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Paper printed Wind horse. Erecting prayer flags (dar lcog) printed with an image of a wind-horse, or throwing to the wind small pieces of paper printed with the same image is one of the most popular ritual activities among Tibetans (such as on high mountain passes) / and is performed to increase well-being or good luck. These flags and printed papers are commonly called rlung rta / though technically speaking rlung rta refers to the concept of good luck itself རླུང་རྟ lungta,
Well-being or good luck. A horse riding on the wind, with a wish-fulfilling jewel on its back, is a common symbol of well being (khams) or good luck (lam 'gro). The term rlung rta is thus frequently used to refer to these concepts.
The order of colors from left to right are Blue, White, Red, Green, & Yellow.
"The increased power of Mercedes-AMG GT C Roadster has introduced a new level of performance below the Mercedes-AMG GT R. The gets its athletic rear shoulder and the top-level technical features from this top-of-the-line sports car. Overall, the Mercedes-AMG GT C Roadster presents itself as a dream car. It’s the most intense way to drive a sports car. You can feel the fascinating genes from the AMG GT even more palpably. Sport car enthusiasts experience emotions that are often lost in day-to-day life. The AMG GT C Roadster embodies the perfect symbiosis between the typical AMG Driving Performance and unlimited top-down driving pleasure..."
Source: Mercedes-AMG
Photographed at Goodwood Festival of Speed - the event which offers enthusiasts an unrivalled opportunity to get close to the action, and to meet the great champions who gather at Goodwood each summer.
If you'd like to visit FOS, you can set "2018 Ticket Alert" by clicking here: Goodwood Festival of Speed
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The second law of thermodynamics states that entropy increases. In layman's terms, things fall apart. Friction acts on the world. Things stop. From the moment we're born, we start to die, getting closer to our end with every passing second, and noone escapes. We all die. The energy required to prevent things from falling apart is greater than the energy lost when things disintegrate. And so with this we come full circle, so to speak, from the beginning with patterns, into shapes, then how shapes form scenes, and now finally we revert to shapes and patterns and fall apart.
The end.
Doi Suthep-Pui NP, Chiang Mai, Thailand
Family : Lycaenidae
Sub-Family : Theclinae
Species : Hypolycaena amasa amasa
Found in much of southeast Asia, India, and southern China. This species occurs on the edge of rainforest habitats up to about 800m above sea level. They are usually seen singly and in dappled sunlight will bask with wings open. From above the sexes are very different. Whilst the female has brown forewings the male is a very dark blue, almost black. The colour extends to the hindwing in both sexes before turning white towards the abdomen and the tail area. The underside is very different but similar in both sexes.
This is only a small butterfly (wingspan of 21-28mm) and its most remarkable feature is its beautiful tails. It has two pairs of tails, the bottom pair being very long and the upper pair a little shorter. It is a busy butterfly with a fast and elegant flight and is a delight to see with its tails streaming out behind it. The individual above was not easy to capture with his wings open. It kept returning to the same place but that was on the edge of a drop into the stream below. Luckily I didn't fall into the water although I had a few near misses. Ideally I would have liked to get closer but that just wasn't possible without increasing the risk of getting wet or maybe even causing damage to some of my old bones.
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since Covid restrictions have been lifted the number of cars passing the local bus stop have increased. the air pollution has increased . this bus stop would be one of the first in a new driving zone with or without charge , which the council are to introduce as part of their climate change policies
Good morning everyone! Rise and shine and let this #sunrise reflection over #Raleigh brighten your day and increase your good weekend vibes! .
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Peregrine Falcons are famous for being the fastest recorded creature on the planet. But only when they are plummeting in a stoop to strike its prey. The speed will vary depending on length of dive and wind conditions so it is near impossible to record a maximum speed but it is thought that they can probably reach 200 miles per hour.
The British breeding population of Peregrine Falcons is at record levels with more than 1500 pairs in 2014. But while the overall population has increased, the population has declined in the uplands since 2002. Yet the uplands are where the Peregrines want to nest as these are the areas they first recolonised following the DDT-related population crash in the 1950s and 60s. The reason for this decline in the uplands is illegal persecution associated with driven grouse shooting. In May I co-authored a paper on Peregrine and Goshawk persecution in the Peak District which is now publicly available here: britishbirds.co.uk/raptor-persecution/
Key Biscayne, Florida. An established exotic that is increasing in population in Florida though they are far outnumbered by Green Iguanas. They don't occur in my county, but there were very abundant in Key Biscayne and were even outnumbering Green Iguanas.
►►► Explore the world of HDR with me at farbspiel-photo.com - View. Learn. Connect.
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About | HDR Cookbook | Before-and-After | Making-of | Pics to play with
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(Hit 'f' to fave this image)
The story of this photo:
Tunis was the first stop on our cruise through the Mediterranean Sea. The tour took us to the Bardo National Museum were this was shot. This place was originally a 13th century Hafsid palace. Today, it contains a major collection of Roman mosaics (which you can see all over the walls in this shot) and other antiquities of interest from Ancient Greece, Tunisia, and from the Arab period. [Wikipedia]
I was fascinated by the ceiling in this room. However, it was stuffed with tourists all the time. I came back multiple times (trying not to loose sight of our group). On my last visit, I found the room empty except for that one guy. Obviously his task was to make sure that nobody stole the ceiling. So I took the chance and took a series of 4x3 autobracketed shots.
Stitching the vertorama lead to the usual warping effect. But this did not seem to bother that guy. He kept calm and continued reading his book. ;-)
Enjoy!
Take a look at my "HDR Cookbook"! It contains some more information on my techniques.
How it was shot:
> Taken handheld [details]
> 4x3 autobracketed shots (three exposures each with 0, -2, +2 ev)
> Camera: Nikon D90
> Lens: Sigma 10-20mm F3,5 EX DC HSM
> Details can be found here
How it was stitched and tonemapped:
> Preparation: developed the raw files with ACR mainly in order to reduce the CA [details]
> Created 4 HDRs (32 bit) using Photomatix version 3.1
> Stitched the 4 HDRs using Photoshop saved in OpenEXR format
> Tonemapped resulting panorama HDR using Photomatix version 3.1 (Detail Enhancer)
> Saved as 16bit TIF
> Take a look here for a more detailed description.
How it was post-processed:
> Post-processing was done in Photoshop
> Topaz Adjust on the entire image to get back the colors and the details [details]
> Topaz Denoise [details]
> Saturation layer on the white walls to desaturate them a bit
> Saturation layer on the floor (increased master)
> Saturation layer on the greens in the ceiling (increased yellows)
> Saturation layer in the yellows in the ceiling (increased yellows)
> Levels layer on the guy with the book (increased gamma to brighten)
> Global vibrance layer to even out the saturation
> Global saturation layer to fine-tune the saturation
> Global levels layer to fine-tune the contrast and brightness
> Sharpening using the high-pass filter [details]
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Learn these techniques at farbspiel-photo.com - View. Learn. Connect.
- Thanks for viewing!
Plasma anchors increase firing stability by digging into any material - concrete, ferrous asteroids, starship hulls...
References:
I got the idea from Armored Core V.
Another Cessna of increasing rarity soaking up the early morning sun at Split Airport (SPU/LDSP). Cessna's final "clean sheet" piston twin, the 303 had initially been conceived as a four-seat training aircraft, not unlike the Piper Seminole or Beech Duchess. Eventually however, it would go one up and morph into a six seat touring machine aiming squarely at market segment occupied by the smaller Piper Seneca and faster Beech Baron.
With an large and airy cabin that was the envy of all its rivals - so much so that few observers would ever group it in the same bunch as the Seneca - the resulting T303 Crusader would end up being powered by two turbocharged 260 HP Continental TSIO-540 engines, slotting itself right in between the 220 HP turbocharged Seneca and the 300 HP normally aspirated Baron. As on the PA-34, the engines would be counter-rotating, spinning in opposite directions to avoid having what's called a "critical engine" (which has to do with aircraft behavior when one engine fails). Despite its large bulk, the Crusader would use this power well, registering pretty good cruise speed figures for its size and price - though with unremarkable performance overall.
However, being caught in the middle between two of the world's most popular touring twins did not do the 303 much good; between its introduction in 1978 and end of production in 1986, only 315 examples would be made, relatively few of which remain flying today.
Interestingly, of those 315 two would make their way onto the Croatian register; however, both would be lost in fatal accidents in the late 2000s, with a loss of seven lives between them...
Gray Catbird
Conservation status
At least in the east, populations seem to have been increasing in recent decades.
Family
Mockingbirds and Thrashers
Habitat
Undergrowth, brush, thorn scrub, suburban gardens. At all seasons, favors dense low growth. Most common in leafy thickets along the edges of woods and streams, shrubby swamps, overgrown brushy fields, and hedges in gardens. Avoids unbroken forest and coniferous woods.
Rather plain but with lots of personality, the Gray Catbird often hides in the shrubbery, making an odd variety of musical and harsh sounds -- including the catlike mewing responsible for its name. At other times it moves about boldly in the open, jerking its long tail expressively. Most catbirds winter in the southern United States or the tropics, but a few linger far to the north if they have access to a reliable source of berries or a well-stocked bird feeder.
Feeding Behavior
Does much foraging on ground, flipping leaves aside with bill as it seeks insects. Feeds on berries up in shrubs and trees.
Eggs
4, sometimes 3-5, rarely 2-6. Greenish blue, rarely with some red spots. Incubation is by female only, about 12-13 days. Young: Both parents feed the nestlings. Young leave the nest about 10-11 days after hatching. 2 broods per year.
Young
Both parents feed the nestlings. Young leave the nest about 10-11 days after hatching. 2 broods per year.
Diet
Mostly insects and berries. Especially in early summer, eats many beetles, ants, caterpillars, grasshoppers, crickets, true bugs, and other insects, as well as spiders and millipedes. Nestlings are fed almost entirely on insects. More than half the annual diet of adults may be vegetable matter, especially in fall and winter, when they eat many kinds of wild berries and some cultivated fruit. Rarely catches small fish. At feeders, will eat a bizarre assortment of items including doughnuts, cheese, boiled potato, and corn flakes.
Nesting
Early in breeding season, male sings constantly in morning and evening, sometimes at night. Courtship may involve male chasing female, posturing and bowing with wings drooped and tail raised; male may face away from female to show off patch of chestnut under tail. When Brown-headed Cowbirds lay eggs in nests of this species, the cowbird eggs are usually punctured and ejected by the adult Catbirds. Nest: Placed in dense shrubs, thickets, briar tangles, or low trees, usually 3-10' above the ground. Nest (built mostly by female) is a large bulky cup of twigs, weeds, grass, leaves, and sometimes pieces of trash, lined with rootlets and other fine materials
Juvenile Cooper's Hawk - You can tell the juveniles from the increased striations on the breast feathers and the blue eyes. Adults have amber to red eyes. Unfortunately, many fledgling Cooper's died this year due to the intense heat.
©R.C. Clark: Dancing Snake Nature Photography
All rights reserved
Sabino Canyon
The strongest of all the African flag-carriers, Ethiopian Airlines is currently undergoing major international expansion at present. Compared to South African Airways which is downsizing and trying to cut down their losses; Ethiopian operates a modern fleet of airliners, but also doesn't suffer from the hot-and-high altitude of Johannesburg, instead at a lower terrain at Addis Ababa.
Currently, Ethiopian operates a daily flight between Addis Ababa and London Heathrow utilising Airbus A350-900s (although Boeing 777-200LRs and Boeing 787-8s occasionally appear). ET700 operates 6 times weekly except Monday whereby the flight arrives in the early morning, whilst ET710 operates Mondays only but arrives in the mid-afternoon. ET701 is the evening return flight and operates daily.
From 2nd June 2018, Ethiopian Airlines is increasing the number of flights from daily to 10 times a week. ET718/719 will operate Wednesday, Saturday and Sunday only, and will arrive into London Heathrow in the early evening before flying back out in the morning (it is likely that the ET700 will work the ET719 leg back to Addis Ababa on certain days). The flights will be operated by Airbus A350-900s.
Currently, Ethiopian Airlines operates 7 Airbus A350-900s, with 17 more on-order.
Alpha Uniform Bravo is one of 7 Airbus A350-900s in service with Ethiopian Airlines, delivered new to the flag-carrier in June 2017 on lease from PAAL and she is powered by 2 Rolls-Royce Trent XWB-84 engines. She is named after the Gheralta Mountains located in the Tigray Region of Northern Ethiopia.
Airbus A350-941 ET-AUB 'Gheralta Mountains' on final approach into Runway 27L at London Heathrow (LHR) on ET710 from Addis Ababa-Bole (ADD).
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagos,_Portugal
Lagos (Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈlaɣuʃ], literally lakes, from the Latin lacobriga) is a municipality at the mouth of Bensafrim River and along the Atlantic Ocean, in the Barlavento region of the Algarve, in southern Portugal.[4]
The main town of Lagos (which includes only the parishes of Santa Maria and São Sebastião) has a population of approximately 22,000 residents, while the municipality supports a resident population of 31,048 inhabitants.[5] Typically, these numbers increase during the summer months, with the influx of visiting tourists and seasonal residents. While the majority of the population lives along the coast and works in tourism and services, the inland region is sparsely inhabited, with the majority of the people working in agriculture and forestry.
Lagos is one of the most visited cities in the Algarve and Portugal, due to its variety of tourist-friendly beaches, bars, restaurants, and hotels, renowned for its vibrant summer nightlife and parties. Yet, Lagos is also a historic centre of the Portuguese Age of Discovery, frequent home of Henry the Navigator, historical shipyard and, at one time, centre of the European slave trade[6]. In 2012, travel website TripAdvisor, classified Lagos as the number 1 travel destination, on a list of "15 destinations on the rise" worldwide.
Lagos is an ancient maritime town with more than 2000 years of history. The name Lagos comes from a Celtic origin, derived from the Celtic Lacobriga, the name of the settlement was established during the pre-Punic civilizations. It became a early settlement of the Carthaginians, who recruited Celtic tribesmen in their war against the Romans (the Punic Wars). Owing to its already important harbour, it was colonized by the Romans and integrated into the Roman province of Lusitania, becoming known as Lacobriga. Quintus Sertorius, a rebellious Roman general, helped by the Lusitanians of Lacobriga (who had been oppressed under Roman Generals and members of Lucius Cornelius Sulla party), successfully defeated the Roman army of Caecilius Metellus Pius probably at nearby Monte Molião.
With the fall of Roma, the towns of Lagos were occupied in the 6th century by the Visigoths from the Kingdom of Toledo and later by the Byzantines.
The Moors arrived in the 8th century from North Africa, renaming the settlement Zawaia (meaning lago, or lake). It became part of the much larger coastal region of al-Gharb, which eventually became known as the algarve. The Moors fortified the town and established important trade links to Northern Africa from their bases in the Iberian peninsula. In 1174, the local Wāli gave permission for the Christian peoples to construct a church dedicated to São João Baptista, which was built outside the town's walls (becoming the oldest church in the Algarve).
Kingdom
Even as King Afonso Henriques advanced to the south, the Christian Reconquista never made it into Algarve and Alentejo, and remained under Moorish control. King Sancho I, with the support of Crusader forces used Lagos as a stepping stone to attack the fortress of Alvôr.[8] Zawaia was eventually captured by King Afonso III of Portugal in 1241, but was only taken definitively in 1249. From this period on the King began self-styling himself as the "King of Portugal and the Algarve", stressing the fact that the Algarve (which had for so long been ruled by the Moors as a foreign country) had been annexed into the dominion of the Portuguese. Lagos became an independent jurisdiction under the rule of King Peter I in 1361.
King John I assembled his fleet in the harbour of Lagos, before setting sail for the siege and conquest of the city of Ceuta in 1415. This was the first step in opening the Muslim world to medieval Europe, which in fact led to the Age of Discovery with Portuguese explorers sailing across the whole world. By the 15th century, Lagos became the centre of Portuguese martime exploration, with ships ordered south to trace the shoreline of Africa in order to find routes to India. Infante Henry the Navigator, third son of King John, lived most of the time in Lagos. From here he directed expeditions to Morocco and to the western coast of Africa with caravels, lateen-rigged ships with excellent seafaring capabilities. Lagos was also the home port for Gil Eanes who was the first to sail beyond Cape Bojador in 1434, after a failed attempt in 1433 that put him out of favour with the, then considered the end of the world. The act of rounding the Cape, much like the later rounding of the Cape of Good Hope, permitted Eanes (and the navigators that followed) to advance into the African subcontinent. When, by 1443, Lançarote (then fiscal officer of the crown) had sailed as far as Arguim and brought back 275 Africans, the Portuguese had sufficient slaves to relieve the perpetual handicap of agricultural labour.[9]
Over the following decades, news of discoveries and achievements, and ships loaded with spices and goods would flow into the port of Lagos. It was also the gateway for the first African slaves into post-medieval Europe.[10] Even before Africa was opened-up to the Portuguese, the seamen of Lagos were already enthusiastic slave-catchers.[11] From the first slave markets in Lagos (the Mercado de Escravos, which opened in 1444), many Africans were dispersed throughout Europe, bringing a considerable income to the Portuguese monarchy and merchant classes, as well as cheap labour force.[10] As the major sponsor of these expeditions, Prince Henry received one-fifth of the selling price of every slave. The demand for the indentured labour force was so high that, by 1450, profit on Mauritanian slaves was 700 percent.[12] The discovery of gold by Alfonso Gonçales also increased activities in Lagos, whose residents petitioned the Infante Henry to establish a trading company to pursue gold deposits in the region.[13] This included Juan Dias (ancestor of Bartolomeu Dias who rounded the Cape of Good Hope), Gil Eanes, Lançarote de Freitas, Estevan Alfonso and Rodrigo Alvarez, who provisioned a squadron of six caravels to travel to isle of Garças in 1444, but returned with 150 Africans.[13]
Following the death of Prince Henry, and the expansion into the Atlantic and New World, the port of Lagos continued to receive shipments of goods and slaves, but its role began to decrease. Lisbon, began to prosper, with ships returning directly from the colonies of the Azores, Madeira and Brazil, while trading houses began to relocate to the capital. But, even as the wealth arrived in Lisbon and Lagos, the ostentation was widely on display in the royal residences.[14]
King Sebastian, obsessed with his plans for a great crusade against the Kingdom of Fez, assembled a huge fleet in Lagos in 1578.[15] During this ill-fated attempt he and most of Portugal's nobility were killed in the Battle of Ksar El Kebir in Morocco, eventually causing a succession crisis, that eventually resulted in the Iberian Union.
When Portugal came under Spanish rule, the Portuguese coast became a target for the English fleet. Lagos, close to the Spanish naval base of Cadiz, was attacked by Sir Francis Drake in the late 1580s, but was defended by its inhabitants, resulting in Drakes sack of Faro.[16] But, the coast was under regular attack of other pirates and corsairs, in addition to the Spanish who bombarded the Algarve during the Portuguese Restoration War (1640–1668), which led to the construction of a string of forts all along the coast. One of them was the late 17th century Ponta da Bandeira Fort in Lagos, which was completed between 1679 and 1690 (according to the stone inscription over the main door).
From 1576 to 1755, Lagos was a high-profile capital of the Algarve, until the old Portuguese town was destroyed by the earthquake and tsunami of 1755. Although some walls from the 16th century still remain, as well as the governor's castle, many of the buildings are from the 17th century.
Two well-known naval battles took place off Lagos, reflecting its strategic location: in the Battle of Lagos (1693) a French flotilla defeated a combined Anglo-Dutch force, while in the Battle of Lagos (1759) a British force defeated a French force.
