daily news and gossip. A morning visit to the tonsor became a part of the daily routine, as important as the visit to the public baths, and a young man's first shave (tonsura) was considered an essential part of his coming of age ceremony.
A few Roman tonsores became wealthy and influential, running shops that were favourite public locations of high society; however, most were simple tradesmen, who owned small storefronts or worked in the streets for low prices.Starting from the Middle Ages, barbers often served as surgeons and dentists. In addition to haircutting, hairdressing, and shaving, barbers performed surgery, bloodletting and leeching, fire cupping, enemas, and the extraction of teeth; earning them the name "barber surgeons". The barber pole, featuring red and white spiraling stripes, symbolized different aspects of the craft. Barbers received higher pay than surgeons until surgeons were entered into British warships during naval wars. Some of the duties of the barber included neck manipulation, cleansing of ears and scalp, draining of boils, fistula and lancing of cysts with wicks.
19th CENTURY AND LATER
Barbershops were influential at the turn of the 19th century in helping to develop African American culture and economy. According to Trudier Harris, "In addition to its status as a gathering place, the black barbershop also functioned as a complicated and often contradictory microcosm of the larger world. It is an environment that can bolster egos and be supportive as well as a place where phony men can be destroyed, or at least highly shamed, from participation in verbal contests and other contests of skill. It is a retreat, a haven, an escape from nagging wives and the cares of the world. It is a place where men can be men. It is a place, in contrast to Gordone's bar, to be somebody."Late in the 19th century there were several noteworthy events in the barber profession that gave it an upward trend, and the effects are still carrying onward and upward. In 1893, A. B. Moler of Chicago, established a school for barbers. This was the first institution of its kind in the world, and its success was apparent from its very start. It stood for higher education in the ranks, and the parent school was rapidly followed by branches in nearly every principal city of the United States. In the beginning of barber schools, only the practical work of shaving, hair-cutting, facial treatments, etc., was taught as neither the public nor the profession were ready to accept scientific treatments of hair, skin and scalp. Not until about 1920 was much effort made to professionalize the work.
In the early 1900s an alternative word for barber, "chirotonsor", came into use in the USA.
The barber Sam Mature, whose interview with Studs Terkel was published in Terkel's 1974 book Working, says "A man used to get a haircut every couple weeks. Now he waits a month or two, some of 'em even longer than that. A lot of people would get manicured and fixed up every week. Most of these people retired, moved away, or passed away. It's all on account of long hair. You take old-timers, they wanted to look neat, to be presentable. Now people don't seem to care too much."
Despite the economic recession in 2008, the barber shop industry has seen continued positive growth.
Training to be a barber is achieved through various means around the world. In the USA, barber training is carried out at "Barber Schools".
Cost—Many states require a barber license in order to practice barbering professionally. The cost of barber school varies from state to state, and also from metro area to metro area. Schools in larger metropolitan areas tend to cost more than those located in more rural towns. Brand names can also affect the cost of barber school. Most barber schools cost between $6,500 and $10,000 to complete. Because each state has different minimums for training hours, the length and cost of the program can vary accordingly. Some schools tuition includes supplies and textbooks, whereas others do not. Barber license exam fees typically range from $50 to $150.
Length—Most states require the same amount of training hours for barbers as they do for cosmetologists. The number of hours required ranges from 800 to 2,000 training hours, depending on the state's licensing requirements. Most programs can be completed in 15 months or fewer.
Curriculum—The barber school curriculum consists of hair cutting, coloring and styling for men's hair and women's short hair. Chemical processes such as bleaching, dyeing, lightening and relaxing hair may also be taught. All cosmetology disciplines learn safety and sanitation best practices. Barber students can expect to learn some elements of anatomy, physiology, bacteriology and some small elements of pharmacology. It also teaches facial hair techniques, including traditional and modern shaves. Generally barber programs touch on scalp massage and treatments. Advanced barber training may include custom shave designs. It is more common in barbering schools than other cosmetology disciplines to get some business and ethics education, since entrepreneurship is especially common in the barbering trade with many professionals choosing to open their own barbershops. All the skills learned in barber school will be tested at the board exams, which typically feature a written and practical exam.
WIKIPEDIA
A barber (from the Latin barba, "beard") is a person whose occupation is mainly to cut, dress, groom, style and shave men's and boys' hair. A barber's place of work is known as a "barber shop" or a "barber's". Barber shops are also places of social interaction and public discourse. In some instances, barbershops are also public forums. They are the locations of open debates, voicing public concerns, and engaging citizens in discussions about contemporary issues. They were also influential in helping shape male identity.
In previous times, barbers (known as barber surgeons) also performed surgery and dentistry. With the development of safety razors and the decreasing prevalence of beards, in English-speaking cultures, most barbers now specialize in cutting men's scalp hair as opposed to facial hair.
TERMINOLOGY
In modern times, the term "barber" is used both as a professional title and to refer to hairdressers who specialize in men's hair. Historically, all hairdressers were considered barbers. In the 20th century, the profession of cosmetology branched off from barbering, and today hairdressers may be licensed as either barbers or cosmetologists. Barbers differ with respect to where they work, which services they are licensed to provide, and what name they use to refer to themselves. Part of this terminology difference depends on the regulations in a given location.
Different states in the US vary on their labor and licensing laws. For example, in Maryland, a cosmetologist cannot use a straight razor, strictly reserved for barbers. In contrast, in New Jersey both are regulated by the State Board of Cosmetology and there is no longer a legal difference in barbers and cosmetologists, as they are issued the same license and can practice both the art of straight razor shaving, colouring, other chemical work and haircutting if they choose.
In Australia, the official term for a barber is hairdresser; barber is only a popular title for men's hairdressers, although not as popular now as it was in the middle of the 20th century. Most would work in a hairdressing salon.
HISTORY
The barber's trade has a long history: razors have been found among relics of the Bronze Age (around 3500 BC) in Egypt. In ancient Egyptian culture, barbers were highly respected individuals. Priests and men of medicine are the earliest recorded examples of barbers. In some early tribes, a barber was one of the most important members, as it was believed that certain evil spirits could enter a person's body through their hair, and that cutting it was a way to drive them out. Due to their spiritual and religious beliefs, barbers even performed religious ceremonies, such as marriages and baptizing children. During these ceremonies, they would leave people's hair hanging down until after dancing; they would then cut the hair and tie it back tightly so that no evil spirits could enter and no good spirits could escape.
Men in Ancient Greece would have their beards, hair, and fingernails trimmed and styled by the κουρεύς (cureus), in an agora (market place) which also served as a social gathering for debates and gossip.
Barbering was introduced to Rome by the Greek colonies in Sicily in 296 BC, and barber shops quickly became very popular centres for daily news and gossip. A morning visit to the tonsor became a part of the daily routine, as important as the visit to the public baths, and a young man's first shave (tonsura) was considered an essential part of his coming of age ceremony.
A few Roman tonsores became wealthy and influential, running shops that were favourite public locations of high society; however, most were simple tradesmen, who owned small storefronts or worked in the streets for low prices.Starting from the Middle Ages, barbers often served as surgeons and dentists. In addition to haircutting, hairdressing, and shaving, barbers performed surgery, bloodletting and leeching, fire cupping, enemas, and the extraction of teeth; earning them the name "barber surgeons". The barber pole, featuring red and white spiraling stripes, symbolized different aspects of the craft. Barbers received higher pay than surgeons until surgeons were entered into British warships during naval wars. Some of the duties of the barber included neck manipulation, cleansing of ears and scalp, draining of boils, fistula and lancing of cysts with wicks.
19th CENTURY AND LATER
Barbershops were influential at the turn of the 19th century in helping to develop African American culture and economy. According to Trudier Harris, "In addition to its status as a gathering place, the black barbershop also functioned as a complicated and often contradictory microcosm of the larger world. It is an environment that can bolster egos and be supportive as well as a place where phony men can be destroyed, or at least highly shamed, from participation in verbal contests and other contests of skill. It is a retreat, a haven, an escape from nagging wives and the cares of the world. It is a place where men can be men. It is a place, in contrast to Gordone's bar, to be somebody."Late in the 19th century there were several noteworthy events in the barber profession that gave it an upward trend, and the effects are still carrying onward and upward. In 1893, A. B. Moler of Chicago, established a school for barbers. This was the first institution of its kind in the world, and its success was apparent from its very start. It stood for higher education in the ranks, and the parent school was rapidly followed by branches in nearly every principal city of the United States. In the beginning of barber schools, only the practical work of shaving, hair-cutting, facial treatments, etc., was taught as neither the public nor the profession were ready to accept scientific treatments of hair, skin and scalp. Not until about 1920 was much effort made to professionalize the work.
In the early 1900s an alternative word for barber, "chirotonsor", came into use in the USA.
The barber Sam Mature, whose interview with Studs Terkel was published in Terkel's 1974 book Working, says "A man used to get a haircut every couple weeks. Now he waits a month or two, some of 'em even longer than that. A lot of people would get manicured and fixed up every week. Most of these people retired, moved away, or passed away. It's all on account of long hair. You take old-timers, they wanted to look neat, to be presentable. Now people don't seem to care too much."
Despite the economic recession in 2008, the barber shop industry has seen continued positive growth.
Training to be a barber is achieved through various means around the world. In the USA, barber training is carried out at "Barber Schools".
Cost—Many states require a barber license in order to practice barbering professionally. The cost of barber school varies from state to state, and also from metro area to metro area. Schools in larger metropolitan areas tend to cost more than those located in more rural towns. Brand names can also affect the cost of barber school. Most barber schools cost between $6,500 and $10,000 to complete. Because each state has different minimums for training hours, the length and cost of the program can vary accordingly. Some schools tuition includes supplies and textbooks, whereas others do not. Barber license exam fees typically range from $50 to $150.
Length—Most states require the same amount of training hours for barbers as they do for cosmetologists. The number of hours required ranges from 800 to 2,000 training hours, depending on the state's licensing requirements. Most programs can be completed in 15 months or fewer.
Curriculum—The barber school curriculum consists of hair cutting, coloring and styling for men's hair and women's short hair. Chemical processes such as bleaching, dyeing, lightening and relaxing hair may also be taught. All cosmetology disciplines learn safety and sanitation best practices. Barber students can expect to learn some elements of anatomy, physiology, bacteriology and some small elements of pharmacology. It also teaches facial hair techniques, including traditional and modern shaves. Generally barber programs touch on scalp massage and treatments. Advanced barber training may include custom shave designs. It is more common in barbering schools than other cosmetology disciplines to get some business and ethics education, since entrepreneurship is especially common in the barbering trade with many professionals choosing to open their own barbershops. All the skills learned in barber school will be tested at the board exams, which typically feature a written and practical exam.
WIKIPEDIA
The Dome
A vertical section of the dome of the Main Reading Room would show an exact half circle, with a diameter of 100 feet. The dome is of stucco, and applied to a framework of iron and steel, filled in with terra cotta. Although it appears to rest upon the deep upper entablature, it really springs immediately from the eight arches resting upon the great piers. The entablature, as will be seen on close inspection, bears no part in the construction. It is projected so far forward from the dome that one may easily walk between the two.
The entablature is about seven feet high, with a richly molded architecture and a heavy projecting corners. The ground of the frieze is gilt, with a relief ornament in white of eagles standing upon hemispheres and holding in their beaks a heavy garland of laurel. Over the north, south, east, and west arches are two female figures, the work of Philip Martiny, represented as seated upon the architrave molding and supporting a heavy cartouche—another instance of the emphasis that the architect has so often placed upon the four main axes of the building.
The Stucco Ornamentation
The dome is so simply planned that a description of its main features may be given in a very brief space. The surface is filled with a system of square coffers. The ornamentation of the body of the dome is in arabesque. The eight ribs that mark off the dome into compartments or reach divided into two by a band of gilded ornament representing a guilloche. The coffers diminish in size from 4½ feet square at the bottom to 2½ feet at the top. The total number of coffers is 320—or 40 in each compartment, and in each horizontal row, and eight in each vertical row. The ground of the coffers is blue, sky blue, as if one were really looking out into the open air—and therefore the color traditionally used in coffer in. To give sparkle and brilliancy, many shades and kinds of blue are used, the darker and heavier at the bottom, and the lighter and area are toward the top. The transition is so gradual and natural that the eye does not perceive any definite change, but only a generally increased vividness. The border moldings of the coffers are cream-colored—old ivory is the usual term—strongly touched with gold, and in the center of each is a great gold rosette.
Although the purpose of the dome arabesque is primarily to give an agreeable impression of light and shade, the individual figures of which it is composed are nearly as interesting a subject of study is the general effect of the whole. The variety of the figures is almost bewildering—lions’ heads, seahorses, dolphins, urns, cartouche’s, griffons, shells, storks, caryatids, tridents, eagles, cherubs, half figures, genii—altogether something like forty-five principal designs, interwoven with very many smaller but no less beautiful pieces of ornament. They all are adapted from Renaissance models of the best and purest period and are combined with the utmost spirit and harmony in an arabesque whose every portion has equal artistic value. No single figure catches the eye; broad horizontal and vertical bands of decoration, gradually diminishing as they approached the top, and circle and ascend the dome, each with its “note” of arrangement and design, but all cunningly united to form an indisputable whole, everywhere balanced and restrained.
Edwin Howland Blashfield’s Paintings
The position of Edwin Howland Blashfield’s decorations in the collar and lantern of the dome is the noblest and most inspiring in the Library. They are literally and obviously the crowning glory of the building and put the final touch on the whole decorative scheme of the interior. The visitor will see how, without them, not a painting in the building would seem to remain solidly and easily in its place, for they occupy not only the highest but the exact central point of the Library, to which, in a sense, every other is nearly relative.
Blashfield was almost certainly drawn to select some subject as he has here chosen: the Evolution of Civilization, the records of which it is the function of a great library to gather and preserve.
The ceiling of the lantern is sky and air, against which, as a background, floats the beautiful female figure representing Human Understanding, lifting her veil and looking upward from Finite Intellectual Achievement (typified in the circle of figures and the collar) to that which is beyond; in a word, Intellectual Progress looking upward and forward. She is attended by two cherubs; one holds the book of wisdom and knowledge, the other seems, by his gesture, to be encouraging those needs to persist in their struggle toward perfection.
The decoration of the collar consists of a ring of twelve seated figures, male and female, ranged against a wall of mosaic patterning. They are of colossal size, measuring, as they sit, about ten feet in height. They represent the twelve countries, or epics, which have contributed most to the development of present-day civilization in this country. Beside each is a tablet, decorated with palms, on which is inscribed the name of the country typified, and below this, on a continuous banderole or streamer, is the name of some cheese or typical contribution of that country to the sum of human excellence. The figures follow one another in chronological order, beginning, appropriately enough, at the east, the East being the cradle of civilization. List is as follows: Egypt, typifying Written Records; Judea, Religion; Greece, Philosophy; Rome, Administration; Islam, Physics; The Middle Ages, Modern Languages; Italy, the Fine Arts; Germany, the Art of Printing; Spain, Discovery; England, Literature; France, Emancipation; and America, Science.
Each figure is winged, as representing an ideal, but the wings, which overlapped regularly throughout, serve mainly to unite the composition in the continuous whole and in no case have been allowed to hamper the artist in his effort to make each figure the picture of a living, breathing man or woman. Four of the twelve figures, it will be observed, stand out more conspicuously than the rest because of the lighter tone of their drapery: Egypt, Rome, Italy, and England. They occupy respectively the East, South, West, and North points in the decoration and furnish another instance of the stress that has been laid, throughout the Library, upon the four cardinal points of the compass that governed the axial lines of the building and that, in turn, have been enriched and dignified in the final decorative scheme of the interior. Each of these axial figures is painted in a more rigid attitude than those beside it informs, as will be noticed, the center of a triad, or group of three, each of flanking figures leaning more or less obviously toward it. It should be noted that there was no intention on the part of the painter to magnify the importance of before figures thus represented over any of the others. The emphasis of color is solely for decorative purposes. The arrangement being chronological, Blashfield was unable to exercise much control over the order in which each figure should occur and still retain his original selection of countries.
Egypt is represented by a male figure clad in the loincloth and with lappets so familiar in the ancient monuments. The idea of Written Records is brought up by the tablet he supports with his left hand, which is inscribed in hieroglyphics the cartouche or personal seal of Mena, the first recorded Egyptian king, and by the case of books at his feet, which is filled with manuscript roles of papyrus, the Egyptian paper. Besides the idea of Writing and Recording, Blashfield brings out the fact that the Egyptians were among the first doctrine of the immortality of the soul. The figure holds in the right hand the Tau, or cross with a ring head, the emblem of life both in this world and beyond; and on the tablet behind his feet is the winged ball, the more familiar symbol of the same idea.
Judea is shown as a woman lifting her hands in an ecstatic prayer to Jehovah. The over garment that she wears falls partly away and discloses the ephod, which was investment borne by the high priests, ornamented with a jeweled breastplate and with shoulder clasps set in gold, which were engraved the names of the Twelve Tribes of Israel. On the face of the stone pillars set beside her is inscribed, in Hebrew characters, the injunction, as found in Leviticus 19:18: “Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself”—a sentence selected as being perhaps the noblest single text contributed by the Jewish religion to the system of modern morality. In her lap is a scroll containing, presumably, a portion of the Scriptures; and that her feet is a censer, typical of the Hebrew ritualism.
The figure of Greece is distinctively suggestive, so far as attitude drapery are concerned, one of the beautiful little Tanagra figures of terra cotta—so called from the ancient Greek town in which the first discovered—which are so familiar to students of Greek art. A bronze lamp is set beside her, and in her lap is a scroll—the emblems of wisdom. Her head is crowned with a diadem, perhaps a reference to the City of the Violet Crown, Athens, the Mother of Philosophy.
Rome, the second axial figure, where’s the armor of a centurion, or captain in a legion. A lion’s skin, the mark of a standard-bearer, is thrown over him, the head covering the top of his casque. The whole conception is that of the just but inexorable administration of Rome founded upon the power of its arms. One foot is planted upon the lower drum of a marble column, signifying stability. His right arm rests upon the fasces, or bundle of rods, the typical emblem of Roman power and rule. In his right hand, he holds the baton of command.
Islam is an Arab, standing for the Moorish race, which introduced into Europe not only an improved science of physics—as here used by Blashfield in its older and less restricted sense—but of mathematics and astronomy also. His foot rests upon a glass retort, and he is turning over the leaves of a book of mathematical calculations.
The term Middle Ages, represented by the female figure that comes next in the decoration, is usually understood to mean the epic beginning with the dissolution of the Western Roman Empire in 455 and ending with the discovery of America in 1492. No single country is here indicated, for Europe was throughout that. In a state of flux, so to say, during which the principal modern languages were finally involved from the Latin and Teutonic tongues. But it was an epic notable for many other things, also. The figure typifying the epic is distinguished by an expression at once graven passionate, and has a sword, casque, and cuirass, emblematic of the great institution of Chivalry; a model of a cathedral, standing for Gothic architecture, which was brought to its greatest perfection in these thousand years; and a papal tiara and the keys of St. Peter, signifying medieval devotion and the power of the church.
