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A farmer holds aloft a high-iron pearl millet variety ICTP 8203Fe that has been released as Dhanshakti (meaning prosperity and strength) in Maharashtra state of India. This variety was bred by ICRISAT as part of the HarvestPlus global program to improve nutrition. Photo: AS Rao (ICRISAT)
October 7, 2012 - Tokyo, Japan. Young girl answers attends an international festival in Tokyo to celebrate international cooperation. The World Bank partnered in the 2012 Global Festa event in advance of the 2012 Annual Meetings. People answer a World Bank's question that was posted online as part of an international campaign - "What Will It Take?".. to improve live, to create jobs, to end poverty. Photo: Simone D. McCourtie / World Bank
CORVALLIS, Ore. – Monarch butterfly populations have declined over recent decades due to degraded habitat, but Oregon landowners are making great strides to improve monarch habitat on private lands, with technical and financial assistance from the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). Milkweed is a critical component of monarch habitat because it’s the only plant on which they will lay their eggs, and it’s a vital food source for monarch caterpillars. Just one example of this partnership at work is the recent establishment of milkweed clusters on the E4 Ranch easement in Benton County, Oregon. Under this project, NRCS enrolled 192-acres of private land into a 30-year wetland easement in 2005. As part of the easement contract, NRCS and the USFWS provided financial and technical assistance to restore the site to its native wetland prairie condition. Before the restoration, the land was a flat pasture, filled with a single-species of grass for cattle grazing. Now, the site is a diverse landscape filled with native trees, plants, and shrubs—including pollinator habitat such as gumweed and milkweed. NRCS photo by Tracy Robillard.
Been improving alot since last rendering work; here I've applied bump mapping to the flooring, marble cladding and normal walls, added also reflection to almost every material in order to produce a photo-realistic result. After the rendering engine did its job, post-production came along pretty nice. With help of Photoshop, the image needed color correction, brightness and contrast adjustment and a little of color balance; after that glow effect was added.
After all the new stuff I learned, I'm considering to move to 3Ds Max, Lately SketchUp and Vray aren't meeting my expectations.
img233.imageshack.us/img233/2669/lobbyeastentrance.jpg <Larger version
By improving the way resources are managed, the Natural Resource Management Project aimed to improve livelihoods and alleviate poverty in conflict-affected communities of East Darfur in Sudan. The project sought to mitigate the potential for violence and improve living conditions by addressing three key areas: access to water, environmental policy and livelihoods.
Funded by the EU, the project was implemented in two phases in partnership with UN Environment (UNEP) and ZOA (an international relief and recovery organization), together with local partners, participating communities, customary institutions and the government.
UNOPS was the lead implementing agency for the project and was also responsible for constructing nine water yards. UNEP helped implement policies to guide the use of natural resources. ZOA, together with local partners, worked on capacity building to improve livelihoods and promote the use of more sustainable techniques for using natural resources.
The project has benefited more than 9,000 households in nine localities across the East Darfur State and has helped shape new legislation for natural resource management. The ‘Council Act for Coordination and Management of Natural Resource Policies for East Darfur State’ (2018), is the first of its kind in Sudan and provides a framework for the shared management of resources by both the state government and local communities.
© UNOPS/Elise Laker
Proyecto 365 - Día 4: Nunca rompas el silencio si no es para mejorarlo
Este año Papa Noel me ha dejado en casa un piano (Un objetivo Sony 24-70mm f/2.8 hubiera estado también bien) y estoy pasando las vacaciones recordando lo que aprendí de pequeño en el conservatorio. Por aquel entonces me quedé estudiando la Sonatina en Sol Mayor de Beethoven. Es increíble que después de 3 días practicando, mis manos recuerden como tocarla.
strobist info:
Cuarto patas arriba aprovechando que estoy solo en casa... un YN-460 cenital con un snoot y otro a la izquierda del atril para iluminar la pata de este. No estoy poniendo la información de la cámara porque doy por supuesto que sabemos mirar la info exif de la foto.
Este proyecto es para mejorar mi técnica fotográfica, tus comentarios/críticas serán muy bienvenidas!
Poseo otro perfil de flickr www.flickr.com/photos/1000io donde iré subiendo otras fotos fuera del proyecto.
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Project 365 - Day 4: Never break the silence, if not to improve
This year Santa Claus has left me at home a piano OMG! One Sony 24-70mm f/2.8 would have been nice. I'm spending the holiday remembering what I learned as a child in the music school. At that time I was studying the Sonatina in G Major by Beethoven. It's amazing that after 3 days practicing, my hands remember how to play it.
strobist info:
I'm alone at home so I've mess my room :) A zenith YN-460 with a snoot and one to the left of the stand to illuminate it. I'm not putting the information of the camera because I assume that we know where the exif info is...
This project is to improve my photographic technique, your comments are very welcome!
I have another flickr profile www.flickr.com/photos/1000io where I will upload more photos out of the project.
The second version of my Re Devil Samurai! I finally figured out how to upload on Flickr, so now I will be posting more soon!
COPYPASTE (formerly COPY&PASTE)is a conceptual magazine I did for my publication class. The main target audience is young, creative people. The magazine features articles about current design trends, artists and designers as well as lifestyle and pop culture.
issuu.com/vhuynh/docs/copypaste2011/19
Hope you enjoy. Yours truly :)
Seeking to improve low-speed and take-off/landing performance of the Su-7B fighter-bomber, in 1963 the Sukhoi OKB with input from TsAGI created a variable-sweep wing technology demonstrator. The Su-7IG (internal designation S-22I, NATO designation Fitter-B), converted from a production Su-7BM, had fixed inner portions of the wing with movable outer segments which could be swept to 28°, 45°, or 62°.[1] A fixed inner wing simplified construction, allowing the manufacturer to retain the Su-7 landing gear and avoiding the need for complex pivoting underwing hardpoints, and it minimized the shift in the center of pressure relative to the center of mass with change in wing sweep.[2] The new wing also had extensive leading-edge slats and trailing-edge flaps. Su-7IG first flew on 2 August 1966 with V. S. Ilyushin at the controls, becoming the first Soviet variable geometry aircraft.[2] Testing revealed that take-off and landing speeds had decreased by 50–60 km/h (27-32 kn, 31-37 mph) compared to the conventional Su-7.[2]
The production aircraft was named Su-17 (NATO designation 'Fitter-C', factory designation S-32) and was unofficially dubbed Strizh (Стриж, martlet) in service. Aside from the new wing, it differed from its predecessor Su-7 in having a new canopy and a dorsal fuselage spine for additional fuel and avionics. Su-17 first flew on 1 July 1969 with E. K. Kukushev at the controls.[2]
A total of 2,867 Su-17 and its variants were built, of which 1,165 were exported to 15 nations.[
Markets are an age-old way of bringing people together. USAID has supporting the construction and improvement of marketplaces to serve as peace dividend projects. Photo credit: Pact/Aernout Zevenbergen
Always trying to improve my Still Life photography. These are my latest efforts. I used a strobe light in a soft box with a honeycomb grid to the left of the compositions. Homemade textures used in post processing to create the Dutch Master look.
Licensed under a creative commons share-alike. Use freely but give attribution to DFW Scrum and link to dfwscrum.wordpress.com/
What: DFW Scrum User Group Meeting
When: TUE June 16 6:30PM-8:30PM CT (food provided)
Where: Improving Enterprises, Dallas, TX
How: Register Now
Cost: $ZERO (your time)
We are happy to announce the next DFW Scrum. We will holding this session on TUE June 16, 2009 at 6:30PM CT. Improving Enterprises has offered to host this event for us. After reviewing the topics that you wish to discuss and suggestions from the team meeting last month our topic will revolve around “Scrum Group Therapy”.
This will be a more informal meeting with a mixture of experience. So come with your issues or problems that faces you, your team, or your organization. We will band together and bounce ideas and suggestions around the group. We have planned to set our meeting dates to the 3rd TUE of each month to assist you in your planning efforts.
We welcome all roles (Product Owners, Scrum Masters, Scrum Team Members, and Stakeholders).
Licensed under a creative commons share-alike. Use freely but give attribution to DFW Scrum and link to dfwscrum.wordpress.com/
These photos are some of the NFSA's 'waifs and strays' - we don't know where they came from or what films they represent.
Can you help us identify them? If you recognise any of the actors (other than Fred Astaire), or if you know any of these films, please leave a comment on Facebook, or email media@nfsa.gov.au.