Geography
Physical geography
By its geographical position (east-northeast to west-southwest orientation) and lithological diversity, the Algarve stands out as unique stratigraphic and morpho-tectonicregion.[17] A peripheral Carboniferous unit of the Variscan orogeny, it constitutes the Mesozoic and Cenozoic sedimentary layers, deposited onto two totally distinct superimposed basins.[17] Between the Middle-Upper Triassic to Hettangian, sediments evolved from continental (fluvial red sandstone) to shallow marine over the entire region, which included instances of evaporates, tholeiite fissural magmas, lava flows, volcanic ash and pyroclasts.[17]
The area of Lagos, conforms to the Middle Miocene Lagos-Portimão formation (a band that extends along the coast from Lagos to Albufeira, abutting the Serra do Caldeirão to the north) and which corresponds to marine sedimentation over relatively stable, but a minorly deformed limestone shelf platform.[17][18][19] A period of calm during the intra-Miocene (of approximately 2.4 Ma) led to generalized exposure and development of karst, that influences the present day coastline.[17][19] The conspicuous horizontal bending of this profile in the cliffs of Lagos, much like the remainder of the Lagos-Portimão formation, is formed by alternating bands of siliciclastic and calcareous lithologies.[18] The low degree of cementation in the layers causes a high degree of instability of the cliffs.[18] The littoral and cliff sands are dominated by various bivalve organisms, bryozoans, larger benthic foraminifers and Coralline algaewith minor additions of echinoids and balanids implying a shallow-water depositional system of a warm-temperate climatic regime.[18] The locality of Cerro das Mós, from where a large crocodilian (Tomistoma schlegelii) tooth was collected long ago,[20] has also produced some Odontoceti teeth. These may be dated from the Serravallian, which, constitute the oldest marine mammal occurrence in Algarve.[
Ecoregions/Protected areas
Lagos has many natural interest sites, including:
•Ponta da Piedade (English: Mercy Point)
•Grutas da Costa d'Oiro (English: Golden Coast Grottos)
•Laguna de Alvor (English: Lagoon of Alvor)
•Mata Nacional de Barão de S.João (English: National Forest of the Baron of Saint John), representing a varied flora that includes Pine (Pinaceae), Acacia (Acacia), Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus) and Strawberry trees (Arbutus unedo), with six pedestrian trails and six campsites. In the zone of Pedra Branca, is a Paleolithic menhir, called the Menhir of Pedro do Galo, accessible through the pedestrian trails, visitors can use the tables and picniking areas near the guardhouse for barbecues, while small children have access to a playground. A public sports field and 100 metre interval obstacle course was also constructed to attract activity, near the picnic area.
Beaches
•Meia Praia (Half Beach) — consisting of soft, white sand, Meia Praia is one of the largest open bays in Europe, resulting in calm seas, permitting conditions for many nautical sports, while cliffs provide sheltered coves from strong windy conditions;
•Praia Solaria (Sunny Beach);
•Praia da Batata (Potato Beach) — a small beach tucked between two small cliffs (where the river meets the Atlantic Ocean), it is known for the small music festivals that take place there during summer;
•Praia dos Estudantes (Students' Beach);
•Praia da Dona Ana (Dona Ana Beach) - probably the most frequented beach by tourists, its areal is slightly thicker than the beaches in the surrounding area and it is surrounded by striking rock formations. At high tide the beach is split by the geomorphology of the cliffs;
•Praia do Canavial (Canavial Beach);
•Praia de Camilo (Camilo Beach);
•Praia da Luz (Beach of Light) - located in the parish of Luz, the beach is bounded in the east by Rocha Negra (English: Black Rock), providing summer vactioners with a popular escape during the summer.
Human geography
The municipality of Lagos is located approximately 35 kilometers east of the Cape St. Vincent coast, along the southern coast of the Algarve. It is surrounded along its borders by the municipalities of Vila do Bispo (to the west), Aljezur (to the northwest), Monchique (to the northeast) and Portimão (to the east).
To the north of Lagos is the road to Silves, the first capital of Algarve, Monchique (spa town/mountain), Milfontes, a coastal town and port/harbour of the city of Sines, that winds through the scenic protected landscape of the Southwest Natural Park (Costa Sudoeste Alentejana e Vicentina).
Population of
Lagos
(1801 - 2011)
YearPop.±%
18019,789—
184911,012+12.5%
190013,937+26.6%
193016,210+16.3%
196017,060+5.2%
198119,700+15.5%
199121,526+9.3%
200125,398+18.0%
200929,298+15.4%
201130,755+5.0%
The municipality is composed of the following 6 parishes:
•Barão de São João
•Bensafrim - with approximately 8600 inhabitants (2001 Census), the parish was based on the Arabic settlement of Benassaharim, developing slowly until the 20th century (when even in the 1950s donkey or oxen were used as means of conveyance). Its current claim to fame is their annual fair held on the 25–26 August;
•Praia da Luz - a tourist-oriented civil parish with less than 3068 residents (2001 Census), its growth was attributed vacationers and sunseekers who flocked to its beaches throughout the summer. Popular by foreign visitors, it was notoriously identified with the disappearance of Madeleine McCann and the resulting investigation in 2007;
•Odiáxere
•Santa Maria
•São Sebastião
towns — Sister cities
Lagos is twinned with:
• Torres Vedras, district of Lisbon, Portugal
• Ribeira Grande, island of São Miguel, Azores
• Ribeira Grande de Santiago, island of Santiago, Cape Verde
• Palos de la Frontera, autonomous community of Andalusia, Spain
Economy
Lagos' economy, like many coastal towns in Portugal, has always been closely linked to the sea, and fishing has been an important activity since very ancient times. Since 1960, the city has embracedtourism, which has become its most important economic activity. It has beautiful beaches, good climate, the sea, a scenic coastline, and historical patrimony.
The Marina de Lagos has 460 berths and has become an important centre for long-distance cruisers, and it is also known for its modern drawbridge.
Lagos also has plenty of cultural and night-life entertainment venues.
Architecture
Prehistoric
•Menhir of Cabeço do Rochedo (Portuguese: Menir da Cabeço do Rocheado)
Civic
•Barracks of the Guarda Fiscal of Lagos (Portuguese: Quartel e Posto da Guarda Fiscal)
•Building of the Caixa Geral de Depósitos (Portuguese: Edifício da Caixa Geral de Depositos)
•Building of the Correios, Telégrafos e Telefonos (Portuguese: Edifício dos Correios, Telégrafos e Telefones de Lagos)
•Building of the Portagem (Portuguese: Edifício Antigo da Portagem)
•District Courthouse/Palace of Justice (Portuguese: Tribunal da Comarca/Palácio da Justiça)
•District Jailhouse of Lagos/Cultural Centre of Lagos (Portuguese: Cadeia Comarcã de Lagos/Centro Cultural)
•D. Maria Bridge (Portuguese: Ponte Dona Maria)
•Fonte Coberta Dam (Portuguese: Barragem da Fonte Coberta)
•Gil Eanes Secondary/Commercial-Industrial School (Portuguese: Escola Industrial e Comercial de Lagos/Escola Secundária Gil Eanes)
•Hotel Tivolli Lagos (Portuguese: Hotel de Lagos)
•Municipal Hall of Lagos (Portuguese: Edifício dos Paços do Concelho)
•Lighthouse of Ponta da Piedade (Portuguese: Farol da Ponta da Piedade)
•Pillory of Lagos (Portuguese: Pelourinho de Lagos)
•Regional Museum of Lagos (Portuguese: Museu Regional de Lagos) - this modest regional museum is located next to the church of Santo António.,[22] housing the eclectic collection of archaeological finds from prehistory and the Neolithic, in addition to minerals, Roman mosaics, Moorish oil-lamps and pottery. The ethnographic section includes exhibits from life in the Algarve, that includes not only residential, but also military artefacts, such as swords, muskets and cannonballs, and the foral (charter) issued by King Manuel for Lagos. Religious artefacts are also prominent in the displays, that include the sacerdotal vestments worn by the canons who said Holy Mass to King Sebastian (before he left on his ill-fated conquest of Morocco), and a diptych (dating from the 16th century) with scenes from the Annunciation and Presentation of Jesus at the Temple.
•Slave Market/Customshoues of Lagos (Portuguese: Mercado de Escravos/Vedoria/Alfândega de Lagos)
Military
•Bulwark of Alcaria/Freiras (Portuguese: Baluarte da Alcaria/das Freiras)
•Bulwark of Porta dos Quartos (Portuguese: Baluarte da Porta dos Quartos)
•Bulwark of Santa Maria/Porta da Vila (Portuguese: Baluarte de Santa Maria/da Porta da Vila)
•Bulwark of São Francisco/Jogo da Bola (Portuguese: Baluarte de São Francisco/do Jogo da Bola)
•Castle of Senhora da Luz (Portuguese: Castelo da Senhora da Luz)
•Fort of Meia Praia (Portuguese: Forte da Meia Praia)
•Fort of Ponta da Bandeira (Portuguese: Forte da Ponta da Bandeira) - also known as the Forte do Pau da Bandeira, the Forte de Nossa Senhora da Penha de França or the Forte do Registo, the fort, which guarded the entrance to the harbour, was originally dedicated to the Santa Virgem Senhora da Penha de França (to which it was referred).[23] This squat rectangular fort guards the entrance to the harbour, accessed by a smalldrawbridge, to terraced spaces (that overlook the town, beach and harbour) and the small chapel (decorated with 17th century azulejos tile). Until the late 20th century, the fort was used as a service depot for military forces and housed services linked to maritime activities (such as supplies for lifeboats and nautical sports). It was restored between 1958 and 1960, and officially acquired by the municipality of Lagos in 1983m where it was converted into exhibition displays of maritime history, with astrolabes and models of caravels.
•Fort of Pinhão (Portuguese: Forte do Pinhão)
•Military Barracks of Lagos (Portuguese: Edifício Militar em Lagos/Trem de Artilharia)
•Musketeers' Workshop/Warehouse and Saddlery (Portuguese: Edifício Oficina do Espingardeiro/Armazém do Espingardeiro/Selaria)
•Regimental Warehouse/Church of São Brás (Portuguese: Armazém Regimental e Desparecido Igreja de São Brás)
•Tower of Atalaia (Portuguese: Torre da Atalaia)
•Walled/Tower Fortifications of Lagos (Portuguese: Muralhas e Torreões de Lagos)
Religious
•Chapel/Hermitage of São João Baptista (Portuguese: Capela/Ermida de São João Baptista)
•Church of Nossa Senhora do Carmo (Portuguese: Igreja da Nossa Senhora do Carmo)
•Church of Nossa Senhora da Luz (Portuguese: Igreja da Nossa Senhora da Luz)
•Church of Odiáxere (Portuguese: Igreja de Odiáxere)
•Church of Santa Maria (Portuguese: Igreja de Santa Maria/da Misericórdia)
•Church of Santo António (Portuguese: Igreja de Santo António) - its simple façade with the asymmetrical bell towers, date from 1715, and contrast sharply with the extravagantly decorated interior, which is covered in gilded wood carvings and blue-and-white 18th century azulejo tiles (talha dourada) which fill the walls of the nave, while six Baroque paintings by José Joaquim Rasquinho, representing the miracles of Saint Anthony are hung on its walls. The wooden vault was painted with a trompe-l'oeil effect, while polychrome statues of cherubs playing with animals and fishes are scattered within the interior. It was one of the few buildings to survive the Great Earthquake of 1755, reconstructed by the local commander of Regimental Infantry, who may have added the polychromatic statue of St. Anthony with military sash. Purportedly, King Sebastian attended his last mass in this church, before his ill-fated expedition to Morocco.* Convent of Nossa Senhora do Loreto (Portuguese: Convento de Nossa Senhora do Loreto)
•Church of São Sebastião (Portuguese: Igreja de São Sebastião/de Nossa Senhora da Conceição)
•Hermitage of São Pedro de Pulgão/Nossa Senhora dos Aflitos (Portuguese: Ermida de São Pedro do Pulgão/Nossa Senhora dos Aflitos)
•Ruins of the Hermitage of Santo Amaro (Portuguese: Ruinas da Ermida de São Amaro)
•Ruins of the Convent of the Trinity (Portuguese: Ruinas do Antigo Convento da Trinidade/dos Frades Trinos)
Culture
Many local traditions are celebrated in the municipality and range from gastronomy to traditional handicrafts.
In gastronomy, there are the local specialties: Dom rodrigos and morgados cookies based on local products, such as almonds, figs and eggs. Lagos is also a wine producing region and is famous for its moscatel wine, and also for a strong alcoholic spirit, the aguardente de medronho, made of berries of strawberry tree.
Notable citizens
•São Gonçalo de Lagos (c. 1370 - Torres Vedras; 15 October 1422), saint of the Order of Saint Augustine
•Soeiro da Costa (c. 1390 — c. 1472), navigator and one of the Heroic Twelve of the Lusiadas
•Gil Eanes (born 15th century - died 15th century), navigator and explorer of the 15th century
•Lançarote de Freitas (born 15th century - died 15th century), navigator and merchant during the 15th century
•Júlia Barroso (11 August 1930 - Lisboa; 23 December 1996) actress, singer and teacher
•Júlio Dantas (19 May 1876 — Lisboa; 25 May 1962), doctor, poet, journalist, screenwriter, politician and diplomat
•José Reis, first Portuguese geriatric medic
The Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission takes us over Nairobi, one of the fastest growing cities in East Africa.
The population of Nairobi has increased significantly in the last 30 years, with rural residents flocking to the city in search of employment. The city, visible in the centre of the image, now has a population of over three million, with the vast majority spread over 200 informal settlements.
Kibera, which can be seen as a light-coloured patch at the south-western edge of the city, is considered one of the largest urban slums in Nairobi. Most residents live in small mud shacks with poor sanitation, a lack of electricity and limited access to clean water.
While migration provides economic benefits to the city, it also creates environmental challenges. Owing to its urbanisation, the city has spread into green spaces such as the nearby parks and forests. In this image, the densely populated area is contrasted with the flat plains of Nairobi National Park, directly south of the city. The 117 sq km of wide-open grass plains is coloured in light-brown. The park is home to lions, leopards, cheetahs and has a black rhino sanctuary.
The dark patches in the image are forests. The Ngong Forest, to the west of the city, includes exotic and indigenous trees, and hosts a variety of wild animals including wild pigs, porcupines, and dik-diks.
To the north of the city, the dark Karura Forest is visible. The 1000 hectare urban forest features a 15-m waterfall, and hosts a variety of animals including bush pigs, bushbucks, suni and harvey’s duiker, as well as some 200 bird species.
Although Africa is responsible for less than 5% of global greenhouse-gas emissions, the majority of the continent is directly impacted by climate change. Rapid population growth and urbanisation also exposes residents to climate risks.
On 14 March 2019, the first regional edition of the One Planet Summit took place at the UN Compound, which is in the north of the city. The One Planet Summit, part of the UN Environment Assembly, focuses on protecting biodiversity, promoting renewable energies and fostering resilience and adaptation to climate change.
Data from Copernicus Sentinel-2 can help monitor changes in urban expansion and land-cover change. Copernicus Sentinel-2 is a two-satellite mission. Each satellite carries a high-resolution camera that images Earth’s surface in 13 spectral bands.
This image, which was captured on 3 February 2019, is also featured on the Earth from Space video programme.
As delegates gather in Nairobi for the UN Environment Assembly, ESA is saddened by the news of the Ethiopian Airlines accident. Lives lost included those working for organisations also dedicated to achieving a better world for all and who were travelling to the assembly.
Our thoughts are with the families, colleagues and friends of those affected.
Credits: contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data (2019), processed by ESA,CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO
Back to film now. I put a couple of films through my Praktica VFB with its renowned 58mm F2 Biotar. Here there's a couple of Kodacolor pictures. I picked up my Biotars for small amounts years ago. I've always loved their performance. Now they are for ever increasing in value but they need careful maintenance at this age. The Praktica IVs and Vs were the best made Prakticas, they were made in the 50s and early 60s. The grasses against the light show the way single coated lenses can flare but quite pleasantly. The photograph of the conifer show the colour rendering and the 'bokeh' effect of a relatively large aperture. The roses were quite a rich red. The Kodacolor adds a bit to that.
Ruth 3:18
Then she said, "Sit still my daughter, until you know the matter will turn out; for the man will not rest ".until he has concluded the matter this day."
"the artists of the "Casa del Musical" group (House of Musical)".
“gli artisti del gruppo "Casa del Musical".
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click to activate the icon of slideshow: the small triangle inscribed in the small rectangle, at the top right, in the photostream;
or…. Press the “L” button to zoom in the image;
clicca sulla piccola icona per attivare lo slideshow: sulla facciata principale del photostream, in alto a destra c'è un piccolo rettangolo (rappresenta il monitor) con dentro un piccolo triangolo nero;
oppure…. premi il tasto “L” per ingrandire l'immagine;
www.worldphoto.org/sony-world-photography-awards/winners-...
www.fotografidigitali.it/gallery/2726/opere-italiane-segn...
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A history of Taormina: chronicles of a forbidden love and its great secret (not only Paolo and Francesca) with an unexpected "scoop".
This story is an integral part of the story previously told, the historical period is the same, the place is the same, the various characters often meet each other because they know each other; Taormina, between the end of the 1800s and the beginning of the 1900s, in an ever increasing growth, became the place of residence of elite tourism, thanks to the international interest aroused by writers and artists, such as Johann Wolfgang von Goethe , or great personalities like Lady Florence Trevelyan: Taormina becomes so famous, thanks to the paintings of the painter Otto Geleng and the photographs of the young Sicilian models by Wilhelm von Gloeden; in the air of Taormina there is a sense of libertine, its famous and histrionic visitors never fail to create scandal, even surpassing the famous Capri, in which, to cite just one example, the German gunsmith Krupp, trying to recreate the he environment of Arcadia that one breathed in Taormina (thanks to the photos of von Gloeden) was overwhelmed by the scandal for homosexuality, and took his own life. Taormina thus becomes a heavenly-like place, far from industrial civilizations, where you can freely live your life and sexuality; this is the socio-cultural environment in which the two protagonists of this story move, the British painter Robert Hawthorn Kitson (1873 - 1947) and the painter Carlo Siligato (born in Taormina in 1875, and died there in 1959). Robert H. Kitson, born in Leeds in England, belonged to a more than wealthy family, as a young engineer he had begun to replace his father in the family locomotive construction company (Kitson & Co.), on the death of his father in 1899 sells everything and decides to move very rich in Sicily to Taormina (he had been there the previous year with a trip made with his parents, here he had met, in addition to Baron von Gloeden, also the writer and poet Oscar Wilde who came to Italy, immediately after having served two years in prison in forced labor, on charges of sodomy); Kitson settled there because he was suffering from a severe form of rheumatic fever (like von Gloeden was advised to treat himself in the Mediterranean climate milder), and because as a homosexual, he leaves England because the Labouchere amendment considered homosexuality a crime. The other protagonist of this story is Carlo Siligato, he was from Taormina, he had attended the Academy of Fine Arts in Venice, a very gifted painter, he was very good at oil painting (he exhibited his paintings in an art workshop, even now existing, in via Teatro Greco in Taormina), the meeting with the painter Robert Kitson, led him to adopt the watercolor technique: almost to relive Dante's verses on Paolo and Francesca "Galeotto was the book and who wrote it" the common passion for painting led the two artists to live an intense love story. Kitson built his home in the "Cuseni" district of Taormina, called for this "Casa Cuseni", the house was built between 1900 and 1905, its decorations were entrusted to the artists Alfred East (realist landscape painter, president of the Royal Society ), and Frank Brangwyn (painter, decorator, designer), he was a pupil of William Morris, leader of the English movement "Arts and Crafts" which spread to England in the second half of the nineteenth century (the Arts and Crafts was a response to the industrialization of Europe, of mass production operated by factories, all this at the expense of traditional craftsmanship, from this movement originated the Art Nouveau, in Italy also known as Liberty Style or Floral Style, which distinguished itself for having been a artistic and philosophical movement, which developed between the end of the 19th century and the first decade of the 20th century, whose style spread in such a way as to be present everywhere). Casa Cuseni has kept a secret for 100 years that goes far beyond the forbidden love lived by Robert and Carlo, a secret hidden inside the "secret room", that dinning room that was reopened in 2012; entering the dining room, you can witness a series of murals painted on the four walls by Frank Brangwyn, in Art Nouveau style, which portray the life and love story between the painter Robert Kitson, and his life partner, the Carlo Siligato from Taormina, but the thing that makes these murals even more special, full of tenderness and sweetness, is that "their secret" (!) is represented in them, it is described visually, as in an "episodic" story that really happened in their lives: Messina (and Reggio Calabria) are destroyed by the terrible earthquake with a tsunami on December 28, 1908, Carlo Siligato, Robert Kitson, Wilhelm von Gloeden and Anatole France leave for Messina, to see and document in person the tragedy, the city was a pile of rubble, many dead, Robert and Carlo see a baby, Francesco, he is alone in the world, without parents who died in the earthquake, abandoned to a certain and sad destiny, a deep desire for protection is born in the two of them, a maternal and paternal desire is born, they decide to takes that little child with them even knowing that they are risking a lot ... (!), what they want to do is something absolutely unthinkable in that historical period, they are a homosexual couple, what they are about to do is absolutely forbidden ..(!) but now there is Francesco in their life, thus becoming, in fact, the first homogenitorial family (with a more generic term, rainbow family) in world history: hence the need to keep the whole story absolutely hidden, both from an artistic point of view , represented by the murals (for more than 100 years, the "dinning room" will be kept hidden), both of what happens in real life, with little Francesco cared for lovingly, but with great risk or. I have allegorically inserted, in the photographic story, some photographs of the artists of the company "Casa del Musical", who came to Taormina to perform during the Christmas period: today as yesterday, Taormina has always been (starting from the last 20 years of the 19th century) center of a crossroads of artists and great personalities, Casa Cuseni also in this has an enormous palmares of illustrious guests, too long to state. The young boys painted on the murals of Casa Cuseni, wear white, this is a sign of purity, they wanted to represent their ideal homosexual world, fighting against the figure dressed in black, short in stature, disturbing, which acquires a negative value, an allegorical figure of the English society of the time, indicating the Victorian morality that did not hesitate to condemn Oscar Wilde, depriving him of all his assets and rights, even preventing him from giving the surname to his children. The boys are inspired by the young Sicilian models photographed by Wilhelm von Gloeden, dressed in white tunics, with their heads surrounded by local flowers. The only female figure present has given rise to various interpretations, one could be Kitson's detachment from his motherland, or his detachment from his mother. On the third wall we witness the birth of the homogenitorial family, both (allegorically Carlo and Kitson with the child in their arms) are in profile, they are walking, the younger man has a long, Greek-style robe, placed on the front, next to him behind him, the sturdier companion holds and gently protects the little child in his arms, as if to spare the companion the effort of a long and uncertain journey, there is in the representation of the family the idea of a long journey, in fact the man holding the child wears heavy shoes, their faces are full of apprehension and concern: in front of them an empty wall, so deliberately left by Frank Brangwin, since their future is unknown, in front of them they have a destiny full of unknowns (at the same time, their path points east, they go towards the rising sun: opening the large window the sun floods everything in the room). In the "secret room" there is the picture painted in 1912 by Alfred E. East, an oil on canvas, representing Lake Bourget. Carlo Siligato later married Costanza, she was my father's grandmother's sister, they had a son, Nino, who for many years lived and worked as a merchant in his father's art workshop. I sincerely thank my colleague Dr. Francesco Spadaro, doctor and esteemed surgeon, owner and director of the "Casa Cuseni" House-Garden-Museum, who, affectionately acting as a guide, gave me the precious opportunity to create "this photographic tour" inside the house- museum and in the "metaphysical garden" of Casa Cuseni. … And the scoop that I announced in the title ..? After photographing the tomb of Carlo Siligato, in the Catholic cemetery of Taormina, I started looking for that of Robert Kitson, in the non-Catholic cemetery of Taormina: when I finally found it (with him lies his niece Daphne Phelps, buried later in 2005) ... I felt a very strong emotion, first of all I was expecting a mausoleum, instead I found a small, very modest tomb on this is not a photo of him, not an epitaph, not a Cross, not a praying Angel to point it out, but ... unexpectedly for a funerary tombstone ... a small bas-relief carved on marble (or stone) depicting ... the Birth ... (!), obviously , having chosen her could have a very specific meaning: a desire to transmit a message, something very profound about him, his tomb thus testified that in his soul, what was really important in life was having a family, with Carlo and baby Francesco, certainly beloved, saved from a certain and sad fate, in the terrible Messina earthquake-tsunami of 28 December 1908 ... almost recalling in an absolute synthesis, at the end of his life, what had already been told in the "secret murals" of Casa Cuseni.
