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LGSPA Implementation Team after a role playing exercise during the Strategic Planning Workshop, 2007.
Old equipment seen at the coffee plantation. Just on the outskirts of San Sebastian, this coffee plantation has been in operation for a couple of hundred years. They harvest 25K coffee trees located on 10 acres. All the beans are picked by hand. When the roasting oven is opened at the end of a roasting cycle the aroma is incredible.
The town of San Sebastian del Oeste located in the Sierra mountains at an elevation of 4856 ft. The town was only connected by road in the 1950's prior to that it was either fly in or suffer a 5 day mule trip! As a consequence of it's isolation the town retains the character of a Spanish Colonial village,: one of the few remaining unchanged examples in Mexico.
San Sebastián was founded as a mining town in 1605 during the Spanish colonial period. Gold, silver and lead were mined around the area. More than 25 mines and a number of foundries had been established by 1785. The town was declared a city in 1812 and reached a peak population of some 20,000 people by 1900. The prosperity of the city declined after the revolution of 1910. Approximately 600 people reside there today.
Hyperinflation
Hyperinflation is a very high and typically accelerating inflation. It quickly erodes the real value of the local currency, as the prices of all goods increase. This causes people to minimize their holdings in that currency as they usually switch to more stable foreign currencies.
Effective capital controls and currency substitution ("dollarization") are the orthodox solutions to ending short-term hyperinflation; however there are significant social and economic costs to these policies.
Ineffective implementations of these solutions often exacerbate the situation. Many governments choose to attempt to solve structural issues without resorting to those solutions, with the goal of bringing inflation down slowly while minimizing social costs of further economic shocks.
Unlike low inflation, where the process of rising prices is protracted and not generally noticeable except by studying past market prices, hyperinflation sees a rapid and continuing increase in nominal prices, the nominal cost of goods, and in the supply of currency.
Hyperinflation is often associated with some stress to the government budget, such as wars or their aftermath, sociopolitical upheavals, or other crises that make it difficult for the government to collect tax revenue.
A sharp decrease in real tax revenue, coupled with a strong need to maintain government spending, together with an inability or unwillingness to borrow, can lead a country into hyperinflation.
-- Causes of Hyperinflation
Almost all hyperinflations have been caused by government budget deficits financed by currency creation. A necessary condition for hyperinflation is the use of paper money instead of gold or silver coins.
Monetarist theories hold that hyperinflation occurs when there is a continuing (and often accelerating) rapid increase in the amount of money that is not supported by a corresponding growth in the output of goods and services.
The increases in price that can result from rapid money creation can create a vicious circle, requiring ever growing amounts of new money creation to fund government deficits. Hence both monetary inflation and price inflation proceed at a rapid pace.
Such rapidly increasing prices make the local population unwilling to hold the local currency as it rapidly loses its buying power. Instead, they quickly spend any money they receive, which increases the velocity of money flow; this in turn causes further acceleration in prices. This means that the increase in the price level is greater than that of the money supply.
This results in an imbalance between the supply and demand for the money (including currency and bank deposits), causing rapid inflation. Very high inflation rates can result in a loss of confidence in the currency, similar to a bank run.
Governments have sometimes resorted to excessively loose monetary policy, as it allows a government to devalue its debts and reduce (or avoid) a tax increase. Monetary inflation is effectively a flat tax on creditors that also redistributes proportionally to private debtors.
It might be wondered why any rational government would engage in actions that cause or continue hyperinflation. One reason for such actions is that often the alternative to hyperinflation is either depression or military defeat.
-- The Effects of Hyperinflation
Hyperinflation increases stock market prices, wipes out the purchasing power of private and public savings, distorts the economy in favor of the hoarding of real assets, causes the monetary base, and makes the afflicted area anathema to investment, although foreigners can live cheaply and buy at low prices.
It follows that governments that do not succeed in engineering a successful currency reform in time must finally legalize the stable foreign currencies (or, formerly, gold and silver) that threaten to fully substitute the inflating money.
