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Victoria Bridge, Old Railway Bridge Located a few miles from Strabane, County Tyrone, Northern Ireland, UK
A very historic and untouched part of the country with this amazing 100 year old iron steam train Rail Bridge and this tranquil riverside path leading alongside.
When I sometimes get stressed I like to stroll it all away here. Its much more effective than any medication.
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Well, yes that was exactly!! The “Keukenhof Effect”, again!! On my Soul, Mind, and Body, my Creativity, my Inspiration, my inward and outward Joy!! Wow!!
Feeling joyfully and….. childfully all alone amidst those happy crowds of humans, plants, trees, blooms, waters, birds… Hm,…. Yes! An extremely positive effect on me, the dreamer Nature photographer, paying one more time, one more year, Homage to my Beloved Tulip Park of Holland! My Beloved Keukenhof Park!!
I thank from the bottom of my heart all those inspired AND professionals, Gardeners, Designers, Garden Architects and Landscapers, who have worked SO creatively in harmonious teams, in order to create once again this Uplifting Wonder amidst those magical landscapes !! And, of course, I thank THE Creator and His Painters for those Nature Miracles I witnessed while I was walking around and around, again and again, capturing non-stop with my camera the wonders my eyes were witnessing …What a total UP-liftement, indeed!!
Budapest, Hungary.
MÁJUS 21-ÉN, PÉNTEKEN KIÁLLÍTÁSOM NYÍLIK SZÉKESFÉHÉRVÁRON, AZ ÖREGHEGYEN. GYERTEK! :)
++++++ FROM WIKIPEDIA ++++++
Kathmandu (/ˌkætmænˈduː/;[2] Nepali: काठमाडौँ, Nepali pronunciation: [ˈkaʈʰmaɳɖu]) is the capital and largest city of Nepal, with a population of around 1 million. Also known as the city of temples, the city stands at an elevation of approximately 1,400 metres (4,600 feet) above sea level in the bowl-shaped Kathmandu valley in central Nepal. The valley was historically called the "Nepal Mandala" and has been the home of the Newar people, a cosmopolitan urban civilization in the Himalayan foothills. The city was the royal capital of the Kingdom of Nepal and hosts palaces, mansions and gardens of the Nepalese aristocracy. It has been home to the headquarters of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) since 1985. Today, it is the seat of government of the Nepalese republic, established in 2008, and is part of the Bagmati Province.
Kathmandu is and has been for many years the centre of Nepal's history, art, culture, and economy. It has a multi-ethnic population within a Hindu and Buddhist majority. Religious and cultural festivities form a major part of the lives of people residing in Kathmandu. Tourism is an important part of the economy in the city. In 2013, Kathmandu was ranked third among the top ten upcoming travel destinations in the world by TripAdvisor, and ranked first in Asia. The city is considered the gateway to the Nepalese Himalayas and is home to several world heritage sites: the Durbar Square, Swayambhunath, Boudhanath and Pashupatinath. Kathmandu valley is growing at 4 percentange per year according to the World Bank in 2010, making it one of the fastest-growing metropolitan areas in South Asia, and the first region in Nepal to face the unprecedented challenges of rapid urbanization and modernization at a metropolitan scale.
Historic areas of Kathmandu were severely damaged by a 7.8 magnitude earthquake in April 2015. Some of the buildings have been restored while some remain in the process of reconstruction.
Etymology
The indigenous Newari term for Kathmandu valley is Yen. The Nepali name Kathmandu comes from Kasthamandap, which stood in the Durbar Square. In Sanskrit, Kāṣṭha (Sanskrit: काष्ठ) means "Wood" and Maṇḍapa (Sanskrit: मण्डप) means "Pavilion". This public pavilion, also known as Maru Satta in Newari, was rebuilt in 1596 by Biseth in the period of King Laxmi Narsingh Malla. The three-storey structure was made entirely of wood and used no iron nails nor supports. According to legends, all the timber used to build the pagoda was obtained from a single tree.[4] The structure collapsed during a major earthquake in April 2015.
The colophons of ancient manuscripts, dated as late as the 20th century, refer to Kathmandu as Kāṣṭhamaṇḍap Mahānagar in Nepal Mandala. Mahānagar means "great city". The city is called Kāṣṭhamaṇḍap in a vow that Buddhist priests still recite to this day. Thus, Kathmandu is also known as Kāṣṭhamaṇḍap. During medieval times, the city was sometimes called Kāntipur (Sanskrit: कान्तिपुर). This name is derived from two Sanskrit words – Kānti and Pur. Kānti is a word that stands for "beauty" and is mostly associated with light and Pur means place, thus giving it the meaning, "City of light".