The NFSA has over three million items in the national collection. Our experts know a lot about most of them... but there are always exceptions, which is why we're asking for your help.
Any leads are useful. Together we can solve this mystery!
Your participation will allow us to improve our records. Thanks.
Improved housing for goats is one of the activities to improve goat management practices. In Angonia the even the goat houses are made of bricks! (photo credit: ILRI).
8 x 10 glossy of an WPA work crew busy at work. "5th Crane Ave" is written in the top margin in pencil. The back has a caption reading "Improving Crane Avenue, Dormont". Can't make out the plate to determine the state. Found in Ohio.
Improving the Business Climate and Supporting Private Sector Development
Moderator
Holger Muent
Director, Regional Head of Western Balkans, EBRD
Speakers
Ian Brown
Associate Director, Head of Bosnia & Herzegovina, EBRD
Gordan Milinic
Director, FIPA
Mirko Å aroviÄ
Minister of Foreign Trade and Economics, EBRD Governor, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Website Link:
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How can you connect your own personal bio-electromagnetic field directly into the Earth’s much larger and slower field in order to discharge high frequency energy that has entered into your field from the environment?
How can you use simple grounding technology help you beat jet lag, boost energy and catch up on years of lost sleep?
Today we are exploring the practice of connecting our body to the Earth’s magnetic field, which is a very low and steady 8hz charge, as this practice allows us to discharge all that high frequency energy that is flying around our environment, altering and distorting our body’s natural bio-electromagnetic field.
Grounding out high frequency energy from our field into the Earth can be done most directly by lying down on the grass, the forest floor or a sandy beach, though there is very simple and effective technology that can allow us to use the electrical grounding system inside any properly wired building in order to connect to the Earth’s balancing 8 Hz charge.
Of course, everyone knows that lying on the beach is incredibly relaxing and there’s been plenty of research into how the concentration of negative ions at the beach are so beneficial for our health because they donate electrons to our bio-electromagnetic field.
And we know that negative ions are produced in mass by the crashing water of the waves, so walking right by the breaking waves is where you get the freshest air. And this is also one reason you may be drawn to linger in the shower, because breathing in the negative ions from crashing water is just really refreshing…
But negative ions are not the only beneficial effect we get from the beach. Walking along the beach also helps our electrical body to connect to the low 8 Hz frequency of the Earth… and this is especially pronounced when you lay down on the beach for a while.
Have you ever laid down on the beach and gotten so relaxed that you get the sensation of feeling you’re actually like, magnetically stuck to the ground? Like the beach is literally holding you down, in a very pleasant and relaxing way, but you are going to have to really uhhhhhh! push! to get yourself up!
And I’m sure you have noticed that you also get very refreshed from laying on the beach like this, and also that if you get up too quickly from this deep relaxation, you feel groggy and a bit discombobulated…. but if you lay there long enough, you end up feeling deeply recharged.
Well, these effects are not due to negative ions but from being so directly connected to the Earth’s slowly oscillating 8 hz frequency.
This low frequency slows your electromagnetic field down immensely, which allows your body to literally “ground out” all those high frequencies that have entered into your field, such as and wifi’s standard 2.4 gigahertz frequency and cell phones with 4 and 5 gigahertz frequencies.
You know, there is an invisible sea of high frequency energy that we are swimming in all the time.
So grounding ourselves to the Earth by laying on the beach or the forest floor is a powerful natural remedy that can help us detoxify at the body’s electromagnetic level, and, as would make sense, this has a very powerful effect on our brain and our nervous system, both of which are highly electrical.
Seen from a more conventional medical perspective, grounding lets our autonomous nervous system drop into a very deep parasympathetic state, which helps to restore our foundation of centered focus, presence, clarity, and restores equilibrium to all the body’s systems.
To do an intention grounding practice, you can lay around on the beach and wait for grounding to happen naturally, but it’s actually pretty easy to do this consciously to speed up the process of grounding. You lay on the beach, on the grass, really anywhere on the earth is fine, and you can use a blanket or a towel to not get too dirty if you prefer, because the electromagnetic frequency of the Earth can definitely pass through fabric. Though having some direct skin contact is probably more effective.
In healthcare today, patients are not only looking for an accurate diagnosis, but for a positive imaging experience as well. After all, it’s bad enough to be sick. Patients shouldn’t be fearful about not feeling in control. Besides feeling safe and at ease, GE Healthcare is helping to make procedures more pleasant and comfortable by redefining the experience of having an MR exam.For more information, please visit: newsroom.gehealthcare.com/articles/improving-the-patient-...
File name: 10_03_001757a
Binder label: Stoves
Title: Adam & Westlake improved wire gauze, non-explosive oil stove, just the thing for camping purposes. (front)
Date issued: 1870-1900 (approximate)
Physical description: 1 print : lithograph ; 9 x 14 cm.
Genre: Advertising cards
Subject: Donkeys; Animals in human situations; Stoves; Hammocks (Furniture)
Notes: Title from item. Retailer: Davis, Wright & Co., Keene, N. H.
Statement of responsibility: The Adams & Westlake Mnf'g Co.
Collection: 19th Century American Trade Cards
Location: Boston Public Library, Print Department
Rights: No known restrictions.
How Much is Your Dead Body Worth?
When veteran broadcaster Alistair Cooke died in 2004 few suspected that he was yet to uncover his greatest story. What happened to his body as it lay in a funeral home would reveal a story of modern day grave robbery and helped smash a body-snatching ring that had made millions of dollars by chopping up and selling-off over 1000 bodies. Dead bodies have become big business.
Each year millions of people’s lives are improved by the use of tissue from the dead. Bodies are used to supply spare parts, and for surgeons to practice on.
Horizon investigates the medical revolution that has created an almost insatiable demand for body parts and uncovers the growing industry and grisly black market that supplies human bodies for a price.
Demand for body parts fuels booming trade
Like a gallon of gasoline, the price of a human leg is all about supply and demand.
And it’s a seller’s market.
“There’s a lot of money to be made on corpses,” said Joshua Slocum, executive director of the nonprofit Funeral Consumers Alliance. Over the past two decades, the tissue industry has exploded into a billion-dollar business, creating a huge demand for ligaments, tendons, bones and other valuable body parts. But there are simply not enough bodies as companies try to keep pace with an increasing number of procedures that use allografts, or cadaver tissue.
The tissue trade is complicated by a long-standing law that forbids the buying and selling of body parts. The law, however, hasn’t stopped people from doing just that every day.
Here’s how it works. Companies charge fees or “reasonable payments associated with the removal, transportation, implantation, processing, preservation, quality control and storage of a human organ,” according to the National Organ Transplant Act of 1984. But these fees are illusory, argues Michele Goodwin, author of “Black Markets: The Supply and Demand of Body Parts.”
“There’s such a markup that they’re really much more like a payment, not a nominal fee,” she said. “We are talking about business operations that have strict pecuniary interests.”
Money is being made hand (which goes for $350 to $850) over foot ($200 to $400 each), according to the new book “Body Brokers” by Annie Cheney.
But this is an industry unlike others, comprised of a hodgepodge of players, all of them angling to get tissue from the 20,000 people who donate their bodies a year. On one side of the industry sits for-profit companies that process the tissue. On the other, competing nonprofits such as tissue banks that make up the backbone of the industry.
. . . Marketplace dynamics have spurred a race to find suitable donors, and that can lead to trouble. Last year, a New Jersey firm called Biomedical Tissue Services was accused of plundering corpses and selling the parts without donor permission.
BTS has cast a dark shadow over the tissue trade but Goodwin says the case isn’t surprising. She believes there are many more instances of people illegally carving up bodies to fuel a booming trade. It’s supply and demand, she said. “That is how this industry works,” she said. “It’s like needing coal to keep the furnaces going but nobody is asking where the coal is coming from.”
The cost of body parts around the world
Kidneys
Last week, it was widely reported in the US that a suspect in a New Jersey corruption investigation told an undercover officer that he had been trading human organs for 10 years, and that the going price for a kidney was $150,000. It highlighted the notorious and illegal international trade for kidneys, with reports of organs being secured from donors in India and Pakistan for as little as $1,000-$2,000, only to be sold on for huge profit to recipients in the west. In theory, organs such as livers and spleens can also be harvested for saleable material, but reports of this are extremely rare.
File name: 10_03_001757b
Binder label: Stoves
Title: Adam & Westlake improved wire gauze, non-explosive oil stove, just the thing for camping purposes. (back)
Date issued: 1870-1900 (approximate)
Physical description: 1 print : lithograph ; 9 x 14 cm.