The next figure, Italy—the Italy of the Renaissance—is shown with symbols of four of the Fine Arts that she represents: Painting, Sculpture, Architecture, and Music. She holds a pallet in her left hand and with the brush in her right seems to lay another stroke of color on her canvas. To her left is a statuette after Michelangelo’s celebrated David, in Florence. At her feet is a Renaissance capital; and leaning against the wall of violin, at once the typical musical instrument and one the Italians excelled in manufacturing.
Germany is the printer, turning from his press—a hand press, accurately copied from early models—to examine the proof sheet he has just pulled. His right foot is placed upon a pile of sheets already corrected, and a roller for inking lies convenient to his hand.
Spain is the sixteenth-century Spanish adventurer. He wears a steel morion on his head and is clad in a leathern jerkin. Holding the tiller of the ship in his right hand, he seems to be watching for land to appear in the seat. Behind him is a globe of the earth, and that his feet a model of a caravel, the sort of ship in which Columbus sailed on his voyages, is introduced.
England wears the ruff and full sleeves of the time of Elizabeth—the era when English literature, both poetry and prose, was at its peak. She is crowned with laurel—the reward of literature—and bears in her lap an open book of Shakespeare’s plays, the right-hand page with a for simile of the title page of the first edition of A Midsummer Night’s Dream, dated 1600.
France, standing for emancipation and the great revolutionary upheaval of the 18th century, is dressed in a characteristic garb of the First Republic: a jacket with lapels, a tricolor scarf, and a liberty cap with a tricolor cockade. She sits on a cannon and carries a drum, a bugle, and a sword—emblems of her military crusade on behalf of liberty. In her left hand, she displays a scroll bearing the words Les Droits de l’Homme, the famous Declaration of the Rights of Man adopted by the French Assembly in 1789.
The twelfth and last figure, bringing us once more round to the east, is that of America—represented as an engineer, in the garb of the machine shop, sitting lost in thought over a problem of mechanics he has encountered. He leans his chin upon the palm of one hand, while the other holds the scientific book that he has been consulting. In front of him as an electric dynamo, recalling the part that the United States has taken in the advancement of electrical science.
On the base of the dynamo Blashfield has signed his work in an inscription that recalls also the name of the artist who assisted him and laying it upon the plaster: “These decorations were designed and executed by Edwin Howland Blashfield, assisted by Arthur Reginald Willet, A.D. MDCCCLXXXXVI.”
The visitor will perhaps have been a little perplexed by the familiar appearance of some of the faces in Blashfield’s decoration. It is an interesting fact that in several cases Blashfield has introduced a resemblance, more or less distinct, to the features of some real person to give greater variety and, above all, greater vitality to his figures. The persons chosen were selected because the character of their features seemed to him peculiarly suited to the type that he wished to represent. In the case of Abraham Lincoln—the figure of America—and of General Casey—Germany—the choice was fitting for other reasons. Among the female figures, the Middle Ages is Mrs. De Navarro (Mary Anderson), and England, Ellen Terry. The faces of Italy and Spain are from sketches made from Amy Rose, a young sculptor in New York, and William Bailey Faxon, the painter, respectively. France suggests the features of the artist’s wife. Throughout, however, it must be remembered that, to use Blashfield’s own words, “no portraiture has been attempted, but only characterization.”
The Savernake Forest, for instance, not only boasts the largest number of broad leaf ancient trees in Southern Europe but probably the most famous of Wiltshire's trees… the Big Belly Oak or Pot Belly Oak.
Aged at around 1,000 years, and flaunting a waist measurement of well over 11 metres, it was the tree that got so fat in 2002 that it was threatening to split its sides until it was rescued by a timely steel girdle.
In South Africa we call the Trunk of a car, the Boot. In this instance however, we would have to call it the Trunk too :-D I wonder if this is how the boot was called the trunk in the USA. Wonder why it was ever called a boot in the first place....hmmmm?
According to Wikipedia - "The trunk or boot of an automobile or car is the vehicle's main storage, luggage, or cargo compartment. Trunk is used in North American English and Jamaican English; boot is used elsewhere in the English-speaking world, except in South Asia, where it is called a dickie. Trunk is also primarily used in many non-English speaking regions, such as East Asia. In earlier usage, a boot was a built-in compartment on a horse-drawn coach, used originally as a seat for the coachman and later for storage In France, from 1900 onwards, Moynat trunk maker became the indisputable market leader in automobile luggage, for which the house developed a number of patented products including the limousine trunk. In 1928 came the side or lateral sliding trunk, a mechanism that foreshadowed the development of integrated trunks in vehicles from the 1930s onwards."
Arguably the highlight of our Moscow trip, the Narkomfin Building is perhaps the single most ambitious and impressive instance of Russian Constructivist architecture, as understood by the intensely political and dedicatedly Modern OSA group. This Union of Contemporary Architects was led by the building's architect, Moisei Ginzburg, who followed international developments closely through the Bahaus connection and who had very clearly imbibed the ideas, forms, and even drawing style of Le Corbusier. However, even while the building is riddled with sops to the still-evolving official architectural doctrine, it is more conceptually ambitious than anything the Frenchman would ever attempt.
OSA was involved in the ongoing study of new concepts for communal houses (Dom Kommuny) that would act, even moreso than the workers' clubs, as "social condensers" that could transform former peasants and bourgeoisie alike into model socialist citizens. The OSA approach, manifested in a series of paper projects before Narkomfin, imagined the building as a sort of multi-stage engine, offering a variety of unit types for people at various points in their socialization process. These included fully communalized dormitories and efficiencies - effectively sleeping chambers that relied upon communal cooking and bathing facilities, the latter being housed in a semi-detached and extensively glazed communal block reached over a Bauhaus-style connecting bridge. At the other end of the spectrum were the penthouse for the building's powerful and sympathetic client, Nikolai Miliutin, and some other more traditional family units on the upper stories. In the conceptual middle were the spatially innovative split-level units, whose small sleeping rooms looked out into generous double-height living rooms that, on at least some conceptual level, encouraged communal activities over individual ones. In the long run, it was hoped, living in the building would re-socialize those in the more traditional units, and prepare them for life in the communalized future.
In practice, the building was not only one of the first of its kind, but one of the last. Even while it was being constructed, debates were raging about this entire strategy. Both architects and bureaucrats argued that this was a misinterpretation of Marxist-Leninism, that the goal should be to give to the proletariat the fine things that had previously been reserved for the bourgeoisie. The shifting political winds supported this architectural contention, even though severe economic obstacles presented themselves to the increasingly preferred strategy of detached, individual workers' cottages in a garden city. (This isn't to say that the technically ambitious but problem-ridden construction of something like Narkomfin was free of economic difficulties!) In the end, the prevailing strategy would prove to be none of the above, but as Victor Buchli has argued, the building's jangley mixture of unit types has to be read against this background of shifting priorities.
The Constructivists, then, fell under suspicion: their work, it was said, was frivolously reliant on foreign-derived and aesthetically-driven forms. At the same time, somehow, it was also derived from a mistaken interpretation of Comrades Marx, Lenin, and (increasingly) Stalin. The seeming kinship between the avant-garde and the government's cultural revolution would prove to be only a momentary alliance.
Allowing for all that, as well as some unfortunate alterations and the very unfortunate state of dilapidation, the building remains a wonder - one of the finest Corbusian buildings ever built. The complicated demands on its program are synthesized in a delicious series of elevations; the parkland site is fully exploited for its light, air, and views, and the split-level units are spatially generous and livable in a way that Corbu's own later imitations do not fully achieve. (The Unité is probably a more economical model, as it narrows the units and eliminates the "foyer" semi-level, but the resulting spaces are more awkward and internally disconnected.)
I mentioned the unfortunate state of dilapidation. The Narkomfin is in very, very bad shape and would require a virtually total renovation in order to draw the kinds of rents which most owners would presumably like to see on this highly desirable piece of land. Presently it is largely populated by artist types paying minimal rents, in another one of these kooky ownership situations which seems partially designed to support the renovation of the building as an art-hotel (under the guidership of Ginzburg's grandson). But no renovation is taking place, and with each freeze-thaw cycle, the building slips further away. A recent fire in the communal wing kept it off-limits to our visit. What will be next? A restoration would be staggeringly expensive. But to architectural history, and arguably Russo-Soviet history as well, the building is priceless.
Special thanks to all those who generously opened their apartments to us, and especially to Xenia's friends, who arranged a small tea party replete with fine refreshments and finer company.
Vienna Regional Court for Criminal Matters
The Vienna Regional Court for Criminal Matters (colloquially referred to as "landl" (Landesgericht)) is one of 20 regional courts in Austria and the largest court in Austria. It is located in the 8th District of Vienna, Josefstadt, at the Landesgerichtsstraße 11. It is a court of first respectively second instance. A prisoners house, the prison Josefstadt, popularly often known as the "Grey House" is connected.
Court Organization
In this complex there are:
the Regional Court for Criminal Matters Vienna,
the Vienna District Attorney (current senior prosecutor Maria-Luise Nittel)
the Jurists association-trainee lawer union (Konzipientenverband) and
the largest in Austria existing court house jail, the Vienna Josefstadt prison.
The Regional Criminal Court has jurisdiction in the first instance for crimes and offenses that are not pertain before the district court. Depending on the severity of the crime, there is a different procedure. Either decides
a single judge,
a senate of lay assessors
or the jury court.
In the second instance, the District Court proceeds appeals and complaints against judgments of district courts. A three-judge Court decides here whether the judgment is canceled or not and, if necessary, it establishes a new sentence.
The current President Friedrich Forsthuber is supported by two Vice Presidents - Henriette Braitenberg-Zennenberg and Eve Brachtel.
In September 2012, the following data have been published
Austria's largest court
270 office days per year
daily 1500 people
70 judges, 130 employees in the offices
5300 proceedings (2011) for the custodial judges and legal protection magistrates, representing about 40 % of the total Austrian juridical load of work
over 7400 procedures at the trial judges (30 % of the total Austrian juridical load of work)
Prosecution with 93 prosecutors and 250 employees
19,000 cases against 37,000 offenders (2011 )
Josefstadt prison with 1,200 inmates (overcrowded)
History
1839-1918
The original building of the Vienna Court House, the so-called civil Schranne (corn market), was from 1440 to 1839 located at the Hoher Markt 5. In 1773 the Schrannenplatz was enlarged under Emperor Joseph II and the City Court and the Regional Court of the Viennese Magistrate in this house united. From this time it bore the designation "criminal court".
Due to shortcomings of the prison rooms in the Old Court on Hoher Markt was already at the beginning of the 19th Century talk of building a new crime courthouse, but this had to be postponed because of bankruptcy in 1811.
In 1816 the construction of the criminal court building was approved. Although in the first place there were voices against a construction outside the city, as building ground was chosen the area of the civil Schießstätte (shooting place) and the former St. Stephanus-Freithofes in then Alservorstadt (suburb); today, in this part Josefstadt. The plans of architect Johann Fischer were approved in 1831, and in 1832 was began with the construction, which was completed in 1839. On 14 May 1839 was held the first meeting of the Council.
Provincial Court at the Landesgerichtsstraße between November 1901 and 1906
Johann Fischer fell back in his plans to Tuscan early Renaissance palaces as the Pitti Palace or Palazzo Pandolfini in Florence. The building was erected on a 21,872 m² plot with a length of 223 meters. It had two respectively three floors (upper floors), the courtyard was divided into three wings, in which the prisoner's house stood. In addition, a special department for the prison hospital (Inquisitenspital ) and a chapel were built.
The Criminal Court of Vienna was from 1839 to 1850 a city court which is why the Vice Mayor of Vienna was president of the criminal courts in civil and criminal matters at the same time. In 1850 followed the abolition of municipal courts. The state administration took over the Criminal Court on 1 Juli 1850. From now on, it had the title "K.K. Country's criminal court in Vienna".
1851, juries were introduced. Those met in the large meeting hall, then as now, was on the second floor of the office wing. The room presented a double height space (two floors). 1890/1891 followed a horizontal subdivision. Initially, the building stood all alone there. Only with the 1858 in the wake of the demolition of the city walls started urban expansion it was surrounded by other buildings.
From 1870 to 1878, the Court experienced numerous conversions. Particular attention was paid to the tract that connects directly to the Alserstraße. On previously building ground a three-storey arrest tract and the Jury Court tract were built. New supervened the "Neutrakt", which presented a real extension and was built three respectively four storied. From 1873 on, executions were not executed publicly anymore but only in the prison house. The first execution took place on 16 December 1876 in the "Galgenhof" (gallow courtyard), the accused were hanged there on the Würgegalgen (choke gallow).
By 1900 the prisoners house was extended. In courtyard II of the prison house kitchen, laundry and workshop buildings and a bathing facility for the prisoners were created. 1906/1907 the office building was enlarged. The two-storied wing tract got a third and three-storied central section a fourth floor fitted.
1918-1938
In the early years of the First Republic took place changes of the court organization. Due to the poor economy and the rapid inflation, the number of cases and the number of inmates rose sharply. Therefore, it was in Vienna on 1 October 1920 established a second Provincial Court, the Regional Court of Criminal Matters II Vienna, as well as an Expositur of the prisoner house at Garnisongasse.
One of the most important trials of the interwar period was the shadow village-process (Schattendorfprozess - nomen est omen!), in which on 14th July 1927, the three defendants were acquitted. In January 1927 front fighters had shot into a meeting of the Social Democratic Party of Austria, killing two people. The outrage over the acquittal was great. At a mass demonstration in front of the Palace of Justice on 15th July 1927, which mainly took place in peaceful manner, invaded radical elements in the Palace of Justice and set fire ( Fire of the Palace Justice), after which the overstrained police preyed upon peaceful protesters fleeing from the scene and caused many deaths.
The 1933/1934 started corporate state dictatorship had led sensational processes against their opponents: examples are the National Socialists processes 1934 and the Socialists process in 1936 against 28 "illegal" socialists and two Communists, in which among others the later leaders Bruno Kreisky and Franz Jonas sat on the dock.
Also in 1934 in the wake of the February Fights and the July Coup a series of processes were carried out by summary courts and military courts. Several ended with death sentences that were carried out by hanging in "Galgenhof" of the district court .
1938-1945
The first measures the Nazis at the Regional Criminal Court after the "Anschluss" of Austria to the German Reich in 1938 had carried out, consisted of the erection of a monument to ten Nazis, during the processes of the events in July 1934 executed, and of the creation of an execution space (then space 47 C, today consecration space where 650 names of resistance fighters are shown) with a guillotine supplied from Berlin (then called device F, F (stands for Fallbeil) like guillotine).
During the period of National Socialism were in Vienna Regional Court of 6 December 1938 to 4th April 1945 1.184 persons executed. Of those, 537 were political death sentences against civilians, 67 beheadings of soldiers, 49 war-related offenses, 31 criminal cases. Among those executed were 93 women in all age groups, including a 16-year-old girl and a 72-year-old woman who had both been executed for political reasons.
On 30 June 1942 were beheaded ten railwaymen from Styria and Carinthia, who were active in the resistance. On 31 July 1943, 31 people were beheaded in an hour, a day later, 30. The bodies were later handed over to the Institute of Anatomy at the University of Vienna and remaining body parts buried later without a stir at Vienna's Central Cemetery in shaft graves. To thein the Nazi era executed, which were called "Justifizierte" , belonged the nun Maria Restituta Kafka and the theology student Hannsgeorg Heintschel-Heinegg.
The court at that time was directly subordinated to the Ministry of Justice in Berlin.
1945-present
The A-tract (Inquisitentrakt), which was destroyed during a bombing raid in 1944 was built in the Second Republic again. This was also necessary because of the prohibition law of 8 May 1945 and the Criminal Law of 26 June 1945 courts and prisons had to fight with an overcrowding of unprecedented proportions.
On 24 March 1950, the last execution took place in the Grey House. Women murderer Johann Trnka had two women attacked in his home and brutally murdered, he had to bow before this punishment. On 1 July 1950 the death penalty was abolished in the ordinary procedure by Parliament. Overall, occured in the Regionl Court of Criminal Matters 1248 executions. In 1967, the execution site was converted into a memorial.
In the early 1980s, the building complex was revitalized and expanded. The building in the Florianigasse 8, which previously had been renovated, served during this time as an emergency shelter for some of the departments. In 1994, the last reconstruction, actually the annex of the courtroom tract, was completed. In 2003, the Vienna Juvenile Court was dissolved as an independent court, iIts agendas were integrated in the country's criminal court.
Prominent processes since 1945, for example, the Krauland process in which a ÖVP (Österreichische Volkspartei - Austrian People's Party) minister was accused of offenses against properties, the affair of the former SPÖ (Sozialistische Partei Österreichs - Austrian Socialist Party) Minister and Trade Unions president Franz Olah, whose unauthorized financial assistance resulted in a newspaper establishment led to conviction, the murder affairs Sassak and the of the Lainzer nurses (as a matter of fact, auxiliary nurses), the consumption (Konsum - consumer cooporatives) process, concerning the responsibility of the consumer Manager for the bankruptcy of the company, the Lucona proceedings against Udo Proksch, a politically and socially very well- networked man, who was involved in an attempted insurance fraud, several people losing their lives, the trial of the Nazi Holocaust denier David Irving for Wiederbetätigung (re-engagement in National Socialist activities) and the BAWAG affair in which it comes to breaches of duty by bank managers and vanished money.
Presidents of the Regional Court for Criminal Matters in Vienna since 1839 [edit ]
Josef Hollan (1839-1844)
Florian Philipp (1844-1849)
Eduard Ritter von Wittek (1850-1859)
Franz Ritter von Scharschmied (1859-1864)
Franz Ritter von Boschan (1864-1872)
Franz Josef Babitsch (1873-1874)
Joseph Ritter von Weitenhiller (1874-1881)
Franz Schwaiger (1881-1889)
Eduard Graf Lamezan -Salins (1889-1895)
Julius von Soos (1895-1903)
Paul von Vittorelli (1903-1909)
Johann Feigl (1909-1918)
Karl Heidt (1918-1919)
Ludwig Altmann (1920-1929)
Emil Tursky (1929-1936)
Philipp Charwath (1936-1938)
Otto Nahrhaft (1945-1950)
Rudolf Naumann (1951-1954)
Wilhelm Malaniu (1955-1963)
Johann Schuster (1963-1971)
Konrad Wymetal (1972-1976)
August Matouschek (1977-1989)
Günter Woratsch (1990-2004)
Ulrike Psenner (2004-2009)
Friedrich Forsthuber (since 2010)
de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landesgericht_f%C3%BCr_Strafsachen_...
Prison Graz Jakomini
The prison Graz-Jakomini is organized as a management authority of first instance and satisfies the second largest court prison in Austria tasks as detention and correctional institution with jurisdiction over the district of the Provincial Criminal Court of Graz, that is the area of Greater Graz and the political districts of Graz-Umgebung, Weiz, Hartberg, Fürstenfeld , Feldbach, Radkersburg, Leibnitz, Deutschlandsberg, Voitsberg (Eastern, Southern and Western Styria).
Even at the time of the establishment of the Provincial Criminal Court of Graz with its to Conrad of Hötzendorfstraße directed late historical-old German front in the years 1890 to 1895 was grown in a prison structural organization of the headquarters building at the south and east.