Among the indigenous Newar people, Kathmandu is known as Yeṃ Deśa (Nepal Bhasa: येँ देश), and Patan and Bhaktapur are known as Yala Deśa (Nepal Bhasa: यल देश) and Khwopa Deśa (Nepal Bhasa: ख्वप देश) respectively.[5] "Yen" is the shorter form of Yambu (Nepal Bhasa: यम्बु), which originally referred to the northern half of Kathmandu. The older northern settlements were referred to as Yambi while the southern settlement was known as Yangala.[6][7]
The spelling "Katmandu" was often used in older English-language text. More recently, however, the spelling "Kathmandu" has become more common in English.
History
Archaeological excavations in parts of Kathmandu have found evidence of ancient civilizations. The oldest of these findings is a statue, found in Maligaon, that was dated at 185 AD.[9] The excavation of Dhando Chaitya uncovered a brick with an inscription in Brahmi script. Archaeologists believe it is two thousand years old.[9] Stone inscriptions are a ubiquitous element at heritage sites and are key sources for the history of Nepal.
The earliest Western reference to Kathmandu appears in an account of Jesuit Fathers the Portuguese Jesuit, Fr. Joao Cabral who passed through the Kathmandu Valley in the spring of 1628 [10]and was received graciously by the king of that time, probably King Lakshminarasimha Malla of Kathmandu on their way from Tibet to India,[11] and reported that they reached "Cadmendu", the capital of Nepal kingdom.[12]
Ancient history
The ancient history of Kathmandu is described in its traditional myths and legends. According to Swayambhu Purana, present-day Kathmandu was once a huge and deep lake named "Nagdaha", as it was full of snakes. The lake was cut drained by Bodhisatwa Manjushree with his sword, and the water was evacuated out from there. He then established a city called Manjupattan, and made Dharmakar the ruler of the valley land. After some time, a demon named Banasur closed the outlet, and the valley again turned into a lake. Then Lord Krishna came to Nepal, killed Banasur, and again drained out the water. He brought some Gopals along with him and made Bhuktaman the king of Nepal.[13][14][15]
Kotirudra Samhita of Shiva Purana, Chapter 11, Shloka 18 refers to the place as Nayapala city, which was famous for its Pashupati Shivalinga. The name Nepal probably originates from this city Nayapala.
Very few historical records exists of the period before medieval Licchavi rulers. According to Gopalraj Vansawali, a genealogy of Nepali monarchy, the rulers of Kathmandu Valley before the Licchavis were Gopalas, Mahispalas, Aabhirs, Kiratas, and Somavanshi.[15][16] The Kirata dynasty was established by Yalamber. During the Kirata era, a settlement called Yambu existed in the northern half of old Kathmandu. In some of the Sino-Tibetan languages, Kathmandu is still called Yambu. Another smaller settlement called Yengal was present in the southern half of old Kathmandu, near Manjupattan. During the reign of the seventh Kirata ruler, Jitedasti, Buddhist monks entered Kathmandu valley and established a forest monastery at Sankhu.
Map of Kathmandu, 1802
Licchavi era
The Licchavis from the Indo-Gangetic plain migrated north and defeated the Kiratas, establishing the Licchavi dynasty, circa 400 AD. During this era, following the genocide of Shakyas in Lumbini by Virudhaka, the survivors migrated north and entered the forest monastery lora masquerading as Koliyas. From Sankhu, they migrated to Yambu and Yengal (Lanjagwal and Manjupattan) and established the first permanent Buddhist monasteries of Kathmandu. This created the basis of Newar Buddhism, which is the only surviving Sanskrit-based Buddhist tradition in the world.[17] With their migration, Yambu was called Koligram and Yengal was called Dakshin Koligram[18] during most of the Licchavi era.[19]
Eventually, the Licchavi ruler Gunakamadeva merged Koligram and Dakshin Koligram, founding the city of Kathmandu.[19] The city was designed in the shape of Chandrahrasa, the sword of Manjushri. The city was surrounded by eight barracks guarded by Ajimas. One of these barracks is still in use at Bhadrakali (in front of Singha Durbar). The city served as an important transit point in the trade between India and Tibet, leading to tremendous growth in architecture. Descriptions of buildings such as Managriha, Kailaskut Bhawan, and Bhadradiwas Bhawan have been found in the surviving journals of travellers and monks who lived during this era. For example, the famous 7th-century Chinese traveller Xuanzang described Kailaskut Bhawan, the palace of the Licchavi king Amshuverma.[20] The trade route also led to cultural exchange as well. The artistry of the Newar people—the indigenous inhabitants of the Kathmandu Valley—became highly sought after during this era, both within the Valley and throughout the greater Himalayas. Newar artists travelled extensively throughout Asia, creating religious art for their neighbours. For example, Araniko led a group of his compatriot artists through Tibet and China. Bhrikuti, the princess of Nepal who married Tibetan monarch Songtsän Gampo, was instrumental in introducing Buddhism to Tibet.