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Una storia di Taormina: cronache di un amore proibito e del suo grande segreto (non solo Paolo e Francesca) con inaspettato “scoop”.
Questa storia fa parte integrante della storia precedentemente raccontata, il periodo storico è lo stesso, il luogo è lo stesso, i vari personaggi spesso si frequentano tra loro poiché si conoscono; Taormina, tra la fine dell’800 e l’inizio del’900, in un sempre maggiore crescendo, diventa luogo di residenza del turismo d’élite, grazie all’interesse internazionale suscitato ad opera di scrittori ed artisti, come Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, o grandi personalità come Lady Florence Trevelyan: Taormina diventa così famosa, complici i quadri del pittore Otto Geleng e le fotografie dei giovani modelli siciliani di Wilhelm von Gloeden; nell’aria di Taormina si respira un che di libertino, i suoi famosi ed istrionici frequentatori non mancano mai di creare scandalo, superando persino la famosa Capri, nella quale, per citare solo un esempio, l’armiere tedesco Krupp, cercando di ricreare l’ambiente dell’Arcadia che si respirava a Taormina (grazie alle foto di von Gloeden) viene travolto dallo scandalo per omosessualità, e si toglie la vita. Taormina diviene quindi un luogo simil-paradisiaco, lontana dalle civiltà industriali, nella quale poter vivere liberamente la propria vita e la propria sessualità; questo è l’ambiente socio-culturale nel quale si muovono i due protagonisti di questa vicenda, il pittore britannico Robert Hawthorn Kitson (1873 – 1947) ed il pittore Carlo Siligato (nato a Taormina nel 1875, ed ivi morto nel 1959). Robert H. Kitson, nacque a Leeds in Inghilterra, apparteneva ad una famiglia più che benestante, da giovane ingegnere aveva cominciato a sostituire il padre nell’impresa familiare di costruzioni di locomotive (la Kitson & Co.), alla morte del padre nel 1899 vende tutto e decide di trasferirsi ricchissimo in Sicilia a Taormina (vi era stato l’anno precedente con un viaggio fatto coi suoi genitori, qui aveva conosciuto, oltre al barone von Gloeden, anche lo scrittore e poeta Oscar Wilde venuto in Italia, subito dopo aver scontato due anni di prigione ai lavori forzati, con l’accusa di sodomia); Kitson vi si stabilisce perché affetto da una grave forma di febbre reumatica (come von Gloeden gli fu consigliato di curarsi nel clima mediterraneo più mite), sia perché in quanto omosessuale, lascia l’Inghilterra perché l’emendamento Labouchere considerava l’omosessualità un crimine. L’altro protagonista di questa storia è Carlo Siligato, egli era taorminese, aveva frequentato l’Accademia di Belle Arti di Venezia, pittore molto dotato, era bravissimo nel dipingere ad olio (esponeva i suoi quadri in una bottega d’arte, ancora adesso esistente, in via Teatro Greco a Taormina), l’incontro col pittore Robert Kitson, lo portò ad adottare la tecnica dell’acquarello: quasi a rivivere i versi di Dante su Paolo e Francesca “Galeotto fu ‘l libro e chi lo scrisse” la comune passione per la pittura condusse i due artisti a vivere una intensa storia d’amore. Kitson costruì nel quartiere “Cuseni” di Taormina la sua abitazione, detta per questo “Casa Cuseni”, la casa fu costruita tra il 1900 ed il 1905, le sue decorazioni furono affidate agli artisti Alfred East (pittore verista paesaggista, presidente della Royal Society), e Frank Brangwyn (pittore, decoratore, designer, progettista), egli era allievo di William Morris, leader del movimento inglese “Arts and Crafts” (Arti e Mestieri) che si diffuse in Inghilterra nella seconda metà del XIX secolo (l’Arts and Crafts era una risposta alla industrializzazione dell’Europa, della produzione in massa operata dalle fabbriche, tutto ciò a scapito dell’artigianato tradizionale, da questo movimento ebbe origine l’Art Nouveau, in Italia conosciuta anche come Stile Liberty o Stile Floreale, che si distinse per essere stata un movimento artistico e filosofico, che si sviluppò tra la fine dell’800 ed il primo decennio del ‘900, il cui stile si diffuse in tal modo da essere presente dappertutto). Casa Cuseni ha custodito per 100 anni un segreto che va ben oltre quell’amore proibito vissuto da Robert e Carlo, segreto celato all’interno della “stanza segreta”, quella dinning room che è stata riaperta nel 2012; entrando nella sala da pranzo, si assiste ad una serie di murales realizzati sulle quattro pareti da Frank Brangwyn, in stile Art Nouveau, che ritraggono la vita e la storia d’amore tra il pittore Robert Kitson, ed il suo compagno di vita, il pittore taorminese Carlo Siligato, ma la cosa che rende questi murales ancora più particolari, carichi di tenerezza e dolcezza, è che in essi viene rappresentato “il loro segreto” (!), viene descritto visivamente, come in un racconto “ad episodi” quello che è realmente avvenuto nella loro vita: Messina (e Reggio Calabria) vengono distrutte dal terribile sisma con maremoto il 28 dicembre del 1908, partono per Messina, Carlo Siligato, Robert Kitson, Wilhelm von Gloeden ed Anatole France, per vedere e documentare di persona la tragedia, la città era un cumulo di macerie, moltissimi i morti, Robert e Carlo vedono un piccolo bimbo, Francesco, egli è solo al mondo, privo dei genitori periti nel terremoto, abbandonato ad un certo e triste destino, nasce in loro due un profondo desiderio di protezione, nasce un desiderio materno e paterno, decidono di prende quel piccolo bimbo con loro pur sapendo che stanno rischiando moltissimo…(!) , quello che vogliono fare è una cosa assolutamente impensabile in quel periodo storico, loro sono una coppia omosessuale, quello che stanno per fare è assolutamente proibito..(!) ma oramai c’è Francesco nella loro vita, divenendo così, di fatto, la prima famiglia omogenitoriale (con termine più generico, famiglia arcobaleno) nella storia mondiale: da qui la necessità di tenere assolutamente nascosta tutta la vicenda, sia dal punto di vista artistico, rappresentata dai murales (per più di 100 anni, la “dinning room” verrà tenuta nascosta), sia di quanto accade nella vita reale, col piccolo Francesco accudito amorevolmente, ma con grandissimo rischio. Ho inserito allegoricamente, nel racconto fotografico, alcune fotografie degli artisti della compagnia “Casa del Musical”, giunti a Taormina per esibirsi durante il periodo natalizio: oggi come ieri, Taormina è sempre stata (a partire dagli ultimi 20 anni dell’800) al centro di un crocevia di artisti e grandi personalità, Casa Cuseni anche in questo ha un enorme palmares di ospiti illustri, troppo lungo da enunciare. I giovani ragazzi dipinti sui murales di Casa Cuseni, vestono di bianco, questo è segno di purezza, si è voluto in tal modo rappresentare il loro mondo ideale omosessuale, in lotta contro la figura vestita di nero, bassa di statura, inquietante, che acquista un valore negativo, figura allegorica della società inglese dell’epoca, indicante la morale Vittoriana che non ha esitato a condannare Oscar Wilde, privandolo di tutti i suoi beni e diritti, impedendogli persino di dare il cognome ai suoi figli. I ragazzi sono ispirati ai giovani modelli siciliani fotografati da Wilhelm von Gloeden, vestiti con tuniche bianche, col capo cinto dei fiori locali. L’unica figura femminile presente, ha dato spunto a varie interpretazioni, una potrebbe essere il distacco da parte di Kitson dalla sua madre patria, oppure il distacco da sua madre. Sulla terza parete si assiste alla nascita della famiglia omogenitoriale, entrambi (allegoricamente Carlo e Kitson col bimbo in braccio) sono di profilo, sono in cammino, l’uomo più giovane ha una veste lunga, alla greca, posto sul davanti, accanto a lui, alle sue spalle, il compagno più robusto sostiene in braccio e protegge con dolcezza il piccolo bimbo, quasi a voler risparmiare al compagno la fatica di un lungo ed incerto percorso, vi è nella rappresentazione della famiglia l’idea di un lungo percorso, infatti l’uomo che regge il bimbo indossa delle calzature pesanti, i loro volti sono carichi di apprensione e preoccupazione: davanti a loro una parete vuota, così volutamente lasciata da Frank Brangwin, poiché il loro futuro è ignoto, davanti hanno un destino pieno di incognite (al tempo stesso, il loro cammino indica l’est, vanno verso il sole nascente: aprendo la grande finestra il sole inonda ogni cosa nella stanza).
Nella “stanza segreta” c’è il quadro dipinto nel 1912 da Alfred E. East, un olio su tela, rappresentante il lago Bourget.
Carlo Siligato, successivamente si sposò con Costanza, una sorella della nonna di mio padre, da lei ebbe un figlio, Nino, il quale per tantissimi anni ha vissuto e lavorato come commerciante nella bottega d’arte del padre. Ringrazio di cuore il mio collega dott. Francesco Spadaro, medico e stimato chirurgo, proprietario e direttore della Casa-Giardino-Museo “Casa Cuseni”, il quale, facendomi affettuosamente da cicerone, mi ha dato la preziosa opportunità di realizzare “questo tour fotografico” all’interno dell’abitazione-museo e nel “giardino-metafisico” di Casa Cuseni.
…E lo scoop che ho annunciato nel titolo..? Dopo aver fotografato la tomba di Carlo Siligato, nel cimitero cattolico di Taormina, mi sono messo alla ricerca di quella di Robert Kitson, nel cimitero acattolico di Taormina: quando finalmente l’ho trovata (insieme a lui giace sua nipote Daphne Phelps, seppellita successivamente nel 2005)…ho provato una fortissima commozione, innanzitutto mi aspettavo un mausoleo, invece ho trovato una tomba piccola, molto modesta, su questa non una sua foto, non un epitaffio, non una Croce, non un Angelo pregante ad indicarla, ma … inaspettatamente per una lapide funeraria…un piccolo bassorilievo scolpito su marmo (o su pietra) raffigurante…la Natalità…(!), evidentemente, l’averla scelta potrebbe avere un significato ben preciso: un desiderio di trasmettere un messaggio, qualcosa di molto profondo di lui, la sua tomba testimoniava così che nel suo animo, ciò che in vita fu davvero importante fu l’aver avuto una famiglia, con Carlo e col piccolo Francesco, certamente amatissimo, salvato da un molto probabile triste destino, nel terribile terremoto-maremoto di Messina del 28 dicembre del 1908…quasi rievocando in una sintesi assoluta, al termine della sua vita, ciò che era già stato raccontato nei “murales segreti” di Casa Cuseni.
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History of the Theatre per its website
"In spite of the Cairasco Teatro being in existence since 1845, now the location of the present day Gabinete Literario (Literary Cabinet), it was clear to the city of Las Palmas by the middle of the 19th century that the construction of a new theatre was necessary. The main reasons for such a proposal were undeniable faults in the construction of the theatre, an increase in population and interest as well as it being the wish of the ruling class. The city of Las Palmas requested a more ambitious theatral building which was in accordance with the requirements of the society of that period
With this aim in mind, a private joint stock company was founded in 1866 which dealt with problems such as economic matters, the site of the future construction of the building and choosing the architect to take charge of the project. The first matter was taken care of by contributions from people and organisations of great economic power, as well as the unselfish collaboration of the remainder of society, by both the wealthy and the humble citizens.
The decision to locate the new theatre turned out to be more problematic, given that no location could be found which fulfilled all the necessary requirements. Finally the Boca-Barranco or the Pescadería (Fishmonger's) was suggested, which met the three main conditions: it was centrally situated, the shape and dimensions were suitable, and the location had easy access and visibility. However its juxtaposition to the sea, to the mouth of the ravine and the fishmonger's caused controversy amongst the citizens. The fact is that witty criticism arose being it captured on sketches and in verse by Benito Pérez Galdós (Who was the stupid patriot? / Who was the vandal patriot? / Who thought of the vaults / of this Aquatic Teatro? ...").
After several formalities and with a certain degree of apprehension by the locals, the architect Francisco Jareño y Alarcon (1818 – 1892), born in Albacete and resident in Madrid, was commissioned to take charge of the works of art for the project. This was to be approved on May 22nd, 1868.
In 1888 and before the impending visit of the famous Italian tenor Roberto Stagno, passing through Gran Canaria on tour with his company on his way to America, the construction works were speeded up so that a recital could be accommodated and funds be raised. However an unfortunate accident occurred in Puerto de La Luz between a French and an Italian tanker causing fifty-five fatalities, precipitating the Tenor's decision and subsequently the decision of the board of directors to donate all the raised funds to the victims of the tragedy. Thus two years later, in 1890, the solemn inauguration of the Tirso de Molina Theatre takes place with The Traviata, causing the promoters to go bankrupt and culminating in the municipal incumbency of the theatre from 1913.
11 years later on the occasion of the grand success of the première of Electra by Benito Pérez Galdós in 1901, during a solemn tribute a proposal was made to name the new theatre after the writer.
On the night of the 28th of June 1918, a large fire destroyed the theatre's wooden structure almost completely. Miguel Martín Fernández de la Torre completed the rebuilding works between 1925 and 1928.
Miguel Martín asked his brother Néstor, artist and painter, for help to decorate the interior of the building. The job was to do the paintings of the Saint-Saëns Hall, the ceiling over the stalls, the stage and to design the stained glass windows and the curtain. After the building works were completed, the theatre organised a lavish re-opening ceremony on the 28th of May 1928 with the premiere of Aida, a four-act opera by Verdi.
The building was listed as a Monument (BIC, from the Spanish) by the Canary Island Government in 1994.
The restoration and development of the Theatre began in 2004, both of the historical building (public area) as well as of the new extension (area for the artists and administration), including the whole scenario from the stage mouth, premises, annexes and other installations.These building works managed to combine the romanticism of the 19th century construction with the advanced theatre technology of the 21st century, thus making it one of the most complete theatres in the country.
The Teatro Pérez Galdós Theatre re-opened on the 14th of April 2007 with a concert given by the Philharmonic Orchestra of Gran Canaria, directed by its tenured conductor, Pedro Halffter, performing Ludwig van Beethoven's 9th Symphony. The performance was broadcast on giant screens for the audience that congregated outside of the theatre. Moreover, to celebrate the re-opening, the Theatre programmed a whole week of performances of all kinds. There were performances by the Mariinsky Theatre Orchestra of Saint Petersburg and Wagner's opera The Ring of the Nibelungs. The premier of The Ring of the Nibelungs (Ring Cycle)was the perfect vehicle to showcase the new technical and scenic capacities of the Pérez Galdós Theatre, as the first theatre in Spain to put on the entire work in just one week."
In 1996 the reservoir spillway was increased by 1 metre in height and a hydro electric generating station was added at the base of the dam.
A concrete extension was built into the original clay core and the rock walls raised to cover it This increased the capacity of the reservoir from 13,400,000,000 gallons (610,000,000m3) to 14,200 million gallons (645,000,000m3), a total of 62 million tonnes of water
Three Francis-pattern turbines were installed in a hydro-electric plant, one capable of handling the normal 1.5 million gallons/day (6800m3) summertime flow from the reservoir This operates all the year round The other, larger, turbines run from November to March, when Winter rains keep the reservoir full, together producing
4.3Mw - enough electricity to power a small town.
The original proposal, to deliver the electricity into the National Grid at Llandovery via a line of pylons down the Towi Valley caused a strong protest from residents and visitors. After a sustained campaign the environmentalists won through and the cable was buried, mainly in a trench cut in and beside the Rhandirmwyn to Llandovery road.
It isn't long before yet another fight breaks out, with Match leaping towards me, and Galatea flying at me. Really need my brother to wake up, because handling one clone by myself is already hard enough. When you add another in, it just increases the amount of pain. Alicia tries her best to try to help, but is easily swatted away by Match. Galatea's able to get the first hit off, punching me into the ceiling. Nice thing about fighting clones is that I don't have to hold back. I try wrapping my cape around Galatea's arm, but she's able to block it by raising her own cape. Well, it was worth a try.
"Yes, raise your fists, and fight. She's trying to take everything you've ever worked for! The villain of your story. Use that anger you feel towards her. Take her down, and protect the Red Mercy. If the Red Mercy falls, millions will perish.. You don't want that, do you?" Psycho Pirate urges. The clones nod in agreement, as they continue to pound on me. It isn't long before I'm coughing up blood. I've definitely improved since our last fight, being able to hit both Galatea and Match at several points within the fight.
"He's lying to you! He doesn't care for you at all! He's just using you, for his enjoyment." I manage to hit the Red Mercy with my heat vision, which loosens its grip on Chris just a little. Looks like it actually works.. Good to know.
"Don't listen to her! She's trying to turn both of you against me. She knows that it's the only possible way for her to win against me. But no matter, the love you two have for me is too strong to be overpowered by such lies. You love me.. Always have, always will." His voice screeches, as I notice the expression of his golden mask change. Not that I can really do much about it, as seconds later, we're up and out of the facility, onto the streets of Leavenworth. Civilians, running fear, as the fight continues. I do my best to lure them away, to the outskirts of the city, but unfortunately, Match grabs my ankle as I'm about to fly, tossing me down towards the ground. I hide the ground hard, and he lands from his leap soon after.