Otherwise, their tax revenues, including the inflation tax, will approach zero. The last episode of hyperinflation in which this process could be observed was in Zimbabwe in the first decade of the 21st. century; in this case, the local money was mainly driven out by the US dollar and the South African rand.
Much attention on hyperinflation centers on the effect on savers whose investments become worthless. Interest rate changes often cannot keep up with hyperinflation or even high inflation, certainly with contractually fixed interest rates.
For example, in the 1970's in the United Kingdom inflation reached 25% per annum, yet interest rates did not rise above 15%—and then only briefly—and many fixed interest rate loans existed.
Contractually, there is often no bar to a debtor clearing his long term debt with "hyperinflated cash", nor could a lender simply somehow suspend the loan. Contractual "early redemption penalties" were (and still are) often based on a penalty of n months of interest/payment; again no real bar to paying off what had been a large loan.
In interwar Germany, for example, much private and corporate debt was effectively wiped out—certainly for those holding fixed interest rate loans.
As more and more money is provided, interest rates decline towards zero. Realizing that paper money is losing value, investors will try to place money in assets such as real estate, stocks, even art; as these appear to represent "real" value. This potentially spiraling process will ultimately lead to the collapse of the monetary system.
-- Ending Hyperinflation
Hyperinflation is ended by drastic remedies, such as slashing government expenditures or altering the currency basis. One form this may take is dollarization, the use of a foreign currency (not necessarily the U.S. dollar) as a national unit of currency.
An example was dollarization in Ecuador, initiated in September 2000 in response to a 75% loss of value of the Ecuadorian sucre in early 2000. Usually the "dollarization" takes place in spite of all efforts of the government to prevent it by exchange controls, heavy fines and penalties.
There have been at least seven historical cases in which the good (foreign) money did fully drive out the use of the inflating currency. In the end, the government had to legalize the former, for otherwise its revenues would have fallen to zero.
-- Effects of Hyperinflation on Currency
In countries experiencing hyperinflation, the central bank often prints money in larger and larger denominations as the smaller denomination notes become worthless. This can result in the production of unusually large denominations of banknotes, including those denominated in amounts of 1,000,000,000 or more.
By late 1923, the Weimar Republic of Germany was issuing two-trillion mark banknotes, and postage stamps with a face value of fifty billion marks. The highest value banknote issued by the Weimar government's Reichsbank had a face value of 100 trillion marks (100,000,000,000,000; 100 million million).
At the height of the inflation, one US dollar was worth 4 trillion German marks. One of the firms printing these notes submitted an invoice for the work to the Reichsbank for 32,776,899,763,734,490,417.05 (3.28 × 1019, roughly 33 quintillion) marks.
The largest denomination banknote ever officially issued for circulation was in 1946 by the Hungarian National Bank for the amount of 100 quintillion pengő (100,000,000,000,000,000,000; 100 million million million). If a shopkeeper insisted on being paid in the old pengős, the customer would have had to produce a column of pengo notes that would have been over 3,156 billion miles high.
The Post-World War II hyperinflation of Hungary held the record for the most extreme monthly inflation rate ever – 41.9 quadrillion percent (4.19×1016%; 41,900,000,000,000,000%) for July 1946, amounting to prices doubling every 15.3 hours.
One way to avoid the use of large numbers is by declaring a new unit of currency. (As an example, instead of 10,000,000,000 dollars, a central bank might set 1 new dollar = 1,000,000,000 old dollars, so the new note would read "10 new dollars".)
One example of this is Turkey's revaluation of the lira on the 1st. January 2005, when the old Turkish lira was converted to the new Turkish lira at a rate of 1,000,000 old to 1 new lira.
Governments may try to disguise the true rate of inflation through a variety of techniques. If these actions do not address the root causes of inflation they may undermine trust in the currency, causing further increases in inflation.
Price controls will generally result in shortages and hoarding and extremely high demand for the controlled goods, causing disruptions of supply chains. Products available to consumers may diminish or disappear as businesses no longer find it economic to continue producing such goods at the legal prices, further exacerbating the shortages.