Skyline of Kathmandu, circa 1793
Malla era
The Licchavi era was followed by the Malla era. Rulers from Tirhut, upon being attacked by Muslims, fled north to the Kathmandu valley. They intermarried with Nepali royalty, and this led to the Malla era. The early years of the Malla era were turbulent, with raids and attacks from Khas and Turk Muslims. There was also a devastating earthquake which claimed the lives of a third of Kathmandu's population, including the king Abhaya Malla. These disasters led to the destruction of most of the architecture of the Licchavi era (such as Mangriha and Kailashkut Bhawan), and the loss of literature collected in various monasteries within the city. Despite the initial hardships, Kathmandu rose to prominence again and, during most of the Malla era, dominated the trade between India and Tibet. Nepali currency became the standard currency in trans-Himalayan trade.
During the later part of the Malla era, Kathmandu Valley comprised four fortified cities: Kantipur, Lalitpur, Bhaktapur, and Kirtipur. These served as the capitals of the Malla confederation of Nepal. These states competed with each other in the arts, architecture, esthetics, and trade, resulting in tremendous development. The kings of this period directly influenced or involved themselves in the construction of public buildings, squares, and temples, as well as the development of waterspouts, the institutionalisation of trusts (called guthis), the codification of laws, the writing of dramas, and the performance of plays in city squares. Evidence of an influx of ideas from India, Tibet, China, Persia, and Europe among other places can be found in a stone inscription from the time of king Pratap Malla. Books have been found from this era that describe their tantric tradition (e.g. Tantrakhyan), medicine (e.g. Haramekhala), religion (e.g. Mooldevshashidev), law, morals, and history. Amarkosh, a Sanskrit-Nepal Bhasa dictionary from 1381 AD, was also found. Architecturally notable buildings from this era include Kathmandu Durbar Square, Patan Durbar Square, Bhaktapur Durbar Square, the former durbar of Kirtipur, Nyatapola, Kumbheshwar, the Krishna temple, and others.
Medieval era
The Gorkha Kingdom ended the Malla confederation after the Battle of Kathmandu in 1768. This marked the beginning of the modern era in Kathmandu. The Battle of Kirtipur was the start of the Gorkha conquest of the Kathmandu Valley. Kathmandu was adopted as the capital of the Gorkha empire, and the empire itself was dubbed Nepal. During the early part of this era, Kathmandu maintained its distinctive culture. Buildings with characteristic Nepali architecture, such as the nine-story tower of Basantapur, were built during this era. However, trade declined because of continual war with neighbouring nations. Bhimsen Thapa supported France against Great Britain; this led to the development of modern military structures, such as modern barracks in Kathmandu. The nine-storey tower Dharahara was originally built during this era.
Rana rule
Rana rule over Nepal started with the Kot Massacre of 1846, which occurred near Hanuman Dhoka Durbar. During this massacre, most of Nepal's high-ranking officials were massacred by Jung Bahadur Rana and his supporters. Another massacre, the Bhandarkhal Massacre, was also conducted by Kunwar and his supporters in Kathmandu. During the Rana regime, Kathmandu's alliance shifted from anti-British to pro-British; this led to the construction of the first buildings in the style of Western European architecture. The most well-known of these buildings include Singha Durbar, Garden of Dreams, Shital Niwas, and the old Narayanhiti palace. The first modern commercial road in the Kathmandu Valley, the New Road, was also built during this era. Trichandra College (the first college of Nepal), Durbar High School (the first modern school of Nepal), and Bir Hospital (the first hospital of Nepal) were built in Kathmandu during this era. Education was only accessible to the privileged class. Rana rule was marked by despotism, economic exploitation and religious persecution.