The main institution of the prison is located in the Conrad Hötzendorfstraße number 43 in a residential area of the VI. Graz Municipality within the streets Steyrergasse, Klosterwiesgasse, Jakominigürtel and Conrad von Hötzendorfstraße and is accessible via the exit Graz East to the A2-Motorway. The Institute site is bounded by a total of approximately 450 m long enclosure and has approximately 10,500 m² with a total built-up area of approximately 26,000 m². The main institution appropriate field office Paulustorgasse is located in the office building of the District Court for criminal cases in the first district 15 Paulustorgasse of Graz.
Essential components of the prison are especially prison cell tracts and branches but also administrative and support facilities such as a particular infirmary, a school, a hospital church, a gym, a library , etc.
Accommodations for passengers are in their own departments for male adults, young adults, in a youth department, a women's section, a parent-child department and the infirmary is available, where the legal punishment in the normal execution, Erstvollzug (first punishment), loosened enforcement, enforcement of negligence offenders dismissal law enforcement, custody, detention enforcement, extradition law enforcement, where appropriate, also apply to enforcement of administrative penalties and administrative penalties extra special financial arrangements regarding accommodation and treatment.
At the prison, including the branch Paulustorgasse a large number of jobs and business enterprises is established (locksmith, electrician, car workshop, painting, paint shop, carpentry, glazing, art industry, shoemaking, tailoring, bookbinding, concrete products/concrete materials, laundry, hospital kitchen, nursery, social room, building maintenance/disposal, operating outside work place), in which about one-third of all inmates (for remand prisoners, in contrast to the regime for prisoners no obligation to work) can be employed.
The farms are after new construction of an operating tract and numerous adaptations functional and contemporary in design and equipped and provide next to valuable employment and vocational training opportunities for inmates in the interests of their reintegration into society after release from prison through their productivity a significant added value for the benefit of the covenant.
Work and education
Interested and suitable inmates at the prison is allowed to fall into one of 12 professions that can be learned in the in-house operations and get educated. Moreover, there is also the possibility for appropriate inmates vocational training outside the hospital or attending training courses or distance learning courses. The necessary vocational school visits are organized internally or externally.
As a special feature in training the prison Graz Jakomini has its own, guided by the center for special education Ellen Key Graz school within the youth department. The aim of this school care on one hand is the reduction of training deficits in compulsory education, on the other hand, promote the general education of young people. In most cases, the affected juvenile inmates actually reach a formal confirmation of school with school success during the period of their detention.
- Forklift license training
- First Aid Courses
Vehicle preparation - especially in the spring and summer - with trained inmates.
Gentle handling of the vehicle, paint and exterior parts by hand wash or manuel polishing. Processing means may also be provided itself .
Be carried out :
- Vehicle outside cleaning, hand wash
- Car Interior Cleaning
- Car handpolish
- Complete Car Cleaning (Exterior & Interior cleaning including polishing)
For more info, prices or appointments on request!
Service telephone: 0316/832 832 ext 25500 , or the Mr. Ms. Gutjahr. Ing Fussi
Services and leisure
Services :
Professional psychologists of the Institute are available to care, treatment and counseling of inmates, with with external care facilities (eg club Green Circle, Association for Probation and social work, psychological centers, drug counseling in Styria, Aids ) technical cooperation is plowed. As specific treatment for inmates of juvenile department has also the supervising employment with animals been very successful.
The advice from inmates in social, family and personal matters will be perceived by four social workers at the prison. To fulfill these tasks are also contacts with external social institutions, especially in the areas of employment and housing, held .
The medical care service of all the inmates of the prison is made by the institution in cooperation with Konsiliarärzten (consultant doctors) of all disciplines and public hospitals. In addition, important information events (eg lectures on AIDS, first aid courses, etc.) will be held in the medical field at regular intervals for the occupants.
Leisure :
- Library with about 7000 Media
- Sports (weight training, volleyball, basketball, gymnastics, etc.)
- Free periods (table tennis, table soccer , etc.)
- Oriental dance and Tiffany work for women
- Ceramic work for the youth
In the non-working time (for prisoners is usually a normal eight-hour working day) are available to inmates recreational rooms, a library, a gym, sports equipment and the like for education, entertainment, sports, games, as well as discussion groups are available, and the common activities designed to promote social behavior through mutual tolerance and acceptance.
Often by inmates in their spare time or in creative workshops for members, for primary schools, kindergartens, etc. or for free sale at Christmas bazaars or other events outside the prison self-made objects cause a significant contribution to mutual understanding between offenders and their families or society.
strafvollzug.justiz.gv.at/einrichtungen/justizanstalten/j...
A barber (from the Latin barba, "beard") is a person whose occupation is mainly to cut, dress, groom, style and shave men's and boys' hair. A barber's place of work is known as a "barber shop" or a "barber's". Barber shops are also places of social interaction and public discourse. In some instances, barbershops are also public forums. They are the locations of open debates, voicing public concerns, and engaging citizens in discussions about contemporary issues. They were also influential in helping shape male identity.
In previous times, barbers (known as barber surgeons) also performed surgery and dentistry. With the development of safety razors and the decreasing prevalence of beards, in English-speaking cultures, most barbers now specialize in cutting men's scalp hair as opposed to facial hair.
TERMINOLOGY
In modern times, the term "barber" is used both as a professional title and to refer to hairdressers who specialize in men's hair. Historically, all hairdressers were considered barbers. In the 20th century, the profession of cosmetology branched off from barbering, and today hairdressers may be licensed as either barbers or cosmetologists. Barbers differ with respect to where they work, which services they are licensed to provide, and what name they use to refer to themselves. Part of this terminology difference depends on the regulations in a given location.
Different states in the US vary on their labor and licensing laws. For example, in Maryland, a cosmetologist cannot use a straight razor, strictly reserved for barbers. In contrast, in New Jersey both are regulated by the State Board of Cosmetology and there is no longer a legal difference in barbers and cosmetologists, as they are issued the same license and can practice both the art of straight razor shaving, colouring, other chemical work and haircutting if they choose.
In Australia, the official term for a barber is hairdresser; barber is only a popular title for men's hairdressers, although not as popular now as it was in the middle of the 20th century. Most would work in a hairdressing salon.
HISTORY
The barber's trade has a long history: razors have been found among relics of the Bronze Age (around 3500 BC) in Egypt. In ancient Egyptian culture, barbers were highly respected individuals. Priests and men of medicine are the earliest recorded examples of barbers. In some early tribes, a barber was one of the most important members, as it was believed that certain evil spirits could enter a person's body through their hair, and that cutting it was a way to drive them out. Due to their spiritual and religious beliefs, barbers even performed religious ceremonies, such as marriages and baptizing children. During these ceremonies, they would leave people's hair hanging down until after dancing; they would then cut the hair and tie it back tightly so that no evil spirits could enter and no good spirits could escape.
Men in Ancient Greece would have their beards, hair, and fingernails trimmed and styled by the κουρεύς (cureus), in an agora (market place) which also served as a social gathering for debates and gossip.
Barbering was introduced to Rome by the Greek colonies in Sicily in 296 BC, and barber shops quickly became very popular centres for daily news and gossip. A morning visit to the tonsor became a part of the daily routine, as important as the visit to the public baths, and a young man's first shave (tonsura) was considered an essential part of his coming of age ceremony.
A few Roman tonsores became wealthy and influential, running shops that were favourite public locations of high society; however, most were simple tradesmen, who owned small storefronts or worked in the streets for low prices.Starting from the Middle Ages, barbers often served as surgeons and dentists. In addition to haircutting, hairdressing, and shaving, barbers performed surgery, bloodletting and leeching, fire cupping, enemas, and the extraction of teeth; earning them the name "barber surgeons". The barber pole, featuring red and white spiraling stripes, symbolized different aspects of the craft. Barbers received higher pay than surgeons until surgeons were entered into British warships during naval wars. Some of the duties of the barber included neck manipulation, cleansing of ears and scalp, draining of boils, fistula and lancing of cysts with wicks.
19th CENTURY AND LATER
Barbershops were influential at the turn of the 19th century in helping to develop African American culture and economy. According to Trudier Harris, "In addition to its status as a gathering place, the black barbershop also functioned as a complicated and often contradictory microcosm of the larger world. It is an environment that can bolster egos and be supportive as well as a place where phony men can be destroyed, or at least highly shamed, from participation in verbal contests and other contests of skill. It is a retreat, a haven, an escape from nagging wives and the cares of the world. It is a place where men can be men. It is a place, in contrast to Gordone's bar, to be somebody."Late in the 19th century there were several noteworthy events in the barber profession that gave it an upward trend, and the effects are still carrying onward and upward. In 1893, A. B. Moler of Chicago, established a school for barbers. This was the first institution of its kind in the world, and its success was apparent from its very start. It stood for higher education in the ranks, and the parent school was rapidly followed by branches in nearly every principal city of the United States. In the beginning of barber schools, only the practical work of shaving, hair-cutting, facial treatments, etc., was taught as neither the public nor the profession were ready to accept scientific treatments of hair, skin and scalp. Not until about 1920 was much effort made to professionalize the work.
In the early 1900s an alternative word for barber, "chirotonsor", came into use in the USA.
The barber Sam Mature, whose interview with Studs Terkel was published in Terkel's 1974 book Working, says "A man used to get a haircut every couple weeks. Now he waits a month or two, some of 'em even longer than that. A lot of people would get manicured and fixed up every week. Most of these people retired, moved away, or passed away. It's all on account of long hair. You take old-timers, they wanted to look neat, to be presentable. Now people don't seem to care too much."
Despite the economic recession in 2008, the barber shop industry has seen continued positive growth.
Training to be a barber is achieved through various means around the world. In the USA, barber training is carried out at "Barber Schools".
Cost—Many states require a barber license in order to practice barbering professionally. The cost of barber school varies from state to state, and also from metro area to metro area. Schools in larger metropolitan areas tend to cost more than those located in more rural towns. Brand names can also affect the cost of barber school. Most barber schools cost between $6,500 and $10,000 to complete. Because each state has different minimums for training hours, the length and cost of the program can vary accordingly. Some schools tuition includes supplies and textbooks, whereas others do not. Barber license exam fees typically range from $50 to $150.
Length—Most states require the same amount of training hours for barbers as they do for cosmetologists. The number of hours required ranges from 800 to 2,000 training hours, depending on the state's licensing requirements. Most programs can be completed in 15 months or fewer.
Curriculum—The barber school curriculum consists of hair cutting, coloring and styling for men's hair and women's short hair. Chemical processes such as bleaching, dyeing, lightening and relaxing hair may also be taught. All cosmetology disciplines learn safety and sanitation best practices. Barber students can expect to learn some elements of anatomy, physiology, bacteriology and some small elements of pharmacology. It also teaches facial hair techniques, including traditional and modern shaves. Generally barber programs touch on scalp massage and treatments. Advanced barber training may include custom shave designs. It is more common in barbering schools than other cosmetology disciplines to get some business and ethics education, since entrepreneurship is especially common in the barbering trade with many professionals choosing to open their own barbershops. All the skills learned in barber school will be tested at the board exams, which typically feature a written and practical exam.
WIKIPEDIA
It is possible to date the Marymass festival to around the late 14th century, as this is one of the first instances of the festival being referred to in relation to the Virgin Mary. In 1386 the town rented land from Rober II to build a new tollbooth, the fee was one silver penny, which Rober II requested be paid on the banquette of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin.
The town had, for a long time, three fairs, all celebrated at the later months of the year. In the month of August each year a great feast was held in the honour of the Blessed Virgin Mary. The modern Marymass festival is still celebrated in mid August, although during the 18th century the festival was re-associated with Mary Queen of Scots in celebration of her alleged visit to the town in the 16th century. Along with this change came the pageantry we associate with the festival today. The tradition of the Marymass queen did not appear until 1928 when Martha McHarg became the first queen.
Today the Marymass festival is mainly held at the towns moor, with the Queen’s crowning ceremony taking place outside of the townhouse. In this photograph we can see that a fairground has been erected outside of the town house.
For more information on the Yesterd@ys project, please visit Our Website, or email us at NAHeritage@North-Ayrshire.gov.uk
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A rare instance of deep sea predation captured on camera, a sea urchin munches on a Plumarella octocoral. This may be the first time sea urchin predation on coral was captured so close-up using high definition cameras thanks to the incredible image capabilities of the Deep Discoverer ROV.
You may have seen a similar shot elsewhere - Eriadorian Wanderer's stream, for instance - but I couldn't resist posting my own take.
I believe in the church of baseball. I've tried all the major religions and most of the minor ones. I've worshipped Buddha, Allah, Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva, trees, mushrooms, and Isadora Duncan. I know things. For instance, there's 108 beads in a Catholic rosary and there's 108 stitches in a baseball. When I learned that, I gave Jesus a chance. (she sighs) But it just didn't work out between us. The Lord laid too much guilt on me. I prefer metaphysics to theology. Y'see, there's no guilt in baseball, and it's never boring. (she giggles) Which makes it like sex. There's never been a ballplayer slept with me who didn't have the best year of his career. Making love is like hitting a baseball. You just gotta relax and concentrate. Besides, I'd never sleep with a player hitting under .250. Not unless he had a lot of RBIs and was a great glove man up the middle. Y'see, there's a certain amount of life wisdom I give these boys. I can expand their minds. Sometimes when I get a ballplayer alone, I'll just read Emily Dickenson or Walt Whitman to him. And the guys are so sweet, they always stay and listen. Of course, a guy'll listen to anything if he thinks it's foreplay. I make them feel confident, and they make me feel safe -- and pretty. 'Course what I give them lasts a lifetime. What they give me lasts a 142 games. Sometimes it seems like a bad trade. But bad trades are part of baseball. Who can forget Frank Robinson for Milt Pappas, for god's sake! It's a long season, and you gotta trust it. I've tried them all, I really have. And, the only church that feeds the soul, day in, day out, is the church of baseball.
As much as I love that quote, it's factually innacruate. Catholics use a string of 59 beads while reciting a series of short prayers, including the Apostles Creed, the Fatima prayer and Hail Mary recitations. A rosary is separated into main groups of 10 beads called decades.
Some members of the Anglican/Episcopal Church use prayer which contain 33 beads - the number of years Jesus lived - which are separated into main groups of seven rather than groups of 10 like a catholic rosary.
It's actually Hindus and Buddhists that use prayer beads consisting of 108 beads. Hindus often use them while reciting a mantra given by a guru or to recite names of gods. The beads are often made of wood that is considered sacred such as sandalwood, rosewood, or tulsi.
Buddhists monks use prayer beads with 108 beads while lay people sometimes start with prayer beads which have 30 or 40 beads. The usual prayer while using them is "om mani padme hum," translated as "jewel in the heart of the lotus."
And if you want to get really technical, there are actually 108 double stitches on a MLB Baseball. So really, there are 216 stitches.
I am a wealth of useless info. Just call me Cliff.
Press: hudsonreporter.com/view/full_story/20838118/article-Showi...
111 first street. From Paris to Jersey City, They Showed No Love.
a Branko Documentary Film
In the area of Jersey City NJ, for about 20 years, existed a warehouse building where artists had about 130 art studios. The artists left in 2005 and the building was demolished in 2007.
This movie only deals with the art, presented by the artists.
This documentary is a historical document of a very important part of Art in America.
Screening on:
2-23-2012
1:00 PM
Jersey City Library
Biblioteca Criolla, 4th. Floor
472 Jersey Avenue
Jersey City, NJ 07302
111 First Street (film) - Wiki
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/111_First_Street_(film)
111 First Street (a Branko Film), Trailer
111 Jam Band (a Branko Film). Unedited
Faizulla Khamraev (a Branko Film)
Maria Benjumeda, Flamenco and Bulerias at 111 First Street
American Watercolor Movement, Live at Coney Island. A Branko Film (Unedited)
© branko
Branko: Entrevista TV Español
Movies:
Books:
West Indian Parade (Photo Book)
Cecilia Mamede, Times Square NYC (Photo Book)
Recap: “A Fistful of Paintballs”
By Josh Kurp
I’m always a little hesitant when a show goes back to a theme its already done, and done perfectly. For instance, “Fizbo” is Modern Family’s greatest achievement to date, but when we saw Cameron’s clown again, in “Princess Party,” the episode, well, fizzled. Same thing with when The Simpsons revisited Angry Dad earlier this year, or the Frank Grimes’ son episode in season 14’s “The Great Louse Detective.”
But I should really hold Community to a different standard than I do every other sitcom, though, because it’s not every other sitcom; it’s the best sitcom (on air right now, at least), and “A Fistful of Paintballs” was yet another example of why this is true.
“Modern Warfare” was a rightfully lauded episode that did everything to perfection: it lovingly parodied action films, with a unique style not seen before in a sitcom, but still managed to be funny. It’s too early to tell if “A Fistful of Paintballs,” the Godfather, Pt. II to the original’s Godfather, so to speak, will top it (we have to wait until next week’s “For a Few Paintballs More” to really know), but once again, the show went gungho.
Except instead of action movies, it was Westerns, specifically Spaghetti Westerns, even more specifically, the films of Sergio Leone, the famed director of A Few Dollars More and many other great movies starring Clint Eastwood. In a clever callback, the episode begins with Anthony Michael Hall and the rest of Greendale’s bullies chasing Fat Neil, who’s about to get painted out—until Annie comes, and takes care of everyone. And by “takes care,” I mean she’s a total bad ass.
I’ve been waiting for this Annie for a while now. Too often she’s the good girl, while the others, even Shirley, change their personality on an episode-by-episode, or even scene-by-scene basis, so it was fun seeing her come out of her shell, guns literally a’blazing, as the Ace of Hearts. She soon meets up with the rest of the Gang, except Chang, who’s trying to form an alliance with anyone who will listen, and Pierce, the old man’s only friend left in the group. “Fistful” could have easily been a disconnected finale, and still end up a great, yet safe episode, but its to the shows’ credit that a surprising amount of plot development occurred, making it engaging to newbies to the show (assuming an oblivious person just so happened to tune in for the first time last night—possibly some Lost or Pretty in Pink fans?) and essential to hardcore fans. The relationship between Annie and Pierce, in particular, last focused on during “Celebrity Pharmacology 212,” played the largest role.
A few days before the events of “Fistful,” even before the giant, evil ice cream cone declared that the winner of the paintball contest would win $100,000, the study group voted on whether Pierce should remain with them next semester. The vote had to be unanimous, and there was only one hold-out: Annie, who tries to always see the best in people—but even she gives up on him, after he provides Jeff with blanks for his gun, something that actually saves her from the Black Rider, played by Josh “Son of a Bitch!” Holloway, a.k.a. Sawyer from Lost.