"Not today!" He taunts. He's about to punch my jaw, but luckily I'm able to raise my hands up in the nick of time, catching his fist in my hands. I use the slight momentum I have to toss him off me. The arc of the toss sends him straight into a light post. Unfortunately, it leaves me vulnerable to Galatea's attack, which is heat vision aimed straight at my ribcage, which sends me deeper into the ground. I can't help but yell out in pain, with my whole body just throbbing from the pain.
"Just when I thought you had learned from our last fight. Still just a pathetic little girl. New cape, cute. You got lucky we had to leave last time. But now? You're done for." She smirks, as she continues to taunt me.
"You just made a big mistake. Sometimes, you really just need to shut up when you're ahead." I grin, taking advantage of her big ego. I use this chance to fly out of the crater I've created, hitting her multiple times, before she's able to react. Match rips the fire hydrant out of the ground, and tosses it at me, to which I freeze breath it. Though I notice a kid running through the impact zone. Having only a few seconds before Galatea flies back, I dive down, landing beside the little girl. I cover the both of us with my cape, as the hydrant shatters upon impact, the debris flying everywhere. The girl gives me a hug, as I lower my cape.
"Go get em Supergirl!" She whispers into my ear, before letting go, and running as fast as she can away from danger. I smile, giving her a thumbs up, before I fly towards Galatea. We each fire off bursts of heat vision, which upon impact, sends the both of us backwards a few feet. Match takes the opportunity to leap behind me, kicking me in the back, while Galatea flies towards me, her arms stretched out in front of her. The force of Match's kick sends me straight into Galatea's fists. My brother would say that it's a combo attack or something. Really doesn't feel as good as it sounds. The property damage rises, as I proceed to soar through a window of a nearby building. Galatea follows behind, grabbing onto my costume moments later. I'm able to block her oncoming punches, while we fly through the building. The office workers sprint out-of-the-way, noticing us crash through. I'm able to break free of Galatea's hold on me, kicking her off me. I'm able to save a few workers, grabbing them right before the debris came falling down. Another second, and they would've been crushed. I lead them out of the building, but the damage has already been done. Thanks to our brawl, the top half of the skyscraper is now in shambles, as it all comes falling down.
"This is what you wanted, right? To be Superboy and Supergirl. To take down the big bad villain, and save the day. Well here's your chance. You can go ahead and kill me, if that's what you really want. Just know, that you can never come back from that choice. You'll be just as bad as me. But those people down there are scared, and they need help. There's no way I'm turning my back on them. Be better." I snap, my voice filled with anger, before diving down, flying as fast as I can to get there. To my surprise, they aren't trying to stop me. Instead, they fly down beside me.
"She's right sis. Everyone's so scared of us. What we did. Not a hero move at all. We've been played big time, by our so-called master." Match replies, dropping his head down in shame. Moments later, the three of us collide against the falling structure, our hands stretched out in front of us, pushing the structure. Thankfully, with our combined strength and flight speeds, we're able to push the structure with little strain on our muscles. It isn't long before it's in space. Phew, that was a close one.. A little too close for comfort, if you ask me. I don't really have the time to rest my aching body, as the Red Mercy is still attached to my brother.
--------------------------------
Meanwhile, at Agenda's HQ
Nice one Alicia.. Now Kara's all by herself, to fight the clones. Not that I can really do all that much against them anyway. Ended up getting swatted into a wall last time I tried anything. So useless.. I can't stop myself from groaning as I teleport myself from the imprint I've created in the wall. I appear beside Chris, and I try teleporting this so called Red Mercy off him. It's of no use however, and the Red Mercy stays attached to him. C'mon Chris, wake up..
"Nice try. Unfortunately for you, the Red Mercy is quite the specimen, unable to be removed by such pedestrian means. Oh no, did you just lose a little bit of hope? Yes.. All those emotions you feel. Your disgust, and anger towards me is well justified, after what I've done to your boyfriend. And yes, I know who you are Flux. Just know, that what you're feeling? I live off it. One could even say I thrive off it. Ah there it is.. Sadness. Yes, you feel so very sad. So sad that there's no way you could fight me. Oh would you look at that, cavalry has arrived! " Psycho Pirate continues to taunt, as I notice the eyes on his mask glow. Entering the room, is some creature you'd see in a monster movie. Yellow slitted eyes, with a tail, and claws. Definitely a reptile of some sort, with green skin. Though it's not instantly recognizable. It starts crawling towards me on the wall.
"You're right. I can't fight you. I'm just too sad." What am I saying? No matter how hard I try to resist, all I can feel is my own sadness. A tear forms from beneath my hooded mask, dripping down my cheek, not that anybody can see it anyway. Psycho Pirate can't stop himself from laughing, clearly having the time of his life with this.
"My loyal servant, the Kanima. A weapon of vengeance. One who would do anything for his master.. Isn't that right? Your love for me is unmatched. You owe me. Kill the girl, for she has killed your family. Match and Galatea, are dead, cause of her. Do it for me. Kill the murderer. " His voice screeches in excitement, clapping his hands together, as the Kanima only snarls in response, before skittering after me, leaping off the wall towards me. Once again, the eyes on the mask glow. Landing in front of me, the Kanima whips its tail at me, to which I teleport out-of-the-way, appearing behind the creature. I'm able to punch it multiple times in the back before it reacts, swinging its arms at me, claws extended. It's then that creature shifts into Tycho?! What the hell?
"Tycho? Why?" I ask, my voice trailing off. Moments later, with the creepiest smile, the creature now as Tycho, slashes at my chest. I'm too shocked to think of moving out-of-the-way. Falling down to the ground, with the creature shifting back to its regular form, standing over me, ready for the kill.
"I wouldn't do that if I were you.." I know that voice all too well. Looking over, I see that Chris has broken free from the Red Mercy, and is standing."I've had to watch you die far too many times for one lifetime. That nightmare sure takes its toll. But I won't stand by and watch it happen again. "
Increasing saturation in RGB vs LAB mode. RGB found more red than I intended. (But if I turn up to +100%, it it the other way — LAB will see color in the darkest of black shadows.)
A maiko (apprentice geisha) from Osaka showing her obi (sash) tied in the traditional musubi (knot), called “ya giccha” (やぎっちゃ) in the Osaka-ben dialect or “ya kichiya” (矢吉弥) in standard Japanese, which loosely translates as “increasing good-luck arrow” knot. Her hair is dressed in the “mata kamigata” (また髪型) or forked-branch hairstyle.
Increased saturation and contrast on an old posting. Interesting technique in Photoshop (with the right start image).
Upland Sandpiper
Conservation status
Numbers probably increased in the early days of settlement, up through the early 1800s, as forest was turned
into farmland in eastern North America. During the period of commercial hunting in the late 1800s, great numbers
were shot, and the population dropped sharply. Since that time, Upland Sandpipers have recovered in a few areas.
Their numbers are apparently holding steady on parts of Great Plains, but in much of the east and northeast they
are now very local.
Family -Sandpipers
Habitat
Grassy prairies, open meadows, fields. Favored nesting habitat is native grassland, with mixture of tall grass
and broad-leafed weeds. In the northeast, where natural grassland is now scarce, may be found most often on
airports. In migration, stops on open pastures, lawns. Almost never on mudflats or other typical shorebird
habitats.
The ghostly, breathy whistle of the Upland Sandpiper is one of the characteristic sounds of spring on the
northern Great Plains. The bird sings sometimes from the tops of fenceposts or poles, but often on the wing,
flying high with shallow, fluttering wingbeats. When it lands, it may be hard to see in the tall grass of its
typical habitat. Because of its short bill and round-headed shape, was once called "Upland Plover," but it is a
true sandpiper, and apparently a close relative of the curlews.
Feeding Behavior
Forages by walking through the grass, with rather abrupt or jerky movements, picking up items from ground or
from vegetation.
Eggs
4 Pale buff to pinkish-buff, lightly spotted with reddish-brown. Incubation is by both sexes, 22-27 days. Young:
Downy young leave nest soon after hatching. Both parents tend young, but young feed themselves. If nest or young
are threatened, adults perform distraction display to lead predators away. Age of young at first flight about
30-31 days.
Young
Downy young leave nest soon after hatching. Both parents tend young, but young feed themselves. If nest or young
are threatened, adults perform distraction display to lead predators away. Age of young at first flight about
30-31 days.
Diet
Mostly insects, some seeds. Feeds on a wide variety of insects, including many grasshoppers, crickets, beetles
and their larvae, moth caterpillars, and many others; also spiders, centipedes, earthworms, snails. Also eats
some seeds of grasses and weeds, and waste grain in fields.
Nesting
Male displays over breeding territory in song-flight, with shallow, fluttering wingbeats and drawn-out whistles,
often very high above the ground. May nest in loose colonies, with all the pairs in a local area going through
stages of nesting (egg-laying, hatching, etc.) at almost exactly the same time. Nest site is on ground among
dense grass, typically well hidden, with grass arched above it. Nest (probably built by both sexes) is shallow
scrape on ground, lined with dry grass.
Conservation Status
There have been documented increases in American white pelican populations in recent years, resulting from conservation efforts. Historically populations declined in response to destruction of breeding and foraging habitats and continued destruction of wetland habitats remains one of the most important influences on current populations. American white pelicans are especially sensitive to human disturbance at nesting sites, where human presence can result in temporary or permanent nest abandonment, increasing the likelihood of mortality associated with exposure and gull predation. Common human disturbances at nesting colonies are low-flying airplanes or motorboats. Pesticide use throughout their range has resulted in egg-shell thinning and poisoning. They are considered least concern by the IUCN because of their large population sizes and broad range. (Knopf and Evans, 2004)
Info: animaldiversity.org
The Postcard
A postcard that was published by the Manhattan Post Card Publishing Co. Inc. of 913, Broadway, NYC, NY. The Plastichrome printing was undertaken by Colourpicture Publishers Inc. of Boston, Massachusetts.
Note the absence of the twin towers of the World Trade Center which had yet to be built - construction work did not start until 1966.
The card was posted in NYC on the 9th. June 1962 using 11 cents worth of stamps to:
Miss Kay Robertson,
3, Elm Grove Road,
Ealing,
London W.5,
England.
The message on the divided back of the card was as follows:
"The Algonquin 9. 6. 62.
Only 10 days before we are
home - but it has been a
wonderful holiday.
Perlease! Save some nice
weather for our return.
Regards to Peter & love
from John & David."
The Brooklyn Bridge
The Brooklyn Bridge is a hybrid cable-stayed/suspension bridge. Opened on the 24th. May 1883, the Brooklyn Bridge was the first fixed crossing of the East River.
It was also the longest suspension bridge in the world at the time of its opening, with a main span of 1,595.5 feet (486.3 m).
Note the slight upward curve of the main span. The decks of all suspension bridges are designed in this way, because the curve helps to dissipate the force of the weight of the people and vehicles on the bridge lengthways instead of downwards like on a linear bridge.
The curve produces a horizontal thrust restrained by the abutments at either end. This means that the bridge can handle more weight without breaking.
The bridge was designed by John A. Roebling. The project's chief engineer, his son Washington Roebling, contributed further design work, assisted by the latter's wife, Emily Warren Roebling.
Construction started in 1870, with the Tammany Hall-controlled New York Bridge Company overseeing construction, although numerous controversies and the novelty of the design prolonged the project over thirteen years.
Since opening, the Brooklyn Bridge has undergone several reconfigurations, having carried horse-drawn vehicles and elevated railway lines until 1950.
To alleviate increasing traffic flows, additional bridges and tunnels were built across the East River. Following gradual deterioration, the Brooklyn Bridge has been renovated several times, including in the 1950's, 1980's, and 2010's.
The Brooklyn Bridge is the southernmost of the four toll-free vehicular bridges connecting Manhattan Island and Long Island, with the Manhattan Bridge, the Williamsburg Bridge, and the Queensboro Bridge to the north. Only passenger vehicles and pedestrian and bicycle traffic are permitted.
A major tourist attraction since its opening, the Brooklyn Bridge has become an icon of New York City. Over the years, the bridge has been used as the location for various stunts and performances, as well as several crimes and attacks.
Description of Brooklyn Bridge
The Brooklyn Bridge, an early example of a steel-wire suspension bridge, uses a hybrid cable-stayed/suspension bridge design, with both vertical and diagonal suspender cables.
Its stone towers are neo-Gothic, with characteristic pointed arches. The New York City Department of Transportation (NYCDOT), which maintains the bridge, says that its original paint scheme was "Brooklyn Bridge Tan" and "Silver", although a writer for The New York Post states that it was originally entirely "Rawlins Red".
The Deck of the Brooklyn Bridge
To provide sufficient clearance for shipping in the East River, the Brooklyn Bridge incorporates long approach viaducts on either end to raise it from low ground on both shores.
Including approaches, the Brooklyn Bridge is a total of 6,016 feet (1,834 m) long. The main span between the two suspension towers is 1,595.5 feet (486.3 m) long, and 85 feet (26 m) wide.
The bridge elongates and contracts between the extremes of temperature from 14 to 16 inches. Navigational clearance is 127 ft (38.7 m) above mean high water. A 1909 Engineering Magazine article said that, at the center of the span, the height could fluctuate by more than 9 feet (2.7 m) due to temperature and traffic loads.
At the time of construction, engineers had not yet discovered the aerodynamics of bridge construction, and bridge designs were not tested in wind tunnels.
It was coincidental that the open truss structure supporting the deck is, by its nature, subject to fewer aerodynamic problems. This is because John Roebling designed the Brooklyn Bridge's truss system to be six to eight times stronger than he thought it needed to be.
However, due to a supplier's fraudulent substitution of inferior-quality cable in the initial construction, the bridge was reappraised at the time as being only four times as strong as necessary.
The Brooklyn Bridge can hold a total load of 18,700 short tons, a design consideration from when it originally carried heavier elevated trains.
An elevated pedestrian-only promenade runs in between the two roadways and 18 feet (5.5 m) above them. The path is 10 to 17 feet (3.0 to 5.2 m) wide. The iron railings were produced by Janes & Kirtland, a Bronx iron foundry that also made the United States Capitol dome and the Bow Bridge in Central Park.
The Cables of Brooklyn Bridge
The Brooklyn Bridge contains four main cables, which descend from the tops of the suspension towers and support the deck. Each main cable measures 15.75 inches (40.0 cm) in diameter, and contains 5,282 parallel, galvanized steel wires wrapped closely together. These wires are bundled in 19 individual strands, with 278 wires to a strand.
This was the first use of bundling in a suspension bridge, and took several months for workers to tie together. Since the 2000's, the main cables have also supported a series of 24-watt LED lighting fixtures, referred to as "necklace lights" due to their shape.
1,520 galvanized steel wire suspender cables hang downward from the main cables.
Brooklyn Bridge Anchorages
Each side of the bridge contains an anchorage for the main cables. The anchorages are limestone structures located slightly inland, measuring 129 by 119 feet (39 by 36 m) at the base and 117 by 104 feet (36 by 32 m) at the top.
Each anchorage weighs 60,000 short tons. The Manhattan anchorage rests on a foundation of bedrock, while the Brooklyn anchorage rests on clay.
The anchorages contain numerous passageways and compartments. Starting in 1876, in order to fund the bridge's maintenance, the New York City government made the large vaults under the bridge's Manhattan anchorage available for rent, and they were in constant use during the early 20th. century.
The vaults were used to store wine, as they maintained a consistent 60 °F (16 °C) temperature due to a lack of air circulation. The Manhattan vault was called the "Blue Grotto" because of a shrine to the Virgin Mary next to an opening at the entrance.
The vaults were closed for public use in the late 1910's and 1920's during the Great War and Prohibition, but were reopened thereafter.
When New York magazine visited one of the cellars in 1978, it discovered a fading inscription on a wall reading:
"Who loveth not wine, women and song,
he remaineth a fool his whole life long."
Leaks found within the vault's spaces necessitated repairs during the late 1980's and early 1990's. By the late 1990's, the chambers were being used to store maintenance equipment.
The Towers of the Brooklyn Bridge
The bridge's two suspension towers are 278 feet (85 m) tall, with a footprint of 140 by 59 feet (43 by 18 m) at the high water line.
They are built of limestone, granite, and Rosendale cement. The limestone was quarried at the Clark Quarry in Essex County, New York. The granite blocks were quarried and shaped on Vinalhaven Island, Maine, under a contract with the Bodwell Granite Company, and delivered from Maine to New York by schooner.
The Manhattan tower contains 46,945 cubic yards (35,892 m3) of masonry, while the Brooklyn tower has 38,214 cubic yards (29,217 m3) of masonry.
Each tower contains a pair of Gothic Revival pointed arches, through which the roadways run. The arch openings are 117 feet (36 m) tall and 33.75 feet (10.29 m) wide.
The Brooklyn Bridge Caissons
The towers rest on underwater caissons made of southern yellow pine. Both caissons contain interior spaces that were used by construction workers. The Manhattan side's caisson is slightly larger, measuring 172 by 102 feet (52 by 31 m) and located 78.5 feet (23.9 m) below high water, while the Brooklyn side's caisson measures 168 by 102 feet (51 by 31 m) and is located 44.5 feet (13.6 m) below high water.
The caissons were designed to hold at least the weight of the towers which would exert a pressure of 5 short tons per square foot when fully built, but the caissons were over-engineered for safety.
During an accident on the Brooklyn side, when air pressure was lost and the partially-built towers dropped full-force down, the caisson sustained an estimated pressure of 23 short tons per square foot with only minor damage. Most of the timber used in the bridge's construction, including in the caissons, came from mills at Gascoigne Bluff on St. Simons Island, Georgia.
The Brooklyn side's caisson, which was built first, originally had a height of 9.5 feet (2.9 m) and a ceiling composed of five layers of timber, each layer 1 foot (0.30 m) tall. Ten more layers of timber were later added atop the ceiling, and the entire caisson was wrapped in tin and wood for further protection against flooding.
The thickness of the caisson's sides was 8 feet (2.4 m) at both the bottom and the top. The caisson had six chambers: two each for dredging, supply shafts, and airlocks.
The caisson on the Manhattan side was slightly different because it had to be installed at a greater depth. To protect against the increased air pressure at that depth, the Manhattan caisson had 22 layers of timber on its roof, seven more than its Brooklyn counterpart had. The Manhattan caisson also had fifty 4-inch (10 cm)-diameter pipes for sand removal, a fireproof iron-boilerplate interior, and different airlocks and communication systems.
History of the Brooklyn Bridge
Proposals for a bridge between the then-separate cities of Brooklyn and New York had been suggested as early as 1800. At the time, the only travel between the two cities was by a number of ferry lines.
Engineers presented various designs, such as chain or link bridges, though these were never built because of the difficulties of constructing a high enough fixed-span bridge across the extremely busy East River.
There were also proposals for tunnels under the East River, but these were considered prohibitively expensive. The current Brooklyn Bridge was conceived by German immigrant John Augustus Roebling in 1852.
He had previously designed and constructed shorter suspension bridges, such as Roebling's Delaware Aqueduct in Lackawaxen, Pennsylvania, and the John A. Roebling Suspension Bridge between Cincinnati, Ohio, and Covington, Kentucky.
In February 1867, the New York State Senate passed a bill that allowed the construction of a suspension bridge from Brooklyn to Manhattan.
Two months later, the New York and Brooklyn Bridge Company was incorporated. There were twenty trustees in total: eight each appointed by the mayors of New York and Brooklyn, as well as the mayors of each city and the auditor and comptroller of Brooklyn.
The company was tasked with constructing what was then known as the New York and Brooklyn Bridge. Alternatively, the span was just referred to as the "Brooklyn Bridge", a name originating in a 25th. January 1867 letter to the editor of the Brooklyn Daily Eagle.
The act of incorporation, which became law on the 16th. April 1867, authorized the cities of New York (now Manhattan) and Brooklyn to subscribe to $5 million in capital stock, which would fund the bridge's construction.
Roebling was subsequently named as the main engineer of the work, and by September 1867, he had presented a master plan of a bridge that would be longer and taller than any suspension bridge previously built.
It would incorporate roadways and elevated rail tracks, whose tolls and fares would provide the means to pay for the bridge's construction. It would also include a raised promenade that served as a leisurely pathway.
The proposal received much acclaim in both cities, and residents predicted that the New York and Brooklyn Bridge's opening would have as much of an impact as the Suez Canal, the first transatlantic telegraph cable, or the first transcontinental railroad.