Geography
Kathmandu is in the northwestern part of the Kathmandu Valley to the north of the Bagmati river and covers an area of 50.7 km2 (19.6 sq mi). The average elevation is 1,400 metres (4,600 ft) above sea level.[23] The city is bounded by several other municipalities of the Kathmandu valley: south of the Bagmati by Lalitpur Metropolitan City (Patan), with which it forms one urban area surrounded by a ring road, to the southwest by Kirtipur and to the east by Madyapur Thimi. To the north the urban area extends into several municipalities; Nagarjun, Tarakeshwor, Tokha, Budhanilkantha, Gokarneshwor and Kageshwori Manohara. However, the urban agglomeration extends well beyond the neighbouring municipalities, e.g. to Bhaktapur, and nearly covers the entire Kathmandu valley.
Kathmandu is dissected by eight rivers, the main river of the valley, the Bagmati and its tributaries, of which the Bishnumati, Dhobi Khola, Manohara Khola, Hanumante Khola, and Tukucha Khola are predominant. The mountains from where these rivers originate are in the elevation range of 1,500–3,000 metres (4,900–9,800 ft), and have passes which provide access to and from Kathmandu and its valley.[24][25][26] An ancient canal once flowed from Nagarjuna hill through Balaju to Kathmandu; this canal is now extinct.
The city of Kathmandu and the surrounding valley are in the Deciduous Monsoon Forest Zone (altitude range of 1,200–2,100 metres (3,900–6,900 ft)), one of five vegetation zones defined for Nepal. The dominant tree species in this zone are oak, elm, beech, maple and others, with coniferous trees at higher altitude.[27]
Urban expansion in Kathmandu, 2015.
The green, vegetated slopes that surround the Kathmandu metro area (light grey, image centre) include both forest reserves and national parks
Araniko Highway connects Kathmandu to Bhaktapur and onwards to the Chinese border.
Northeastern Kathmandu with Gaurishankar in background.
Kathmandu administration
Kathmandu and adjacent cities are composed of neighbourhoods, which are utilized quite extensively and more familiar among locals. However, administratively the city is divided into 32 wards, numbered from 1 to 32. Earlier, there were 35 wards which made it the metropolitan city with the largest number of the wards.[28]
Kathmandu agglomeration
There is no officially defined agglomeration of Kathmandu. The urban area of the Kathmandu valley is split among three different districts (second level of administrative divisions within a province), which extend very little beyond the valley fringe, except towards the southern ranges, which have a comparatively small population.[29] They have the three highest population densities in the country. These 3 districts are administered by 21 local level bodies; 2 metropolitan cities (Kathmandu and Lalitpur), 16 municipalities and 3 rural municipalities. Imperial conversion
Five major climatic regions are found in Nepal. Of these, Kathmandu Valley is in the Warm Temperate Zone (elevation ranging from 1,200 to 2,300 metres (3,900 to 7,500 ft)), where the climate is fairly temperate, atypical for the region. This zone is followed by the Cool Temperate Zone with elevation varying between 2,100 and 3,300 metres (6,900 and 10,800 ft). Under Köppen's climate classification, portions of the city with lower elevations have a humid subtropical climate (Cwa), while portions of the city with higher elevations generally have a subtropical highland climate (Cwb). In the Kathmandu Valley, which is representative of its valley's climate, the average summer temperature varies from 28 to 30 °C (82 to 86 °F). The average winter temperature is 10.1 °C (50.2 °F).
The city generally has a climate with warm days followed by cool nights and mornings. Unpredictable weather is expected, given that temperatures can drop to 1 °C (34 °F) or less during the winter. During a 2013 cold front, the winter temperatures of Kathmandu dropped to −4 °C (25 °F), and the lowest temperature was recorded on 10 January 2013, at −9.2 °C (15.4 °F). Rainfall is mostly monsoon-based (about 65% of the total concentrated during the monsoon months of June to September), and decreases substantially (100 to 200 cm (39 to 79 in)) from eastern Nepal to western Nepal. Rainfall has been recorded at about 1,400 millimetres (55.1 in) for the Kathmandu valley, and averages 1,407 millimetres (55.4 in) for the city of Kathmandu. On average humidity is 75%.[24][30][31] The chart below is based on data from the Nepal Bureau of Standards & Meteorology, Weather Meteorology for 2005. The chart provides minimum and maximum temperatures during each month. The annual amount of precipitation was 1,124 millimetres (44.3 in) for 2005, as per monthly data included in the table above.[31] The decade of 2000–2010 saw highly variable and unprecedented precipitation anomalies in Kathmandu. This was mostly due to the annual variation of the southwest monsoon.[citation needed] For example, 2001 recorded only 356 mm (14 in) of precipitation due to an extraordinarily weak monsoon season. In contrast, 2003 was the wettest year ever in Kathmandu, totaling over 2,900 mm (114 in) of precipitation due to an exceptionally strong monsoon season.