I don’t want to say too much about the episode yet (which is why I won’t get into the vote anymore than I have already) because it’s probably unfair to; so much of it was set-up for the finale, and my opinion could very easily change based on its conclusion. But credit goes to Joe Russo, for directing another visually impressive episode (he also did “Advanced Dungeons and Dragons”); to Andrew Guest, for writing an episode that actually expanded the plot, rather than, “LOOK, THEY’RE PLAYING PAINTBALL AGAIN HAHAHA” and not go back to the Jeff and Britta story of “Modern Warfare”; to Vicky, for her dance; to Unnamed Artist, who drew that flattering, forehead-heavy photo of Jeff, wanted “Gay and Alive”; to Annie’s boobs, and I don’t mean the monkey (I’m a dude, give me a break); to Troy, who’s look and squeal of honest joy when he saw Abed reminded me viewers that we were watching a comedy, rather than a genre film; to the Star Wars-like final scene between Darth Ice Cream Cone and her Stormtroopers; and for the show in general, because we were only learning who the characters were during “Modern Warfare,” so we laughed at them, rather than truly carrying what happened. Now, though, with another season of development, the stakes felt higher in “Fistful” due to an emotional bond between viewer and the show. I’m not saying Jeff Winger is the second-coming Tony Soprano, but there is something to be said about the relationships we form with sitcom characters, which is why so many people were upset at Pierce for becoming a seemingly over-the-top villain; we cared because he deeply hurt Troy (remember the LeVar Burton scene?) and because it felt like it didn’t fit who he is.
Now, I think, it all makes sense—everything’s been gearing towards next’s week finale.
Speaking of: maybe I’m over thinking things but is the Magnitude oral history* a bit of a spoiler? I’m guessing he was the one doing the voiceover during the “Next Week On…” preview, and City College must play a large role, too.
From Lock Baker Builder of Icarus...The inspiration for Icarus was primarily to push my limits as an engine builder. You see, for years I only did the metal fabrication on my motorcycles, leaving the motor rebuilds to professionals.The problem was that the local professionals, in many instances, turned out to be unreliable, costly, and difficult to work with. I knew that in order to become a true bikebuilder I needed to master every aspect of bike construction. I had assembled a few engines in a conventional manner but nothing that proved I knew the true dynamics and intricacies of internal combustion. When you simply assemble a motor from a parts catalog you do not need to know much, other than how it all fits together. Look at a shop manual for the given engine type, follow the instructions, and presto—you have a running engine. This engine may not be a competitive race winner, but it will go down the road. I wanted to prove to myself, and mypeers, that I truly understood the mechanics and theories of internal combustion. The only way to do this was to design and build— not simply assemble—a custom engine.
I remember several years ago watching a TV program with Indian Larry. He was explaining one of his engines, one with two different Harley heads on a common crankcase. He said that he liked engines to be as bizarre and mechanical looking as possible, hence the two different heads. I couldn’t agree more! I thought that I could push that concept further still—by not usingHarley parts at all. This engine is a hybrid of different designs. The crankcase is Harley style. In other words it is a V-twin, single cam, 45-degree cylinder angle, with a gear driven breather system. The cylinders, pistons, and heads started life as Continental 0 200 parts. Continental is an aircraft engine company that primarily builds boxer style prop plane piston engines. The work involved in making this whole thing come together is too long a story to tell here, but I will cover some of the major challenges. The task of mating the cylinders to the case was a big one. Continental cylinders are “oversquare,” meaning that they have a larger bore than stroke. In this case, the bore is 41⁄8” while the stroke is only 31⁄2”. In order to make this fit the case, I needed a much larger “deck” area than a typical Harley. The cases I used were manufactured by Delkron, who were kind enough to sell them to me with a blank deck, meaning there were no stud holes. I also specified a case set up for a 1⁄4” extended pinion shaft, essentially moving the entire cam compartment over in order to make room for the increased cylinder base area. There are more differences between typical Harley cylinders and Continental cylinders. Continental cylinders have six base studs instead of the usual four, as well as an O-ring base gasket instead of a flat paper one. The base studs were a problem because two of the six studs per cylinder were located exactly where my tappet blocks were! To fix this I built up weld material outward from the deck area towards the tappet blocks then shaped them by hand, blending them into the case. This provided the extra meat I needed to accommodate these new base studs. The tappet blocks themselves then needed to be machined in order to have them fit this new deck modification. They barely fit!The connecting rods had to be custom made for a few reasons. The wrist pin was Continental and the crank pin was Harley style. Also, the distance between the two pins was much longer than a Harley. Carrillo was chosen to manufacture these custom rods, and after four months of waiting they showed up. They are the most beautiful rods I have ever seen: H-beam, shot-peened, perfect. The crank assembly was another challenge. Because of the short stroke the Continental cylinders called for, I needed to have custom flywheels made. You see, the only Harley flywheels to have a 31⁄2”stroke were 61” Knuckleheads. My crankcase calls for Evolution style pinion and sprocket shafts, meaning a corresponding set of flywheels. I called Truett & Osborn, a trusted flywheel manufacturer, and asked them if they could build these custom wheels around my custom connecting rods. Once they started, I received a phone call saying that because the stroke is so short, the nuts that hold the crank pin in place are too close to the sprocket and pinion shaft bases. Makes sense when you think about it. Luckily for me, they are cool people over there at T&O, and they came up with a neat solution: make a custom crank pin with smaller threaded ends, meaning they could use smaller nuts. Problem solved. Here’s another: Harleys have two different cylinder heads, a front and a rear. They are almost mirror images, allowing for both intake ports to be located across the street from one another. This allows them to use a common intake manifold and a single carb to feed both cylinders. Continental engines are boxer style, so every head and cylinder is exactly the same. When you take two of them and put them upright in a 45-degree configuration, they look like two rear Harley heads. This means a few things. I needed two custom-made intake manifolds and two carbs. I also needed a custom camshaft with the front two lobes reversed. In addition, the rocker arm ratio of the Continental is 1.2/1 while modern Harleys are 1.6/1. This would mean that in order for the valves to lift as much as Harley valves do, I would need a much higher lift cam. The cam design and construction was given to Redline Racing Cams out of California. It took over six months but they eventually nailed it. Thank you Redline! I could go on forever, but here is a basic synopsis of the other challenges: custom collapsible pushrods, custom intake manifolds, custom Lectron carbs, custom load bearing rocker boxes, cus-tom pushrod boots, custom top end oil drains, magneto re-degreed, custom exhaust, cylinder fins extensively clearanced, custom base studs and nuts, and I even had to make a custom valve spring compressor due to the fact that the cylinders and heads are permanently attached to each other! (No head gaskets.) The rest of the bike is every bit as wild as the engine. With the help of Acme Choppers, we made an entirely stainless steel frame in order to fit the taller engine. I made the hubs from scratch and had them laced to imported Morad rims from Spain. Bandit Machine Works provided the primary drive, which I modified to accommodate a 10-degree transmission plate tilt. This allowed me to get a fair lead on the final belt drive (an old Indian Larry trick). I also made the fuel tank from scratch out of aluminum (see past Iron- Works article for that one!). The fork is a shaved 35mm narrow glide. Everything else, including the bars, foot controls, fender struts, taillight, plumbing, seat, oil tank, and 4-bar pneumatic seat suspension were all made by me at Eastern Fabrications.I feel very satisfied with the final result. The engine runs like a top and the bike rides exactly the way I wanted it to —light, quick, agile and fun. It goes without saying that I had the help of a lot of talented and generous people. Mark Simiola, from Sterling Performance was instrumental in helping me calculate the length of the rods to get my desired compression ratio. He also
answered countless questions and helped me time the engine. Acme Choppers came through as usual with the bottom half of the frame. Clifford Frizzel from Esquire Machinehelped make the beautiful rocker boxes and decked the cases. Cooney Engraving did the custom badges that adorn the bike. Truett & Osborn, Carrillo, Delkron, and Redline all treated me with professionalism and kindness. I would like to thank all of you for your willingness to think outside the box with me. Oh yeah, the name. The story of Icarus comes from Greek myth. Icarus was the son of Daedalus, a craftsman who built a set of wings that allowed man to fly. Icarus was allowed to use the wings on one condition; that he not fly too close to the hot sun, as the wings were held together with wax. As Icarus flew he did not heed his father’s warning; the wax melted and he fell to his death. I chose the name because, by using aircraft parts, I was taking a risk. I knew that if I was not careful and diligent it would not work. Luckily, patience pays off and so, this Icarus Flies.
Here is another instance of finding a treasure when you're not looking for one. My wife and I had gone to Peru for some B&K hot dogs & root beer then went over over to Logansport and back down U.S. 35. We found this at The Andersens facility just outside of Walton. The manager was kind enough to allow me in to get some close ups. I believe this is an NW2 switcher that is in need of a bath & paint job. The switcher is owned by the facility and moves cars around on their tracks.
A barber (from the Latin barba, "beard") is a person whose occupation is mainly to cut, dress, groom, style and shave men's and boys' hair. A barber's place of work is known as a "barber shop" or a "barber's". Barber shops are also places of social interaction and public discourse. In some instances, barbershops are also public forums. They are the locations of open debates, voicing public concerns, and engaging citizens in discussions about contemporary issues. They were also influential in helping shape male identity.
In previous times, barbers (known as barber surgeons) also performed surgery and dentistry. With the development of safety razors and the decreasing prevalence of beards, in English-speaking cultures, most barbers now specialize in cutting men's scalp hair as opposed to facial hair.
TERMINOLOGY
In modern times, the term "barber" is used both as a professional title and to refer to hairdressers who specialize in men's hair. Historically, all hairdressers were considered barbers. In the 20th century, the profession of cosmetology branched off from barbering, and today hairdressers may be licensed as either barbers or cosmetologists. Barbers differ with respect to where they work, which services they are licensed to provide, and what name they use to refer to themselves. Part of this terminology difference depends on the regulations in a given location.
Different states in the US vary on their labor and licensing laws. For example, in Maryland, a cosmetologist cannot use a straight razor, strictly reserved for barbers. In contrast, in New Jersey both are regulated by the State Board of Cosmetology and there is no longer a legal difference in barbers and cosmetologists, as they are issued the same license and can practice both the art of straight razor shaving, colouring, other chemical work and haircutting if they choose.
In Australia, the official term for a barber is hairdresser; barber is only a popular title for men's hairdressers, although not as popular now as it was in the middle of the 20th century. Most would work in a hairdressing salon.
HISTORY
The barber's trade has a long history: razors have been found among relics of the Bronze Age (around 3500 BC) in Egypt. In ancient Egyptian culture, barbers were highly respected individuals. Priests and men of medicine are the earliest recorded examples of barbers. In some early tribes, a barber was one of the most important members, as it was believed that certain evil spirits could enter a person's body through their hair, and that cutting it was a way to drive them out. Due to their spiritual and religious beliefs, barbers even performed religious ceremonies, such as marriages and baptizing children. During these ceremonies, they would leave people's hair hanging down until after dancing; they would then cut the hair and tie it back tightly so that no evil spirits could enter and no good spirits could escape.
Men in Ancient Greece would have their beards, hair, and fingernails trimmed and styled by the κουρεύς (cureus), in an agora (market place) which also served as a social gathering for debates and gossip.
Barbering was introduced to Rome by the Greek colonies in Sicily in 296 BC, and barber shops quickly became very popular centres for daily news and gossip. A morning visit to the tonsor became a part of the daily routine, as important as the visit to the public baths, and a young man's first shave (tonsura) was considered an essential part of his coming of age ceremony.
A few Roman tonsores became wealthy and influential, running shops that were favourite public locations of high society; however, most were simple tradesmen, who owned small storefronts or worked in the streets for low prices.Starting from the Middle Ages, barbers often served as surgeons and dentists. In addition to haircutting, hairdressing, and shaving, barbers performed surgery, bloodletting and leeching, fire cupping, enemas, and the extraction of teeth; earning them the name "barber surgeons". The barber pole, featuring red and white spiraling stripes, symbolized different aspects of the craft. Barbers received higher pay than surgeons until surgeons were entered into British warships during naval wars. Some of the duties of the barber included neck manipulation, cleansing of ears and scalp, draining of boils, fistula and lancing of cysts with wicks.
19th CENTURY AND LATER
Barbershops were influential at the turn of the 19th century in helping to develop African American culture and economy. According to Trudier Harris, "In addition to its status as a gathering place, the black barbershop also functioned as a complicated and often contradictory microcosm of the larger world. It is an environment that can bolster egos and be supportive as well as a place where phony men can be destroyed, or at least highly shamed, from participation in verbal contests and other contests of skill. It is a retreat, a haven, an escape from nagging wives and the cares of the world. It is a place where men can be men. It is a place, in contrast to Gordone's bar, to be somebody."Late in the 19th century there were several noteworthy events in the barber profession that gave it an upward trend, and the effects are still carrying onward and upward. In 1893, A. B. Moler of Chicago, established a school for barbers. This was the first institution of its kind in the world, and its success was apparent from its very start. It stood for higher education in the ranks, and the parent school was rapidly followed by branches in nearly every principal city of the United States. In the beginning of barber schools, only the practical work of shaving, hair-cutting, facial treatments, etc., was taught as neither the public nor the profession were ready to accept scientific treatments of hair, skin and scalp. Not until about 1920 was much effort made to professionalize the work.
In the early 1900s an alternative word for barber, "chirotonsor", came into use in the USA.
The barber Sam Mature, whose interview with Studs Terkel was published in Terkel's 1974 book Working, says "A man used to get a haircut every couple weeks. Now he waits a month or two, some of 'em even longer than that. A lot of people would get manicured and fixed up every week. Most of these people retired, moved away, or passed away. It's all on account of long hair. You take old-timers, they wanted to look neat, to be presentable. Now people don't seem to care too much."
Despite the economic recession in 2008, the barber shop industry has seen continued positive growth.
Training to be a barber is achieved through various means around the world. In the USA, barber training is carried out at "Barber Schools".
Cost—Many states require a barber license in order to practice barbering professionally. The cost of barber school varies from state to state, and also from metro area to metro area. Schools in larger metropolitan areas tend to cost more than those located in more rural towns. Brand names can also affect the cost of barber school. Most barber schools cost between $6,500 and $10,000 to complete. Because each state has different minimums for training hours, the length and cost of the program can vary accordingly. Some schools tuition includes supplies and textbooks, whereas others do not. Barber license exam fees typically range from $50 to $150.
Length—Most states require the same amount of training hours for barbers as they do for cosmetologists. The number of hours required ranges from 800 to 2,000 training hours, depending on the state's licensing requirements. Most programs can be completed in 15 months or fewer.
Curriculum—The barber school curriculum consists of hair cutting, coloring and styling for men's hair and women's short hair. Chemical processes such as bleaching, dyeing, lightening and relaxing hair may also be taught. All cosmetology disciplines learn safety and sanitation best practices. Barber students can expect to learn some elements of anatomy, physiology, bacteriology and some small elements of pharmacology. It also teaches facial hair techniques, including traditional and modern shaves. Generally barber programs touch on scalp massage and treatments. Advanced barber training may include custom shave designs. It is more common in barbering schools than other cosmetology disciplines to get some business and ethics education, since entrepreneurship is especially common in the barbering trade with many professionals choosing to open their own barbershops. All the skills learned in barber school will be tested at the board exams, which typically feature a written and practical exam.
WIKIPEDIA
All Saints, Hitcham, Suffolk
If you don't know mid-Suffolk, you may well be surprised by the hills which roll across the space between Stowmarket and Hadleigh, as if this was not East Anglia at all. In this remotest part of the county, miles from the nearest town, villages take on a self-sufficient air, and Hitcham is the largest of them. Its church, All Saints, sits high in a wide open churchyard on the outskirts of the village. The house opposite the entrance to the graveyard was the medieval guild hall. This is a big church, and was once the centre of one of the county's largest parishes. It was the Priory of Ely's most valuable living in the whole of the county, worth twice as much as any other, and was therefore bestowed on favoured clerics.
This situation continued when the patronage was taken over by the state after the Reformation, and to be made rector of Hitcham remained a desirable appointment well into the 20th Century. As the excellent guidebook notes, some rectors of this parish achieved fame and influence. Take Adam Easton, for instance. In the 14th Century, he was made a cardinal while still rector here. However, as he was also Archdeacon of Shetland, Orkney and Dorset, as well as Prior of Saint Agnes at Ferrara in Italy and the personal secretary to Pope Urban VI, one assumes that he didn't spend a lot of his time on parish business. His successor John Bremore was the personal secretary to the antipope John XXIII at Avignon, so presumably he didn't live in the parish either.
John Whytewell, Rector throughout the Reformation, was chaplain to Thomas Cranmer, although, unlike that stubborn character, he received a royal pardon from Mary. Coming forward to the 17th Century, Laurence Bretton was a solid Laudian, ensuring his inevitable removal by the Puritans as a scandalous minister (for which, read 'liberal intellectual'). His successor, Miles Burket, had also been a Laudian, but in a Vicar of Bray fashion he became the Puritan preacher here, and died in poverty after the Restoration.
Mostly, the Rectors here seem to have been a jolly lot. John Matters, in the first decades of the 19th century, was famous for his befriending of, and care for, the poor of the parish, matched only by his neglect of his ecclesiastical duty. He is quoted in the guide as having a favourite saying: He that drinks strong beer, and goes to bed quite mellow, lives as he ought, and dies a hearty fellow. And his successor was Hitcham's most famous rector of all, but we'll come back to him in a minute.
Hitcham was not home to a great landed family, so it was the power and wealth of Ely priory that built this church. It is a grand affair, entirely rebuilt in the 14th and 15th centuries. One look tells you that this was not a piecemeal building. Mortlock observes that the grand flushwork porch is very like the one at neighbouring Bildeston, but it does not seem so imposing here against this big building. There is a very odd stop on the 15th century doorway. The one on the left is a lion, but on the right there appears to be a wild man and a tree surrounded by a picket fence.
At first sight, the interior is slightly disappointing. Large and plain, it is as if it had been scraped clean by Miles Burket's cronies, perhaps in reaction to the incumbency of Laurence Bretton. The brick floors are attractive, and the fine 14th century aches of the arcades reach right up into the clerestory, but the heavy Victorian woodwork gives it all a sombre feel.
The hammerbeam roof was rebuilt after the Reformation, and includes lots of unfamiliar secular imagery, the heraldry of the State. However, there is some dispute about exactly when this happened, why, and how much was renewed. The arms of both James I and Charles I are here, giving a date in the first third of the 17th century, but the pineapple pendants appear more recent. At the west end, however, there are a couple of secretive green men on the hammer beam ends, which must be from an earlier age. One theory suggests that the roof was repaired in a hurry after a fire, and then beautified later.
The chancel is a 19th century rebuilding (a photograph of this event, which used to be at the west end, is rather alarming, like a gap-toothed Madonna) and it is evidence of the Anglo-catholic enthusiasm of Alexander Grant, Rector for the last 40 years of the 19th Century. At nearby Kettlebaston, this enthusiasm was realised by the Vicar there in the form of a gorgeous little shrine, but here, something more grandiloquent was intended. Hence the five steps up to the chancel, and two more up to the sanctuary, representative of the seven sacraments of the Catholic Church, and familiar from 19th century London Anglo-catholic churches. There is no evidence that Anglo-catholicism ever took such a firm foothold here, though.
The chancel is so grand, some visitors must easily overlook the remains of the rood screen. Only the dado survives, but it is worth a look because instead of saints the panels depict angels holding the instruments of the Passion. Something similar can be seen at Blundeston in the north of the county, and there are also angels on the screen at Southwold of course. Not surprisingly, they were vandalised by the 16th century reformers. What is more surprising is that they have survived at all. Presumably they were moved to their present position at the time of the 19th century reordering, but when Arthur Mee came here in the 1930s, he could barely discern them as figures, and thought them saints. So they've been restored, probably under the influence of Munro Cautley when he was diocesan architect.