By early 1869, however, some individuals started to criticize the project, saying either that the bridge was too expensive, or that the construction process was too difficult.
To allay concerns about the design of the New York and Brooklyn Bridge, Roebling set up a "Bridge Party" in March 1869, where he invited engineers and members of U.S. Congress to see his other spans. Following the bridge party in April, Roebling and several engineers conducted final surveys.
During these surveys, it was determined that the main span would have to be raised from 130 to 135 feet (40 to 41 m), requiring several changes to the overall design.
In June 1869, while conducting these surveys, Roebling sustained a crush injury to his foot when a ferry pinned it against a piling. After amputation of his crushed toes, he developed a tetanus infection that left him incapacitated and resulted in his death the following month.
Washington Roebling, John Roebling's 32-year-old son, was then hired to fill his father's role. When the younger Roebling was hired, Tammany Hall leader William M. Tweed also became involved in the bridge's construction because, as a major landowner in New York City, he had an interest in the project's completion.
The New York and Brooklyn Bridge Company - later known simply as the New York Bridge Company - was actually overseen by Tammany Hall, and it approved Roebling's plans and designated him as chief engineer of the project.
Construction of the Brooklyn Bridge
The Caissons
Construction of the Brooklyn Bridge began on the 2nd. January 2, 1870. The first work entailed the construction of two caissons, upon which the suspension towers would be built.
A caisson is a large watertight chamber, open at the bottom, from which the water is kept out by air pressure and in which construction work may be carried out under water.
The Brooklyn side's caisson was built at the Webb & Bell shipyard in Greenpoint, Brooklyn, and was launched into the river on the 19th. March 1870. Compressed air was pumped into the caisson, and workers entered the space to dig the sediment until it sank to the bedrock. As one sixteen-year-old from Ireland, Frank Harris, described the fearful experience:
"The six of us were working naked to the waist
in the small iron chamber with the temperature
of about 80 degrees Fahrenheit.
In five minutes the sweat was pouring from us,
and all the while we were standing in icy water
that was only kept from rising by the terrific
pressure. No wonder the headaches were
blinding."
Once the caisson had reached the desired depth, it was to be filled in with vertical brick piers and concrete. However, due to the unexpectedly high concentration of large boulders on the riverbed, the Brooklyn caisson took several months to sink to the desired depth.
Furthermore, in December 1870, its timber roof caught fire, delaying construction further. The "Great Blowout", as the fire was called, delayed construction for several months, since the holes in the caisson had to be repaired.
On the 6th. March 1871, the repairs were finished, and the caisson had reached its final depth of 44.5 feet (13.6 m); it was filled with concrete five days later. Overall, about 264 individuals were estimated to have worked in the caisson every day, but because of high worker turnover, the final total was thought to be about 2,500 men.
In spite of this, only a few workers were paralyzed. At its final depth, the caisson's air pressure was 21 pounds per square inch. Normal air pressure is 14.7 psi.
The Manhattan side's caisson was the next structure to be built. To ensure that it would not catch fire like its counterpart had, the Manhattan caisson was lined with fireproof plate iron.
It was launched from Webb & Bell's shipyard on the 11th. May 1871, and maneuvered into place that September.
Due to the extreme underwater air pressure inside the much deeper Manhattan caisson, many workers became sick with "the bends" - decompression sickness - during this work, despite the incorporation of airlocks (which were believed to help with decompression sickness at the time).
This condition was unknown at the time, and was first called "caisson disease" by the project physician, Andrew Smith. Between the 25th. January and the 31st. May 1872, Smith treated 110 cases of decompression sickness, while three workers died from the condition.
When iron probes underneath the Manhattan caisson found the bedrock to be even deeper than expected, Washington Roebling halted construction due to the increased risk of decompression sickness.
After the Manhattan caisson reached a depth of 78.5 feet (23.9 m) with an air pressure of 35 pounds per square inch, Washington deemed the sandy subsoil overlying the bedrock 30 feet (9.1 m) beneath to be sufficiently firm, and subsequently infilled the caisson with concrete in July 1872.
Washington Roebling himself suffered a paralyzing injury as a result of caisson disease shortly after ground was broken for the Brooklyn tower foundation.
His debilitating condition left him unable to supervise the construction in person, so he designed the caissons and other equipment from his apartment, directing the completion of the bridge through a telescope in his bedroom.
His wife, Emily Warren Roebling, not only provided written communications between her husband and the engineers on site, but also understood mathematics, calculations of catenary curves, strengths of materials, bridge specifications, and the intricacies of cable construction.
She spent the next 11 years helping supervise the bridge's construction, taking over much of the chief engineer's duties, including day-to-day supervision and project management.
The Towers of the Brooklyn Bridge
After the caissons were completed, piers were constructed on top of each of them upon which masonry towers would be built. The towers' construction was a complex process that took four years.
Since the masonry blocks were heavy, the builders transported them to the base of the towers using a pulley system with a continuous 1.5-inch (3.8 cm)-diameter steel wire rope, operated by steam engines at ground level.
The blocks were then carried up on a timber track alongside each tower and maneuvered into the proper position using a derrick atop the towers. The blocks sometimes vibrated the ropes because of their weight, but only once did a block fall.
Construction of the suspension towers started in mid-1872, and by the time work was halted for the winter in late 1872, parts of each tower had already been built. By mid-1873, there was substantial progress on the towers' construction.
The arches of the Brooklyn tower were completed by August 1874. The tower was substantially finished by December 1874, with the erection of saddle plates for the main cables at the top of the tower.
The last stone on the Brooklyn tower was raised in June 1875, and the Manhattan tower was completed in July 1876.
The work was dangerous: by 1876, three workers had died having fallen from the towers, while nine other workers were killed in other accidents.
By 1875, while the towers were being constructed, the project had depleted its original $5 million budget. Two bridge commissioners, one each from Brooklyn and Manhattan, petitioned New York state lawmakers to allot another $8 million for construction. Legislators authorized the money on condition that the cities would buy the stock of Brooklyn Bridge's private stockholders.
Work proceeded concurrently on the anchorages on each side. The Brooklyn anchorage broke ground in January 1873 and was substantially completed by August 1875.
The Manhattan anchorage was built in less time. Having started in May 1875, it was mostly completed by July 1876. The anchorages could not be fully completed until the main cables were spun, at which point another 6 feet (1.8 m) would be added to the height of each 80-foot (24 m) anchorage.
The Brooklyn Bridge Cables
The first temporary wire was stretched between the towers on the 15th. August 1876, using chrome steel provided by the Chrome Steel Company of Brooklyn. The wire was then stretched back across the river, and the two ends were spliced to form a traveler, a lengthy loop of wire connecting the towers, which was driven by a 30 horsepower (22 kW) steam hoisting engine at ground level.
The wire was one of two that were used to create a temporary footbridge for workers while cable spinning was ongoing. The next step was to send an engineer across the completed traveler wire in a boatswain's chair slung from the wire, to ensure it was safe enough.
The bridge's master mechanic, E. F. Farrington, was volunteered for this task, and an estimated crowd of 10,000 people on both shores watched him cross.
A second traveler wire was then stretched across the span. The temporary footbridge, located some 60 feet (18 m) above the elevation of the future deck, was completed in February 1877.
By December 1876, a steel contract for the permanent cables still had not been awarded. There was disagreement over whether the bridge's cables should use the as-yet-untested Bessemer steel, or the well-proven crucible steel.
Until a permanent contract was awarded, the builders ordered 30 short tons of wire in the interim, 10 tons each from three companies, including Washington Roebling's own steel mill in Brooklyn.
In the end, it was decided to use number 8 Birmingham gauge (approximately 4 mm or 0.165 inches in diameter) crucible steel, and a request for bids was distributed, to which eight companies responded.
In January 1877, a contract for crucible steel was awarded to J. Lloyd Haigh, who was associated with bridge trustee Abram Hewitt, whom Roebling distrusted.
The spinning of the wires required the manufacture of large coils of it which were galvanized but not oiled when they left the factory. The coils were delivered to a yard near the Brooklyn anchorage. There they were dipped in linseed oil, hoisted to the top of the anchorage, dried out and spliced into a single wire, and finally coated with red zinc for further galvanizing.
There were thirty-two drums at the anchorage yard, eight for each of the four main cables. Each drum had a capacity of 60,000 feet (18,000 m) of wire. The first experimental wire for the main cables was stretched between the towers on the 29th. May 29 1877, and spinning began two weeks later.
All four main cables had been strung by that July. During that time, the temporary footbridge was unofficially opened to members of the public, who could receive a visitor's pass; by August 1877 several thousand visitors from around the world had used the footbridge. The visitor passes ceased that September after a visitor had an epileptic seizure and nearly fell off.
As the wires were being spun, work also commenced on the demolition of buildings on either side of the river for the Brooklyn Bridge's approaches; this work was mostly complete by September 1877. The following month, initial contracts were awarded for the suspender wires, which would hang down from the main cables and support the deck. By May 1878, the main cables were more than two-thirds complete.
However, the following month, one of the wires slipped, killing two people and injuring three others. In 1877, Hewitt wrote a letter urging against the use of Bessemer steel in the bridge's construction. Bids had been submitted for both crucible steel and Bessemer steel; John A. Roebling's Sons submitted the lowest bid for Bessemer steel, but at Hewitt's direction, the contract was awarded to Haigh.
A subsequent investigation discovered that Haigh had substituted inferior quality wire in the cables. Of eighty rings of wire that were tested, only five met standards, and it was estimated that Haigh had earned $300,000 from the deception.
At this point, it was too late to replace the cables that had already been constructed. Roebling determined that the poorer wire would leave the bridge only four times as strong as necessary, rather than six to eight times as strong. The inferior-quality wire was allowed to remain, and 150 extra wires were added to each cable.
To avoid public controversy, Haigh was not fired, but instead was required to personally pay for higher-quality wire. The contract for the remaining wire was awarded to the John A. Roebling's Sons, and by the 5th. October 1878, the last of the main cables' wires went over the river.
After the suspender wires had been placed, workers began erecting steel crossbeams to support the roadway as part of the bridge's overall superstructure. Construction on the bridge's superstructure started in March 1879, but, as with the cables, the trustees initially disagreed on whether the steel superstructure should be made of Bessemer or crucible steel.
That July, the trustees decided to award a contract for 500 short tons of Bessemer steel to the Edgemoor Iron Works, based in Philadelphia. The trustees later ordered another 500 short tons of Bessemer steel. However, by February 1880 the steel deliveries had not started.
That October, the bridge trustees questioned Edgemoor's president about the delay in steel deliveries. Despite Edgemoor's assurances that the contract would be fulfilled, the deliveries still had not been completed by November 1881.
Brooklyn mayor Seth Low, who became part of the board of trustees in 1882, became the chairman of a committee tasked to investigate Edgemoor's failure to fulfill the contract. When questioned, Edgemoor's president stated that the delays were the fault of another contractor, the Cambria Iron Company, who were manufacturing the eyebars for the bridge trusses.
Further complicating the situation, Washington Roebling had failed to appear at the trustees' meeting in June 1882, since he had gone to Newport, Rhode Island. After the news media discovered this, most of the newspapers called for Roebling to be fired as chief engineer, except for the Daily State Gazette of Trenton, New Jersey, and the Brooklyn Daily Eagle.
Some of the longstanding trustees were willing to vouch for Roebling, since construction progress on the Brooklyn Bridge was still ongoing. However, Roebling's behavior was considered suspect among the younger trustees who had joined the board more recently.
Construction progress on the bridge itself was submitted in formal monthly reports to the mayors of New York and Brooklyn. For example, the August 1882 report noted that the month's progress included 114 intermediate cords erected within a week, as well as 72 diagonal stays, 60 posts, and numerous floor beams, bridging trusses, and stay bars.
By early 1883, the Brooklyn Bridge was considered mostly completed and was projected to open that June. Contracts for bridge lighting were awarded by February 1883, and a toll scheme was approved that March.
Opposition to the Bridge
There was substantial opposition to the bridge's construction from shipbuilders and merchants located to the north, who argued that the bridge would not provide sufficient clearance underneath for ships.
In May 1876, these groups, led by Abraham Miller, filed a lawsuit in the United States District Court against the cities of New York and Brooklyn.
In 1879, an Assembly Sub-Committee on Commerce and Navigation began an investigation into the Brooklyn Bridge. A seaman who had been hired to determine the height of the span, testified to the committee about the difficulties that ship masters would experience in bringing their ships under the bridge when it was completed.
Another witness, Edward Wellman Serrell, a civil engineer, said that the calculations of the bridge's assumed strength were incorrect.
However the Supreme Court decided in 1883 that the Brooklyn Bridge was a lawful structure.
The Opening of the Brooklyn Bridge
The Brooklyn Bridge was opened for use on the 24th. May 1883. Thousands of people attended the opening ceremony, and many ships were present in the East River for the occasion. Officially, Emily Warren Roebling was the first to cross the bridge.
The bridge opening was also attended by U.S. president Chester A. Arthur and New York mayor Franklin Edson, who crossed the bridge and shook hands with Brooklyn mayor Seth Low at the Brooklyn end. Abram Hewitt gave the principal address:
"It is not the work of any one man or of any one
age. It is the result of the study, of the experience,
and of the knowledge of many men in many ages.
It is not merely a creation; it is a growth. It stands
before us today as the sum and epitome of human
knowledge; as the very heir of the ages; as the
latest glory of centuries of patient observation,
profound study and accumulated skill, gained,
step by step, in the never-ending struggle of man
to subdue the forces of nature to his control and use."
Although Washington Roebling was unable to attend the ceremony (and rarely visited the site again), he held a celebratory banquet at his house on the day of the bridge opening.
Further festivity included a performance by a band, gunfire from ships, and a fireworks display. On that first day, a total of 1,800 vehicles and 150,300 people crossed the span.
Less than a week after the Brooklyn Bridge opened, ferry crews reported a sharp drop in patronage, while the bridge's toll operators were processing over a hundred people a minute. However, cross-river ferries continued to operate until 1942.
The bridge had cost US$15.5 million in 1883 dollars (about US$436,232,000 in 2021) to build, of which Brooklyn paid two-thirds. The bonds to fund the construction were not paid off until 1956.
An estimated 27 men died during the bridge's construction. Until the construction of the nearby Williamsburg Bridge in 1903, the Brooklyn Bridge was the longest suspension bridge in the world, 20% longer than any built previously.
At the time of opening, the Brooklyn Bridge was not complete; the proposed public transit across the bridge was still being tested, while the Brooklyn approach was being completed.
On the 30th. May 1883, six days after the opening, a woman falling down a stairway at the Brooklyn approach caused a stampede which resulted in at least twelve people being crushed and killed.
In subsequent lawsuits, the Brooklyn Bridge Company was acquitted of negligence. However, the company did install emergency phone boxes and additional railings, and the trustees approved a fireproofing plan for the bridge.
Public transit service began with the opening of the New York and Brooklyn Bridge Railway, a cable car service, on the 25th. September 1883.
On the 17th. May 1884, one of P. T. Barnum's most famous attractions, Jumbo the elephant, led a parade of 21 elephants over the Brooklyn Bridge. This helped to lessen doubts about the bridge's stability while also promoting Barnum's circus.
Brooklyn Bridge in the Late 19th. & Early 20th. Centuries
Movement across the Brooklyn Bridge increased in the years after it opened; a million people paid to cross in the first six months. The bridge carried 8.5 million people in 1884, its first full year of operation; this number doubled to 17 million in 1885, and again to 34 million in 1889.
Many of these people were cable car passengers. Additionally, about 4.5 million pedestrians a year were crossing the bridge for free by 1892.
The first proposal to make changes to the bridge was sent in only two and a half years after it opened; Linda Gilbert suggested glass steam-powered elevators and an observatory be added to the bridge and a fee charged for use, which would in part fund the bridge's upkeep and in part fund her prison reform charity.
This proposal was considered, but not acted upon. Numerous other proposals were made during the first fifty years of the bridge's life.
Trolley tracks were added in the center lanes of both roadways in 1898, allowing trolleys to use the bridge as well.
Concerns about the Brooklyn Bridge's safety were raised during the turn of the century. In 1898, traffic backups due to a dead horse caused one of the truss cords to buckle.
There were more significant worries after twelve suspender cables snapped in 1901, although a thorough investigation found no other defects.
After the 1901 incident, five inspectors were hired to examine the bridge each day, a service that cost $250,000 a year.
The Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company, which operated routes across the Brooklyn Bridge, issued a notice in 1905 saying that the bridge had reached its transit capacity.
Although a second deck for the Brooklyn Bridge was proposed, it was thought to be infeasible because doing so would overload the bridge's structural capacity.
Though tolls had been instituted for carriages and cable-car customers since the bridge's opening, pedestrians were spared from the tolls originally. However, by the first decade of the 20th. century, pedestrians were also paying tolls.
However tolls on all four bridges across the East River - the Brooklyn Bridge, as well as the Manhattan, Williamsburg, and Queensboro bridges to the north - were abolished in July 1911 as part of a populist policy initiative headed by New York City mayor William Jay Gaynor.
Ostensibly in an attempt to reduce traffic on nearby city streets, Grover Whalen, the commissioner of Plant and Structures, banned motor vehicles from the Brooklyn Bridge in 1922. The real reason for the ban was an incident the same year where two cables slipped due to high traffic loads.
Both Whalen and Roebling called for the renovation of the Brooklyn Bridge and the construction of a parallel bridge, although the parallel bridge was never built.
Brooklyn Bridge in Mid- to late 20th. Century
Upgrades to the Bridge
The first major upgrade to the Brooklyn Bridge commenced in 1948, when a contract for redesigning the roadways was awarded to David B. Steinman. The renovation was expected to double the capacity of the bridge's roadways to nearly 6,000 cars per hour, at a projected cost of $7 million.
The renovation included the demolition of both the elevated and the trolley tracks on the roadways and the widening of each roadway from two to three lanes, as well as the construction of a new steel-and-concrete floor.
In addition, new ramps were added to Adams Street, Cadman Plaza, and the Brooklyn Queens Expressway (BQE) on the Brooklyn side, and to Park Row on the Manhattan side. The trolley tracks closed in March 1950 to allow for the widening work to occur.
During the construction project, one roadway at a time was closed, allowing reduced traffic flows to cross the bridge in one direction only. The widened south roadway was completed in May 1951, followed by the north roadway in October 1953. In addition, defensive barriers were added to the bridge as a safeguard against sabotage.
The restoration was finished in May 1954 with the completion of the reconstructed elevated promenade.
While the rebuilding of the span was ongoing, a fallout shelter was constructed beneath the Manhattan approach in anticipation of the Cold War. The abandoned space in one of the masonry arches was stocked with emergency survival supplies for a potential nuclear attack by the Soviet Union; these supplies were still in place half a century later.
A repainting of the bridge was announced in advance of its 90th. anniversary.
Deterioration and Late-20th. Century Repair
The Brooklyn Bridge gradually deteriorated due to age and neglect. While it had 200 full-time dedicated maintenance workers before World War II, that number had dropped to five by the late 20th. century, and the city as a whole only had 160 bridge maintenance workers.
In 1974, heavy vehicles such as vans and buses were banned from the bridge to prevent further erosion of the concrete roadway. A report in The New York Times four years later noted that the cables were visibly fraying, and that the pedestrian promenade had holes in it.
The city began planning to replace all the Brooklyn Bridge's cables at a cost of $115 million, as part of a larger project to renovate all four toll-free East River spans.
By 1980, the Brooklyn Bridge was in such dire condition that it faced imminent closure. In some places, half of the strands in the cables were broken.
In June 1981, two of the diagonal stay cables snapped, seriously injuring a pedestrian who later died. Subsequently, the anchorages were found to have developed rust, and an emergency cable repair was necessitated less than a month later after another cable developed slack.
Following the incident, the city accelerated the timetable of its proposed cable replacement, and it commenced a $153 million rehabilitation of the Brooklyn Bridge in advance of the 100th anniversary.
As part of the project, the bridge's original suspender cables installed by J. Lloyd Haigh were replaced by Bethlehem Steel in 1986, marking the cables' first replacement since construction. In a smaller project, the bridge was floodlit at night, starting in 1982 to highlight its architectural features.
Additional problems persisted, and in 1993, high levels of lead were discovered near the bridge's towers. Further emergency repairs were undertaken in mid-1999 after small concrete shards began falling from the bridge into the East River. The concrete deck had been installed during the 1950's renovations, and had a lifespan of about 60 years.