Air quality
Air pollution is a major issue in the Kathmandu Valley.[36][37][38] According to the 2016 World Health Organization's Ambient Air Pollution Database,[39] the annual average PM2.5 (particulate matter) concentration in 2013 was 49 μg/m3, which is 4.9 times higher than recommended by the World Health Organization.[40][41] Starting in early 2017, the Government of Nepal and the Embassy of the United States in Kathmandu have monitored and publicly share real-time air quality data. In Nepal and Kathmandu, the annual premature deaths due to air pollution reached 37,399 and 9,943 respectively, according to a Republica news report published on 23 November, 2019. This indicates, around a quarter of the total deaths due to air pollution in Nepal are in Kathmandu.
Government and public services
Kathmandu Municipal Corporation (KMC) is the chief nodal agency for the administration of Kathmandu. The Municipality of Kathmandu was upgraded to a metropolitan city in 1995.
Metropolitan Kathmandu is divided into five sectors: the Central Sector, the East Sector, the North Sector, the City Core and the West Sector. For civic administration, the city is further divided into 35 administrative wards. The Council administers the Metropolitan area of Kathmandu city through its 177 elected representatives and 20 nominated members. It holds biannual meetings to review, process and approve the annual budget and make major policy decisions.[24][44] The ward's profile documents for the 35 wards prepared by the Kathmandu Metropolitan Council is detailed and provides information for each ward on population, the structure and condition of houses, the type of roads, educational, health and financial institutions, entertainment facilities, parking space, security provisions, etc. It also includes lists of development projects completed, on-going and planned, along with informative data about the cultural heritage, festivals, historical sites and the local inhabitants. Ward 16 is the largest, with an area of 437.4 ha; ward 26 is the smallest, with an area of 4 ha.[45]
Kathmandu is the headquarters of the surrounding Kathmandu district. The city of Kathmandu forms this district along with 10 other municipalities, namely Budanilkantha, Chandragiri, Dakshinkali, Gokarneshwar, Kageshwari Manohara, Kirtipur, Nagarjun, Shankharapur, Tarakeshwar and Tokha.
Law and order
The Metropolitan Police is the main law enforcement agency in the city. It is headed by a commissioner of police. The Metropolitan Police is a division of the Nepal Police, and the administrative control lies with the Ministry of Home Affairs.
Consulate of the Netherlands. Kathmandu hosts 28 diplomatic missions
Fire service
The fire service, known as the Barun Yantra Karyalaya (Nepali: वारुण यन्त्र कार्यालय), opened its first station in Kathmandu in 1937 with a single-vehicle.[46] An iron tower was erected to monitor the city and watch for a fire. As a precautionary measure, firemen were sent to the areas which were designated as accident-prone areas.[46] In 1944, the fire service was extended to the neighbouring cities of Lalitpur and Bhaktapur. In 1966, a fire service was established in Kathmandu central airport.[46] In 1975, a West German government donation added seven fire engines to Kathmandu's fire service.[46] The fire service in the city is also overlooked by an international non-governmental organization, the Firefighters Volunteer Association of Nepal (FAN), which was established in 2000 with the purpose of raising public awareness about fire and improving safety.[46]
Electricity and water supply
Public baths, Kathmandu. 1979
Electricity in Kathmandu is regulated and distributed by the Nepal Electricity Authority (NEA). Water supply and sanitation facilities are provided by the Kathmandu Upatyaka Khanepani Limited (KUKL). There is a severe shortage of water for household purposes such as drinking, bathing, cooking and washing and irrigation. People have been using bottled mineral water, water from tank trucks and from the ancient dhunge dharas (Nepali: ढुङ्गे धारा) for all the purposes related to water. The city water shortage should be solved by the completion of the much plagued Melamchi Water Supply Project by the end of 2019.[47][48]
Waste management
Waste management may be through composting in municipal waste management units, and at houses with home composting units. Both systems are common and established in India and neighbouring countries.[49]
Demographics
Kathmandu's urban cosmopolitan character has made it the most populous city in Nepal, recording a population of 671,846 residents living in 235,387 households in the metropolitan area, according to the 2001 census.[50] According to the National Population Census of 2011, the total population of Kathmandu city was 975,543 with an annual growth rate of 6.12% with respect to the population figure of 2001. 70% of the total population residing in Kathmandu are aged between 15 and 59.