In such a wealthy parish, perhaps it is not surprising that little else medieval survives. The converse of this, of course, that the restoration of this church has generally provided work of quality. Although the benches are heavy, they do carry several bench ends which are probably the work of the great Ipswich woodcarver Henry Ringham. The best are the four evangelistic symbols towards the front. In fact, the guidebook suggests that the benches were removed from the church towards the end of the 19th century and replaced with chairs as at Rattlesden and Kettlebaston, only to be returned at the behest of the eccentric and splendidly-named Maxwell Maxwell-Gumbleton, who was jointly Bishop of Dunwich and Rector of Hitcham in the 1930s and 1940s. Maxwell-Gumbleton had a Bishop's throne built, which he installed in the chancel. It must have given his parishioners something to think about. It is still there today, and is replicated in slightly more modest form by the churchwardens' seats at the west end. Maxwell-Gumbleton's also are the George VI coat of arms, dated 1937, and a lovely modern font cover, given as a memorial.
From an earlier age are the very elaborate brass inlay in front of the sanctuary, and the mid-17th century memorial to a Waldegrave in the north aisle, more austere than it would have been twenty years before or after. In the south aisle there is a copy of the Adoration of the Magi by Rubens, which is in Kings College Chapel. At first, I couldn't work out why it looks a little odd, and then it hit me - it is in reverse.
Many years ago, I chatted with a churchwarden here, and she told me tha, although 42 men in this parish lost their lives in the first world war, only 28 of them are remembered on the war memorial here. She suggested that this was perhaps because the others were from chapel families, or perhaps the families had moved away before the memorial was installed. Whatever, it gave me pause for thought, for if a similar situation exists in other parishes, then we may assume that many hundreds of people who gave their lives have, in fact, been forgotten.
But one name stands out in this parish as forever being associated with it. You might overlook the simple memorial in the chancel by Thomas Woolner, and you'll certainly miss the little memorial plaque above the door as you came in, but both are worth a look because they both remember the same person, the great John Stevens Henslow.
Henslow was a remarkable man by anyone's standards. He was Regius Professor of Botany at Cambridge University in the 1830s, and was looked on with enough favour to secure the lucrative Hitcham rectorship. However, rather than send a poorly-paid curate to do his work for him, which would have been the usual early 19th century Trollopeian way, he followed in John Manner's footsteps, and came to Hitcham himself.
It is hard now to imagine what a contrast this remote place must have been with cosmopolitan Cambridge, barely 40 miles away. Henslow wrote in his diary that he had come to "a woefully neglected parish, where the inhabitants, with regard to food and clothing and the means of observing the decencies of life, were far below the average scale of the peasant class in England." It is recorded that his first congregation here in this vast space was insufficient to fill one pew.
Over the course of the next 25 years, he turned his parish upside down, applying his scientific knowledge to the antiquated and conservative farming methods of the local farmers. He increased their prosperity, and that of the poor farm labourers. He started a school, and an institute of adult education. He led outings through the local countryside, and would sometimes take the whole parish on the train to London, including one trip to the great Exhibition of 1851 in Hyde Park. It was said that the entire village emptied on these occasions, travelling by cart and on foot to Stowmarket railway station, and then on to London.
"Everyone is to be in good humour", he told his parishioners, "accommodating to all, and especially attentive to the ladies of the party. If the weather should prove unpropitious, every one is to make the best of it, and not to complain more than he can possibly help."
It is said that, on holiday at Felixstowe, he realised the fertilizing properties of the coprolite nodules in the cliffs there, and interested two local farming brothers so much that they set up a fertiliser processing factory at Ipswich docks. Their name was Fison.
But an even more famous name associated with Henslow is Charles Darwin, one of Henslow's students at Cambridge. Henslow encouraged Darwin to investigate the development of species, finding him a place aboard HMS Beagle, the scientific survey ship. Darwin sent his notes and samples back to Henslow, who circulated them in the scientific community. Darwin came back to England to find himself a celebrity. The basis of The Origin of Species was put together at Hitcham Rectory, although Henslow would later repudiate its conclusions.
Most importantly, however, as far as my children were concerned when they were younger, Henslow was the guiding light behind the opening of Ipswich Museum, which still retains one of the finest 19th century natural history collections in the country. A portrait of him hangs in the entrance hall, and the name of a road in the east of the town remembers him.
He died at the relatively young age of 65. His predecessor had been the jolly John Matters. His successor was the Anglo-catholic enthusiast Alexander Grant, who, as well as rebuilding the chancel, is still remembered in the village for taking the side of the workers during the lock-out strike of 1874, when he allowed them to use the church building for their meetings.
These three extraordinary men between them spanned the entire 19th century here. Trollope himself could not have written a better novel.
In this instance the "Pole Star" was berthed at the end of Kirkwall Harbour's main pier in May. In the background, behind the ship, are Wideford Hill and the Hatston Industrial Estate.
Funnily enough it almost looks as if the "Pole Star" is venting a huge amount of steam from its Port Funnel !
This is Calthorpe Park in Edgbaston.
It seems a bit run down - the paths need repairing for instance.
You can access it from the Pershore Road.
I heard that the original plinth of the Robert Peel statue (now outside Tally-Ho! further down Pershore Road), so headed to Calthorpe Park to get shots of it.
I hope that the Victorian Society can get the Peel statue and plinth restored and moved to the City Centre, like they managed with the Edward VII statue.
Currently the plinth has a bit of graffiti on it, and could to with restoration.
The L's in PEEL have the feet broken off them (so it looks like PEll).
The statue was inaugurated in August 1855 (probably in Congreve Street) by the then Mayor.
Peel was Prime Minister in 1834 - 35 (under William IV) and 1841 - 1846 (under Queen Victoria).
He created the concept of a modern police force while Home Secretary. It lead to officers being known as "bobbies" in England and "peelers" in Ireland.
He was Home Secretary in the 1820s where in 1829 he established the Metropolitan Police Force for London at Scotland Yard.
It has moved around the city many times. It originally stood in Congreve Street, then in 1873 it was moved to Council House Square (now Victoria Square). In 1926 a gas lamp knocked it off its pedestal which had been hit by a lorry, and was moved to Calthorpe Park. Since 1963, it has stood here on the Pershore Road outside the Police Training Centre.
Was the day after the big thaw, so leaves from the autumn can be seen again on the grass.
The statue stood at the top of New Street for 70 years, for sometime being surrounded by cast iron railings topped with ears of wheat (to commemorate Peel’s involvement in the Repeal of the Corn Laws). It was relocated to Calthorpe Park in 1925. Then in 1963 the statue was moved to be outside the Police Training College on the Pershore Road, Edgbaston, but without its plinth, which remains in Calthorpe Park.At long last the view is crystalising that the separation of the plinth and statue was unwise and placing outside the Police college is of no relevance, since his statue was erected to commemorate the Repeal of the Corn Laws and not for his involvement in setting up the Metropolitan Police. Suitable places in the city centre are to be looked at and the Society is to assist in this.
Above text from the Victorian Society April 2009 newsletter.
A barber (from the Latin barba, "beard") is a person whose occupation is mainly to cut, dress, groom, style and shave men's and boys' hair. A barber's place of work is known as a "barber shop" or a "barber's". Barber shops are also places of social interaction and public discourse. In some instances, barbershops are also public forums. They are the locations of open debates, voicing public concerns, and engaging citizens in discussions about contemporary issues. They were also influential in helping shape male identity.
In previous times, barbers (known as barber surgeons) also performed surgery and dentistry. With the development of safety razors and the decreasing prevalence of beards, in English-speaking cultures, most barbers now specialize in cutting men's scalp hair as opposed to facial hair.
TERMINOLOGY
In modern times, the term "barber" is used both as a professional title and to refer to hairdressers who specialize in men's hair. Historically, all hairdressers were considered barbers. In the 20th century, the profession of cosmetology branched off from barbering, and today hairdressers may be licensed as either barbers or cosmetologists. Barbers differ with respect to where they work, which services they are licensed to provide, and what name they use to refer to themselves. Part of this terminology difference depends on the regulations in a given location.
Different states in the US vary on their labor and licensing laws. For example, in Maryland, a cosmetologist cannot use a straight razor, strictly reserved for barbers. In contrast, in New Jersey both are regulated by the State Board of Cosmetology and there is no longer a legal difference in barbers and cosmetologists, as they are issued the same license and can practice both the art of straight razor shaving, colouring, other chemical work and haircutting if they choose.
In Australia, the official term for a barber is hairdresser; barber is only a popular title for men's hairdressers, although not as popular now as it was in the middle of the 20th century. Most would work in a hairdressing salon.
HISTORY
The barber's trade has a long history: razors have been found among relics of the Bronze Age (around 3500 BC) in Egypt. In ancient Egyptian culture, barbers were highly respected individuals. Priests and men of medicine are the earliest recorded examples of barbers. In some early tribes, a barber was one of the most important members, as it was believed that certain evil spirits could enter a person's body through their hair, and that cutting it was a way to drive them out. Due to their spiritual and religious beliefs, barbers even performed religious ceremonies, such as marriages and baptizing children. During these ceremonies, they would leave people's hair hanging down until after dancing; they would then cut the hair and tie it back tightly so that no evil spirits could enter and no good spirits could escape.
Men in Ancient Greece would have their beards, hair, and fingernails trimmed and styled by the κουρεύς (cureus), in an agora (market place) which also served as a social gathering for debates and gossip.
Barbering was introduced to Rome by the Greek colonies in Sicily in 296 BC, and barber shops quickly became very popular centres for daily news and gossip. A morning visit to the tonsor became a part of the daily routine, as important as the visit to the public baths, and a young man's first shave (tonsura) was considered an essential part of his coming of age ceremony.
A few Roman tonsores became wealthy and influential, running shops that were favourite public locations of high society; however, most were simple tradesmen, who owned small storefronts or worked in the streets for low prices.Starting from the Middle Ages, barbers often served as surgeons and dentists. In addition to haircutting, hairdressing, and shaving, barbers performed surgery, bloodletting and leeching, fire cupping, enemas, and the extraction of teeth; earning them the name "barber surgeons". The barber pole, featuring red and white spiraling stripes, symbolized different aspects of the craft. Barbers received higher pay than surgeons until surgeons were entered into British warships during naval wars. Some of the duties of the barber included neck manipulation, cleansing of ears and scalp, draining of boils, fistula and lancing of cysts with wicks.
19th CENTURY AND LATER
Barbershops were influential at the turn of the 19th century in helping to develop African American culture and economy. According to Trudier Harris, "In addition to its status as a gathering place, the black barbershop also functioned as a complicated and often contradictory microcosm of the larger world. It is an environment that can bolster egos and be supportive as well as a place where phony men can be destroyed, or at least highly shamed, from participation in verbal contests and other contests of skill. It is a retreat, a haven, an escape from nagging wives and the cares of the world. It is a place where men can be men. It is a place, in contrast to Gordone's bar, to be somebody."Late in the 19th century there were several noteworthy events in the barber profession that gave it an upward trend, and the effects are still carrying onward and upward. In 1893, A. B. Moler of Chicago, established a school for barbers. This was the first institution of its kind in the world, and its success was apparent from its very start. It stood for higher education in the ranks, and the parent school was rapidly followed by branches in nearly every principal city of the United States. In the beginning of barber schools, only the practical work of shaving, hair-cutting, facial treatments, etc., was taught as neither the public nor the profession were ready to accept scientific treatments of hair, skin and scalp. Not until about 1920 was much effort made to professionalize the work.
In the early 1900s an alternative word for barber, "chirotonsor", came into use in the USA.
The barber Sam Mature, whose interview with Studs Terkel was published in Terkel's 1974 book Working, says "A man used to get a haircut every couple weeks. Now he waits a month or two, some of 'em even longer than that. A lot of people would get manicured and fixed up every week. Most of these people retired, moved away, or passed away. It's all on account of long hair. You take old-timers, they wanted to look neat, to be presentable. Now people don't seem to care too much."
Despite the economic recession in 2008, the barber shop industry has seen continued positive growth.
Training to be a barber is achieved through various means around the world. In the USA, barber training is carried out at "Barber Schools".
Cost—Many states require a barber license in order to practice barbering professionally. The cost of barber school varies from state to state, and also from metro area to metro area. Schools in larger metropolitan areas tend to cost more than those located in more rural towns. Brand names can also affect the cost of barber school. Most barber schools cost between $6,500 and $10,000 to complete. Because each state has different minimums for training hours, the length and cost of the program can vary accordingly. Some schools tuition includes supplies and textbooks, whereas others do not. Barber license exam fees typically range from $50 to $150.
Length—Most states require the same amount of training hours for barbers as they do for cosmetologists. The number of hours required ranges from 800 to 2,000 training hours, depending on the state's licensing requirements. Most programs can be completed in 15 months or fewer.
Curriculum—The barber school curriculum consists of hair cutting, coloring and styling for men's hair and women's short hair. Chemical processes such as bleaching, dyeing, lightening and relaxing hair may also be taught. All cosmetology disciplines learn safety and sanitation best practices. Barber students can expect to learn some elements of anatomy, physiology, bacteriology and some small elements of pharmacology. It also teaches facial hair techniques, including traditional and modern shaves. Generally barber programs touch on scalp massage and treatments. Advanced barber training may include custom shave designs. It is more common in barbering schools than other cosmetology disciplines to get some business and ethics education, since entrepreneurship is especially common in the barbering trade with many professionals choosing to open their own barbershops. All the skills learned in barber school will be tested at the board exams, which typically feature a written and practical exam.
WIKIPEDIA
For instance , still remembering Giverny in November last year,
with a new medicine I feel much better and I hope be able to bring soon
some new photos from Paris or somewhere else...
I am more in the reading mode as I can't do much else for instance
but I realize that making a pause (in taking photos) from time to time is also a good think,
as also for the painting activity, doing something different let us renew in spirit .
The Monastery of the Holy Eucharist in Lindogon, Sibonga in Cebu province is run by Marian monks. The place is where several instances of the phenomena ~ whereby the image of the Virgin Mary shed tears in several instances starting in 1998. It is now very popular for Marian pilgrims and devotees who flock to the palace-like monastery. This transformed the once sleepy barangay into a popular destination. Daily, the monastery is visited by thousands of devotees from all over the country and even from foreign tourists. This crown structure is memorial of the victorious and powerful intercession of the Blessed Virgin Mother thru the Penitential Rosary Walk in 1998, against the killer epidemic hat struck the place, where several lives of poor children and infants had died. Built to honour Mary on the 8th year anniversary of the Monks arrival in Lindogon. Blessed on the 27th day of February, 2004.”
There are available coloured candles near the monastery. Proceeds of the candles will give part to the monks for funds. The following are coloured candles with its own purpose.
Gold: Healing (Good health, Recovery, Spiritual, Family Tree)
Green: Prosperity/Success (Exams, Study, Financial, Business)
Blue: Perseverance (Employment, Career, Assignment, Promotions)
Violet: Achievement (Plans in life, Struggles, Endeavours, Journeys, Voyage)
Red: Love (Utility, Friendship, Engagement, Family)
Yellow: Peace (Courage, Strength, Hope)
White: Purity (Enlightenment, Guidance, Right Path)
Orange: Reconciliation (Sweetheart, Wife, Husband, Enemy, Family)
Pink: Thanksgiving/Happiness/Joy (Spiritual, Physical)
Black: Souls (Forgiveness, Pardon)
Brown: Vocation (Marriage Bond, God’s Servant, Single life)
Grey: Deliverance (Bad ways, Things, Spirits)
Cream: Conversion/Faith (Children, Household, Couples)
A gentle reminder from the Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines, the following guidelines must be strictly followed and not allowed to wear inside the Monastery: wearing of tube & short blouses/dresses, fitting & transparent pants, spaghetti straps/sleeveless dress, mini skirts, shorts. While taking you to the Monastery, it is required to remove footwear before entering the Mother Mary’s prayer room. Cameras flash should be turned off while taking pictures so as not to interrupt/destruct others when praying. All Catholic & Non-Catholic are advised to please respect and observe solemnity inside the Church. Smoking is prohibited inside the premises. Parking area is situated to the right side of the entrance.
If you are from Cebu City taking you through Sibonga town proper to estimate of 50 kilometres southeast or travel time for about 2-hours and can be reached via any of the buses (air con/non air-con) that leaves regularly for Sibonga from the South Bus Terminal along N. Bacalso Ave. in Cebu City. Bus fare is less than a hundred pesos. The place is famous among all passengers, just ask the conductor to drop you off to the crossing in going to Birhen sa Simala. Mary’s pilgrimage is few kilometres away from the drop off point and you can reach the destination by riding in a motorcycles for hire habal-habal or public tricycles. The Monastery of the Holy Eucharist opens daily from 8:00 am - 6:00 pm.
Historical fundamentalism is marked by the belief that a particular and quite narrowly defined past-”the founding”-is ageless and sacred and to be worshipped; that certain historical texts-”the founding documents”-are to be read in the same spirit with which religious fundamentalists read, for instance, the Ten Commandments; that the Founding Fathers were divinely inspired; that the academic study of history (whose standards of evidence and methods of analysis are based on skepticism) is a conspiracy and, furthermore, blasphemy; and that political arguments grounded in appeals to the founding documents, as sacred texts, and to the Founding Fathers, as prophets, are therefore incontrovertible.
~ Jill Lepore, The Whites of Their Eyes: The Tea Party's Revolution and the Battle over American History
www.sodahead.com/united-states/who-else-wants-the-tea-par...
Very little of the eight-hour lesson I sat through included a discussion
of how the Constitution affects average people, or how it's been
changed over time to reflect the nation's progress—such as the
amendments giving women the right to vote, ending slavery, and lowering
the voting age. Instead, my fellow classmates and I learned about how
the original Jamestown settlers were communists who starved to death
because of their failure to embrace the sort of capitalism that the
Constitution was clearly designed to promote. We were also told that
national parks are unconstitutional, because the Constitution bars the
federal government from buying land for anything but military
installations and post offices."
motherjones.com/politics/2011/05/tea-party-constitution-w...
Teaching kids about the Constitution is certainly a laudable goal, especially given the many public surveys showing that most Americans can't even name the three branches of government. But it's the tea partiers' favored curriculum that may concern parents of both liberal and conservative persuasions.
As part of the "adopt a school" campaign, TPP and its members are advising school officials to rely on lesson plans, DVDs, and a package of other course materials created by the National Center for Constitutional Studies (NCCS). The group was founded by Cleon Skousen, a rabid anti-Communist with a highly controversial take on American history. Skousen, who died in 2006, was the author of Glenn Beck's favorite book on the Constitution, The 5,000 Year Leap. Among other things, he promoted the idea that the Constitution is a divine document that may have biblical roots.
Last year, I took one of the center's classes on the Constitution. If its public school curriculum resembles anything like what I witnessed, it has no place in the nation's classrooms. Among other things, NCCS uses materials written by Skousen suggesting that Anglo-Saxons are descended from a lost tribe of Israel; Skousen claimed this meant the Constitution may have been inspired by God, who intended for America to be a Christian nation. The very same bogus history has been perpetuated by the white supremacist movement.