There are also issues with computerized money-handling systems. In Zimbabwe, during the hyperinflation of the Zimbabwe dollar, many automated teller machines and payment card machines struggled with arithmetic overflow errors as customers required many billions and trillions of dollars at one time.
-- Hyperinflation in Germany (Weimar Republic)
By November 1922, the value in gold of money in circulation had fallen from £300 million before the Great War to £20 million. The Reichsbank responded by the unlimited printing of notes, thereby accelerating the devaluation of the mark.
In his report to London, Lord D'Abernon wrote:
"In the whole course of history,
no dog has ever run after its
own tail with the speed of the
Reichsbank."
Germany went through its worst inflation in 1923. In 1922, the highest denomination was 50,000 marks. By 1923, the highest denomination was 100,000,000,000,000 marks.
In December 1923 the exchange rate was 4,200,000,000,000 marks to 1 US dollar. In 1923, the rate of inflation hit 3.25×106 percent per month (prices double every two days).
Beginning on the 20th. November 1923, 1,000,000,000,000 (1 trillion) marks were exchanged for 1 Rentenmark, so that RM 4.2 was worth 1 US dollar, exactly the same rate the mark had in 1914.
-- The Two Phases of German Hyperinflation
-- First phase
Start and end date: January 1920 – January 1920
Rate of inflation: 56.9%
-- Second phase:
Start and end date: August 1922 – December 1923
Peak month and rate of inflation: November 1923, 29,525%.
Photos from CTA's workshop on "Implementing climate-smart solutions for next-generation ACP agriculture", from 22-25 January 2019, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Quevedo, 30 de Julio del 2014
BOLETIN DE PRENSA Nº 115
Proponen implementar nuevo modelo de gestión
La posibilidad de apoyar a la Municipalidad con respecto a la implementación de un nuevo modelo de gestión que permita servir adecuadamente a los ciudadanos, fue motivo del encuentro que mantuvo el alcalde Jorge Domínguez López y Paulo Rodríguez, presidente de la Compañía Estratégicas Públicas Andinos. La cita se dio en el despacho de la Alcaldía, donde participó la Eco. Rocío Coba directora de Planificación Municipal y otros funcionarios del Cabildo.
Lo tratado tiene relación al desarrollo local, cumpliendo a lo estipulado en la Constitución, en el Plan del Buen Vivir, COOTAD y otras leyes, las cuales otorgan competencias a los gobiernos autónomos descentralizados y las capacidades a desarrollarse pensando siempre en brindar los mejores servicios a los ciudadanos en calidad, calidez y eficiencia, a fin de que las personas sientan que sus necesidades sean satisfechas, acotó Rodríguez.
Añadió que existe buena disposición por parte del primer personero municipal para la innovación e implementación de nuevos modelos de gestión estableciendo una relación diferente hacia los ciudadanos.
Lcdo. Yoner Piuri Hurtado
RELACIONADOR PÚBLICO
José Ortega Garay
Redacción
Yavya Jain
BFA Industrial Design 2023
Copper, shells
The dining implements aim to challenge the eating experience- slowing down the process of consumption and promoting mindful practices. The playful nature of the tools prompt you to use your mind and body while inviting conversations with the people around you.
This project was created in collaboration with Steinbeisser- an Experimental Gastronomy initiative based in Amsterdam.
Iraq Presents the National Report on the Implementation of Iraq National Action Plan for United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325 on Women, Peace and Security
Baghdad, 16 December 2018 – Iraq Cross Sector Task Force for the Implementation of the United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325 on women, peace and security presented today in Baghdad Iraq’s first report on the implementation of the National Action Plan (NAP) on UNSCR 1325.