Over the years the city has been home to people of various ethnicities, resulting in a range of different traditions and cultural practices. In one decade, the population increased from 427,045 in 1991 to 671,805 in 2001. The population was projected to reach 915,071 in 2011 and 1,319,597 by 2021. To keep up this population growth, the KMC-controlled area of 5,076.6 hectares (12,545 acres) has expanded to 8,214 hectares (20,300 acres) in 2001. With this new area, the population density which was 85 in 1991 remained 85 in 2001; it is likely to jump to 111 in 2011 and 161 in 2021.[51]
Currently based on various data Kathmandu population is 1,442,300 with population density of 29,166.835 per sq.km making it as 6th densely populated city in the world.
Ethnic groups
The largest ethnic groups residing in Kathmandu Metropolitan City consists of primarily various caste groups of the Newar community at 25%, Hill Janajati/Adivisis like Tamang, Kirat, Gurung, Magar, Sherpa, etc. making~20%, Khas Brahmin at 24%, Khas Chhetri at 20%, and 7% Terai groups including Madhesi castes and Terai Janajatis/Adivasis like Tharus.[52] More recently, other hill ethnic groups and caste groups from Terai have come to represent a substantial proportion of the city's population. The major languages are Nepali and Nepal Bhasa, while English is understood by many, particularly in the service industry. According to data from 2011, the major religions in Kathmandu city are Hinduism 81.3%, Buddhism 9%, Islam 4.4% and other 5.2%.[53]
The linguistic profile of Kathmandu underwent drastic changes during the Shah dynasty's rule because of its strong bias towards the Hindu culture. Sanskrit language therefore was preferred and people were encouraged to learn it even by attending Sanskrit learning centres in Terai. Sanskrit schools were specially set up in Kathmandu and in the Terai region to inculcate traditional Hindu culture and practices originated from Nepal.[54]
Architecture and cityscape
The ancient trade route between India and Tibet that passed through Kathmandu enabled a fusion of artistic and architectural traditions from other cultures to be amalgamated with local art and architecture.[56] The monuments of Kathmandu City have been influenced over the centuries by Hindu and Buddhist religious practices. The architectural treasure of the Kathmandu valley has been categorized under the well-known seven groups of heritage monuments and buildings. In 2006 UNESCO declared these seven groups of monuments as a World Heritage Site (WHS). The seven monuments zones cover an area of 189 hectares (470 acres), with the buffer zone extending to 2,394 hectares (5,920 acres). The Seven Monument Zones inscribed originally in 1979 and with a minor modification in 2006 are the Durbar squares of Hanuman Dhoka, Patan and Bhaktapur, the Hindu temples of Pashupatinath and Changunarayan, the Buddhist stupas of Swayambhunath and Boudhanath.[57][58]
Durbar Squares
Main articles: Kathmandu Durbar Square and Hanuman Dhoka
The literal meaning of Durbar Square is a "place of palaces." There are three preserved Durbar Squares in Kathmandu valley and one unpreserved in Kirtipur. The Durbar Square of Kathmandu is in the old city and has heritage buildings representing four kingdoms (Kantipur, Lalitpur, Bhaktapur, Kirtipur); the earliest being the Licchavi dynasty. The complex has 50 temples and is distributed in two quadrangles of the Durbar Square. The outer quadrangle has the Kasthamandap, Kumari Ghar, and Shiva-Parvati Temple; the inner quadrangle has the Hanuman Dhoka palace. The squares were severely damaged in the April 2015 earthquake.
Hanuman Dhoka is a complex of structures with the royal palace of the Malla kings and of the Shah dynasty. It is spread over five acres. The eastern wing, with ten courtyards, is the oldest part, dating to the mid-16th century. It was expanded by King Pratap Malla in the 17th century with many temples. The royal family lived in this palace until 1886 when they moved to Narayanhiti Palace. The stone inscription outside is in fifteen languages.
Kumari Ghar is a palace in the centre of the Kathmandu city, next to the Durbar square where a royal Kumari selected from several Kumaris resides. Kumari, or Kumari Devi, is the tradition of worshipping young pre-pubescent girls as manifestations of the divine female energy or devi in South Asian countries. In Nepal the selection process is very rigorous. Previously, during the time of the monarchy, the queen and the priests used to appoint the proposed Kumari with delicate process of astrological examination and physical examination of 32 'gunas'. The china (Nepali: चिना), an ancient Hindu astrological report, of the Kumari and the reigning king, was ought to be similar. The Kumari is believed to be a bodily incarnation of the goddess Taleju (the Nepali name for Durga) until she menstruates, after which it is believed that the goddess vacates her body. Serious illness or a major loss of blood from an injury also causes her to revert to common status. The current Kumari, Trishna Shakya, age three at the time of appointment, was installed in September 2017 succeeding Matina Shakya who was the first Kumari of Kathmandu after the end of the monarchy.[59]
Kasthamandap is a three-storeyed temple enshrining an image of Gorakhnath. It was built in the 16th century in pagoda style. The name of Kathmandu is a derivative of the word Kasthamandap. It was built under the reign of King Laxmi Narsingha Malla. Kasthamandap stands at the intersection of two ancient trade routes linking India and Tibet at Maru square. It was originally built as a rest house for travellers.