. . . Because of the distinctly religious overtones of NCCS's constitutional teachings, Rob Boston, a senior analyst at Americans United for the Separation of Church and State, thinks that any schools that use the group's curriculum might be vulnerable to a lawsuit. "I think you could make a strong argument that these bogus history courses are designed to impart religion as well," he says. "Certainly it's not anything that a public school should want to consider, and not just for constitutional reasons but just because it's just bad history."
thinkprogress.org/politics/2010/01/14/77279/palin-foundin...
Fox News’ Glenn Beck interviewed newly minted Fox “analyst” Sarah Palin for his entire show. During the interview, Beck asked Palin who her favorite Founding Father is. “You know, well, all of them. . . "
Palin’s response to Beck recalls one of her most infamous moments of the 2008 campaign. She became the subject of scorn and ridicule when she responded to Katie Couric’s question about which newspapers she reads by answering, “Um, all of them.”
littlegreenfootballs.com/article/38678_Palin_Fans_Trying_...
Man, you’ve gotta almost admire the sheer blind dedication of Sarah Palin’s wingnut acolytes.
Now they’re trying like crazy to edit the Wikipedia page for “Paul Revere” to make it match Palin’s botched version of history. Here’s the Revision history of Paul Revere; check out the edits that are being reversed.
Also see the discussion page for an entertaining exchange between Wikipedia editors and a would-be revisionist.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Paul_Revere#Edit_request_from_...
A barber (from the Latin barba, "beard") is a person whose occupation is mainly to cut, dress, groom, style and shave men's and boys' hair. A barber's place of work is known as a "barber shop" or a "barber's". Barber shops are also places of social interaction and public discourse. In some instances, barbershops are also public forums. They are the locations of open debates, voicing public concerns, and engaging citizens in discussions about contemporary issues. They were also influential in helping shape male identity.
In previous times, barbers (known as barber surgeons) also performed surgery and dentistry. With the development of safety razors and the decreasing prevalence of beards, in English-speaking cultures, most barbers now specialize in cutting men's scalp hair as opposed to facial hair.
TERMINOLOGY
In modern times, the term "barber" is used both as a professional title and to refer to hairdressers who specialize in men's hair. Historically, all hairdressers were considered barbers. In the 20th century, the profession of cosmetology branched off from barbering, and today hairdressers may be licensed as either barbers or cosmetologists. Barbers differ with respect to where they work, which services they are licensed to provide, and what name they use to refer to themselves. Part of this terminology difference depends on the regulations in a given location.
Different states in the US vary on their labor and licensing laws. For example, in Maryland, a cosmetologist cannot use a straight razor, strictly reserved for barbers. In contrast, in New Jersey both are regulated by the State Board of Cosmetology and there is no longer a legal difference in barbers and cosmetologists, as they are issued the same license and can practice both the art of straight razor shaving, colouring, other chemical work and haircutting if they choose.
In Australia, the official term for a barber is hairdresser; barber is only a popular title for men's hairdressers, although not as popular now as it was in the middle of the 20th century. Most would work in a hairdressing salon.
HISTORY
The barber's trade has a long history: razors have been found among relics of the Bronze Age (around 3500 BC) in Egypt. In ancient Egyptian culture, barbers were highly respected individuals. Priests and men of medicine are the earliest recorded examples of barbers. In some early tribes, a barber was one of the most important members, as it was believed that certain evil spirits could enter a person's body through their hair, and that cutting it was a way to drive them out. Due to their spiritual and religious beliefs, barbers even performed religious ceremonies, such as marriages and baptizing children. During these ceremonies, they would leave people's hair hanging down until after dancing; they would then cut the hair and tie it back tightly so that no evil spirits could enter and no good spirits could escape.
Men in Ancient Greece would have their beards, hair, and fingernails trimmed and styled by the κουρεύς (cureus), in an agora (market place) which also served as a social gathering for debates and gossip.
Barbering was introduced to Rome by the Greek colonies in Sicily in 296 BC, and barber shops quickly became very popular centres for daily news and gossip. A morning visit to the tonsor became a part of the daily routine, as important as the visit to the public baths, and a young man's first shave (tonsura) was considered an essential part of his coming of age ceremony.
A few Roman tonsores became wealthy and influential, running shops that were favourite public locations of high society; however, most were simple tradesmen, who owned small storefronts or worked in the streets for low prices.Starting from the Middle Ages, barbers often served as surgeons and dentists. In addition to haircutting, hairdressing, and shaving, barbers performed surgery, bloodletting and leeching, fire cupping, enemas, and the extraction of teeth; earning them the name "barber surgeons". The barber pole, featuring red and white spiraling stripes, symbolized different aspects of the craft. Barbers received higher pay than surgeons until surgeons were entered into British warships during naval wars. Some of the duties of the barber included neck manipulation, cleansing of ears and scalp, draining of boils, fistula and lancing of cysts with wicks.
19th CENTURY AND LATER
Barbershops were influential at the turn of the 19th century in helping to develop African American culture and economy. According to Trudier Harris, "In addition to its status as a gathering place, the black barbershop also functioned as a complicated and often contradictory microcosm of the larger world. It is an environment that can bolster egos and be supportive as well as a place where phony men can be destroyed, or at least highly shamed, from participation in verbal contests and other contests of skill. It is a retreat, a haven, an escape from nagging wives and the cares of the world. It is a place where men can be men. It is a place, in contrast to Gordone's bar, to be somebody."Late in the 19th century there were several noteworthy events in the barber profession that gave it an upward trend, and the effects are still carrying onward and upward. In 1893, A. B. Moler of Chicago, established a school for barbers. This was the first institution of its kind in the world, and its success was apparent from its very start. It stood for higher education in the ranks, and the parent school was rapidly followed by branches in nearly every principal city of the United States. In the beginning of barber schools, only the practical work of shaving, hair-cutting, facial treatments, etc., was taught as neither the public nor the profession were ready to accept scientific treatments of hair, skin and scalp. Not until about 1920 was much effort made to professionalize the work.
In the early 1900s an alternative word for barber, "chirotonsor", came into use in the USA.
The barber Sam Mature, whose interview with Studs Terkel was published in Terkel's 1974 book Working, says "A man used to get a haircut every couple weeks. Now he waits a month or two, some of 'em even longer than that. A lot of people would get manicured and fixed up every week. Most of these people retired, moved away, or passed away. It's all on account of long hair. You take old-timers, they wanted to look neat, to be presentable. Now people don't seem to care too much."
Despite the economic recession in 2008, the barber shop industry has seen continued positive growth.
Training to be a barber is achieved through various means around the world. In the USA, barber training is carried out at "Barber Schools".
Cost—Many states require a barber license in order to practice barbering professionally. The cost of barber school varies from state to state, and also from metro area to metro area. Schools in larger metropolitan areas tend to cost more than those located in more rural towns. Brand names can also affect the cost of barber school. Most barber schools cost between $6,500 and $10,000 to complete. Because each state has different minimums for training hours, the length and cost of the program can vary accordingly. Some schools tuition includes supplies and textbooks, whereas others do not. Barber license exam fees typically range from $50 to $150.
Length—Most states require the same amount of training hours for barbers as they do for cosmetologists. The number of hours required ranges from 800 to 2,000 training hours, depending on the state's licensing requirements. Most programs can be completed in 15 months or fewer.
Curriculum—The barber school curriculum consists of hair cutting, coloring and styling for men's hair and women's short hair. Chemical processes such as bleaching, dyeing, lightening and relaxing hair may also be taught. All cosmetology disciplines learn safety and sanitation best practices. Barber students can expect to learn some elements of anatomy, physiology, bacteriology and some small elements of pharmacology. It also teaches facial hair techniques, including traditional and modern shaves. Generally barber programs touch on scalp massage and treatments. Advanced barber training may include custom shave designs. It is more common in barbering schools than other cosmetology disciplines to get some business and ethics education, since entrepreneurship is especially common in the barbering trade with many professionals choosing to open their own barbershops. All the skills learned in barber school will be tested at the board exams, which typically feature a written and practical exam.
WIKIPEDIA
The Monastery of the Holy Eucharist in Lindogon, Sibonga in Cebu province is run by Marian monks. The place is where several instances of the phenomena ~ whereby the image of the Virgin Mary shed tears in several instances starting in 1998. It is now very popular for Marian pilgrims and devotees who flock to the palace-like monastery. This transformed the once sleepy barangay into a popular destination. Daily, the monastery is visited by thousands of devotees from all over the country and even from foreign tourists. This crown structure is memorial of the victorious and powerful intercession of the Blessed Virgin Mother thru the Penitential Rosary Walk in 1998, against the killer epidemic hat struck the place, where several lives of poor children and infants had died. Built to honour Mary on the 8th year anniversary of the Monks arrival in Lindogon. Blessed on the 27th day of February, 2004.”
There are available coloured candles near the monastery. Proceeds of the candles will give part to the monks for funds. The following are coloured candles with its own purpose.
Gold: Healing (Good health, Recovery, Spiritual, Family Tree)
Green: Prosperity/Success (Exams, Study, Financial, Business)
Blue: Perseverance (Employment, Career, Assignment, Promotions)
Violet: Achievement (Plans in life, Struggles, Endeavours, Journeys, Voyage)
Red: Love (Utility, Friendship, Engagement, Family)
Yellow: Peace (Courage, Strength, Hope)
White: Purity (Enlightenment, Guidance, Right Path)
Orange: Reconciliation (Sweetheart, Wife, Husband, Enemy, Family)
Pink: Thanksgiving/Happiness/Joy (Spiritual, Physical)
Black: Souls (Forgiveness, Pardon)
Brown: Vocation (Marriage Bond, God’s Servant, Single life)
Grey: Deliverance (Bad ways, Things, Spirits)
Cream: Conversion/Faith (Children, Household, Couples)
A gentle reminder from the Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines, the following guidelines must be strictly followed and not allowed to wear inside the Monastery: wearing of tube & short blouses/dresses, fitting & transparent pants, spaghetti straps/sleeveless dress, mini skirts, shorts. While taking you to the Monastery, it is required to remove footwear before entering the Mother Mary’s prayer room. Cameras flash should be turned off while taking pictures so as not to interrupt/destruct others when praying. All Catholic & Non-Catholic are advised to please respect and observe solemnity inside the Church. Smoking is prohibited inside the premises. Parking area is situated to the right side of the entrance.
If you are from Cebu City taking you through Sibonga town proper to estimate of 50 kilometres southeast or travel time for about 2-hours and can be reached via any of the buses (air con/non air-con) that leaves regularly for Sibonga from the South Bus Terminal along N. Bacalso Ave. in Cebu City. Bus fare is less than a hundred pesos. The place is famous among all passengers, just ask the conductor to drop you off to the crossing in going to Birhen sa Simala. Mary’s pilgrimage is few kilometres away from the drop off point and you can reach the destination by riding in a motorcycles for hire habal-habal or public tricycles. The Monastery of the Holy Eucharist opens daily from 8:00 am - 6:00 pm.
Winnemucca is the only incorporated city in and is the county seat of Humboldt County, Nevada, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city had a total population of 7,396, up 3.1 percent from the 2000 census figure of 7,174. Interstate 80 passes through the city, where it meets U.S. Route 95.
The town was named for a local 19th-century chief of the Paiute, who traditionally lived in this area; he and his band had a camp near here. Winnemucca, loosely translated, means "one moccasin." The chief's daughter, Sarah Winnemucca, was an advocate for education and fair treatment of the Paiute and Shoshone tribes in the area. Their family all learned to speak English, and Sarah worked as an interpreter, scout and messenger for the United States Army during the Bannock War of 1878. In 1883 Sarah Winnemucca published the first autobiography written by a Native American woman, based on hundreds of lectures she'd given in the Northeast and mid-Atlantic. It has been described as "one of the most enduring ethno-historical books written by an American Indian."
On September 16, 1868, the Central Pacific Railroad reached Winnemucca, and was officially opened on October 1 of that year. It was part of the transcontinental line.
On September 19, 1900, Butch Cassidy's gang robbed the First National Bank of Winnemucca of $32,640.
According to a billboard along State Route 140 (the "Winnemucca to the Sea Highway"), Winnemucca styles itself "The City of Paved Streets".
Winnemucca is home to the Buckaroo Hall of Fame and Heritage Museum.
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Winnemucca had a vibrant Chinatown. The Chinese originally came to the area as workers on the transcontinental Central Pacific Railroad, which reached Winnemucca in 1868. Some remained or returned to settle. During the 1890s, around 400 Chinese formed a community in the town. Among their prominent buildings was the Joss House on Baud Street, a place of worship and celebration. In 1911 the community was visited by Sun Yat-Sen, later to become Chinese president. He was on a fund-raising tour of the United States to help the revolution.[6] The Joss House, the last structure associated with Chinatown, was demolished on March 8, 1955, by order of the Winnemucca City Council.
Many of Winnemucca's residents are employed by mining companies such as Newmont and Barrick Gold or by companies serving the mining industry. Carry-On Trailer employs over 100 residents at their manufacturing facility in the Airport Industrial Park. Other employers include the many casinos, hotels and restaurants located in the city.
Winnemucca is mentioned in the American version of the song "I've Been Everywhere", recorded, for instance, by Hank Snow (1962), the Statler Brothers (1973), Lynn Anderson (1970), and Johnny Cash (1993).
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnemucca,_Nevada
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_...
A barber (from the Latin barba, "beard") is a person whose occupation is mainly to cut, dress, groom, style and shave men's and boys' hair. A barber's place of work is known as a "barber shop" or a "barber's". Barber shops are also places of social interaction and public discourse. In some instances, barbershops are also public forums. They are the locations of open debates, voicing public concerns, and engaging citizens in discussions about contemporary issues. They were also influential in helping shape male identity.
In previous times, barbers (known as barber surgeons) also performed surgery and dentistry. With the development of safety razors and the decreasing prevalence of beards, in English-speaking cultures, most barbers now specialize in cutting men's scalp hair as opposed to facial hair.
TERMINOLOGY
In modern times, the term "barber" is used both as a professional title and to refer to hairdressers who specialize in men's hair. Historically, all hairdressers were considered barbers. In the 20th century, the profession of cosmetology branched off from barbering, and today hairdressers may be licensed as either barbers or cosmetologists. Barbers differ with respect to where they work, which services they are licensed to provide, and what name they use to refer to themselves. Part of this terminology difference depends on the regulations in a given location.
Different states in the US vary on their labor and licensing laws. For example, in Maryland, a cosmetologist cannot use a straight razor, strictly reserved for barbers. In contrast, in New Jersey both are regulated by the State Board of Cosmetology and there is no longer a legal difference in barbers and cosmetologists, as they are issued the same license and can practice both the art of straight razor shaving, colouring, other chemical work and haircutting if they choose.
In Australia, the official term for a barber is hairdresser; barber is only a popular title for men's hairdressers, although not as popular now as it was in the middle of the 20th century. Most would work in a hairdressing salon.
HISTORY
The barber's trade has a long history: razors have been found among relics of the Bronze Age (around 3500 BC) in Egypt. In ancient Egyptian culture, barbers were highly respected individuals. Priests and men of medicine are the earliest recorded examples of barbers. In some early tribes, a barber was one of the most important members, as it was believed that certain evil spirits could enter a person's body through their hair, and that cutting it was a way to drive them out. Due to their spiritual and religious beliefs, barbers even performed religious ceremonies, such as marriages and baptizing children. During these ceremonies, they would leave people's hair hanging down until after dancing; they would then cut the hair and tie it back tightly so that no evil spirits could enter and no good spirits could escape.
Men in Ancient Greece would have their beards, hair, and fingernails trimmed and styled by the κουρεύς (cureus), in an agora (market place) which also served as a social gathering for debates and gossip.
Barbering was introduced to Rome by the Greek colonies in Sicily in 296 BC, and barber shops quickly became very popular centres for daily news and gossip. A morning visit to the tonsor became a part of the daily routine, as important as the visit to the public baths, and a young man's first shave (tonsura) was considered an essential part of his coming of age ceremony.
A few Roman tonsores became wealthy and influential, running shops that were favourite public locations of high society; however, most were simple tradesmen, who owned small storefronts or worked in the streets for low prices.Starting from the Middle Ages, barbers often served as surgeons and dentists. In addition to haircutting, hairdressing, and shaving, barbers performed surgery, bloodletting and leeching, fire cupping, enemas, and the extraction of teeth; earning them the name "barber surgeons". The barber pole, featuring red and white spiraling stripes, symbolized different aspects of the craft. Barbers received higher pay than surgeons until surgeons were entered into British warships during naval wars. Some of the duties of the barber included neck manipulation, cleansing of ears and scalp, draining of boils, fistula and lancing of cysts with wicks.
19th CENTURY AND LATER
Barbershops were influential at the turn of the 19th century in helping to develop African American culture and economy. According to Trudier Harris, "In addition to its status as a gathering place, the black barbershop also functioned as a complicated and often contradictory microcosm of the larger world. It is an environment that can bolster egos and be supportive as well as a place where phony men can be destroyed, or at least highly shamed, from participation in verbal contests and other contests of skill. It is a retreat, a haven, an escape from nagging wives and the cares of the world. It is a place where men can be men. It is a place, in contrast to Gordone's bar, to be somebody."Late in the 19th century there were several noteworthy events in the barber profession that gave it an upward trend, and the effects are still carrying onward and upward. In 1893, A. B. Moler of Chicago, established a school for barbers. This was the first institution of its kind in the world, and its success was apparent from its very start. It stood for higher education in the ranks, and the parent school was rapidly followed by branches in nearly every principal city of the United States. In the beginning of barber schools, only the practical work of shaving, hair-cutting, facial treatments, etc., was taught as neither the public nor the profession were ready to accept scientific treatments of hair, skin and scalp. Not until about 1920 was much effort made to professionalize the work.
In the early 1900s an alternative word for barber, "chirotonsor", came into use in the USA.
The barber Sam Mature, whose interview with Studs Terkel was published in Terkel's 1974 book Working, says "A man used to get a haircut every couple weeks. Now he waits a month or two, some of 'em even longer than that. A lot of people would get manicured and fixed up every week. Most of these people retired, moved away, or passed away. It's all on account of long hair. You take old-timers, they wanted to look neat, to be presentable. Now people don't seem to care too much."
Despite the economic recession in 2008, the barber shop industry has seen continued positive growth.
Training to be a barber is achieved through various means around the world. In the USA, barber training is carried out at "Barber Schools".
Cost—Many states require a barber license in order to practice barbering professionally. The cost of barber school varies from state to state, and also from metro area to metro area. Schools in larger metropolitan areas tend to cost more than those located in more rural towns. Brand names can also affect the cost of barber school. Most barber schools cost between $6,500 and $10,000 to complete. Because each state has different minimums for training hours, the length and cost of the program can vary accordingly. Some schools tuition includes supplies and textbooks, whereas others do not. Barber license exam fees typically range from $50 to $150.
Length—Most states require the same amount of training hours for barbers as they do for cosmetologists. The number of hours required ranges from 800 to 2,000 training hours, depending on the state's licensing requirements. Most programs can be completed in 15 months or fewer.