Genre: Advertising cards
Subject: Donkeys; Animals in human situations; Stoves; Hammocks (Furniture)
Notes: Title from item. Retailer: Davis, Wright & Co., Keene, N. H.
Statement of responsibility: The Adams & Westlake Mnf'g Co.
Collection: 19th Century American Trade Cards
Location: Boston Public Library, Print Department
Rights: No known restrictions.
Improved forages for boosted income in Vietnam. A farmer gathers cut forages planted next to her house to feed her livestock. Since using improved forages and better livestock management techniques, such as improving her livestock pen, she has significantly boosted her income.
Credit: ©2014CIAT/GeorginaSmith
Please credit accordingly and leave a comment when you use a CIAT photo.
For more info: ciat-comunicaciones@cgiar.org
Improved forages for boosted income in Vietnam. A farmer gathers cut forages planted next to her house to feed her livestock. Since using improved forages and better livestock management techniques, such as improving her livestock pen, she has significantly boosted her income.
Credit: ©2014CIAT/GeorginaSmith
Please credit accordingly and leave a comment when you use a CIAT photo.
For more info: ciat-comunicaciones@cgiar.org
Improved bush beans perform better than local varieties, but delivery systems to get them to farmers are key. Visit: www.pabra-africa.org Photo credit: Stephanie Malyon / CIAT
Felipe Massa, Formula-1 Ferrari driver
According to the Report of the United Nations Road Safety Collaboration (UNRSC) released by UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, 1.3 million people die each year in traffic related accidents and another 20-50 million people are injured mainly in developing countries around the world. As a result, Governments and individuals suffer an estimated USD 518 billion in global economic loss. Driver distraction and road-user behaviour, which includes “text messaging” and interfacing with in-vehicle navigation or communication systems while driving, are among the leading contributors to road traffic fatalities and injuries. Road traffic safety is a global concern not only for public health and injury prevention but also to improve efficiencies in traffic management as a means of combating the effects of climate change.
17 May 2013
ITU/ J.M. Planche
Uyole 03, an improved bean variety helping farmers improve their lives and empowering women, is the result of a joint effort by the government funded Uyole Agricultural Research Institute, with Technical backstopping from international research organizations such as the International Tropical Agriculture (IITA) CIAT, ICRISAT, Wageningen University, One Acre Fund and Farm inputs Promotions Services (FIPS) and support from the Tanzanian Government and Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Credit: ©2016CIAT/GeorginaSmith
Please credit accordingly and leave a comment when you use a CIAT photo.
For more info: ciat-comunicaciones@cgiar.org
Students show off their artworks during a class at a school in Rarotonga, Cook Islands. They are beneficiaries of the Internet Connectivity Project.
Read more on:
ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND, Md. (April 1, 2014) -- U.S. Army engineers' efforts to implement an improved coating for howitzer breech spindles will provide several benefits -- easing the logistical burden on Soldiers, reducing hazardous waste and saving millions of dollars.
Rust, wear and corrosion problems force the Army to condemn breech spindles before their full service lives. A team at the U.S. Army Research, Development and Engineering Command is leading a project to identify, validate, test and evaluate a solution.
Read more: go.usa.gov/KzMm
The chemical biological signatures team at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory are studying Bacillus anthracis Sterne cells to improve methods for sampling, cell purification, and proteomic analysis. Shown, are vegetative cells is visualized using confocal microscopy and antibody staining.
Terms of Use: Our images are freely and publicly available for use with the credit line, "Courtesy of Pacific Northwest National Laboratory." Please use provided caption information for use in appropriate context.
Just shows how much you can improve in 2 years!
For those of you who aren't long-timers on my channel, the 'old' is from the original LDW series (EP1 - The Return of Skaro) which will in 2 weeks tofay be celebrating its 2nd anniversary! The 'new' is from my LDW series I am currently working on (EP1 - Rise of the Daleks, roughly same story as the old episode - same goes for the series -, but improved and 4, rather than 5 episodes).
One more difference between the original series and this one, is that the original had the Matt Smith Doctor and Amy Pond, the new series has a future (13th-ish) Doctor, also his companion is a guy named Collin Edwards (introduced in EP2).
At some point I may do an 'Old VS. New' of the TARDIS exterior/interior.
Though this is a scene early on, I have done about 60/70% of the filming, for EP1. I need to do some on 2-4, if they're gonna come out weekly. :P
Let me know what you think!
Symposium on International Safeguards: Building Future Safeguards Capabilities
Panel on Improving Gender Balance: Science, Technology, Engineering and Math (STEM) Careers in Safeguards. IAEA Vienna, Austria. 5 November 2018
Photo Credit: Dean Calma
MODERATORS:
Jill Cooley, Senior Technical Advisor, Global Security Programme, Y-12 National Security Complex
Irmgard Niemeyer, Head of Nuclear Safeguards and Security, Forschungszentrum Julich
PANELISTS:
Agbab Amina Uthman, Head Safeguards Division, Senior Regulatory Officer, Nigerian Nuclear Regulatory Authority
Dua’a Al Jilani, Nuclear Safety Specialist, Jordan Atomic Energy Commission (JAEC)
Yetunde Aregbe, Team Leader Nuclear Safeguards, Unit G.2 – Standards for Nuclear Safety, Security and Safeguards, European Commission – Joint Research Centre, Geel Directorate G – Nuclear Safety and Security
Mina Golshan, Deputy Chief Inspector and Director, Office for Nuclear Regulation
Shoko Iso, Director, Project Promotion Division, Nuclear Material Control Center (NMCC)
Jennifer Sample, Senior Safeguards Accountancy Advisor, Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission
Nu Hoai Vi Nguyen, Vietnam Agency for Radiation and Nuclear Safety
Steam engine exhibits, vintage vehicles, heavy shire horses and rural crafts. Working rural displays on a 500-acre site including old time steam funfair. Widely recognised as the leading event of its type in the world with 2,000 exhibits, 800 trade stalls and over 220 full size steam engines. At over 600 acres, the show ground is one of Europe's largest outdoor event locations. Established in 1969, for the first 15 years of its existence the steam fair then known as ~ Stourpaine Steam Fair' ~ was held at Stourpaine Bushes, then in 1985 it temporarily moved to nearby Everley Hill, following a land dispute. In 1988, after 3 years at Everley Hill, where access by large crowds was difficult, it moved to its current permanent home at Tarrant Hinton, north of Blandford Forum, where access is vastly improved.
A speciality of the show is the display of traction engines and steam rollers performing the work for which they were designed. Such displays include heavy haulage, threshing, sawing logs, ploughing and road-making. The main arena of the show is purposely sited on the slope of a hill to allow both steam- and internal combustion-powered machinery to demonstrate their capacity for heavy load hauling. One of the main displays is the ~ Showman's Line up, in the vintage fairground section, which is thought to be the largest collection of showman's engines in the world.
Since 2003, the show has contracted its own radio station, Steam Fair FM, broadcasting 24 hours daily from the Saturday prior to the show, to the Monday following – 10 days in all. The station, which is also streamed on the internet, covers show news and views, weather and other relevant information with plenty of listener dedications and a format of Vintage Hits. During the event, the station is advertised on roads in the surrounding area and provides traffic news for drivers using the A354 Blandford to Salisbury road that passes the show site.
With 1,000 trade stands, 2,000 exhibitors and their families, together with our campers on the public campsites (5,000 caravans and tents) it is estimated that the population living on site amounts to 25,000 people at any one time.
Total number of people expected to see the show is in excess of 200,000.
An army of workers distribute and collect the 2,500 litter bins on site and 180/200 tonnes of rubbish is taken away each year.
Each year there are more than 300 paid staff and volunteers working during the five-day show period.
Each year we have 360,000 promotional brochures printed, 65,000 car window stickers and 50,000 posters. These are printed 10 months before the show and then distributed over the next few months all around the UK and to overseas destinations.
Due to planning regulations, actual site preparations do not begin until only 2 weeks before the event commences and we have just 10 days to clear the site afterwards and put it back to a working farm.
Over 2 miles of water piping is laid and over 3,100,000 litres of water is used during the show each year! 2,100,000 litres are used by the engines alone, along with 1,000,000 litres used for domestic and drinking purposes. 750,000 litres of all the water is brought onto site by tankers with a full time team of 6 workers during the show and for a week before.