Pashupatinath temple
Main article: Pashupatinath Temple
Panorama of the Pashupatinath Temple from the other bank of Bagmati river
Pashupatinath as seen from the banks of the Bagmati river
The Pashupatinath Temple (Nepali: पशुपतिनाथ मन्दिर) is a famous 5th century Hindu temple dedicated to Lord Shiva. Located on the banks of the Bagmati river, the Pashupatinath Temple is the oldest Hindu temple in Kathmandu.[60] It served as the seat of national deity, Lord Pashupatinath, until Nepal was secularized. However, a significant part of the temple was destroyed by Mughal invaders in the 14th century and little or nothing remains of the original 5th-century temple exterior. The temple as it stands today was built in the 19th century, although the image of the bull and the black four-headed image of Pashupati are at least 300 years old.[61] The temple is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[61][62] Shivaratri, or the night of Lord Shiva, is the most important festival that takes place here, attracting thousands of devotees and sadhus.[citation needed]
Believers in Pashupatinath (mainly Hindus) are allowed to enter the temple premises, but non-Hindu visitors are allowed to view the temple only from the across the Bagmati River.[61] The priests who perform the services at this temple have been Brahmins from Karnataka in southern India since the time of Malla king Yaksha Malla.[63] This tradition is believed to have been started at the request of Adi Shankaracharya who sought to unify the states of Bharatam, a region in south Asia believed to be ruled by a mythological king Bharat, by encouraging cultural exchange. This procedure is followed in other temples around India, which were sanctified by Adi Shankaracharya.
The temple is built in the pagoda style of architecture, with cubic constructions and carved wooden rafters (tundal) on which they rest, and two-level roofs made of copper and gold.
Boudhanath
Boudhanath (Nepali: बौद्ध स्तुप; also written as Bouddhanath, Bodhnath, Baudhanath or the Khāsa Chaitya), is one of the holiest Buddhist sites in Nepal, along with the Swayambhunath. It is a very popular tourist site. Boudhanath is known as Khāsti by Newars and as Bauddha or Bodhnāth by speakers of Nepali.[64] About 11 km (7 mi) from the centre and northeastern outskirts of Kathmandu, the stupa's massive mandala makes it one of the largest spherical stupas in Nepal.[65] Boudhanath became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1979.
The base of the stupa has 108 small depictions of the Dhyani Buddha Amitabha. It is surrounded with a brick wall with 147 niches, each with four or five prayer wheels engraved with the mantra, om mani padme hum.[66] At the northern entrance where visitors must pass is a shrine dedicated to Ajima, the goddess of smallpox.[66] Every year the stupa attracts many Tibetan Buddhist pilgrims who perform full body prostrations in the inner lower enclosure, walk around the stupa with prayer wheels, chant, and pray.[66] Thousands of prayer flags are hoisted up from the top of the stupa downwards and dot the perimeter of the complex. The influx of many Tibetan refugees from China has seen the construction of over 50 Tibetan gompas (monasteries) around Boudhanath.
Swayambhu
Main article: Swayambhunath
Swayambhunath (Nepali: स्वयम्भू स्तूप) is a Buddhist stupa atop a hillock at the northwestern part of the city. This is among the oldest religious sites in Nepal. Although the site is considered Buddhist, it is revered by both Buddhists and Hindus. The stupa consists of a dome at the base; above the dome, there is a cubic structure with the eyes of Buddha looking in all four directions.[clarification needed] There are pentagonal toran above each of the four sides, with statues engraved on them. Behind and above the torana there are thirteen tiers. Above all the tiers, there is a small space above which lies a gajur.
Rani Pokhari
Main article: Ranipokhari
Ranipokhari (Nepali: रानी पोखरी, lit. 'Queen's Pond') is a historic artificial pond nestled in the heart of Kathmandu. It was built by king Pratap Malla in 1670 AD for his beloved queen after she lost her son and could not recover from her loss.[67] A large stone statue of an elephant in the south signifies the image of Pratap Malla and his two sons. Balgopaleshwor Temple stands still inside the temple above the pond. Rani Pokhari is opened once a year during the final day of Tihar i.e. Bhai Tika and Chhath festival. The world's largest Chhath takes place every year in Ranipokhari. The pond is one of Kathmandu's most famous landmarks and is known for its religious and aesthetic significance.