The event was organized under the patronage of Prime Minister Adel Abdul Mahdi. Participants included, Dr. Mahdi Al-Alaq, Secretary-General of the Council of Ministers and Chair of the Cross-Sector Task Force, Dr. Thikra Alloush, Chairperson of the National Committee on the Advancement of Iraqi Women, Ms. Jalal Amal representative of the High Council for Women Affairs, Kurdistan Regional Government, members of the Cross-Sector Task Force, MPs, members of provincial councils, diplomatic corps, international organizations, civil society, women activists and human rights defenders as well UN officials.
The Report was presented by Ms. Suzan Aref, Coordinator of Cross Sector Task Force, and Mr. Qasem Alzamili, Head of the Secretariat of Cross Sector Task Force.
Speaking on behalf of UNAMI, Ms. Nono Mmabatlharo Dihemo, Senior Gender Advisor, welcomed the presentation of Iraq’s first report on the implementation of the National Action Plan on UNSCR 1325. “The report highlights the gaps, challenges and provide the recommendations and necessary guidance for the development of the second plan,” said Ms. Dihemo.
“While we commend this development, as well as the Iraqi federal Government and the Kurdistan Regional Government for their concerted efforts and strong coordination towards the implementation of the National Action Plan on women, peace and security, Iraq’s ability to implement its 1325 National Action Plan will be dependent on allocation of a budget and implementation of related national frameworks including the Joint Communique to address Conflict Related Sexual Violence”.
The UN is still advocating for a national machinery or entity on women’s affairs with adequate budget, human resources to coordinate the implementation of all national frameworks advancing women’s rights. “As we have highlighted before, on our part, we will continue our advocacy for immediate progress, but also for long-term reforms to structural barriers that inhibit the full and meaningful representation and participation of women in political decision-making. A lot of work remains to be done on the participation and protection pillar. Adoption of the Anti-Domestic Law as well as laws or policies that to enhance the representation of women in the Cabinet, Judiciary and other spheres of governance,” said Ms. Dihemo.
Photos by UNAMI PIO.
South Africa.
Eastern Cape, Graaff-Reinet
Graaff-Reinet Museum or “Reinet House”
The museum houses a fine array of period furniture and kitchen utensils, doll collection, medical and dental collection, haberdashery and clothing collection, wagon and transport collection as well as a blacksmith collection.
5 June 2017 - Peter Thomson, President of the 71st session of the General Assembly, speaks at a side event on ;Implementing Agenda 2030: Initiating Global Action on Ghost Gear during The Ocean Conference at the UN.
©OPGA/ Ariana Lindquist
Ministerio de la Producción y Municipalidad de Lima firman un convenio de Cooperación Interinstitucional, con el fin de implementar mecanismos de coordinación, interacción, cooperación y reciprocidad en cuatro ejes: producción, comercio, proyectos y terrazas gastronómicas.
La firma de un convenio para implementar el primer instituto de excelencia en Apurímac y la entrega de un lote de tabletas que beneficiará a varios colegios de la región fueron algunas de las actividades que el ministro de Educación, Daniel Alfaro, realizó hoy viernes en su visita a la ciudad de Abancay.
Fotos: Prensa Minedu
Part of our tour of the Armory gave us a glimpse into their storage spaces, where the various tools of their particular trade are kept. Creative folks, you have to give them that.
15-08-20 Ministro Carlos Estremadoyro realizó viaje de trabajo a la región Cusco a fin de reunirse con autoridades locales e implementar medidas de acción frente al #Covid' 19.
The ‘Global NDC Conference 2017: integrated governance, finance and transparency for delivering climate goals’ took place in Berlin, Germany, from 2 – 6 May 2017. The conference was jointly organized by the LEDS GP, the GIZ Support Project for the Implementation of the Paris Agreement (SPA), and the UNDP Low Emission Capacity Building (LECB) Programme, in collaboration with the NDC Partnership.
Find out more about the Conference here: ledsgp.org/2017/05/global-ndc-conference-2017-integrated-...
Find out more about LEDS GP at www.ledsgp.org
I don't know what the function of this implement was, maybe to pick up hay?
The wagon is to be pulled by tractor, but the works are chain driven.
Horse and Harness Culture Gallery, Inner Mongolia Museum, Hohhot, China. Complete indexed photo collection at WorldHistoryPics.com.