Over 10 miles of electric cable are used with over 100 floodlights erected and 200 socket outlets placed. 30 large generators have to be hired each year and just one generator is powerful enough to supply electricity to a small village. Electricity has to be provided to 6 entertainment pavilions, 4 shower blocks and other marquees and to our administration and emergency services centre. they have 3 full time and one part time electricians on site.
Each year over 200 tonnes of coal are used.
Over 560 barrels of beer were drunk at last year’s show.
80 tonnes of wood will be cut in this year’s wood sawing section.
16 acres of corn is cut before the show starts by an old time binder with 10 large ricks erected in readiness for the threshing demonstrations. The reed from the demonstrations is then sold to local thatchers who use it on thatched cottages all over Dorset and the neighbouring counties.
International Development Secretary Alok Sharma learns about how UK aid is helping to improve trade times and costs at Modjo dry port.
Roba Mergessa, CEO of Ethiopia Shipping and Logistics Services Entreprises, explains the challenges of logistics in Ethiopia.
Credit: Anna Dubuis / DFID
First Minister Nicola Sturgeon launched plans for the Scottish Trauma Network, at Ninewells Hospital.
An additional £5 million will be allocated in 2017, to accelerate progress on the development of the new network.
It will be based around four major trauma centres in Aberdeen, Dundee, Glasgow and Edinburgh – with a view to benefiting around 6,000 of Scotland’s seriously injured patients each year
The First Minister met clinical staff from the Hospital who have been involved in the development of the new trauma network,
KADENA AIR BASE, OKINAWA, Japan (March 17, 2022) - U.S. Air Force Airmen from the 18th Wing, Kadena Air Base, Japan unload from a C-130J Super Hercules assigned to the 36th Airlift Squadron, Yokota Air Base, Japan in support of the aviation training relocation program, March 17, 2022. ATR is a result of the May 2006 United States-Japan roadmap for realignment implementation, a bilateral program aimed at increasing operational readiness and improving interoperability. (U.S. Air Force photo by Staff Sgt. Kyle Johnson) 220317-F-LQ965-0007
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Uyole 03, an improved bean variety helping farmers improve their lives and empowering women, is the result of a joint effort by the government funded Uyole Agricultural Research Institute, with Technical backstopping from international research organizations such as the International Tropical Agriculture (IITA) CIAT, ICRISAT, Wageningen University, One Acre Fund and Farm inputs Promotions Services (FIPS) and support from the Tanzanian Government and Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Credit: ©2016CIAT/GeorginaSmith
Please credit accordingly and leave a comment when you use a CIAT photo.
For more info: ciat-comunicaciones@cgiar.org
Capitol Reef National Park is an American national park in south-central Utah. The park is approximately 60 miles (97 km) long on its north–south axis and just 6 miles (9.7 km) wide on average. The park was established in 1971 to preserve 241,904 acres (377.98 sq mi; 97,895.08 ha; 978.95 km2) of desert landscape and is open all year, with May through September being the highest visitation months.
Partially in Wayne County, Utah, the area was originally named "Wayne Wonderland" in the 1920s by local boosters Ephraim P. Pectol and Joseph S. Hickman. Capitol Reef National Park was designated a national monument on August 2, 1937, by President Franklin D. Roosevelt to protect the area's colorful canyons, ridges, buttes, and monoliths; however, it was not until 1950 that the area officially opened to the public. Road access was improved in 1962 with the construction of State Route 24 through the Fremont River Canyon.
The majority of the nearly 100 mi (160 km) long up-thrust formation called the Waterpocket Fold—a rocky spine extending from Thousand Lake Mountain to Lake Powell—is preserved within the park. Capitol Reef is an especially rugged and spectacular segment of the Waterpocket Fold by the Fremont River. The park was named for its whitish Navajo Sandstone cliffs with dome formations—similar to the white domes often placed on capitol buildings—that run from the Fremont River to Pleasant Creek on the Waterpocket Fold. Locally, reef refers to any rocky barrier to land travel, just as ocean reefs are barriers to sea travel.
Capitol Reef encompasses the Waterpocket Fold, a warp in the earth's crust that is 65 million years old. It is the largest exposed monocline in North America. In this fold, newer and older layers of earth folded over each other in an S-shape. This warp, probably caused by the same colliding continental plates that created the Rocky Mountains, has weathered and eroded over millennia to expose layers of rock and fossils. The park is filled with brilliantly colored sandstone cliffs, gleaming white domes, and contrasting layers of stone and earth.
The area was named for a line of white domes and cliffs of Navajo Sandstone, each of which looks somewhat like the United States Capitol building, that run from the Fremont River to Pleasant Creek on the Waterpocket Fold.
The fold forms a north-to-south barrier that has barely been breached by roads. Early settlers referred to parallel impassable ridges as "reefs", from which the park gets the second half of its name. The first paved road was constructed through the area in 1962. State Route 24 cuts through the park traveling east and west between Canyonlands National Park and Bryce Canyon National Park, but few other paved roads invade the rugged landscape.
The park is filled with canyons, cliffs, towers, domes, and arches. The Fremont River has cut canyons through parts of the Waterpocket Fold, but most of the park is arid desert. A scenic drive shows park visitors some highlights, but it runs only a few miles from the main highway. Hundreds of miles of trails and unpaved roads lead into the equally scenic backcountry.
Fremont-culture Native Americans lived near the perennial Fremont River in the northern part of the Capitol Reef Waterpocket Fold around the year 1000. They irrigated crops of maize and squash and stored their grain in stone granaries (in part made from the numerous black basalt boulders that litter the area). In the 13th century, all of the Native American cultures in this area underwent sudden change, likely due to a long drought. The Fremont settlements and fields were abandoned.
Many years after the Fremont left, Paiutes moved into the area. These Numic-speaking people named the Fremont granaries moki huts and thought they were the homes of a race of tiny people or moki.
In 1872 Almon H. Thompson, a geographer attached to United States Army Major John Wesley Powell's expedition, crossed the Waterpocket Fold while exploring the area. Geologist Clarence Dutton later spent several summers studying the area's geology. None of these expeditions explored the Waterpocket Fold to any great extent.
Following the American Civil War, officials of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Salt Lake City sought to establish missions in the remotest niches of the Intermountain West. In 1866, a quasi-military expedition of Mormons in pursuit of natives penetrated the high valleys to the west. In the 1870s, settlers moved into these valleys, eventually establishing Loa, Fremont, Lyman, Bicknell, and Torrey.
Mormons settled the Fremont River valley in the 1880s and established Junction (later renamed Fruita), Caineville, and Aldridge. Fruita prospered, Caineville barely survived, and Aldridge died. In addition to farming, lime was extracted from local limestone, and uranium was extracted early in the 20th century. In 1904 the first claim to a uranium mine in the area was staked. The resulting Oyler Mine in Grand Wash produced uranium ore.
By 1920 no more than ten families at one time were sustained by the fertile flood plain of the Fremont River and the land changed ownership over the years. The area remained isolated. The community was later abandoned and later still some buildings were restored by the National Park Service. Kilns once used to produce lime are still in Sulphur Creek and near the campgrounds on Scenic Drive.
Local Ephraim Portman Pectol organized a "booster club" in Torrey in 1921. Pectol pressed a promotional campaign, furnishing stories to be sent to periodicals and newspapers. In his efforts, he was increasingly aided by his brother-in-law, Joseph S. Hickman, who was the Wayne County High School principal. In 1924, Hickman extended community involvement in the promotional effort by organizing a Wayne County-wide Wayne Wonderland Club. That same year, Hickman was elected to the Utah State Legislature.
In 1933, Pectol was elected to the presidency of the Associated Civics Club of Southern Utah, successor to the Wayne Wonderland Club. The club raised U.S. $150 (equivalent to $3,391 in 2022) to interest a Salt Lake City photographer in taking a series of promotional photographs. For several years, the photographer, J. E. Broaddus, traveled and lectured on "Wayne Wonderland".
In 1933, Pectol was elected to the legislature and almost immediately contacted President Franklin D. Roosevelt and asked for the creation of "Wayne Wonderland National Monument" out of the federal lands comprising the bulk of the Capitol Reef area. Federal agencies began a feasibility study and boundary assessment. Meanwhile, Pectol guided the government investigators on numerous trips and escorted an increasing number of visitors. The lectures of Broaddus were having an effect.
Roosevelt signed a proclamation creating Capitol Reef National Monument on August 2, 1937. In Proclamation 2246, President Roosevelt set aside 37,711 acres (15,261 ha) of the Capitol Reef area. This comprised an area extending about two miles (3 km) north of present State Route 24 and about 10 mi (16 km) south, just past Capitol Gorge. The Great Depression years were lean ones for the National Park Service (NPS), the new administering agency. Funds for the administration of Capitol Reef were nonexistent; it would be a long time before the first rangers would arrive.