Curriculum—The barber school curriculum consists of hair cutting, coloring and styling for men's hair and women's short hair. Chemical processes such as bleaching, dyeing, lightening and relaxing hair may also be taught. All cosmetology disciplines learn safety and sanitation best practices. Barber students can expect to learn some elements of anatomy, physiology, bacteriology and some small elements of pharmacology. It also teaches facial hair techniques, including traditional and modern shaves. Generally barber programs touch on scalp massage and treatments. Advanced barber training may include custom shave designs. It is more common in barbering schools than other cosmetology disciplines to get some business and ethics education, since entrepreneurship is especially common in the barbering trade with many professionals choosing to open their own barbershops. All the skills learned in barber school will be tested at the board exams, which typically feature a written and practical exam.
WIKIPEDIA
Navaratnas - The gods shower floral blessings on the Navarantas, the 9 extraordinary people in the king's court, who in this instance are 9 sisters.
The archway of the palace's middle dome, is adorned with a silver Moon and the Navaratna - a sanskrit word for 9 gems which represent the 9 planets of the Hindu cosmos in Hindu Astrology. The colours of the gems appearing again on the veils of each sister.
Of the 3 sisters in the palace, one reaches out to touch a ladybird, one receives a sprig of love from a bird, while a third sister holds a lamp of enlightenment in her hand.
Outside in the garden are henna hands, flowers and butterflies near a stone wall bearing sculptural reliefs of a harmonium (keyboard), dancing elephants, a sitar and flowers. Atop the wall sits a peacock with a paisley tail.
In front of the palace is a pond where lotus flowers grow and silver fish swim. Two sisters paddle in a horse-headed boat. One sister drives an Ambassador car on floating lily pads, while another sister sits on the car's roof meditating.
In the foreground, an open lotus represents enlightenment on the right, while on the left sits my cat Daisy on the ghat steps decorated with the tiles which my husband and I brought back from India in our hand luggage for the splashback of our kitchen stove.
Behind the palace is a forest of greenery and towers of other palaces. One tree is a sarpech, a jewelled turban ornament with a pearl hanging from the tip. The white tower is based upon a tower from Gwalior Fort.
watercolour, gouache, pen and ink on paper.
Prison Graz Jakomini
The prison Graz-Jakomini is organized as a management authority of first instance and satisfies the second largest court prison in Austria tasks as detention and correctional institution with jurisdiction over the district of the Provincial Criminal Court of Graz, that is the area of Greater Graz and the political districts of Graz-Umgebung, Weiz, Hartberg, Fürstenfeld , Feldbach, Radkersburg, Leibnitz, Deutschlandsberg, Voitsberg (Eastern, Southern and Western Styria).
Even at the time of the establishment of the Provincial Criminal Court of Graz with its to Conrad of Hötzendorfstraße directed late historical-old German front in the years 1890 to 1895 was grown in a prison structural organization of the headquarters building at the south and east.
The main institution of the prison is located in the Conrad Hötzendorfstraße number 43 in a residential area of the VI. Graz Municipality within the streets Steyrergasse, Klosterwiesgasse, Jakominigürtel and Conrad von Hötzendorfstraße and is accessible via the exit Graz East to the A2-Motorway. The Institute site is bounded by a total of approximately 450 m long enclosure and has approximately 10,500 m² with a total built-up area of approximately 26,000 m². The main institution appropriate field office Paulustorgasse is located in the office building of the District Court for criminal cases in the first district 15 Paulustorgasse of Graz.
Essential components of the prison are especially prison cell tracts and branches but also administrative and support facilities such as a particular infirmary, a school, a hospital church, a gym, a library , etc.
Accommodations for passengers are in their own departments for male adults, young adults, in a youth department, a women's section, a parent-child department and the infirmary is available, where the legal punishment in the normal execution, Erstvollzug (first punishment), loosened enforcement, enforcement of negligence offenders dismissal law enforcement, custody, detention enforcement, extradition law enforcement, where appropriate, also apply to enforcement of administrative penalties and administrative penalties extra special financial arrangements regarding accommodation and treatment.
At the prison, including the branch Paulustorgasse a large number of jobs and business enterprises is established (locksmith, electrician, car workshop, painting, paint shop, carpentry, glazing, art industry, shoemaking, tailoring, bookbinding, concrete products/concrete materials, laundry, hospital kitchen, nursery, social room, building maintenance/disposal, operating outside work place), in which about one-third of all inmates (for remand prisoners, in contrast to the regime for prisoners no obligation to work) can be employed.
The farms are after new construction of an operating tract and numerous adaptations functional and contemporary in design and equipped and provide next to valuable employment and vocational training opportunities for inmates in the interests of their reintegration into society after release from prison through their productivity a significant added value for the benefit of the covenant.
Work and education
Interested and suitable inmates at the prison is allowed to fall into one of 12 professions that can be learned in the in-house operations and get educated. Moreover, there is also the possibility for appropriate inmates vocational training outside the hospital or attending training courses or distance learning courses. The necessary vocational school visits are organized internally or externally.
As a special feature in training the prison Graz Jakomini has its own, guided by the center for special education Ellen Key Graz school within the youth department. The aim of this school care on one hand is the reduction of training deficits in compulsory education, on the other hand, promote the general education of young people. In most cases, the affected juvenile inmates actually reach a formal confirmation of school with school success during the period of their detention.
- Forklift license training
- First Aid Courses
Vehicle preparation - especially in the spring and summer - with trained inmates.
Gentle handling of the vehicle, paint and exterior parts by hand wash or manuel polishing. Processing means may also be provided itself .
Be carried out :
- Vehicle outside cleaning, hand wash
- Car Interior Cleaning
- Car handpolish
- Complete Car Cleaning (Exterior & Interior cleaning including polishing)
For more info, prices or appointments on request!
Service telephone: 0316/832 832 ext 25500 , or the Mr. Ms. Gutjahr. Ing Fussi
Services and leisure
Services :
Professional psychologists of the Institute are available to care, treatment and counseling of inmates, with with external care facilities (eg club Green Circle, Association for Probation and social work, psychological centers, drug counseling in Styria, Aids ) technical cooperation is plowed. As specific treatment for inmates of juvenile department has also the supervising employment with animals been very successful.
The advice from inmates in social, family and personal matters will be perceived by four social workers at the prison. To fulfill these tasks are also contacts with external social institutions, especially in the areas of employment and housing, held .
The medical care service of all the inmates of the prison is made by the institution in cooperation with Konsiliarärzten (consultant doctors) of all disciplines and public hospitals. In addition, important information events (eg lectures on AIDS, first aid courses, etc.) will be held in the medical field at regular intervals for the occupants.
Leisure :
- Library with about 7000 Media
- Sports (weight training, volleyball, basketball, gymnastics, etc.)
- Free periods (table tennis, table soccer , etc.)
- Oriental dance and Tiffany work for women
- Ceramic work for the youth
In the non-working time (for prisoners is usually a normal eight-hour working day) are available to inmates recreational rooms, a library, a gym, sports equipment and the like for education, entertainment, sports, games, as well as discussion groups are available, and the common activities designed to promote social behavior through mutual tolerance and acceptance.
Often by inmates in their spare time or in creative workshops for members, for primary schools, kindergartens, etc. or for free sale at Christmas bazaars or other events outside the prison self-made objects cause a significant contribution to mutual understanding between offenders and their families or society.
strafvollzug.justiz.gv.at/einrichtungen/justizanstalten/j...
1988
New Youth Protection Act
Accession to the European Union (1995)
1975
Criminal Code (StGB)
Resocialization
Financial penalty instead of imprisonment
Austria-wide probationary services
1988
Neues Jugendschutzgesetz
Beitritt zur Europäischen Union (1995)
1975
Strafgesetzbuch (StGB)
Resozialisierung
Geldstrafe statt Freiheitsstrafe
Österreichweite Bewährungshilfe
Vienna Regional Court for Criminal Matters
The Vienna Regional Court for Criminal Matters (colloquially referred to as "landl" (Landesgericht)) is one of 20 regional courts in Austria and the largest court in Austria. It is located in the 8th District of Vienna, Josefstadt, at the Landesgerichtsstraße 11. It is a court of first respectively second instance. A prisoners house, the prison Josefstadt, popularly often known as the "Grey House" is connected.
Court Organization
In this complex there are:
the Regional Court for Criminal Matters Vienna,
the Vienna District Attorney (current senior prosecutor Maria-Luise Nittel)
the Jurists association-trainee lawer union (Konzipientenverband) and
the largest in Austria existing court house jail, the Vienna Josefstadt prison.
The Regional Criminal Court has jurisdiction in the first instance for crimes and offenses that are not pertain before the district court. Depending on the severity of the crime, there is a different procedure. Either decides
a single judge,
a senate of lay assessors
or the jury court.
In the second instance, the District Court proceeds appeals and complaints against judgments of district courts. A three-judge Court decides here whether the judgment is canceled or not and, if necessary, it establishes a new sentence.
The current President Friedrich Forsthuber is supported by two Vice Presidents - Henriette Braitenberg-Zennenberg and Eve Brachtel.
In September 2012, the following data have been published
Austria's largest court
270 office days per year
daily 1500 people
70 judges, 130 employees in the offices
5300 proceedings (2011) for the custodial judges and legal protection magistrates, representing about 40 % of the total Austrian juridical load of work
over 7400 procedures at the trial judges (30 % of the total Austrian juridical load of work)
Prosecution with 93 prosecutors and 250 employees
19,000 cases against 37,000 offenders (2011 )
Josefstadt prison with 1,200 inmates (overcrowded)
History
1839-1918
The original building of the Vienna Court House, the so-called civil Schranne (corn market), was from 1440 to 1839 located at the Hoher Markt 5. In 1773 the Schrannenplatz was enlarged under Emperor Joseph II and the City Court and the Regional Court of the Viennese Magistrate in this house united. From this time it bore the designation "criminal court".
Due to shortcomings of the prison rooms in the Old Court on Hoher Markt was already at the beginning of the 19th Century talk of building a new crime courthouse, but this had to be postponed because of bankruptcy in 1811.
In 1816 the construction of the criminal court building was approved. Although in the first place there were voices against a construction outside the city, as building ground was chosen the area of the civil Schießstätte (shooting place) and the former St. Stephanus-Freithofes in then Alservorstadt (suburb); today, in this part Josefstadt. The plans of architect Johann Fischer were approved in 1831, and in 1832 was began with the construction, which was completed in 1839. On 14 May 1839 was held the first meeting of the Council.
Provincial Court at the Landesgerichtsstraße between November 1901 and 1906
Johann Fischer fell back in his plans to Tuscan early Renaissance palaces as the Pitti Palace or Palazzo Pandolfini in Florence. The building was erected on a 21,872 m² plot with a length of 223 meters. It had two respectively three floors (upper floors), the courtyard was divided into three wings, in which the prisoner's house stood. In addition, a special department for the prison hospital (Inquisitenspital ) and a chapel were built.
The Criminal Court of Vienna was from 1839 to 1850 a city court which is why the Vice Mayor of Vienna was president of the criminal courts in civil and criminal matters at the same time. In 1850 followed the abolition of municipal courts. The state administration took over the Criminal Court on 1 Juli 1850. From now on, it had the title "K.K. Country's criminal court in Vienna".
1851, juries were introduced. Those met in the large meeting hall, then as now, was on the second floor of the office wing. The room presented a double height space (two floors). 1890/1891 followed a horizontal subdivision. Initially, the building stood all alone there. Only with the 1858 in the wake of the demolition of the city walls started urban expansion it was surrounded by other buildings.
From 1870 to 1878, the Court experienced numerous conversions. Particular attention was paid to the tract that connects directly to the Alserstraße. On previously building ground a three-storey arrest tract and the Jury Court tract were built. New supervened the "Neutrakt", which presented a real extension and was built three respectively four storied. From 1873 on, executions were not executed publicly anymore but only in the prison house. The first execution took place on 16 December 1876 in the "Galgenhof" (gallow courtyard), the accused were hanged there on the Würgegalgen (choke gallow).
By 1900 the prisoners house was extended. In courtyard II of the prison house kitchen, laundry and workshop buildings and a bathing facility for the prisoners were created. 1906/1907 the office building was enlarged. The two-storied wing tract got a third and three-storied central section a fourth floor fitted.
1918-1938
In the early years of the First Republic took place changes of the court organization. Due to the poor economy and the rapid inflation, the number of cases and the number of inmates rose sharply. Therefore, it was in Vienna on 1 October 1920 established a second Provincial Court, the Regional Court of Criminal Matters II Vienna, as well as an Expositur of the prisoner house at Garnisongasse.
One of the most important trials of the interwar period was the shadow village-process (Schattendorfprozess - nomen est omen!), in which on 14th July 1927, the three defendants were acquitted. In January 1927 front fighters had shot into a meeting of the Social Democratic Party of Austria, killing two people. The outrage over the acquittal was great. At a mass demonstration in front of the Palace of Justice on 15th July 1927, which mainly took place in peaceful manner, invaded radical elements in the Palace of Justice and set fire ( Fire of the Palace Justice), after which the overstrained police preyed upon peaceful protesters fleeing from the scene and caused many deaths.
The 1933/1934 started corporate state dictatorship had led sensational processes against their opponents: examples are the National Socialists processes 1934 and the Socialists process in 1936 against 28 "illegal" socialists and two Communists, in which among others the later leaders Bruno Kreisky and Franz Jonas sat on the dock.
Also in 1934 in the wake of the February Fights and the July Coup a series of processes were carried out by summary courts and military courts. Several ended with death sentences that were carried out by hanging in "Galgenhof" of the district court .
1938-1945
The first measures the Nazis at the Regional Criminal Court after the "Anschluss" of Austria to the German Reich in 1938 had carried out, consisted of the erection of a monument to ten Nazis, during the processes of the events in July 1934 executed, and of the creation of an execution space (then space 47 C, today consecration space where 650 names of resistance fighters are shown) with a guillotine supplied from Berlin (then called device F, F (stands for Fallbeil) like guillotine).
During the period of National Socialism were in Vienna Regional Court of 6 December 1938 to 4th April 1945 1.184 persons executed. Of those, 537 were political death sentences against civilians, 67 beheadings of soldiers, 49 war-related offenses, 31 criminal cases. Among those executed were 93 women in all age groups, including a 16-year-old girl and a 72-year-old woman who had both been executed for political reasons.
On 30 June 1942 were beheaded ten railwaymen from Styria and Carinthia, who were active in the resistance. On 31 July 1943, 31 people were beheaded in an hour, a day later, 30. The bodies were later handed over to the Institute of Anatomy at the University of Vienna and remaining body parts buried later without a stir at Vienna's Central Cemetery in shaft graves. To thein the Nazi era executed, which were called "Justifizierte" , belonged the nun Maria Restituta Kafka and the theology student Hannsgeorg Heintschel-Heinegg.
The court at that time was directly subordinated to the Ministry of Justice in Berlin.
1945-present
The A-tract (Inquisitentrakt), which was destroyed during a bombing raid in 1944 was built in the Second Republic again. This was also necessary because of the prohibition law of 8 May 1945 and the Criminal Law of 26 June 1945 courts and prisons had to fight with an overcrowding of unprecedented proportions.
On 24 March 1950, the last execution took place in the Grey House. Women murderer Johann Trnka had two women attacked in his home and brutally murdered, he had to bow before this punishment. On 1 July 1950 the death penalty was abolished in the ordinary procedure by Parliament. Overall, occured in the Regionl Court of Criminal Matters 1248 executions. In 1967, the execution site was converted into a memorial.
In the early 1980s, the building complex was revitalized and expanded. The building in the Florianigasse 8, which previously had been renovated, served during this time as an emergency shelter for some of the departments. In 1994, the last reconstruction, actually the annex of the courtroom tract, was completed. In 2003, the Vienna Juvenile Court was dissolved as an independent court, iIts agendas were integrated in the country's criminal court.
Prominent processes since 1945, for example, the Krauland process in which a ÖVP (Österreichische Volkspartei - Austrian People's Party) minister was accused of offenses against properties, the affair of the former SPÖ (Sozialistische Partei Österreichs - Austrian Socialist Party) Minister and Trade Unions president Franz Olah, whose unauthorized financial assistance resulted in a newspaper establishment led to conviction, the murder affairs Sassak and the of the Lainzer nurses (as a matter of fact, auxiliary nurses), the consumption (Konsum - consumer cooporatives) process, concerning the responsibility of the consumer Manager for the bankruptcy of the company, the Lucona proceedings against Udo Proksch, a politically and socially very well- networked man, who was involved in an attempted insurance fraud, several people losing their lives, the trial of the Nazi Holocaust denier David Irving for Wiederbetätigung (re-engagement in National Socialist activities) and the BAWAG affair in which it comes to breaches of duty by bank managers and vanished money.
Presidents of the Regional Court for Criminal Matters in Vienna since 1839 [edit ]
Josef Hollan (1839-1844)
Florian Philipp (1844-1849)
Eduard Ritter von Wittek (1850-1859)
Franz Ritter von Scharschmied (1859-1864)
Franz Ritter von Boschan (1864-1872)
Franz Josef Babitsch (1873-1874)
Joseph Ritter von Weitenhiller (1874-1881)
Franz Schwaiger (1881-1889)
Eduard Graf Lamezan -Salins (1889-1895)
Julius von Soos (1895-1903)
Paul von Vittorelli (1903-1909)
Johann Feigl (1909-1918)
Karl Heidt (1918-1919)
Ludwig Altmann (1920-1929)
Emil Tursky (1929-1936)
Philipp Charwath (1936-1938)
Otto Nahrhaft (1945-1950)
Rudolf Naumann (1951-1954)
Wilhelm Malaniu (1955-1963)
Johann Schuster (1963-1971)
Konrad Wymetal (1972-1976)
August Matouschek (1977-1989)
Günter Woratsch (1990-2004)
Ulrike Psenner (2004-2009)
Friedrich Forsthuber (since 2010)
de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landesgericht_f%C3%BCr_Strafsachen_...
Vienna's Zentral Friedhof is a massive cemetery. It may be the biggest one I've ever been to, though I haven't bothered comparing size. I also have to say I didn't extensively wander the grounds here like I have in others (like Recoleta in Buenos Aires, for instance). The majority of what I saw here...it's a crowded cemetery, for certain -- Austria has about 50, I believe, and this must be the most populated one.
Zentral Friedhof doesn't have the above-ground vaults that are common in Latin America, nor ostentatious headstones, by and large...with the exception of what I'm presenting here, which is mainly the "honored folks" section, filled with classical composers.
This is the classical music version of New York's Woodlawn Cemetery and its Jazz Corner, though this is even more concentrated than that.
Within a thirty second walk from the Mozart statue -- he's actually buried in a different cemetery (St. Marx) in town, in a grave that they aren't 100% sure is of him due to the burial practices of the late 18th century.
However, they felt that, with his ties to Vienna, he absolutely should be included in this plot of land. (If they knew his grave with certainty, I'm positive he'd be disinterred and put here...which is what they did with Beethoven, whose bones are buried directly behind the Mozart statue.)
If you've seen Immortal Beloved, this headstone will be familiar to you; it was the closing scene for the Beethoven biopic. I had fun making a few videos with music yesterday, so you get Fur Elise with your Beethoven here.