Brooklyn Bridge in the 21st. Century
The Park Row exit from the bridge's westbound lanes was closed as a safety measure after the September 11, 2001, attacks on the nearby World Trade Center. That section of Park Row was closed since it ran right underneath 1 Police Plaza, the headquarters of the New York City Police Department.
In early 2003, to save money on electricity, the bridge's "necklace lights" were turned off at night. They were turned back on later that year after several private entities made donations to fund the lights.
After the 2007 collapse of the I-35W bridge in Minneapolis, public attention focused on the condition of bridges across the U.S. The New York Times reported that the Brooklyn Bridge approach ramps had received a "poor" rating during an inspection in 2007.
However, a NYCDOT spokesman said that the poor rating did not indicate a dangerous state but rather implied it required renovation. In 2010, the NYCDOT began renovating the approaches and deck, as well as repainting the suspension span.
Work included widening two approach ramps from one to two lanes by re-striping a new prefabricated ramp; seismic retrofitting; replacement of rusted railings and safety barriers; and road deck resurfacing. The work necessitated detours for four years.
At the time, the project was scheduled to be completed in 2014, but completion was later delayed to 2015, then again to 2017. The project's cost also increased from $508 million in 2010 to $811 million in 2016.
In August 2016, after the renovation had been completed, the NYCDOT announced that it would conduct a seven-month, $370,000 study to verify if the bridge could support a heavier upper deck that consisted of an expanded bicycle and pedestrian path.
As of 2016, about 10,000 pedestrians and 3,500 cyclists used the pathway on an average weekday. Work on the pedestrian entrance on the Brooklyn side was underway by 2017.
The NYCDOT also indicated in 2016 that it planned to reinforce the Brooklyn Bridge's foundations to prevent it from sinking, as well as repair the masonry arches on the approach ramps, which had been damaged by Hurricane Sandy in 2012.
In July 2018, the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission approved a further renovation of the Brooklyn Bridge's suspension towers and approach ramps. That December, the federal government gave the city $25 million in funding, which would contribute to a $337 million rehabilitation of the bridge approaches and the suspension towers. Work started in late 2019 and was scheduled to be completed in 2023.
Usage of the Brooklyn Bridge
Horse-drawn carriages have been allowed to use the Brooklyn Bridge's roadways since its opening. Originally, each of the two roadways carried two lanes of a different direction of traffic. The lanes were relatively narrow at only 8 feet (2.4 m) wide. In 1922, motor vehicles were banned from the bridge, while horse-drawn carriages were restricted from the Manhattan Bridge. Thereafter, the only vehicles allowed on the Brooklyn Bridge were horse-drawn.
By 1950, the main roadway carried six lanes of automobile traffic, three in each direction. It was then reduced to five lanes with the addition of a two-way bike lane on the Manhattan-bound side in 2021.
Because of the roadway's height (11 ft (3.4 m)) and weight (6,000 lb (2,700 kg)) restrictions, commercial vehicles and buses are prohibited from using the Brooklyn Bridge.
The weight restrictions prohibit heavy passenger vehicles such as pickup trucks and SUVs from using the bridge, though this is not often enforced in practice.
Formerly, rail traffic operated on the Brooklyn Bridge as well. Cable cars and elevated railroads used the bridge until 1944, while trolleys ran until 1950.
A cable car service began operating on the 25th. September 1883; it ran on the inner lanes of the bridge, between terminals at the Manhattan and Brooklyn ends.
Since Washington Roebling believed that steam locomotives would put excessive loads upon the structure of the Brooklyn Bridge, the cable car line was designed as a steam/cable-hauled hybrid.
They were powered from a generating station under the Brooklyn approach. The cable cars could not only regulate their speed on the 3.75% upward and downward approaches, but also maintain a constant interval between each other. There were 24 cable cars in total.
Initially, the service ran with single-car trains, but patronage soon grew so much that by October 1883, two-car trains were in use. The line carried three million people in the first six months, nine million in 1884, and nearly 20 million in 1885.
Patronage continued to increase, and in 1888, the tracks were lengthened and even more cars were constructed to allow for four-car cable car trains. Electric wires for the trolleys were added by 1895, allowing for the potential future decommissioning of the steam/cable system.
The terminals were rebuilt once more in July 1895, and, following the implementation of new electric cars in late 1896, the steam engines were dismantled and sold.
The Brooklyn Bridge Walkway
The Brooklyn Bridge has an elevated promenade open to pedestrians in the center of the bridge, located 18 feet (5.5 m) above the automobile lanes.
The path is generally 10 to 17 feet (3.0 to 5.2 m) wide, though this is constrained by obstacles such as protruding cables, benches, and stairways, which create "pinch points" at certain locations. The path narrows to 10 feet (3.0 m) at the locations where the main cables descend to the level of the promenade.
Further exacerbating the situation, these "pinch points" are some of the most popular places to take pictures. As a result, in 2016, the NYCDOT announced that it planned to double the promenade's width.
On the 14th. September 2021, the DOT closed off the inner-most car lane on the Manhattan-bound side with protective barriers and fencing to create a new bike path. Cyclists are now prohibited from the upper pedestrian lane.
Emergency Use of Brooklyn Bridge
While the bridge has always permitted the passage of pedestrians, the promenade facilitates movement when other means of crossing the East River have become unavailable.
During transit strikes by the Transport Workers Union in 1980 and 2005, people commuting to work used the bridge; they were joined by Mayors Ed Koch and Michael Bloomberg, who crossed as a gesture to the affected public.
Pedestrians also walked across the bridge as an alternative to suspended subway services following the 1965, 1977, and 2003 blackouts, and after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center.
During the 2003 blackouts, many crossing the bridge reported a swaying motion. The higher-than-usual pedestrian load caused this swaying, which was amplified by the tendency of pedestrians to synchronize their footfalls with a sway.
Several engineers expressed concern about how this would affect the bridge, although others noted that the bridge did withstand the event and that the redundancies in its design - the inclusion of the three support systems (suspension system, diagonal stay system, and stiffening truss) - make it probably the best secured bridge against such movements going out of control.
In designing the bridge, John Roebling had stated that the bridge would sag but not fall, even if one of these structural systems were to fail altogether.
Stunts Associated With Brooklyn Bridge
There have been several notable jumpers from the Brooklyn Bridge:
-- The first person was Robert Emmet Odlum, brother of women's rights activist Charlotte Odlum Smith, on the 19th. May 1885. He struck the water at an angle, and died shortly afterwards from internal injuries.
-- Steve Brodie supposedly dropped from underneath the bridge in July 1886 and was briefly arrested for it, although there is some doubt about whether he actually jumped.
-- Larry Donovan made a slightly higher jump from the railing a month afterward.
Other notable events have taken place on or near the bridge:
-- In 1919, Giorgio Pessi piloted what was then one of the world's largest airplanes, the Caproni Ca.5, under the bridge.
-- At 9:00 a.m. on the 19th. May 1977, artist Jack Bashkow climbed one of the towers for 'Bridging', which was termed a "media sculpture" by the performance group Art Corporation of America Inc.
Seven artists climbed the largest bridges connected to Manhattan in order to:
"Replace violence and fear
in mass media for one day".
When each of the artists had reached the tops of the bridges, they ignited bright-yellow flares at the same moment, resulting in rush hour traffic disruption, media attention, and the arrest of the climbers, though the charges were later dropped.
Called "The first social-sculpture to use mass-media as art” by conceptual artist Joseph Beuys, the event was on the cover of the New York Post, it received international attention, and received ABC Eyewitness News' 1977 Best News of the Year award.
John Halpern documented the incident in the film 'Bridging' (1977)
-- Halpern attempted another "Bridging" "social sculpture" in 1979, when he planted a radio receiver, gunpowder and fireworks in a bucket atop one of the Brooklyn Bridge towers.
The piece was later discovered by police, leading to his arrest for possessing a bomb.
-- In 1993, bridge jumper Thierry Devaux illegally performed eight acrobatic bungee jumps above the East River close to the Brooklyn tower.
-- On the 1st. October 2011, more than 700 protesters with the Occupy Wall Street movement were arrested while attempting to march across the bridge on the roadway.
Protesters disputed the police account of the event, and claimed that the arrests were the result of being trapped on the bridge by the NYPD. The majority of the arrests were subsequently dismissed.
-- On the 22nd. July 2014, the two American flags on the flagpoles atop each tower were found to have been replaced by bleached-white American flags.
Initially, cannabis activism was suspected as a motive, but on the 12th. August 2014, two Berlin artists claimed responsibility for hoisting the two white flags, having switched the original flags with their replicas.
The artists said that the flags were meant to celebrate the beauty of public space and the anniversary of the death of German-born John Roebling, and they denied that it was an anti-American statement.
Brooklyn Bridge as a Suicide Spot
The first person to jump from the bridge with the intention of suicide was Francis McCarey in 1892.
A lesser-known early jumper was James Duffy of County Cavan, Ireland, who on the 15th. April 1895 asked several men to watch him jump from the bridge. Duffy jumped and was not seen again.
Additionally, the cartoonist Otto Eppers jumped and survived in 1910, and was then tried and acquitted for attempted suicide.
The Brooklyn Bridge has since developed a reputation as a suicide bridge due to the number of jumpers who do so intending to kill themselves, though exact statistics are difficult to find.
Crimes and Terrorism Associated With Brooklyn Bridge
-- In 1979, police disarmed a stick of dynamite placed under the Brooklyn approach, and an artist in Manhattan was later arrested for the act.
-- On the 1st. March 1994, Lebanese-born Rashid Baz opened fire on a van carrying members of the Chabad-Lubavitch Orthodox Jewish Movement, striking 16-year-old student Ari Halberstam and three others traveling on the bridge.
Halberstam died five days later from his wounds, and Baz was later convicted of murder. He was apparently acting out of revenge for the Hebron massacre of Palestinian Muslims a few days prior to the incident.
After initially classifying the killing as one committed out of road rage, the Justice Department reclassified the case in 2000 as a terrorist attack.
The entrance ramp to the bridge on the Manhattan side was subsequently dedicated as the Ari Halberstam Memorial Ramp.
-- In 2003, truck driver Lyman Faris was sentenced to 20 years in prison for providing material support to Al-Qaeda, after an earlier plot to destroy the bridge by cutting through its support wires with blowtorches was thwarted.
Brooklyn Bridge Anniversary Celebrations
-- The 50th.-anniversary celebrations on the 24th. May 1933 included a ceremony featuring an airplane show, ships, and fireworks, as well as a banquet.
-- During the centennial celebrations on the 24th. May 1983, President Ronald Reagan led a cavalcade of cars across the bridge.
A flotilla of ships visited the harbor, officials held parades, and Grucci Fireworks held a fireworks display that evening.
For the centennial, the Brooklyn Museum exhibited a selection of the original drawings made for the bridge.
Culture
The Brooklyn Bridge has had an impact on idiomatic American English. For example, references to "Selling the Brooklyn Bridge" abound in American culture, sometimes as examples of rural gullibility, but more often in connection with an idea that strains credulity.
George C. Parker and William McCloundy were two early 20th.-century con men who may have perpetrated this scam successfully on unwitting tourists, although the author of 'The Brooklyn Bridge: A Cultural History' wrote:
"No evidence exists that the bridge
has ever been sold to a 'gullible
outlander'".
However, anyone taken in by fraudsters is hardly likely to publicize the fact.
A popular tradition on Brooklyn Bridge is for couples to inscribe a date and their initials onto a padlock, attach it to the bridge, and throw the key into the water as a sign of their love.
The practice of attaching 'love locks' to the bridge is officially illegal in New York City, and in theory the NYPD can give violators a $100 fine.
NYCDOT workers periodically remove the love locks from the bridge at a cost of $100,000 per year.
Brooklyn Bridge in the Media
The bridge is often featured in wide shots of the New York City skyline in television and film, and has been depicted in numerous works of art.
Fictional works have used the Brooklyn Bridge as a setting; for instance, the dedication of a portion of the bridge, and the bridge itself, were key components in the 2001 film Kate & Leopold.
Furthermore, the Brooklyn Bridge has also served as an icon of America, with mentions in numerous songs, books, and poems.
Among the most notable of these works is that of American Modernist poet Hart Crane, who used the Brooklyn Bridge as a central metaphor and organizing structure for his second book of poetry, 'The Bridge' (1930).
The Brooklyn Bridge has also been lauded for its architecture. One of the first positive reviews was "The Bridge as a Monument", a Harper's Weekly piece written by architecture critic Montgomery Schuyler and published a week after the bridge's opening.
In the piece, Schuyler wrote:
"It so happens that the work which is likely to be
our most durable monument, and to convey some
knowledge of us to the most remote posterity, is a
work of bare utility; not a shrine, not a fortress, not
a palace, but a bridge."
Architecture critic Lewis Mumford cited the piece as the impetus for serious architectural criticism in the U.S. He wrote that in the 1920's the bridge was a source of joy and inspiration in his childhood, and that it was a profound influence in his adolescence.
Later critics regarded the Brooklyn Bridge as a work of art, as opposed to an engineering feat or a means of transport.
Not all critics appreciated the bridge, however. Henry James, writing in the early 20th. century, cited the bridge as an ominous symbol of the city's transformation into a "steel-souled machine room".
The construction of the Brooklyn Bridge is detailed in numerous media sources, including David McCullough's 1972 book 'The Great Bridge', and Ken Burns's 1981 documentary 'Brooklyn Bridge'.
It is also described in 'Seven Wonders of the Industrial World', a BBC docudrama series with an accompanying book, as well as in 'Chief Engineer: Washington Roebling, The Man Who Built the Brooklyn Bridge', a biography published in 2017.
HAIR: Adore TRUTH
BODY: Reborn eBODY
OUTFIT: May NEW!! SWEET KAJIRA in KAWAII SECRETS
(For Maitreya, Legacy and Reborn. Fatpack included dress, sleeves,
boots, leg warmers and Huds with 8 colors)
Decor:
SKY: Ethereal Nights NEW!! SPECTER SKIES EEP in TOKYO ZERO
(Pack included 6 styles)
BRIDGE: Winter Bridge NEW!! GOOSE in COSMOPOLITAN EVENT
I decided to take advantage of B724 rolling north through Berlin a few hours earlier than normal. Today's train consisted of 22 cars with 3 debris hoppers on the head pin bound for United Material Management in Leominster. UMM is a new customer which will export recycling and scrap loads.
...when the sound increases and the first groups of geese are flying out in the morning that I love... Bislicher Insel, Xanten, Germany (after Rhine flood)
Es ist der Moment...
...wenn die Geräuschkulisse ansteigt und die ersten Gruppen von Gänsen am Morgen ausfliegen. Diesen Moment liebe ich... Bislicher Insel, Xanten (nach dem Rheinhochwasser)
Sony Alpha 7R II, Voigtländer VME Close-Focus Adapter, Voigtländer Heliar 75mm f1.8
Save a Life, Surrender your Knife.
Increase The Peace, Keep Knives Off The Street.
Cowards Carry Knives.
Project Zao
#DropTheKnifeSaveALife
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It truly is a magnificent sculpture which, if you get the chance, to see it for yourself. The vision and workmanship is outstanding. It's incredible from any angle. The up-lighting is delightful, although I only managed to see this effect for a few moments.
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My YouTube Video: Knife Angel. Derby Cathedral. Oct 2019
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Rachel Webb, whose son Tom was 22 years old when he was stabbed and killed in St Peter's Street, Derby, by a 16 year old boy in January 2016, has been instrumental in bringing the Angel to Derby. She supported a knife surrender held across Derbyshire and knives from this were donated towards the creation of this sculpture.
The knife Angel has been created as a National monument against violence and aggression at the British Ironworks Centre in Oswestry and is a memorial to those whose lives have been affected by knife crime. It is a 27ft high sculpture, which Alfie Bradley has designed and created single-handedly using over 100,000 knives surrendered and collected in nationwide amnesties in 2015/2016. The angel began it's tour around the UK in 2018 when it was housed outside of Liverpool Cathedral for December and January in order to raise awareness of the impact of knife crime on society, the victims and their families and friends.
It is currently on a city tour of the UK.
Knife crime is rising across the country. The Knife Angel's presence in derby is very much a symbol of the hard work of partners and communities across Derbyshire to halt this rise.
Derbyshire Police are spearheading a multi agency campaign called Project Zao, which aims to prevent causalities and stop venerable youngsters from seeing violence as the answer. It targets those who carry knives and delivers a hard hitting educational package to thousands of young people across the county.
All 43 national police forces, the Home Office, anti-violence groups across the UK and hundreds of families who have been affected by knife crime are all strongly supporting the Knife Angel. Relatives of those killed by knife crime were invited to engrave the blades with names and messages for their loved ones as part of the sculpture.
The Knife Angel is a symbol of defiance and change, shining a spotlight on Britain's knife crime problem and its impact on communities, families and individuals.
The Angel; is helping to raise awareness of violent crime and helping young people understand the reasons not to carry knives.
Please show your support and join us in standing up to knife crime!
March Point. Padilla Bay/Fidalgo Bay.
"Hosting one of the largest Great Blue Heron colonies in Western North America, this island of forest sits between Padilla and Fidalgo Bays. Vera and Bud Kinney donated this property to Skagit Land Trust in 1994 to protect the nesting herons. With the cooperation of neighboring landowners, each year, Skagit Land Trust conducts a nest count in the heronry. 680 heron nests were counted in 2019 in this relatively small area, which provides easy access to feeding grounds for the herons. Unfortunately, the Trust does not have access to all neighboring property, and therefore some heron nests are uncounted. The overall trend, however, shows increasing number of heron nests in the colony on SLT property and the property to which we have access -- and there are likely to be hundreds more nests on the adjacent property to which we do not have access." March Point Heronry
Sandwich Bay - in gorse near the Scrape. A little distant but my best views of one so far.
This small, dark, long-tailed warbler is resident in the UK and has suffered in the past from severe winters. The Dartford warbler's population crashed to a few pairs in the 1960s, since when it has gradually recovered, increasing in both numbers and range. It is still regarded as an Amber List species. It will perch on top of a gorse stem to sing.
[143rd] UKphoto year tick (not exactly a life tick but my previous photo was only a few pixels wide!
Increased exposure, contrast, and a warm filter.
Old D50 on trip around Europe
2008
London, England
Tower Bridge
For the half-marathon (21.1 km) results, here are the local (Ottawa & area) participants -- sorted by cities and first name -- in the September 18, 2011, Canada Army Run held in Ottawa, Ontario. There were 6,397 runners in the 21.1 km race, an increase of about 900 runners compared to 2010.
Click here and enter the bib numbers (see below) for the full individual race results. Thank-you to Sportstats.
* Also, click here for race photos by Brightroom™, Inc.
Lists of local half-marathon race participants:
Part A. Ottawa, A-L (see below)
Part B. Ottawa, M-Z (Click here.)
Part C. Other Communities (Alexandria to Magog) (Click here.)
Part D. Other Communities (Maitland to Woodlawn) (Click here.)