Administration of the new monument was placed under the control of Zion National Park. A stone ranger cabin and the Sulphur Creek bridge were built and some road work was performed by the Civilian Conservation Corps and the Works Progress Administration. Historian and printer Charles Kelly came to know NPS officials at Zion well and volunteered to watchdog the park for the NPS. Kelly was officially appointed custodian-without-pay in 1943. He worked as a volunteer until 1950, when the NPS offered him a civil-service appointment as the first superintendent.
During the 1950s Kelly was deeply troubled by NPS management acceding to demands of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission that Capitol Reef National Monument be opened to uranium prospecting. He felt that the decision had been a mistake and destructive of the long-term national interest. It turned out that there was not enough ore in the monument to be worth mining.
In 1958 Kelly got additional permanent help in protecting the monument and enforcing regulations; Park Ranger Grant Clark transferred from Zion. The year Clark arrived, fifty-six thousand visitors came to the park, and Charlie Kelly retired for the last time.
During the 1960s (under the program name Mission 66), NPS areas nationwide received new facilities to meet the demand of mushrooming park visitation. At Capitol Reef, a 53-site campground at Fruita, staff rental housing, and a new visitor center were built, the latter opening in 1966.
Visitation climbed dramatically after the paved, all-weather State Route 24 was built in 1962 through the Fremont River canyon near Fruita. State Route 24 replaced the narrow Capitol Gorge wagon road about 10 mi (16 km) to the south that frequently washed out. The old road has since been open only to foot traffic. In 1967, 146,598 persons visited the park. The staff was also growing.
During the 1960s, the NPS purchased private land parcels at Fruita and Pleasant Creek. Almost all private property passed into public ownership on a "willing buyer-willing seller" basis.
Preservationists convinced President Lyndon B. Johnson to set aside an enormous area of public lands in 1968, just before he left office. In Presidential Proclamation 3888 an additional 215,056 acres (87,030 ha) were placed under NPS control. By 1970, Capitol Reef National Monument comprised 254,251 acres (102,892 ha) and sprawled southeast from Thousand Lake Mountain almost to the Colorado River. The action was controversial locally, and NPS staffing at the monument was inadequate to properly manage the additional land.
The vast enlargement of the monument and diversification of the scenic resources soon raised another issue: whether Capitol Reef should be a national park, rather than a monument. Two bills were introduced into the United States Congress.
A House bill (H.R. 17152) introduced by Utah Congressman Laurence J. Burton called for a 180,000-acre (72,800 ha) national park and an adjunct 48,000-acre (19,400 ha) national recreation area where multiple use (including grazing) could continue indefinitely. In the United States Senate, meanwhile, Senate bill S. 531 had already passed on July 1, 1970, and provided for a 230,000-acre (93,100 ha) national park alone. The bill called for a 25-year phase-out of grazing.
In September 1970, United States Department of Interior officials told a house subcommittee session that they preferred about 254,000 acres (103,000 ha) be set aside as a national park. They also recommended that the grazing phase-out period be 10 years, rather than 25. They did not favor the adjunct recreation area.
It was not until late 1971 that Congressional action was completed. By then, the 92nd United States Congress was in session and S. 531 had languished. A new bill, S. 29, was introduced in the Senate by Senator Frank E. Moss of Utah and was essentially the same as the defunct S. 531 except that it called for an additional 10,834 acres (4,384 ha) of public lands for a Capitol Reef National Park. In the House, Utah Representative K. Gunn McKay (with Representative Lloyd) had introduced H.R. 9053 to replace the dead H.R. 17152. This time, the House bill dropped the concept of an adjunct Capitol Reef National Recreation Area and adopted the Senate concept of a 25-year limit on continued grazing. The Department of Interior was still recommending a national park of 254,368 acres (102,939 ha) and a 10-year limit for grazing phase-out.
S. 29 passed the Senate in June and was sent to the House, which dropped its own bill and passed the Senate version with an amendment. Because the Senate was not in agreement with the House amendment, differences were worked out in Conference Committee. The Conference Committee issued its report on November 30, 1971, and the bill passed both houses of Congress. The legislation—'An Act to Establish The Capitol Reef National Park in the State of Utah'—became Public Law 92-207 when it was signed by President Richard Nixon on December 18, 1971.
The area including the park was once the edge of a shallow sea that invaded the land in the Permian, creating the Cutler Formation. Only the sandstone of the youngest member of the Cutler Formation, the White Rim, is exposed in the park. The deepening sea left carbonate deposits, forming the limestone of the Kaibab Limestone, the same formation that rims the Grand Canyon to the southwest.
During the Triassic, streams deposited reddish-brown silt that later became the siltstone of the Moenkopi Formation. Uplift and erosion followed. Conglomerate, followed by logs, sand, mud, and wind-transported volcanic ash, then formed the uranium-containing Chinle Formation.
The members of the Glen Canyon Group were all laid down in the middle- to late-Triassic during a time of increasing aridity. They include:
Wingate Sandstone: sand dunes on the shore of an ancient sea
Kayenta Formation: thin-bedded layers of sand deposited by slow-moving streams in channels and across low plains
Navajo Sandstone: huge fossilized sand dunes from a massive Sahara-like desert.
The Golden Throne. Though Capitol Reef is famous for white domes of Navajo Sandstone, this dome's color is a result of a lingering section of yellow Carmel Formation carbonate, which has stained the underlying rock.
The San Rafael Group consists of four Jurassic-period formations, from oldest to youngest:
Carmel Formation: gypsum, sand, and limey silt laid down in what may have been a graben that was periodically flooded by sea water
Entrada Sandstone: sandstone from barrier islands/sand bars in a near-shore environment
Curtis Formation: made from conglomerate, sandstone, and shale
Summerville Formation: reddish-brown mud and white sand deposited in tidal flats.
Streams once again laid down mud and sand in their channels, on lakebeds, and in swampy plains, creating the Morrison Formation. Early in the Cretaceous, similar nonmarine sediments were laid down and became the Dakota Sandstone. Eventually, the Cretaceous Seaway covered the Dakota, depositing the Mancos Shale.
Only small remnants of the Mesaverde Group are found, capping a few mesas in the park's eastern section.
Near the end of the Cretaceous period, a mountain-building event called the Laramide orogeny started to compact and uplift the region, forming the Rocky Mountains and creating monoclines such as the Waterpocket Fold in the park. Ten to fifteen million years ago, the entire region was uplifted much further by the creation of the Colorado Plateau. This uplift was very even. Igneous activity in the form of volcanism and dike and sill intrusion also occurred during this time.
The drainage system in the area was rearranged and steepened, causing streams to downcut faster and sometimes change course. Wetter times during the ice ages of the Pleistocene increased the rate of erosion.
There are more than 840 species of plants that are found in the park and over 40 of those species are classified as rare and endemic.
The closest town to Capitol Reef is Torrey, about 11 mi (18 km) west of the visitor center on Highway 24, slightly west of its intersection with Highway 12. Its 2020 population is less than 300. Torrey has a few motels and restaurants and functions as a gateway town to Capitol Reef National Park. Highway 12, as well as a partially unpaved scenic backway named the Burr Trail, provide access from the west through the Grand Staircase–Escalante National Monument and the town of Boulder.
A variety of activities are available to tourists, both ranger-led and self-guided, including auto touring, hiking, backpacking, camping, bicycling (on paved and unpaved roads only; no trails), horseback riding, canyoneering, and rock climbing. The orchards planted by Mormon pioneers are maintained by the National Park Service. From early March to mid-October, various fruit—cherries, apricots, peaches, pears, or apples—can be harvested by visitors for a fee.
A hiking trail guide is available at the visitor center for both day hikes and backcountry hiking. Backcountry access requires a free permit.
Numerous trails are available for hiking and backpacking in the park, with fifteen in the Fruita District alone. The following trails are some of the most popular in the park:
Cassidy Arch Trail: a very steep, strenuous 3.5 mi (5.6 km) round trip that leads into the Grand Wash to an overlook of the Cassidy Arch.
Hickman Bridge Trail: a 2 mi (3.2 km) round trip leading to the natural bridge.
Frying Pan Trail: an 8.8 mi (14.2 km) round trip that passes the Cassidy Arch, Grand Wash, and Cohab Canyon.