Besides Beethoven, you'll find Franz Schubert (famous for his popular music/lieders), who died mighty young, probably from mercury poisoning, it seems. He was 31 when he died. His most famous (or my favorite, at least) piece is Ave Maria. (The one that you hear around this time of year all the time: Ave Maria,grazia plena...) A fun note on Ave Maria? I heard it, more than once, at some major train stations in China which, given their government's/nation's not being religious...I found fascinating, yet loved at the same time.
Also nearby is the entire Strauss clan (that are related to each other, anyway, which excludes Richard Strauss).
The progenitor of the Viennese musical Strausses is Johann Senior, most famous for the Radetzky March (which will probably be familiar to you if you search it on YouTube).
His son, Johann II, is most famous for the Blue Danube Waltz (video accompanies here). If you've been exposed to classical music and aren't familiar with this piece...well, you're probably from another planet. It's been in countless movies.
Lastly for the famous composers in this specific patch of land would be Johannes Brahms. He wrote a rather famous lullaby, which I put in a video here for you. Again, if you're not familiar with it, chances are, you're an extraterrestrial.
Also included in this photographic set are other headstones (near the composers). There is another famous composer buried in the cemetery here -- Antonio Salieri (the antagonist in the movie Amadeus, though the relationship as described in the movie is...well...not exactly accurate). He, though, wasn't buried anywhere near these other giants. I'm not quite sure why.
At any rate, a little bit of an Austrian cemetery with a few famous folks' bones for you to ponder. If you visit Vienna and are on a pilgrimage for famous folks, this is a fine place to come. For a central cemetery, though, it's not exactly central. It's a bit of a trek from downtown Vienna...
Without resorting to a short video once again for this kind of piece, where much happens over a short (ish) or usually longer period, this seems to be the best way to do it, in this instance 4 mosaic pieces with 4 pictures in each. As it turned out after picture selection, from the 54 taken and after some whittling down, by luck more than design the 16 selected separated naturally into 4 sections of the work; I will have to start producing pictures with just one subject per picture again... These pieces relate to the weekend line possession on the SYJR, South Yorkshire Joint Railway with line possession commencing at Worksop's WP607 section signal with the work, some serious bank re-ballasting and renewal, being undertaken in the three miles or so from here to the north all of the lineside tree growth is going as well, though it doesn't look particularly obtrusive. With a great reduction in coal train movements along this line after April 5th, due to the higher carbon tax levy at the Power Stations from that date, it appeared at the outset that there wouldn't be much happening here apart from the train concerned with the possession, but in the event 3 coal moves occured, the last before the Line Possession came into effect at 15:32 hours. At centre, for reference, a 1953 OS map showing what used to be around in this area, as usual almost all of the detail in this map, relating to the railway has been swept away, some of it very early on, in the 1920s, like the trackbed of the line which connected Laughton West Junction, shown here as a double-dashed feature heading south, to a junction at Anston. Dinnington Main Colliery, with its branch of the section of line seen here, looking north, closed in 1992 and it wasn't long after that before the rejuvenation started and there is now nothing left except the landscaped spoil-heap, now a nature reserve... of course. The Laughton East Junction, still showing 2 lines here, also ultimately succumbed when Thurcroft Colliery, along the western section of the junction, closed around the same time as Dinnington and the line was subsequently lifted; it is now part of the very pleasant 'Laughton Mineral Line' trail from north of Thurcroft to Todwick Road and the land now occupied to the east of it (marked by 'Brick Works') by new industrial development. So for the 1st in the series of traction pictures on what turned out to be the last day of warm weather for a while, is bright, GBRf liveried class 66, 66717 hauling its rake of MJA, Mineral and Aggregates Box, Wagons south along the SYJR and coming through new development right at the side of the track; new housing as it turns out and nothing to do with Network Rail... Doh! At top right, a bit of a surprise as the rear of the 2200 tonne (each wagon can hold 101tonnes) consist is another brightly turned out GBRf, 66739, 'The Bluebell Railway'; almost missed getting a shot of this after the wagons rattled past, thinking that was that. This is the 1st of the final 3 moves of the day along here, heading south 17 minutes late is the 6F29, Hexthorpe Yard to West Burton Power Station; odd type of move to be going to a Power Station. At lower left, having arrived a bit early, 9 minutes, and being signal checked at Worksop's WP607 section signal, awaiting passage onto the single line section ahead. Unfortunately for the driver, but not so for the 2 photographers present, there was a south-bound working heading our way, coming off the single line section, 10 minutes early and so the Freightliner had to wait; the driver in the lower left picture had just been on the signal-post phone to Worksop and is here seen climbing back into the cab, ready to go as the other working was now only a mile, 2 minutes, or so away. This is Freightliner Heavy Haul class 66, 66529 on the Cottam Power Station to Hunslet Yard(Leeds), 4D28, 600tonne empties working. Quickly swinging the camera round and on the north facing side of the road, EWS class 66 comes slowly over the single to double line junction, heading south on the 6Z29 Rossington Colliery to Worksop Up Receptions working, with a full load, 2400 tonnes, of coal; presumably from Rossington? The are to the right of the EWS has already had a delivery of a road/rail vehicle to deal with ballast, at the rear facing the camera and at the front a heavy duty cutter and mulcher for the vegetation. Two walkers coming back to their car look on, only briefly though as of course, for them, nothing is happening here!
1938 - 1945
National Socialist Unjust Regime
NS-Justice - People's Court, Special Courts
Persecution and resistance
Execution chamber in the court building
1938 - 1945
Nationalsozialistisches Unrechtsregime
NS-Justiz - Volksgerichtshof, Sondergerichte
Verfolgung und Widerstand
Hinrichtungsraum im Gerichtsgebäude
Gedenkstätte
Der ehemalige Hinrichtungsraum kann jeden ersten Dienstag im Monat um 15.00 Uhr besichtigt werden. Treffpunkt der Führung: Haupteingang
369 Wochen
dauerte die Okkupation Wiens durch das nationalsozialistische Regime. Während dieser Zeit wurden mehr als 1200 Menschen, die von der NS-Unrechtsjustiz zum Tode verurteilt worden waren, in diesem Haus durch das Fallbeil hingerichtet. Ein Großteil von ihnen waren Frauen und Männer des Widerstandes.
Vienna Regional Court for Criminal Matters
The Vienna Regional Court for Criminal Matters (colloquially referred to as "landl" (Landesgericht)) is one of 20 regional courts in Austria and the largest court in Austria. It is located in the 8th District of Vienna, Josefstadt, at the Landesgerichtsstraße 11. It is a court of first respectively second instance. A prisoners house, the prison Josefstadt, popularly often known as the "Grey House" is connected.
Court Organization
In this complex there are:
the Regional Court for Criminal Matters Vienna,
the Vienna District Attorney (current senior prosecutor Maria-Luise Nittel)
the Jurists association-trainee lawer union (Konzipientenverband) and
the largest in Austria existing court house jail, the Vienna Josefstadt prison.
The Regional Criminal Court has jurisdiction in the first instance for crimes and offenses that are not pertain before the district court. Depending on the severity of the crime, there is a different procedure. Either decides
a single judge,
a senate of lay assessors
or the jury court.
In the second instance, the District Court proceeds appeals and complaints against judgments of district courts. A three-judge Court decides here whether the judgment is canceled or not and, if necessary, it establishes a new sentence.
The current President Friedrich Forsthuber is supported by two Vice Presidents - Henriette Braitenberg-Zennenberg and Eve Brachtel.
In September 2012, the following data have been published
Austria's largest court
270 office days per year
daily 1500 people
70 judges, 130 employees in the offices
5300 proceedings (2011) for the custodial judges and legal protection magistrates, representing about 40 % of the total Austrian juridical load of work
over 7400 procedures at the trial judges (30 % of the total Austrian juridical load of work)
Prosecution with 93 prosecutors and 250 employees
19,000 cases against 37,000 offenders (2011 )
Josefstadt prison with 1,200 inmates (overcrowded)
History
1839-1918
The original building of the Vienna Court House, the so-called civil Schranne (corn market), was from 1440 to 1839 located at the Hoher Markt 5. In 1773 the Schrannenplatz was enlarged under Emperor Joseph II and the City Court and the Regional Court of the Viennese Magistrate in this house united. From this time it bore the designation "criminal court".
Due to shortcomings of the prison rooms in the Old Court on Hoher Markt was already at the beginning of the 19th Century talk of building a new crime courthouse, but this had to be postponed because of bankruptcy in 1811.
In 1816 the construction of the criminal court building was approved. Although in the first place there were voices against a construction outside the city, as building ground was chosen the area of the civil Schießstätte (shooting place) and the former St. Stephanus-Freithofes in then Alservorstadt (suburb); today, in this part Josefstadt. The plans of architect Johann Fischer were approved in 1831, and in 1832 was began with the construction, which was completed in 1839. On 14 May 1839 was held the first meeting of the Council.
Provincial Court at the Landesgerichtsstraße between November 1901 and 1906
Johann Fischer fell back in his plans to Tuscan early Renaissance palaces as the Pitti Palace or Palazzo Pandolfini in Florence. The building was erected on a 21,872 m² plot with a length of 223 meters. It had two respectively three floors (upper floors), the courtyard was divided into three wings, in which the prisoner's house stood. In addition, a special department for the prison hospital (Inquisitenspital ) and a chapel were built.
The Criminal Court of Vienna was from 1839 to 1850 a city court which is why the Vice Mayor of Vienna was president of the criminal courts in civil and criminal matters at the same time. In 1850 followed the abolition of municipal courts. The state administration took over the Criminal Court on 1 Juli 1850. From now on, it had the title "K.K. Country's criminal court in Vienna".
1851, juries were introduced. Those met in the large meeting hall, then as now, was on the second floor of the office wing. The room presented a double height space (two floors). 1890/1891 followed a horizontal subdivision. Initially, the building stood all alone there. Only with the 1858 in the wake of the demolition of the city walls started urban expansion it was surrounded by other buildings.
From 1870 to 1878, the Court experienced numerous conversions. Particular attention was paid to the tract that connects directly to the Alserstraße. On previously building ground a three-storey arrest tract and the Jury Court tract were built. New supervened the "Neutrakt", which presented a real extension and was built three respectively four storied. From 1873 on, executions were not executed publicly anymore but only in the prison house. The first execution took place on 16 December 1876 in the "Galgenhof" (gallow courtyard), the accused were hanged there on the Würgegalgen (choke gallow).
By 1900 the prisoners house was extended. In courtyard II of the prison house kitchen, laundry and workshop buildings and a bathing facility for the prisoners were created. 1906/1907 the office building was enlarged. The two-storied wing tract got a third and three-storied central section a fourth floor fitted.
1918-1938
In the early years of the First Republic took place changes of the court organization. Due to the poor economy and the rapid inflation, the number of cases and the number of inmates rose sharply. Therefore, it was in Vienna on 1 October 1920 established a second Provincial Court, the Regional Court of Criminal Matters II Vienna, as well as an Expositur of the prisoner house at Garnisongasse.
One of the most important trials of the interwar period was the shadow village-process (Schattendorfprozess - nomen est omen!), in which on 14th July 1927, the three defendants were acquitted. In January 1927 front fighters had shot into a meeting of the Social Democratic Party of Austria, killing two people. The outrage over the acquittal was great. At a mass demonstration in front of the Palace of Justice on 15th July 1927, which mainly took place in peaceful manner, invaded radical elements in the Palace of Justice and set fire ( Fire of the Palace Justice), after which the overstrained police preyed upon peaceful protesters fleeing from the scene and caused many deaths.
The 1933/1934 started corporate state dictatorship had led sensational processes against their opponents: examples are the National Socialists processes 1934 and the Socialists process in 1936 against 28 "illegal" socialists and two Communists, in which among others the later leaders Bruno Kreisky and Franz Jonas sat on the dock.
Also in 1934 in the wake of the February Fights and the July Coup a series of processes were carried out by summary courts and military courts. Several ended with death sentences that were carried out by hanging in "Galgenhof" of the district court .
1938-1945
The first measures the Nazis at the Regional Criminal Court after the "Anschluss" of Austria to the German Reich in 1938 had carried out, consisted of the erection of a monument to ten Nazis, during the processes of the events in July 1934 executed, and of the creation of an execution space (then space 47 C, today consecration space where 650 names of resistance fighters are shown) with a guillotine supplied from Berlin (then called device F, F (stands for Fallbeil) like guillotine).
During the period of National Socialism were in Vienna Regional Court of 6 December 1938 to 4th April 1945 1.184 persons executed. Of those, 537 were political death sentences against civilians, 67 beheadings of soldiers, 49 war-related offenses, 31 criminal cases. Among those executed were 93 women in all age groups, including a 16-year-old girl and a 72-year-old woman who had both been executed for political reasons.
On 30 June 1942 were beheaded ten railwaymen from Styria and Carinthia, who were active in the resistance. On 31 July 1943, 31 people were beheaded in an hour, a day later, 30. The bodies were later handed over to the Institute of Anatomy at the University of Vienna and remaining body parts buried later without a stir at Vienna's Central Cemetery in shaft graves. To thein the Nazi era executed, which were called "Justifizierte" , belonged the nun Maria Restituta Kafka and the theology student Hannsgeorg Heintschel-Heinegg.
The court at that time was directly subordinated to the Ministry of Justice in Berlin.
1945-present
The A-tract (Inquisitentrakt), which was destroyed during a bombing raid in 1944 was built in the Second Republic again. This was also necessary because of the prohibition law of 8 May 1945 and the Criminal Law of 26 June 1945 courts and prisons had to fight with an overcrowding of unprecedented proportions.
On 24 March 1950, the last execution took place in the Grey House. Women murderer Johann Trnka had two women attacked in his home and brutally murdered, he had to bow before this punishment. On 1 July 1950 the death penalty was abolished in the ordinary procedure by Parliament. Overall, occured in the Regionl Court of Criminal Matters 1248 executions. In 1967, the execution site was converted into a memorial.
In the early 1980s, the building complex was revitalized and expanded. The building in the Florianigasse 8, which previously had been renovated, served during this time as an emergency shelter for some of the departments. In 1994, the last reconstruction, actually the annex of the courtroom tract, was completed. In 2003, the Vienna Juvenile Court was dissolved as an independent court, iIts agendas were integrated in the country's criminal court.
Prominent processes since 1945, for example, the Krauland process in which a ÖVP (Österreichische Volkspartei - Austrian People's Party) minister was accused of offenses against properties, the affair of the former SPÖ (Sozialistische Partei Österreichs - Austrian Socialist Party) Minister and Trade Unions president Franz Olah, whose unauthorized financial assistance resulted in a newspaper establishment led to conviction, the murder affairs Sassak and the of the Lainzer nurses (as a matter of fact, auxiliary nurses), the consumption (Konsum - consumer cooporatives) process, concerning the responsibility of the consumer Manager for the bankruptcy of the company, the Lucona proceedings against Udo Proksch, a politically and socially very well- networked man, who was involved in an attempted insurance fraud, several people losing their lives, the trial of the Nazi Holocaust denier David Irving for Wiederbetätigung (re-engagement in National Socialist activities) and the BAWAG affair in which it comes to breaches of duty by bank managers and vanished money.
Presidents of the Regional Court for Criminal Matters in Vienna since 1839 [edit ]
Josef Hollan (1839-1844)
Florian Philipp (1844-1849)
Eduard Ritter von Wittek (1850-1859)
Franz Ritter von Scharschmied (1859-1864)
Franz Ritter von Boschan (1864-1872)
Franz Josef Babitsch (1873-1874)
Joseph Ritter von Weitenhiller (1874-1881)
Franz Schwaiger (1881-1889)
Eduard Graf Lamezan -Salins (1889-1895)
Julius von Soos (1895-1903)
Paul von Vittorelli (1903-1909)
Johann Feigl (1909-1918)
Karl Heidt (1918-1919)
Ludwig Altmann (1920-1929)
Emil Tursky (1929-1936)
Philipp Charwath (1936-1938)
Otto Nahrhaft (1945-1950)
Rudolf Naumann (1951-1954)
Wilhelm Malaniu (1955-1963)
Johann Schuster (1963-1971)
Konrad Wymetal (1972-1976)
August Matouschek (1977-1989)
Günter Woratsch (1990-2004)
Ulrike Psenner (2004-2009)
Friedrich Forsthuber (since 2010)
de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landesgericht_f%C3%BCr_Strafsachen_...
The Monastery of the Holy Eucharist in Lindogon, Sibonga in Cebu province is run by Marian monks. The place is where several instances of the phenomena ~ whereby the image of the Virgin Mary shed tears in several instances starting in 1998. It is now very popular for Marian pilgrims and devotees who flock to the palace-like monastery. This transformed the once sleepy barangay into a popular destination. Daily, the monastery is visited by thousands of devotees from all over the country and even from foreign tourists. This crown structure is memorial of the victorious and powerful intercession of the Blessed Virgin Mother thru the Penitential Rosary Walk in 1998, against the killer epidemic hat struck the place, where several lives of poor children and infants had died. Built to honour Mary on the 8th year anniversary of the Monks arrival in Lindogon. Blessed on the 27th day of February, 2004.”
There are available coloured candles near the monastery. Proceeds of the candles will give part to the monks for funds. The following are coloured candles with its own purpose.
Gold: Healing (Good health, Recovery, Spiritual, Family Tree)
Green: Prosperity/Success (Exams, Study, Financial, Business)
Blue: Perseverance (Employment, Career, Assignment, Promotions)
Violet: Achievement (Plans in life, Struggles, Endeavours, Journeys, Voyage)
Red: Love (Utility, Friendship, Engagement, Family)
Yellow: Peace (Courage, Strength, Hope)
White: Purity (Enlightenment, Guidance, Right Path)
Orange: Reconciliation (Sweetheart, Wife, Husband, Enemy, Family)
Pink: Thanksgiving/Happiness/Joy (Spiritual, Physical)
Black: Souls (Forgiveness, Pardon)
Brown: Vocation (Marriage Bond, God’s Servant, Single life)
Grey: Deliverance (Bad ways, Things, Spirits)
Cream: Conversion/Faith (Children, Household, Couples)
A gentle reminder from the Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines, the following guidelines must be strictly followed and not allowed to wear inside the Monastery: wearing of tube & short blouses/dresses, fitting & transparent pants, spaghetti straps/sleeveless dress, mini skirts, shorts. While taking you to the Monastery, it is required to remove footwear before entering the Mother Mary’s prayer room. Cameras flash should be turned off while taking pictures so as not to interrupt/destruct others when praying. All Catholic & Non-Catholic are advised to please respect and observe solemnity inside the Church. Smoking is prohibited inside the premises. Parking area is situated to the right side of the entrance.
If you are from Cebu City taking you through Sibonga town proper to estimate of 50 kilometres southeast or travel time for about 2-hours and can be reached via any of the buses (air con/non air-con) that leaves regularly for Sibonga from the South Bus Terminal along N. Bacalso Ave. in Cebu City. Bus fare is less than a hundred pesos. The place is famous among all passengers, just ask the conductor to drop you off to the crossing in going to Birhen sa Simala. Mary’s pilgrimage is few kilometres away from the drop off point and you can reach the destination by riding in a motorcycles for hire habal-habal or public tricycles. The Monastery of the Holy Eucharist opens daily from 8:00 am - 6:00 pm.