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Part A: (Ottawa, bib number & name)
556…Aaron Auyeung
5174…Aaron Guzman
1386…Abbey Saunders
1387…Abdulhak Nagy
5177…Achint Sandhu
1397…Adam Dawe
5179…Adam Desjarlais
1390…Adam Hamilton
3743…Adam Harris
1394…Adam Orton
34107…Adam Struthers
1389…Adam Welcher
7617…Adria Patzer
3427…Adriana Zeleney
3404…Adrienne Mertin
1400…Ahsan Ahmed
572…Al Okroy
5998…Al Stewart
3352…Alain D'arbelles
147…Alain Gauvin
1404…Alain Gendron
116…Alain Therriault
588…Alain Vermette
867…Alan Chaffe
5055…Alan Chan
679…Alan Yeadon
5184…Alana Fong
3750…Alana Morin
1410…Alec Forbes
3752…Alec Wong
1415…Alex Bota
1416…Alex Burnet
5187…Alex Eloise
6103…Alex Havers
3755…Alex Ho
426…Alex Lavoie
5060…Alex Renwick
3758…Alexander Gribbon
6542…Alexandra Averbeck
4978…Alexandra Bushell
1419…Alexandra Gruca-Macaulay
1422…Alexandra Skupek
6105…Alexandra Vallianatos
5189…Alexandra Weirich
1425…Alexis Bosse
3764…Alexis Bunny Conrad
3765…Alice Donachey
6089…Alice Kwong
5193…Alice Retik
6547…Alicia Ch Nier
1427…Alison James
6548…Alison Mccray
3767…Alison Salhany
1021…Allan Crisford
3513…Allan Gauci
1430…Allan O'connor
6551…Allison Grimsey
1434…Allison Lainey
6107…Allison Mackenzie
3639…Allison Meek
6552…Allison Sephton
1440…Alp Oran
3772…Alyson Byrne
5202…Amanda Amaratunga
3781…Amanda Brown
3779…Amanda Macfarlane
5200…Amanda Robertson-Smiderle
5206…Amanda Sully
1339…Amanda Van Beinum
3776…Amanda Watson
3786…Amin Mirzaee
3787…Ammar Riaz
1447…Amy Hiltz
5208…Amy Hum
1446…Amy Plint
1452…Anabela Barreira
3472…Anais Lussier-Labelle
6564…Andr E Morin
1461…Andr St-Laurent
6116…Andre Boivin
1459…Andre Charbonneau
901…Andre Dion
1312…Andre Hiotis
1454…Andre Pharand
1465…Andrea English
1466…Andrea Ferrari
3797…Andrea Fitzgerald
1234…Andrea Holland
6562…Andrea Lau
1306…Andrea Letham
1090…Andrea Matthews
5212…Andrea Mccaffrey
7385…Andrea Mills
5214…Andrea Pietila
3796…Andrea Seaby
3798…Andree Deslauriers
1223…Andree-Anne Girard
7620…Andree-Anne Lamothe
155…Andrew Archibald
3802…Andrew Bellamy
7434…Andrew Buzza
3800…Andrew Chatham
16298…Andrew Colautti
1481…Andrew Feltham
1475…Andrew Ha
3357…Andrew Keleher
156…Andrew Leikucs
1470…Andrew Lenz
3806…Andrew Marble
976…Andrew Mendes
603…Andrew Ng
3803…Andrew Niefer
889…Andrew Parker
7621…Andrew Patzer
1482…Andrew Spurrell
3417…Andrew Staples
1473…Andrew Weekes
1490…Andy Wilson
3575…Angela Hardy
931…Angela Koskie
7397…Angela Lamb
6572…Angela Marcantonio
1121…Angela Scanlon
3809…Angela Steele
3810…Angelo Garcia
5111…Angy Dauth
5226…Anick De Sousa
762…Anika Clark
825…Anita Choquette
7438…Anita Portier
1145…Ann Gregory
6007…Ann Lanthier
3448…Ann Marie Fyfe
7440…Ann Mccaffrey
1497…Ann Piche
5229…Ann Walton
3817…Anna Aylett
1500…Anna Hardy
1289…Anna Hoefnagels
6576…Anna Pham
1502…Anne Bailliu
7624…Anne Biscope
6578…Anne Bowker
3820…Anne Francis
1504…Anne Houston
3449…Anne Mcnamara
1236…Anne Pearce
3821…Anne Strangelove
3826…Anne-Marie Desormeaux
1505…Anne-Marie Fraser
7625…Annie Corriveau
6583…Annie Oger
1507…Annie Plouffe
695…Ann-Marie Reid
5113…Anthea Garrick Menard
1510…Antoine Guimond
1511…Antonio Zappavigna
6123…Antoun Rahal
5232…Anya Pavlova
6588…April Dickson
158…Arif Aziz
4948…Arleigh Romyn
1515…Arthur King
1516…Arthur Winnik
6589…Ashlee Linton
3833…Ashley Brennan
1517…Ashley Browne
6590…Ashley Butcher
1518…Ashley Mulroney
5233…Ashley Proceviat
34117…Ashley Towns
693…Audrey Taylor
1523…Avdo Nalic
527…Aveta Graham
1524…Aydin Mirzaee
6593…Azhra Mcmahon
1526…Barbara Campbell
7428…Barbara Campbell
3461…Barbara Dundas
5062…Barbara Jovaisas
6034…Barbara Mingie
3839…Barnabas Fung
1529…Barry Le Grys
640…Bart Bakker
159…Ben Howe
406…Ben Lawson
6598…Ben Tobali
6601…Beno T Pag
3846…Benoit Goulet
905…Ben-Zion Caspi
1029…Bernard Charlebois
1540…Bernard St-Laurent
1542…Bernie Car
5242…Bernita Butler
727…Betty Bulman
3847…Betty-Jane Horton
6136…Bev Denison
3851…Bill Horne
908…Bill Mceachern
6604…Bill Salminen
6605…Bill Wilson
3852…Billie Hillis
5247…Blair Malcolm
3515…Blake Davis
161…Blake Poirier
6137…Bob Fraser
3585…Bob Mcculloch
927…Bob Mcgillivray
5248…Bob Moquin
6608…Bob Muise
3856…Bob Stevenson
5250…Bonita Martin
6610…Bonnie Mechefske
3859…Bonnie Nelson
5252…Brad Austin
7429…Brad Lobregt
5253…Bradley Fleming
1559…Brandon King
4976…Brenda Bethune
5258…Brenda Jenkins
1562…Brenda Makowichuk
6612…Brenda Primmer
1563…Brenda Quinlan
5256…Brenda Ryan
6525…Brent Burton
1568…Brent Edwards
1567…Brent Russell
1566…Brent Wakeford
3868…Brian Arscott
1580…Brian Berube
5262…Brian Bowering
3680…Brian Davis
1584…Brian Double
428…Brian Harding
1583…Brian Mcneill
3867…Brian Nolet
100…Brian O'higgins
1571…Brian Radey
1575…Brian Rolfe
3431…Brian Sanford
658…Brian Senecal
1572…Brian Tweedie
3346…Brianna Saunders
1585…Brianne Bota
5266…Brigit Jessup
1586…Brigitte Cossette
8…Brigitte Jackstien
1587…Brigitte Joly
6621…Brigitte Martel
5267…Brittany Gallant
1588…Brittany Hinds
1589…Brittany Leblanc
1590…Britt-Mari Sykes
3872…Brodie Fraser
6622…Bronwyn Burke
620…Bruce Jackson
3874…Bruce Moquin
1596…Bruce Moran
6094…Bruce Muise
1595…Bruce Squires
996…Bryan Morris
1599…Bryan Norrie
1597…Bryan Sirois
6145…Bryan Wright
1056…Byron Holland
7630…C Line Beaudoin
7450…C Line Houle
892…Caitlin O'higgins
6147…Caitlin Viitamaki
165…Caleb Walker
3878…Calvin Mak
3879…Calvin Reid
3573…Cameron Beare
3691…Cameron Fraser
1606…Candice Dandurand
343…Candice Hilder
1607…Cara Thibault
6150…Cari Minogue
1608…Carl Marcotte
3882…Carla Harding
1611…Carmen Vierula
1613…Carol Bennett
6154…Carol Doiron
3887…Carole Barabe
3886…Carole Chenard
1197…Carole Harrison
3888…Carolene Preap
3889…Caroline Glynn
5277…Carolyn Brown
5276…Carolyn Phillips
5278…Carolyn Tapp
3897…Carrie Johnston
6156…Carrie Roussin
6641…Carrie Stewart
3899…Carrie-Ann Pierce
3901…Casey Carswell
3900…Casey Thomas
990…Cassandra Chouinard
5997…Cassandra Lively
6074…Cassie Hodgins
7327…Catherine Beacher
1040…Catherine Caron
3678…Catherine Khordoc
3904…Catherine Lacroix
3906…Catherine Milley
5286…Catherine Nesbitt
903…Catherine Peirce
6645…Catherine St. Louis
5288…Catherine Yarker
1630…Cathlin Antonello
1632…Cathy Blanchard
3911…Cathy Gloade
3627…Cathy Takahashi
3913…Celeste Morley
172…Chad Wilson
5091…Chanel Huard
1224…Chantal Campbell
19…Chantal Evans
1637…Chantal Fallows
6651…Chantal Lacroix
3920…Chantal Lanthier
5294…Chantal Nault
1175…Chantal Pilon
7451…Chantal Proulx
5296…Charbel Choueiri
6653…Charlene Mathias
1644…Charlie Rate
6162…Chelsea Bull
6029…Chelsea Macdonell
3932…Cherinet Seid
3937…Cheryl Bateman
3516…Cheryl Birker
1649…Cheryl Giles
3936…Cheryl Kardish-Levitan
3935…Cheryl Mcgrath
5162…Cheryl Mcintyre
7453…Cheryl Perry
5300…Cheryl Shore
5301…Chiara Andrisani
6023…Chloe Macdonell
3946…Chris Bark
1659…Chris Bartholomew
3947…Chris Best
1664…Chris Bowen
130…Chris Bright
6512…Chris Campbell
1667…Chris Davies
6658…Chris Gardner
5306…Chris Garrioch
6075…Chris Hale
1653…Chris Hayes
1663…Chris Henderson
3944…Chris Hill
6659…Chris Liebenberg
3948…Chris Macdonald
5304…Chris Minogue
871…Chris Moule
906…Chris Nestor
1657…Chris Phelan
3954…Chris Rath
3945…Chris Reid
5074…Chris Renwick
5007…Chris Salter
1660…Chris Sliwka
5302…Chris Spiteri
1658…Chris Steele
6661…Chris Sutherland
6662…Chris Weicker
7454…Chris White
7455…Chris Wojcik
6664…Christene White
1674…Christian Boucher
99…Christian Del Valle
1672…Christian Maillet
6666…Christiane Laperri Re
6667…Christie Swann
6668…Christina Gubbels
6669…Christina Jutzi
1676…Christina Romanin
3964…Christine Atwood
3958…Christine Benne
7457…Christine Fortier
778…Christine Geraghty
1681…Christine Halliburton
3673…Christine Hodge
5320…Christine Leung
5315…Christine Marshall
3962…Christine Mayer
1684…Christine Racicot
3361…Christine Rivas
4961…Christine Robbins
3356…Christine Stilborne
1678…Christine Turmaine
934…Christopher Barber
1697…Christopher Cook
3967…Christopher Elliott
528…Christopher Fennell
1698…Christopher Hassall
1703…Christopher Jones
1700…Christopher Linton
3494…Cindy Maraj
6675…Cindy Mcalpine
1705…Cindy Qu
1709…Cindy Scott
1706…Cindy Warwick
5323…Claire Lehan
1713…Claire Millington
1173…Claire Samson
3503…Claude B Land
6680…Claude Papineau
791…Claudia Rutherford
3977…Clemence Allard
1721…Cliff Martin
1725…Colette Kenney
1724…Colette Nault
3978…Colin Baril
1730…Colin Kiviaho
1729…Colin Langille
1728…Colin Martel
1726…Colin Welburn
3563…Colleen Bigelow
1731…Colleen Crane
5992…Connie Acelvari
5330…Connor Grimes
3985…Conrad Kupniewski
816…Constance Craig
1734…Corey Crosby
1002…Cori Dinovitzer
6686…Corinna Simmons
6687…Cory Martin
1027…Court Curry
1737…Courtney Henderson
6688…Courtney Kalbfleisan
3988…Courtney Watson
1739…Craig Bascombe
1743…Craig Blair
106…Craig Carney
1745…Craig Crant
5004…Craig Mantle
3990…Craig Roberts
3383…Craig Rosario
4918…Craig Williams
1747…Cristina Santostefano
1749…Crystal Gottfried
3993…Currie David
1329…Curtis Mcgrath
1751…Cyndi Kennedy
5336…Cynthia Desnoyers
5337…Cynthia Larue
1758…Dale Pike
3999…Dalelle Mensour
1764…Dan Cowan
1762…Dan Dalby
6563…Dan Mcglinchey
4002…Dan Mclaughlin
4000…Dan Moore
1766…Dan Pihlainen
4001…Dan Rolfe
4003…Dan Seekings
6076…Dan Shea
1358…Dan St-Arnaud
178…Dan Steeves
16292…Dan Ziniuk
4005…Dana Van Gulik
1769…Dani Gaucher
7465…Danica Seguin
5340…Daniel Albahary
1777…Daniel Burke
499…Daniel Charlebois
4008…Daniel Gosselin
3595…Daniel Guerrette
5338…Daniel Leonard
4006…Daniel Minor
352…Daniel Pharand
1783…Daniel Reifler
4007…Daniel Suh
1776…Daniel Vincent
6699…Danielle Cote
3648…Danielle Halloran
5346…Danielle Hoegy
7467…Danielle Simard
1785…Danielle Wehbi
1786…Danny Gagne
1788…Darcia Bunny Kmet
6037…Darlene Hackett
697…Darlene Joyce
6707…Darlene Sabourin
6708…Darrell Williams
6503…Darren Boomer
1792…Darren Uchman
5028…Darryl Bilodeau
181…Daryl Howes
1112…Dave Bergeron
1806…Dave Bossmin
1302…Dave Goods
182…Dave Kary
1801…Dave Langlois
1804…Dave Morin-Pelletier
111…Dave Saville
1800…Dave Silvester
552…Dave Spagnolo
3533…Dave Yarker
1796…Dave Yarwood
1835…David Dawson
6188…David Delaney
1823…David Eggleton
6714…David Gagnon
1152…David Gregory
6716…David Gulas
4032…David Hennessy
1822…David Henry
935…David Jackson
1…David Johnston
4023…David Kirk
1829…David Leech
1816…David Liimatainen
1825…David Macquistan
1819…David Mccaw
5353…David Migicovsky
1826…David Nash
3600…David Perry
1242…David Rain
1831…David Rampton
1821…David Sproule
842…David Thomson
3698…David Tobin
1812…David Tuck
1837…Davina Gordon
4035…Davina Walker-Priebe
6190…Dawn Boudreau
1054…Dawn Montgomery
6723…Dawn Styan
1075…Dean Justus
3692…Deb Hogan
4037…Deb Quayle
4038…Debbie Bloom
6727…Debbie Carrick
5144…Debbie Ling
6729…Debby Duford
7470…Debby Simms
7472…Deborah Chamney
3517…Deborah Newhook
6730…Deborah Potter
1843…Deborah Taymun
5150…Dee Sullivan
5064…Deidre Kelly
6733…Demi Kotsovos
4047…Denis Binette
5365…Denis Niles
1846…Denis Thompson
6193…Denise Deschenes
6194…Denise Gillam-Gledhill
4051…Denise Plaa
3732…Denise Thibault
6734…Denise Walter
801…Dennis Bulman
1850…Dennis Waite
1853…Derek Dobson
1854…Derek Fildebrandt
1855…Derek Gledhill
4054…Derek Hille
5372…Derek Lanouette
184…Derek Mcmaster
1852…Derek Parent
504…Derek Smith
7475…Des Keon
1857…Desmond Gosse
1859…Devin Dreeshen
1858…Devin Harrington
6738…Devon Forde
5011…Diana Harrison
4058…Diana Schembri
5374…Diane Dupuis
6090…Diane Mackinder
4062…Diane St-Laurent
1866…Diane Wilson
7478…Dianne Panarella
649…Dick Gunstone
6746…Dillon Vahey
1868…Dion Edmonds
1870…Dj Roy
1874…Dominique Chiasson
4069…Dominique Keuthen
789…Don Andersen
7479…Don Evoy
1876…Don Moors
6749…Don Orr
5119…Dona Hill
7480…Donald Darrell
5966…Donald Henry
1879…Donald Mcfarling
1877…Donald Taylor
6200…Donald Tupper
1022…Donald Waldock
6201…Donna Dandele-Macnabb
7481…Donna Perry
5382…Doris Leung
5084…Doris Mclean
4077…Dorothy Dalton-Smith
1883…Dorothy Kessler
1014…Doug Eagle
4079…Doug Mirau
4080…Douglas Brecknell
1891…Douglas Carles
669…Douglas Cooper
6755…Douglas Loader
1886…Douglas Macaulay
1890…Douglas Mcginn
1887…Douglas Petryk
1889…Douglas Thomas
6757…Drew Clipperton
1893…Drew Dodington
1894…Drew Mcnair
187…Duaine Simms
5384…Duane Forward
1898…Duncan Bunny Shaw
1895…Duncan Mackintosh
1323…Dung Bui
6038…Dvora Rotenberg
4083…Dwayne Aylward
1901…Dwayne Lemon
1902…Dwight Obst
4084…Dylan Price
1136…Dylan Shields
1906…Ed Clouthier
5386…Edith Bostwick
4088…Edith Greenlee
753…Edith Knight
4087…Edith Tam
1913…Edward Fox
7483…Edward Jun
1914…Edward Livingstone
1244…Edward Vonk
5387…Eileen Vincent
1915…Eira Macdonell
5389…Elaine Petrie
5120…Elaine Yardley
7399…Eleanor Ford
7485…Eleanor Hastings
6763…Eleanore Brickell
4093…Eli Tannis
6764…Elisabeth Baechlin
4096…Elissa Renaud
5393…Elizabeth Burn
4101…Elizabeth Howe
1921…Elizabeth Kerr
4100…Elizabeth Murray
4098…Elizabeth Richards
4097…Elizabeth Rodgers
6766…Elizabeth Rose
3651…Elke Keating
4103…Ellen Bunny Campbell
5083…Ellen Carter
1923…Ellen Curtis
3601…Ellen Lamarre
6514…Ellen Nikonorova
5097…Ellen O'halloran
90…Elyse Pratt-Johnson
1925…Elysia Van Zeyl
3311…Emilee Lloyd-Krusky
6768…Emilie Lavigne
4104…Emilie Porlier
1926…Emilie Tougas
1932…Emily Burton
1928…Emily Gildner
3726…Emily Joyce
6769…Emily Larocque
1930…Emily Sharples
4107…Emma Doucet
4108…Emmanuelle Deaton
6770…Enjoli Stevens
6771…Eric Arnold
188…Eric Arseneault
5399…Eric Belchamber
339…Eric Bourlier
4110…Eric Bradbury
3469…Eric Burpee
123…Eric Charland
7423…Eric Sewell
680…Eric Weaver
4921…Erik Husband
3727…Erik Laflamme
6774…Erin Beasley
6213…Erin Beck
6775…Erin Collins
1955…Erin Enros
4122…Erin Ferraris
4119…Erin Holtby
6214…Erin Langton
5409…Erin Mutterback
1958…Etienne Goudreau
4124…Eva Burnett
6777…Evamarie Weicker
6778…Evan Clarke
3373…Evan May
5412…Evelyn Wheeler
1961…Faye Goldman
4126…Fern Lima
189…Fiona Johnston
4127…Flavia Pontes Nascimento
1969…Frances Enright
6783…Frances Muldoon
3384…Frances Ryan
3730…Francesca Craig
593…Francesca Macdonald
1970…Francesca Tauvette
6050…Francine Gaulin
5415…Francine Vachon
1972…Francis Ouimet
6784…Francisco Fernandes De Sousa
965…Francisco Salazar
1973…Franco Pasqualini
660…Francois Dumaine
1979…Francois Lavertu
1099…Frank D'angelo
4138…Frank Gelinas
393…Frank Maloney
4141…Frank Rayal
1985…Franz Ferraris
191…Franz Kirk
1984…Franz Kropp
4142…Fraser Cole
1987…Fraser Pearce
1988…Fred Pelletier
1989…Fred Smith
5420…Frederic Levesque
394…Frederic-Francois Desmarais
1996…Fuen Leal-Santiago
6789…Gabby Moser
6790…Gabe Batstone
763…Gabriela Balajova
6793…Gabrielle Nadeau
4143…Gaby Moreau
6092…Gail Baker-Gregory
6223…Garrett Maurstad
894…Gary Mckenna
84…Gary Wilkes
2004…Gaspare Mangiaracina
2005…Gavin Hunt
6225…Gavin Kelly
4146…Gavin Lemoine
194…Geb Marett
2006…Geneva Collier
2010…Genevieve Ashton