Brimhall Natural Bridge: a popular, though strenuous, 4.5 mi (7.2 km) round trip with views of Brimhall Canyon, the Waterpocket Fold, and Brimhall Natural Bridge.
Halls Creek Narrows: 22 mi (35 km) long and considered strenuous, with many side canyons and creeks; typically hiked as a 2-3 day camping trip.
Visitors may explore several of the main areas of the park by private vehicle:
Scenic Drive: winds through the middle of the park, passing the major points of interest; the road is accessible from the visitor center to approximately 2 mi (3.2 km) into the Capitol Gorge.
Notom-Bullfrog Road: traverses the eastern side of the Waterpocket Fold, along 10 mi (16 km) of paved road, with the remainder unpaved.
Cathedral Road: an unpaved road through the northern areas of the park, that traverses Cathedral Valley, passing the Temples of the Sun and Moon.
The primary camping location is the Fruita campground, with 71 campsites (no water, electrical, or sewer hookups), and restrooms without bathing facilities. The campground also has group sites with picnic areas and restrooms. Two primitive free camping areas are also available.
Canyoneering is growing in popularity in the park. It is a recreational sport that takes one through slot canyons. It involves rappelling and may require swimming and other technical rope work. Day-pass permits are required for canyoneering in the park, and can be obtained for free from the visitor's center or through email. It's key to know that each route requires its own permit. If one is planning on canyoneering for multiple days, passes are required for each day. Overnight camping as part of the canyoneering trip is permitted, but one must request a free backcountry pass from the visitor center.
It is imperative to plan canyoneering trips around the weather. The Colorado Plateau is susceptible to flash flooding during prime rainy months. Because canyoneering takes place through slot canyons, getting caught in a flash flood could be lethal. Take care to consult reliable weather sources. The Weather Atlas shows charts with the monthly average rainfall in inches.
Another risk to be aware of during the summer months is extreme heat. Visitors can find weather warnings on the National Weather Service website. The heat levels are detailed by a color and numerical scale (0-4).
One of the most popular canyoneering routes in Capitol Reef National Park is Cassidy Arch Canyon. A paper by George Huddart, details the park's commitment to working with citizens to maintain the route as well as the vegetation and rocks. The canyon route is approximately 2.3 miles long (0.4 miles of technical work), consisting of 8 different rappels, and takes between 2.5 and 4.5 hours to complete. The first rappel is 140 ft and descends below the famous Cassidy Arch.
Utah is a landlocked state in the Mountain West subregion of the Western United States. It borders Colorado to its east, Wyoming to its northeast, Idaho to its north, Arizona to its south, and Nevada to its west. Utah also touches a corner of New Mexico in the southeast. Of the fifty U.S. states, Utah is the 13th-largest by area; with a population over three million, it is the 30th-most-populous and 11th-least-densely populated. Urban development is mostly concentrated in two areas: the Wasatch Front in the north-central part of the state, which is home to roughly two-thirds of the population and includes the capital city, Salt Lake City; and Washington County in the southwest, with more than 180,000 residents. Most of the western half of Utah lies in the Great Basin.
Utah has been inhabited for thousands of years by various indigenous groups such as the ancient Puebloans, Navajo, and Ute. The Spanish were the first Europeans to arrive in the mid-16th century, though the region's difficult geography and harsh climate made it a peripheral part of New Spain and later Mexico. Even while it was Mexican territory, many of Utah's earliest settlers were American, particularly Mormons fleeing marginalization and persecution from the United States via the Mormon Trail. Following the Mexican–American War in 1848, the region was annexed by the U.S., becoming part of the Utah Territory, which included what is now Colorado and Nevada. Disputes between the dominant Mormon community and the federal government delayed Utah's admission as a state; only after the outlawing of polygamy was it admitted in 1896 as the 45th.
People from Utah are known as Utahns. Slightly over half of all Utahns are Mormons, the vast majority of whom are members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), which has its world headquarters in Salt Lake City; Utah is the only state where a majority of the population belongs to a single church. A 2023 paper challenged this perception (claiming only 42% of Utahns are Mormons) however most statistics still show a majority of Utah residents belong to the LDS church; estimates from the LDS church suggests 60.68% of Utah's population belongs to the church whilst some sources put the number as high as 68%. The paper replied that membership count done by the LDS Church is too high for several reasons. The LDS Church greatly influences Utahn culture, politics, and daily life, though since the 1990s the state has become more religiously diverse as well as secular.
Utah has a highly diversified economy, with major sectors including transportation, education, information technology and research, government services, mining, multi-level marketing, and tourism. Utah has been one of the fastest growing states since 2000, with the 2020 U.S. census confirming the fastest population growth in the nation since 2010. St. George was the fastest-growing metropolitan area in the United States from 2000 to 2005. Utah ranks among the overall best states in metrics such as healthcare, governance, education, and infrastructure. It has the 12th-highest median average income and the least income inequality of any U.S. state. Over time and influenced by climate change, droughts in Utah have been increasing in frequency and severity, putting a further strain on Utah's water security and impacting the state's economy.
The History of Utah is an examination of the human history and social activity within the state of Utah located in the western United States.
Archaeological evidence dates the earliest habitation of humans in Utah to about 10,000 to 12,000 years ago. Paleolithic people lived near the Great Basin's swamps and marshes, which had an abundance of fish, birds, and small game animals. Big game, including bison, mammoths and ground sloths, also were attracted to these water sources. Over the centuries, the mega-fauna died, this population was replaced by the Desert Archaic people, who sheltered in caves near the Great Salt Lake. Relying more on gathering than the previous Utah residents, their diet was mainly composed of cattails and other salt tolerant plants such as pickleweed, burro weed and sedge. Red meat appears to have been more of a luxury, although these people used nets and the atlatl to hunt water fowl, ducks, small animals and antelope. Artifacts include nets woven with plant fibers and rabbit skin, woven sandals, gaming sticks, and animal figures made from split-twigs. About 3,500 years ago, lake levels rose and the population of Desert Archaic people appears to have dramatically decreased. The Great Basin may have been almost unoccupied for 1,000 years.
The Fremont culture, named from sites near the Fremont River in Utah, lived in what is now north and western Utah and parts of Nevada, Idaho and Colorado from approximately 600 to 1300 AD. These people lived in areas close to water sources that had been previously occupied by the Desert Archaic people, and may have had some relationship with them. However, their use of new technologies define them as a distinct people. Fremont technologies include:
use of the bow and arrow while hunting,
building pithouse shelters,
growing maize and probably beans and squash,
building above ground granaries of adobe or stone,
creating and decorating low-fired pottery ware,
producing art, including jewelry and rock art such as petroglyphs and pictographs.
The ancient Puebloan culture, also known as the Anasazi, occupied territory adjacent to the Fremont. The ancestral Puebloan culture centered on the present-day Four Corners area of the Southwest United States, including the San Juan River region of Utah. Archaeologists debate when this distinct culture emerged, but cultural development seems to date from about the common era, about 500 years before the Fremont appeared. It is generally accepted that the cultural peak of these people was around the 1200 CE. Ancient Puebloan culture is known for well constructed pithouses and more elaborate adobe and masonry dwellings. They were excellent craftsmen, producing turquoise jewelry and fine pottery. The Puebloan culture was based on agriculture, and the people created and cultivated fields of maize, beans, and squash and domesticated turkeys. They designed and produced elaborate field terracing and irrigation systems. They also built structures, some known as kivas, apparently designed solely for cultural and religious rituals.
These two later cultures were roughly contemporaneous, and appear to have established trading relationships. They also shared enough cultural traits that archaeologists believe the cultures may have common roots in the early American Southwest. However, each remained culturally distinct throughout most of their existence. These two well established cultures appear to have been severely impacted by climatic change and perhaps by the incursion of new people in about 1200 CE. Over the next two centuries, the Fremont and ancient Pueblo people may have moved into the American southwest, finding new homes and farmlands in the river drainages of Arizona, New Mexico and northern Mexico.
In about 1200, Shoshonean speaking peoples entered Utah territory from the west. They may have originated in southern California and moved into the desert environment due to population pressure along the coast. They were an upland people with a hunting and gathering lifestyle utilizing roots and seeds, including the pinyon nut. They were also skillful fishermen, created pottery and raised some crops. When they first arrived in Utah, they lived as small family groups with little tribal organization. Four main Shoshonean peoples inhabited Utah country. The Shoshone in the north and northeast, the Gosiutes in the northwest, the Utes in the central and eastern parts of the region and the Southern Paiutes in the southwest. Initially, there seems to have been very little conflict between these groups.