The ‘Global NDC Conference 2017: integrated governance, finance and transparency for delivering climate goals’ took place in Berlin, Germany, from 2 – 6 May 2017. The conference was jointly organized by the LEDS GP, the GIZ Support Project for the Implementation of the Paris Agreement (SPA), and the UNDP Low Emission Capacity Building (LECB) Programme, in collaboration with the NDC Partnership.
Find out more about the Conference here: ledsgp.org/2017/05/global-ndc-conference-2017-integrated-...
Find out more about LEDS GP at www.ledsgp.org
The ‘Global NDC Conference 2017: integrated governance, finance and transparency for delivering climate goals’ took place in Berlin, Germany, from 2 – 6 May 2017. The conference was jointly organized by the LEDS GP, the GIZ Support Project for the Implementation of the Paris Agreement (SPA), and the UNDP Low Emission Capacity Building (LECB) Programme, in collaboration with the NDC Partnership.
Find out more about the Conference here: ledsgp.org/2017/05/global-ndc-conference-2017-integrated-...
Find out more about LEDS GP at www.ledsgp.org
Photos from CTA's workshop on "Implementing climate-smart solutions for next-generation ACP agriculture", from 22-25 January 2019, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Farm implements at the side of the runway on Wisley Airfield, Ockham, Surrey looking south into a sky full of darkness and light.
Taken as part of a tuition session on using a wide angle lens and filters
Dr. Akinwumi Adesina, President, African Development Bank Group having a group picture with Harinder Kohli, Founding Director, President, and CEO of Centennial Group International; Prof. Justin Yifu Lin, Honorary Dean and Professor, Peking University; Dr. Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, Chairperson, GAVI Alliance Board; and Mr. Lars Thurnell, Chairman, Global Water Development Partners during the Annual Meetings 2017 - Day 2 - Special Panel on Accelerating Implementation of the Bank’s Ten Years Strategy with the High 5s Agenda and on the ADF Policy Lab on May 23, 2017, at Mahatma Mandir Exhibition-cum-Convention Centre in Ahmedabad, India.
Detail of memorial window to the Deck family. By Edward Woore in St Peter's church, Westleton, Suffolk.
Brand Implementation Silver winner Beetroot Design Group from Greece for their work "45th Dimitra Festival", together with Audrius Klimas LGDA and ceremony host Ugne Skonsmanaite
Under the "Quick Impact Skills Development for Adolescents affected by the Syrian Refugee," a UNICEF project implemented by ANERA, a three days training took place in North Lebanon under the title "Windows to Health."
This training was conducted by ANERA's health team, gathered 31 trainee from different partner associations in the Palestinian Refugee camps in North Lebanon.
The training addressed Youth Related Health Issues focusing on water and sanitation topics, entailing group work, exercises and applied activities.
The participants showed interest and improved knowledge and skills on health issues, calling on more trainings to take place in the north.
A ceremony of certificate distribution, concluded the training in the presence of UNICEF staff.
Dima Zayat, ANERA's health manager adds: " More health trainings will take place in the Bekaa, South and Beirut, any project focusing on developing or relief, needs to have a health component as the first pillar of development."
See the video beneath to learn how the adjustable hand gripper is implemented.
Whether you are a long time wrestler, or you play an instrument professionally, or you are a basketball player, if you want to improve your finger strength the Archer adjustable use forearm and hand exerciser can help you. The finger exercise equipment will help you if you are needing hand therapy exercises. Or, if you just want to improve your grip, the Archer multi-use six-in-one finger and hand exercise equipment can help you. The Archer multiple-use hand grip strengthener can supplement or even replace the Gripmaster and captain of crush grippers finger, hand, and forearm exerciser . If you suffer from rheumatoid arthritis symptoms in the hands, or you want to build your grip, the Archer multi-use six-in-one forearm and hand exercise equipment is for you.
[www.youtube.com/watch?v=oJ5DDDETwKk/increasing-grip-stren...]