2008…Genevieve Butler
3420…Genevieve Le Jeune
4148…Genevieve Lemieux
5425…Genevieve Paris
2007…Genevieve Pineau
4150…Genevieve Tanguay
792…Gennifer Stainforth
582…Geoff Cooper
636…Geoff Dunkley
3717…Geoff Dunn
4151…Geoff Mroz
2013…Geoff Roth
1287…Geoffrey Dudding
7400…Geoffrey Ford
2017…George Condrut
1003…George Ferrier
975…George Garrard
6511…George Hajecek
5427…George Mcleod
2015…George Wehbi
6798…Georges Rousselle
5428…Georgette Demers
196…Gerald Aubry
4154…Gerry Clarke
2020…Gerry Nigra
6799…Gil Brunette
6226…Gilbert Lepine
1246…Gilbert Nkusi
2028…Gilles Beauparlant
2024…Gilles Lafleur
2030…Gilles Menard
860…Gillian Andersen
2034…Gillian Reid-Schachter
5124…Gillianne Beaulieu
3520…Gina Charos
2035…Gino Rinaldi
6229…Girard A-C
2037…Giuseppe Agnello
1059…Glen Gobel
2039…Glen Trevisani
2042…Glenn Boustead
16259…Glenn Cheney
6802…Glenn Cowan
5430…Glenn Franklin
2041…Glenn Poirier
719…Gloria Baeza
5431…Gloria Teague
674…Gord Baldwin
960…Gord Coulson
2043…Gordon Mcgillivray
2044…Grace Harju
1101…Grace Howland
2046…Graeme Hamilton
2045…Graeme Wardlaw
2051…Graham Acreman
2047…Graham Schuler
2052…Grant Macleod
5435…Greg Brockmann
4167…Greg Haspect
2056…Greg Hussack
6231…Greg Klump
2054…Greg Macdougall
2059…Greg Mcneill
2053…Greg Penner
6806…Greg Zinck
3636…Gregg Reddin
2060…Gregory De Knoop
2063…Guillaume Croisetiere
2062…Guillaume Proulx
2071…Guy Boyd
1017…Guy Pelletier
5437…Guy Warwick
4169…Guylain Thorne
2074…Gyro Inman
2075…Hai Nguyen
342…Harold Boudreau
909…Harold Geller
6812…Harry Fischer
7490…Hazel Ullyatt
1089…Hazen Harty
2081…Heather Bigelow
4170…Heather Carriere
4173…Heather Chew
4172…Heather Cudmore
6235…Heather D Wilson
995…Heather Dye
7491…Heather Gerrior
3375…Heather Mccready
6816…Heather Nixon
3500…Heather Paulusse
1102…Heather Watts
6817…Helen Francis
2084…Helen Wright
6818…Helene Boucher
7386…Helene Leduc
5075…Henri St-Martin
4953…Hidetaka Nishimura
3369…Hieu Nguyen
6819…Hilary Chaiton
2092…Hilary Mellor
6820…Hillary Rose
737…Hollie Anderson
3558…Holly Johnson
4180…Holly Skelton
4181…Holly Stoss
506…Howard Smith
2096…Hugo Whitfield
7493…Iaian Docherty
590…Iain Macdonald
9580…Ian Anderson
2108…Ian Bunny Joiner
6821…Ian Crawford
3699…Ian Graham
5447…Ian Iacovitti
554…Ian Krepps
1311…Ian Malcolm
2099…Ian Mcfarland
2106…Ian Pace
2104…Ian Pickard
500…Ian Roney
2101…Ian Shea
5448…Ian Siegert
2102…Ian White
1248…Ian-Guy Dupuis
6238…Ingrid Berljawsky
6824…Ingrid Neufeld
2109…Ione Jayawardena
1103…Ir Ne Dionne
597…Irvin Hill
5451…Iryna Abramova
2111…Iryna Karpova
2112…Isaac Wesley
6240…Isabelle Beach
5453…Isabelle Cantin
5454…Isabelle Carriere
4190…Isabelle Gosselin
4188…Isabelle Saint-Laurent
5455…Isagani Valencia
2116…Ivan Stefanov
4194…J Carson
5457…J Lahaie
1070…Jack Gilmer
5458…Jack Murta
3459…Jacki Sachrajda
5459…Jaclyn O'Brien
2119…Jacques Olivier
4198…Jaffer Majeed
2132…James Beaupre
2138…James Bunny Sauve
3629…James Campbell
2125…James Derosenroll
2131…James Harvey
2129…James Mcnamee
2130…James Price
6838…James Vannier
710…Jamie Bell
1125…Jamie Hurst
4205…Jamie Mccarthy
7499…Jan Riopelle
2146…Jana Veltheim
2150…Jane Anne Brown
1316…Jane Gibson
2147…Jane Hazel
2148…Jane Latham
5467…Jane Marie Obst
4207…Jane Morris
3531…Jane Rooney
6024…Jane Schofield
1344…Jane Spiteri
6839…Janelle Denton
3675…Janet Cooper
2154…Janet Curran
4981…Janet Hardcastle
4210…Janet Hart
3451…Janet Nuutilainen
542…Janet Perkins
6841…Janet Sol
4213…Janice Chan
6843…Janice Mccoy
2160…Janick Aquilina
113…Jared Broughton
2164…Jasmine Clancy
4224…Jason Adair
4219…Jason Arbuthnot
2167…Jason Baertschi
4221…Jason Bond
1110…Jason Chouinard
2173…Jason Downey
2179…Jason Gagnon
2174…Jason Haug
207…Jason Mah
2180…Jason Meahan
2171…Jason Moodie
2166…Jason Pantalone
6846…Jason Raymond
2168…Jason Riordon
3353…Jason Saunders
1113…Jason Stewart
781…Jason Verner
4222…Jason Walker
1391…Jaswant Singh
2181…Jay Lymer
1360…Jayme Pettit
2186…Jean Bouffard
2187…Jean Lacroix
2185…Jean Lapointe
4228…Jean Mcdonell
4229…Jean Wright
2189…Jean-Christophe Bund
2197…Jean-Francois Brideau
6851…Jean-Guy Perron
4234…Jean-Marc Gionet
2201…Jeanne Millons
4235…Jeanne Percival
389…Jeanne Robitaille
1159…Jeannie Daly
2202…Jeannine Bailliu
80…Jean-Philippe Dion
1249…Jean-Pierre Ch Nier
4236…Jean-Pierre Cote
2206…Jean-Pierre Morin
8019…Jean-Pierre Simard
3534…Jeff Bardell
2217…Jeff Frobel
5480…Jeff Hawn
5481…Jeff Hunt
214…Jeff Mccue
2208…Jeff Moore
6855…Jeff Ross
213…Jeff Smart
4238…Jeff Smart
4241…Jeff Stoss
217…Jeffery Vanderploeg
4243…Jeffrey English
4244…Jeffrey Lafontaine
2218…Jeffrey Macdonald
218…Jeffrey Smith
818…Jenna Blois
5484…Jenna Jessup
6856…Jenna Lacharity
606…Jenna Ladd
2231…Jennifer Adams
4258…Jennifer Balao
3712…Jennifer Balcom
6859…Jennifer Bergeron
711…Jennifer Beyak
2220…Jennifer Biondi
4964…Jennifer Blattman
1076…Jennifer Brenning
6001…Jennifer Bucknall
2222…Jennifer Clinton
4264…Jennifer Degouffe
6861…Jennifer Dumoulin
3616…Jennifer Fergusson
6862…Jennifer Harnden
2223…Jennifer Hartley
5046…Jennifer Hood
3718…Jennifer Leblanc
5493…Jennifer Lim
4265…Jennifer Mccabe
4263…Jennifer Moher
1349…Jennifer Moores
2228…Jennifer Morris
2229…Jennifer Morrison
6863…Jennifer Morse
4253…Jennifer Murphy
3539…Jennifer Nutt
4260…Jennifer Paul
2226…Jennifer Payne
5103…Jennifer Shortall
5485…Jennifer Stadler
2225…Jennifer Taillefer
6868…Jennifer Tighe
4262…Jennifer Tindale
4256…Jennifer Wenzel
16294…Jenny Koumoutsidis
4268…Jenny Lewis
219…Jeremy Irving
6872…Jeremy Kerr
2236…Jeremy Mansfield
2237…Jeremy Mcgee
5497…Jess Keller
4271…Jesse Blondin
4272…Jesse Craig
3559…Jessica Brown
2244…Jessica Devries
2250…Jessica Eamer
1252…Jessica Kight
5498…Jessica Lanouette
2243…Jessica Moss
2249…Jessica O'gorman
4275…Jessica Pancoe
6874…Jessica Roche
4273…Jessica Wilson
690…Jesula Drouillard
4278…Jez Fletcher
6877…Jf Fauteux
6878…Jian Wu
1026…Jill Ainsworth
5500…Jill Frook
4280…Jill Perry
4282…Jill Pomeroy
220…Jill Stapleton
4281…Jill Thompson
2253…Jill Turner
828…Jillian Osborne
120…Jim Carter
4287…Jim Hogan
2254…Jim Lothrop
6267…Jim Mcinnes
4285…Jim Steel
7643…Jimmy Cox
4304…Jo Lle Sabourin
4292…Joan Bard Miller
7380…Joan Carpini
5505…Joan Kam Cheong
6269…Joan Norgren
1181…Joan Tourangeau
6043…Jo-Ann Brault
6887…Joann Garbig
831…Jo-Anne Belliveau
6890…Joanne Bradley
5510…Jo-Anne Guimond
6271…Joanne Johnson
4298…Joanne Merrett
1155…Joanne Ritchie
2257…Joanne Schmid
3555…Jocelyn Kearney
71…Jodi Wendland
6895…Jodi Wilson
6896…Jody Bergen
2261…Jody Delwo
1132…Joe Gunn
2262…Joe Paraskevas
6898…Joel Allaert
2264…Joel Edwards
2265…Joel Elliott
2270…Joel Le Floch
6273…Joel Neuheimer
6900…Joel Pennycook
2267…Joel Weaver
668…Joel Westheimer
98…Joey Rogowy
6902…Johanne Dery
898…John Beaudoin
2281…John Bowen
3657…John Brady
2274…John Carson
2285…John Downey
2293…John Gillissie
2276…John Hamilton
5522…John Hawkins
3658…John Horvath
6280…John Leblanc
989…John Ledo
2273…John Lymer
2284…John Meikle
6904…John Mitchell
3709…John Oliver
4318…John Patrick Sloan
5519…John Pemberton
6905…John Rajman
2287…John Sobey
5520…John Sowiak
5518…John Swift
4312…John Sylvestre
222…John Timmermans
618…Johnathan Macdonald
3364…Jolene Savoie
4915…Jon Mcdougall
316…Jon Neill
2305…Jonathan Carreiro
2299…Jonathan Cox
4321…Jonathan Dawe
862…Jonathan Godin
226…Jonathan Moher
2298…Jonathan Murphy
4319…Jonathan Noynay
5024…Joni Ogawa
4325…Jonny Sullivan
2306…Jon-Rhys Evenchick
2307…Jordan Freed
6907…Jordan Mcleod
5524…Jordan Menzies
5527…Josee Boudreault
7510…Josee Bradley
628…Josee Picard
810…Josee Surprenant
2313…Joseph Kozar
2315…Joseph Smith
567…Josette Day
5964…Josh Larocque
6283…Josh Pringle
4330…Joshua Burrill
16271…Joshua Karanja
7511…Josip Basar
4332…Joy Halverson
2323…Joy Kim
390…Judah Leung
4937…Judy Patterson
7393…Judy Taylor
607…Julia Barss
2327…Julia Bernier
2330…Julia Bunny Fournier
6288…Julia Gardiner
5047…Juliann Castell
1198…Julie Burke
4341…Julie Croteau
2335…Julie Dale
3609…Julie Gourlay
5544…Julie Greenspoon
4344…Julie Laflamme
7392…Julie Lafleche
6923…Julie Laplante
3418…Julie Lefebvre
2331…Julie Murdock
2336…Julie Pickering
2333…Julie Rollwagen
1336…Julien Beauchamp
4346…Julien Bourgeois
7514…June Fawaz
602…Justin Ferns
964…Justin Laroche
6930…Kaari Hukkala
5548…Kaelen Bray
5549…Kaila Mctavish
4982…Kailena Van De Nes
2341…Kailey Mclachlan
5550…Kait Reeves
534…Kaitlin O'reilly
4348…Kammal Tannis
2345…Kara Meldrum
2344…Kara Mitchell
227…Karen Atkinson
5556…Karen Berrigan
6932…Karen Foss
2350…Karen Jardine
3697…Karen Jeffery
5558…Karen Ling
4945…Karen Marshall
5557…Karen Meades
4352…Karen Philpott
807…Karen Sauve
2347…Karen Streek
6938…Karen Timm
6939…Karen Welch
1220…Karine Circe
4362…Karl Blume
5562…Karl St-Hilaire
1182…Karyn Curtis
700…Kate Borowec
4365…Kate Corsten
4364…Kate Davis
5069…Kate Dickson
5026…Kate Lewis
2357…Kate Spellen
1303…Kate Swetnam
6058…Kate Thompson
4366…Katharine Chamberlain
822…Katharine Mullock
2360…Katherine Halhed
2361…Katherine Heath-Eves
6946…Katherine Liston
6947…Katherine Macdonald
5567…Katherine Venance
2366…Kathleen Beamish
2365…Kathleen Bright
2368…Kathleen Carter
2369…Kathleen Denny
2370…Kathleen Foran
2363…Kathleen Hart
5570…Kathleen Heap
7645…Kathleen Holloway Jun
5569…Kathleen Satterthwaite
6950…Kathlene Allen
3662…Kathryn Aubrey-Horvath
6951…Kathryn Burbridge
4368…Kathryn Galvin
5095…Kathy Lewis
6955…Kathy Norris
802…Kathy O'brien
4371…Kathy Suh
4372…Katie Mailhot
4374…Katie Stewart
6958…Katie Tottenham
1194…Katrina Isacsson
3529…Katy Harrison
3297…Kaveh Rikhtegar
6301…Kayla Gregg
6302…Kayt Render
91…Kazutoshi Nishizawa
2374…Keane Grimsrud
6960…Keiko Umemoto
5574…Keith Burnage
6963…Keith Mulligan
2376…Keith Pomakis
1291…Keith Savage
2380…Kel Doig
4379…Kelley Blanchette
6966…Kelly Boyko
6967…Kelly Cooper
2381…Kelly Debruyn
4385…Kelly Gray
4388…Kelly Hewitt
2384…Kelly Mckean
4381…Kelly Roberts
4386…Kelly Tchorewski
4382…Kelly Watters
2382…Kelly Whitty
5581…Kelsey Clark
6308…Kelvin Chan
2387…Ken Backer
6526…Ken Brough
2388…Ken Fong
671…Ken Gibson
229…Ken Grant
4392…Ken Macinnes
1009…Ken Mcnair
6309…Kendall Miller
5584…Kenneth Buajitti
6969…Kent Daboll
3505…Kerry Nolan
2407…Kevin Briggs
911…Kevin Dulude
6975…Kevin Germundson
2401…Kevin Huber
2410…Kevin Mercer
575…Kevin O'brien
2398…Kevin Semeniuk
118…Kevin Wickens
7519…Kezia Martin
2412…Khanh Huynh
6981…Khorina Ou
6982…Khorithy Ou
2413…Kia Goutte
2414…Kien Ly
2417…Kim Baars
6983…Kim Benjamin
5589…Kim Leach
1337…Kim Moir
2418…Kim St-Denis
6051…Kim White
6010…Kim Wilson
5164…Kimberly Rennie
7648…Kirstin Doull
4410…Kitdapawn E
750…Kiza Francis
3452…Kp Mcnamara
2424…Kris Bulmer
2425…Krishna Sharma
2429…Krista Campbell
2426…Krista Gifford
730…Krista Lewis
684…Krista Macdonald
2433…Kristen Beausoleil
4415…Kristen Cairncross
6990…Kristiana Stevens
95…Kristin Le Saux-Farmer
6991…Kristin Macrae
4418…Kristina Beauchesne
4983…Kristina Dyck
4999…Kristine Joan Proudfoot
6315…Kristine Lee
3354…Kristine Simpson
2436…Kristy Belanger
4420…Krystal Hess
4421…Krystel Carrier-Sabourin
2437…Kumar Saha
2438…Kyle Biggar
2439…Kyle Gibbens
6995…Kyle Villenuve
6996…Kym Martin
4423…Kym Shouldice
6997…Kymberlee Lightowlers
4424…L. Pelly
3445…Laen Hanson
5603…Lam Pham
7521…Lamar Mason
2442…Lana Hochman
1298…Larry Chamney
2446…Laura Bayne
6318…Laura Carlone
3436…Laura Cluney
7005…Laura Conway
5082…Laura Forbes
6321…Laura Gover
5606…Laura Griffin
6530…Laura Grohn
5609…Laura Jane Johnson
6320…Laura May
5014…Laura Nichols
5610…Laureen Robinson-Skilliter
2447…Lauren Eyre
3719…Lauren Gamble
5433…Lauren Gouchie
6324…Lauren Kappius
7010…Laurence Ahoussou
7011…Laurent Dutrisac
608…Laurent Potiez
1158…Laurent Roy
5977…Laurie Bouolet
859…Laurie Cairns
7…Laurie Gorman
2448…Laurie Hardage
4431…Laurie Macleod-Kyd
5611…Laurie Maybury
5612…Laurie Maynard
2449…Laurie Meaney-Tobin
4429…Laurie Shusterman
589…Lawrence Wong
7013…Leah Andrews
717…Leah Carson
5615…Leah Syrie
5971…Lee Mccambley
5616…Lee Trainer
7015…Lee Wyndham
7017…Leigh Ann Butler
745…Leigh Howe
7016…Leigh Perreault
344…Leila Ahad
738…Lena Maione
5169…Lenore Macartney
7019…Leo Kadota
2455…Leo Murphy
4437…Leon Sutherland
484…Leona Crabb
1218…Les Woolsey
5618…Lesley Grignon
3360…Lesley Mackay
2456…Leslie Anne Bailliu
4440…Leslie Ashton
7022…Leslie Dauncey
766…Leslie Robertson
994…Lester Mundt
4441…Lexy Scott
3296…Leyla Di Cori
7024…Lia Pirili
2457…Liam Cleary
1346…Liam Kennedy
954…Lidnina Rodriguez
2458…Liisa Vexler
6068…Lillian Serrouya Thibault
4442…Lily Lemay
6501…Lina Seto
5620…Linda Descarie
1169…Linda Doyle
4450…Linda Ferguson
4446…Linda Hamelin
2460…Linda Lewis
7524…Linda Yusak
1332…Lindsay Grace
6332…Lindsay Gracey
5622…Lindsay Harrison
2464…Lindsay Walker
848…Lindsey Gresham
7526…Line Gosselin
2467…Line Robitaille
3303…Linsey Hollett
72…Lisa Balerna
6334…Lisa Bambrick
7030…Lisa Butler
4456…Lisa Dalla Rosa
7031…Lisa Duffett
795…Lisa Gibson
5625…Lisa Gorman
3547…Lisa Grison
3396…Lisa Hansen
7035…Lisa Julian
4457…Lisa Kawaguchi
4453…Lisa Murphy
2470…Lisa Phelan
5629…Lisa Pougnet
4452…Lisa Setlakwe
2474…Lisa-Marie Inman
7037…Lise Arseneau
3581…Lise Perrier
4459…Lissa Seymour
630…Lori Camilucci
5634…Lori Peckham
5633…Lori Swift
7528…Lorna Duguay
2481…Lorne Murdock
507…Lorne Schmidt
7045…Lorraine England
7530…Lou Descarie
2484…Louis Christophe Laurence
4465…Louis Jordon
232…Louis Tay
656…Louise Gresham
5976…Louise Morin
5640…Louise Rachlis
430…Luc Bentolila
638…Lucas Smith
3397…Luce Blouin
6344…Lucie Berthiaume
5643…Lucie Labelle
2488…Lucie Roberge
755…Lucie Villeneuve
997…Lucien Cattrysse
2489…Lucinda Jagger
7049…Lucy Macdonald
2494…Luvy Gonzalez
2495…Lydia Butler
7051…Lynda Cronin
7533…Lynda Weaver
2500…Lyndsey Hill
2502…Lynette Martin
3664…Lynn Diggins
3587…Lynn Marchildon
2504…Lynn Mclewin
5087…Lynn Nightingale
1086…Lynne Russell
2505…Lynne Smart
6346…Lyse Langevin
Minolta MC Rokkor 55mm 1.7.
Shot at f8.
Post production: crop (because of alignment), increase exposure + contrast + saturation.
When I was a child Oystercatchers were mainly a bird of the coast. Then they colonised river shingles and moved inland, then they spread out into the meadows and moorland. Even in the last few years I have noticed increasing numbers in the Peak District and Pennines. This one was nesting next to a moorland reservoir in the Peak District. The name Oystercatcher is a bit of a misnomer as they feed mainly on Cockles, Mussels and worms. But the name was first applied to the American Oystercatcher (by M Catesby in 1731), which does apparently eat oysters. The name then caught on in Britain and Linnaeus (1758) named it ostralegus which means oyster-eating. Speaking of misnomers it is in the genus Haematopus which means blood-footed, yet its legs and feet are pink.