In the early 16th century, the San Juan River basin in Utah's southeast also saw a new people, the Díne or Navajo, part of a greater group of plains Athabaskan speakers moved into the Southwest from the Great Plains. In addition to the Navajo, this language group contained people that were later known as Apaches, including the Lipan, Jicarilla, and Mescalero Apaches.
Athabaskans were a hunting people who initially followed the bison, and were identified in 16th-century Spanish accounts as "dog nomads". The Athabaskans expanded their range throughout the 17th century, occupying areas the Pueblo peoples had abandoned during prior centuries. The Spanish first specifically mention the "Apachu de Nabajo" (Navaho) in the 1620s, referring to the people in the Chama valley region east of the San Juan River, and north west of Santa Fe. By the 1640s, the term Navaho was applied to these same people. Although the Navajo newcomers established a generally peaceful trading and cultural exchange with the some modern Pueblo peoples to the south, they experienced intermittent warfare with the Shoshonean peoples, particularly the Utes in eastern Utah and western Colorado.
At the time of European expansion, beginning with Spanish explorers traveling from Mexico, five distinct native peoples occupied territory within the Utah area: the Northern Shoshone, the Goshute, the Ute, the Paiute and the Navajo.
The Spanish explorer Francisco Vázquez de Coronado may have crossed into what is now southern Utah in 1540, when he was seeking the legendary Cíbola.
A group led by two Spanish Catholic priests—sometimes called the Domínguez–Escalante expedition—left Santa Fe in 1776, hoping to find a route to the California coast. The expedition traveled as far north as Utah Lake and encountered the native residents. All of what is now Utah was claimed by the Spanish Empire from the 1500s to 1821 as part of New Spain (later as the province Alta California); and subsequently claimed by Mexico from 1821 to 1848. However, Spain and Mexico had little permanent presence in, or control of, the region.
Fur trappers (also known as mountain men) including Jim Bridger, explored some regions of Utah in the early 19th century. The city of Provo was named for one such man, Étienne Provost, who visited the area in 1825. The city of Ogden, Utah is named for a brigade leader of the Hudson's Bay Company, Peter Skene Ogden who trapped in the Weber Valley. In 1846, a year before the arrival of members from the Church of Jesus Christ of latter-day Saints, the ill-fated Donner Party crossed through the Salt Lake valley late in the season, deciding not to stay the winter there but to continue forward to California, and beyond.
Members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, commonly known as Mormon pioneers, first came to the Salt Lake Valley on July 24, 1847. At the time, the U.S. had already captured the Mexican territories of Alta California and New Mexico in the Mexican–American War and planned to keep them, but those territories, including the future state of Utah, officially became United States territory upon the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, February 2, 1848. The treaty was ratified by the United States Senate on March 10, 1848.
Upon arrival in the Salt Lake Valley, the Mormon pioneers found no permanent settlement of Indians. Other areas along the Wasatch Range were occupied at the time of settlement by the Northwestern Shoshone and adjacent areas by other bands of Shoshone such as the Gosiute. The Northwestern Shoshone lived in the valleys on the eastern shore of Great Salt Lake and in adjacent mountain valleys. Some years after arriving in the Salt Lake Valley Mormons, who went on to colonize many other areas of what is now Utah, were petitioned by Indians for recompense for land taken. The response of Heber C. Kimball, first counselor to Brigham Young, was that the land belonged to "our Father in Heaven and we expect to plow and plant it." A 1945 Supreme Court decision found that the land had been treated by the United States as public domain; no aboriginal title by the Northwestern Shoshone had been recognized by the United States or extinguished by treaty with the United States.
Upon arriving in the Salt Lake Valley, the Mormons had to make a place to live. They created irrigation systems, laid out farms, built houses, churches, and schools. Access to water was crucially important. Almost immediately, Brigham Young set out to identify and claim additional community sites. While it was difficult to find large areas in the Great Basin where water sources were dependable and growing seasons long enough to raise vitally important subsistence crops, satellite communities began to be formed.
Shortly after the first company arrived in the Salt Lake Valley in 1847, the community of Bountiful was settled to the north. In 1848, settlers moved into lands purchased from trapper Miles Goodyear in present-day Ogden. In 1849, Tooele and Provo were founded. Also that year, at the invitation of Ute chief Wakara, settlers moved into the Sanpete Valley in central Utah to establish the community of Manti. Fillmore, Utah, intended to be the capital of the new territory, was established in 1851. In 1855, missionary efforts aimed at western native cultures led to outposts in Fort Lemhi, Idaho, Las Vegas, Nevada and Elk Mountain in east-central Utah.
The experiences of returning members of the Mormon Battalion were also important in establishing new communities. On their journey west, the Mormon soldiers had identified dependable rivers and fertile river valleys in Colorado, Arizona and southern California. In addition, as the men traveled to rejoin their families in the Salt Lake Valley, they moved through southern Nevada and the eastern segments of southern Utah. Jefferson Hunt, a senior Mormon officer of the Battalion, actively searched for settlement sites, minerals, and other resources. His report encouraged 1851 settlement efforts in Iron County, near present-day Cedar City. These southern explorations eventually led to Mormon settlements in St. George, Utah, Las Vegas and San Bernardino, California, as well as communities in southern Arizona.
Prior to establishment of the Oregon and California trails and Mormon settlement, Indians native to the Salt Lake Valley and adjacent areas lived by hunting buffalo and other game, but also gathered grass seed from the bountiful grass of the area as well as roots such as those of the Indian Camas. By the time of settlement, indeed before 1840, the buffalo were gone from the valley, but hunting by settlers and grazing of cattle severely impacted the Indians in the area, and as settlement expanded into nearby river valleys and oases, indigenous tribes experienced increasing difficulty in gathering sufficient food. Brigham Young's counsel was to feed the hungry tribes, and that was done, but it was often not enough. These tensions formed the background to the Bear River massacre committed by California Militia stationed in Salt Lake City during the Civil War. The site of the massacre is just inside Preston, Idaho, but was generally thought to be within Utah at the time.
Statehood was petitioned for in 1849-50 using the name Deseret. The proposed State of Deseret would have been quite large, encompassing all of what is now Utah, and portions of Colorado, Idaho, Nevada, Wyoming, Arizona, Oregon, New Mexico and California. The name of Deseret was favored by the LDS leader Brigham Young as a symbol of industry and was derived from a reference in the Book of Mormon. The petition was rejected by Congress and Utah did not become a state until 1896, following the Utah Constitutional Convention of 1895.
In 1850, the Utah Territory was created with the Compromise of 1850, and Fillmore (named after President Fillmore) was designated the capital. In 1856, Salt Lake City replaced Fillmore as the territorial capital.
The first group of pioneers brought African slaves with them, making Utah the only place in the western United States to have African slavery. Three slaves, Green Flake, Hark Lay, and Oscar Crosby, came west with this first group in 1847. The settlers also began to purchase Indian slaves in the well-established Indian slave trade, as well as enslaving Indian prisoners of war. In 1850, 26 slaves were counted in Salt Lake County. Slavery didn't become officially recognized until 1852, when the Act in Relation to Service and the Act for the relief of Indian Slaves and Prisoners were passed. Slavery was repealed on June 19, 1862, when Congress prohibited slavery in all US territories.
Disputes between the Mormon inhabitants and the federal government intensified after the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints' practice of polygamy became known. The polygamous practices of the Mormons, which were made public in 1854, would be one of the major reasons Utah was denied statehood until almost 50 years after the Mormons had entered the area.
After news of their polygamous practices spread, the members of the LDS Church were quickly viewed by some as un-American and rebellious. In 1857, after news of a possible rebellion spread, President James Buchanan sent troops on the Utah expedition to quell the growing unrest and to replace Brigham Young as territorial governor with Alfred Cumming. The expedition was also known as the Utah War.
As fear of invasion grew, Mormon settlers had convinced some Paiute Indians to aid in a Mormon-led attack on 120 immigrants from Arkansas under the guise of Indian aggression. The murder of these settlers became known as the Mountain Meadows massacre. The Mormon leadership had adopted a defensive posture that led to a ban on the selling of grain to outsiders in preparation for an impending war. This chafed pioneers traveling through the region, who were unable to purchase badly needed supplies. A disagreement between some of the Arkansas pioneers and the Mormons in Cedar City led to the secret planning of the massacre by a few Mormon leaders in the area. Some scholars debate the involvement of Brigham Young. Only one man, John D. Lee, was ever convicted of the murders, and he was executed at the massacre site.
Express riders had brought the news 1,000 miles from the Missouri River settlements to Salt Lake City within about two weeks of the army's beginning to march west. Fearing the worst as 2,500 troops (roughly 1/3rd of the army then) led by General Albert Sidney Johnston started west, Brigham Young ordered all residents of Salt Lake City and neighboring communities to prepare their homes for burning and evacuate southward to Utah Valley and southern Utah. Young also sent out a few units of the Nauvoo Legion (numbering roughly 8,000–10,000), to delay the army's advance. The majority he sent into the mountains to prepare defenses or south to prepare for a scorched earth retreat. Although some army wagon supply trains were captured and burned and herds of army horses and cattle run off no serious fighting occurred. Starting late and short on supplies, the United States Army camped during the bitter winter of 1857–58 near a burned out Fort Bridger in Wyoming. Through the negotiations between emissary Thomas L. Kane, Young, Cumming and Johnston, control of Utah territory was peacefully transferred to Cumming, who entered an eerily vacant Salt Lake City in the spring of 1858. By agreement with Young, Johnston established the army at Fort Floyd 40 miles away from Salt Lake City, to the southwest.
Salt Lake City was the last link of the First Transcontinental Telegraph, between Carson City, Nevada and Omaha, Nebraska completed in October 1861. Brigham Young, who had helped expedite construction, was among the first to send a message, along with Abraham Lincoln and other officials. Soon after the telegraph line was completed, the Deseret Telegraph Company built the Deseret line connecting the settlements in the territory with Salt Lake City and, by extension, the rest of the United States.
Because of the American Civil War, federal troops were pulled out of Utah Territory (and their fort auctioned off), leaving the territorial government in federal hands without army backing until General Patrick E. Connor arrived with the 3rd Regiment of California Volunteers in 1862. While in Utah, Connor and his troops soon became discontent with this assignment wanting to head to Virginia where the "real" fighting and glory was occurring. Connor established Fort Douglas just three miles (5 km) east of Salt Lake City and encouraged his bored and often idle soldiers to go out and explore for mineral deposits to bring more non-Mormons into the state. Minerals were discovered in Tooele County, and some miners began to come to the territory. Conner also solved the Shoshone Indian problem in Cache Valley Utah by luring the Shoshone into a midwinter confrontation on January 29, 1863. The armed conflict quickly turned into a rout, discipline among the soldiers broke down, and the Battle of Bear River is today usually referred to by historians as the Bear River Massacre. Between 200 and 400 Shoshone men, women and children were killed, as were 27 soldiers, with over 50 more soldiers wounded or suffering from frostbite.
Beginning in 1865, Utah's Black Hawk War developed into the deadliest conflict in the territory's history. Chief Antonga Black Hawk died in 1870, but fights continued to break out until additional federal troops were sent in to suppress the Ghost Dance of 1872. The war is unique among Indian Wars because it was a three-way conflict, with mounted Timpanogos Utes led by Antonga Black Hawk fighting federal and Utah local militia.
On May 10, 1869, the First transcontinental railroad was completed at Promontory Summit, north of the Great Salt Lake. The railroad brought increasing numbers of people into the state, and several influential businessmen made fortunes in the territory.
Main article: Latter Day Saint polygamy in the late-19th century
During the 1870s and 1880s, federal laws were passed and federal marshals assigned to enforce the laws against polygamy. In the 1890 Manifesto, the LDS Church leadership dropped its approval of polygamy citing divine revelation. When Utah applied for statehood again in 1895, it was accepted. Statehood was officially granted on January 4, 1896.
The Mormon issue made the situation for women the topic of nationwide controversy. In 1870 the Utah Territory, controlled by Mormons, gave women the right to vote. However, in 1887, Congress disenfranchised Utah women with the Edmunds–Tucker Act. In 1867–96, eastern activists promoted women's suffrage in Utah as an experiment, and as a way to eliminate polygamy. They were Presbyterians and other Protestants convinced that Mormonism was a non-Christian cult that grossly mistreated women. The Mormons promoted woman suffrage to counter the negative image of downtrodden Mormon women. With the 1890 Manifesto clearing the way for statehood, in 1895 Utah adopted a constitution restoring the right of women's suffrage. Congress admitted Utah as a state with that constitution in 1896.
Though less numerous than other intermountain states at the time, several lynching murders for alleged misdeeds occurred in Utah territory at the hand of vigilantes. Those documented include the following, with their ethnicity or national origin noted in parentheses if it was provided in the source:
William Torrington in Carson City (then a part of Utah territory), 1859
Thomas Coleman (Black man) in Salt Lake City, 1866
3 unidentified men at Wahsatch, winter of 1868
A Black man in Uintah, 1869
Charles A. Benson in Logan, 1873
Ah Sing (Chinese man) in Corinne, 1874
Thomas Forrest in St. George, 1880
William Harvey (Black man) in Salt Lake City, 1883
John Murphy in Park City, 1883
George Segal (Japanese man) in Ogden, 1884
Joseph Fisher in Eureka, 1886
Robert Marshall (Black man) in Castle Gate, 1925
Other lynchings in Utah territory include multiple instances of mass murder of Native American children, women, and men by White settlers including the Battle Creek massacre (1849), Provo River Massacre (1850), Nephi massacre (1853), and Circleville Massacre (1866).
Beginning in the early 20th century, with the establishment of such national parks as Bryce Canyon National Park and Zion National Park, Utah began to become known for its natural beauty. Southern Utah became a popular filming spot for arid, rugged scenes, and such natural landmarks as Delicate Arch and "the Mittens" of Monument Valley are instantly recognizable to most national residents. During the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s, with the construction of the Interstate highway system, accessibility to the southern scenic areas was made easier.
Beginning in 1939, with the establishment of Alta Ski Area, Utah has become world-renowned for its skiing. The dry, powdery snow of the Wasatch Range is considered some of the best skiing in the world. Salt Lake City won the bid for the 2002 Winter Olympics in 1995, and this has served as a great boost to the economy. The ski resorts have increased in popularity, and many of the Olympic venues scattered across the Wasatch Front continue to be used for sporting events. This also spurred the development of the light-rail system in the Salt Lake Valley, known as TRAX, and the re-construction of the freeway system around the city.
During the late 20th century, the state grew quickly. In the 1970s, growth was phenomenal in the suburbs. Sandy was one of the fastest-growing cities in the country at that time, and West Valley City is the state's 2nd most populous city. Today, many areas of Utah are seeing phenomenal growth. Northern Davis, southern and western Salt Lake, Summit, eastern Tooele, Utah, Wasatch, and Washington counties are all growing very quickly. Transportation and urbanization are major issues in politics as development consumes agricultural land and wilderness areas.
In 2012, the State of Utah passed the Utah Transfer of Public Lands Act in an attempt to gain control over a substantial portion of federal land in the state from the federal government, based on language in the Utah Enabling Act of 1894. The State does not intend to use force or assert control by limiting access in an attempt to control the disputed lands, but does intend to use a multi-step process of education, negotiation, legislation, and if necessary, litigation as part of its multi-year effort to gain state or private control over the lands after 2014.
Utah families, like most Americans everywhere, did their utmost to assist in the war effort. Tires, meat, butter, sugar, fats, oils, coffee, shoes, boots, gasoline, canned fruits, vegetables, and soups were rationed on a national basis. The school day was shortened and bus routes were reduced to limit the number of resources used stateside and increase what could be sent to soldiers.
Geneva Steel was built to increase the steel production for America during World War II. President Franklin D. Roosevelt had proposed opening a steel mill in Utah in 1936, but the idea was shelved after a couple of months. After the attack on Pearl Harbor, the United States entered the war and the steel plant was put into progress. In April 1944, Geneva shipped its first order, which consisted of over 600 tons of steel plate. Geneva Steel also brought thousands of job opportunities to Utah. The positions were hard to fill as many of Utah's men were overseas fighting. Women began working, filling 25 percent of the jobs.
As a result of Utah's and Geneva Steels contribution during the war, several Liberty Ships were named in honor of Utah including the USS Joseph Smith, USS Brigham Young, USS Provo, and the USS Peter Skene Ogden.
One of the sectors of the beachhead of Normandy Landings was codenamed Utah Beach, and the amphibious landings at the beach were undertaken by United States Army troops.
It is estimated that 1,450 soldiers from Utah were killed in the war.