Culture
Main article: Culture of Kathmandu
Arts
Stone carvings, called Chaityas, seen in street corners and courtyards
Kathmandu valley is described as "an enormous treasure house of art and sculptures", which are made of wood, stone, metal, and terracotta, and found in profusion in temples, shrines, stupas, gompas, chaityasm and palaces. The art objects are also seen in street corners, lanes, private courtyards and in open ground. Most art is in the form of icons of gods and goddesses. Kathmandu valley has had this art treasure for a very long time, but received worldwide recognition only after the country opened to the outside world in 1950.[54]
The religious art of Nepal and Kathmandu in particular consists of an iconic symbolism of the Mother Goddesses such as: Bhavani, Durga, Gaja-Lakshmi, Hariti-Sitala, Mahsishamardini, Saptamatrika (seven mother goddesses), and Sri-Lakshmi (wealth-goddess). From the 3rd century BCE, apart from the Hindu gods and goddesses, Buddhist monuments from the Ashokan period (it is said that Ashoka visited Nepal in 250 BC) have embellished Nepal in general and the valley in particular. These art and architectural edifices encompass three major periods of evolution: the Licchavi or classical period (500 to 900 AD), the post-classical period (1000 to 1400 AD), with strong influence of the Palla art form; the Malla period (1400 onwards) that exhibited explicitly tantric influences coupled with the art of Tibetan Demonology.[68]
A broad typology has been ascribed to the decorative designs and carvings created by the people of Nepal. These artists have maintained a blend of Hinduism and Buddhism. The typology, based on the type of material used are: stone art, metal art, wood art, terracotta art, and painting.[69]
Museums
Kathmandu is home to a number of museums and art galleries, including the National Museum of Nepal and the Natural History Museum of Nepal. Nepal's art and architecture is an amalgamation of two ancient religions, Hinduism and Buddhism. These are amply reflected in the many temples, shrines, stupas, monasteries, and palaces in the seven well-defined Monument Zones of the Kathmandu valley are part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site. This amalgamation is also reflected in the planning and exhibitions in museums and art galleries throughout Kathmandu and its sister cities of Patan and Bhaktapur. The museums display unique artefacts and paintings from the 5th century CE to the present day, including archaeological exportation.[70]
Museums and art galleries in Kathmandu include:[70]
The National Museum
The Natural History Museum
Hanuman Dhoka Palace Complex
The Kaiser Library
The National Art Gallery
The NEF-ART (Nepal Fine Art) Gallery
The Nepal Art Council Gallery
Narayanhiti Palace Museum
The Taragaon Museum
National Museum of Nepal
The National Museum is in the western part of Kathmandu, near the Swayambhunath stupa in a historical building constructed in the early 19th century by General Bhimsen Thapa. It is the most important museum in the country, housing an extensive collection of weapons, art and antiquities of historic and cultural importance. The museum was established in 1928 as a collection house of war trophies and weapons, and the initial name of this museum was Chhauni Silkhana, meaning "the stone house of arms and ammunition". Given its focus, the museum contains many weapons, including locally made firearms used in wars, leather cannons from the 18th–19th century, and medieval and modern works in wood, bronze, stone and paintings.[71]
The Natural History Museum is in the southern foothills of Swayambhunath hill and has a sizeable collection of different species of animals, butterflies, and plants. The museum is noted for its display of species, from prehistoric shells to stuffed animals.[71]
The Tribhuvan Museum contains artifacts related to King Tribhuvan (1906–1955). It has a variety of pieces including his personal belongings, letters, and papers, memorabilia related to events he was involved in and a rare collection of photos and paintings of Royal family members. The Mahendra Museum is dedicated to the King Mahendra (1920–1972). Like the Tribhuvan Museum, it includes his personal belongings such as decorations, stamps, coins and personal notes and manuscripts, but it also has structural reconstructions of his cabinet room and office chamber. The Hanumandhoka Palace, a lavish medieval palace complex in the Durbar, contains three separate museums of historic importance. These museums include the Birendra museum, which contains items related to the second-last monarch, King Birendra.[71]
The enclosed compound of the Narayanhiti Palace Museum is in the north-central part of Kathmandu. "Narayanhiti" (Nepali: नारायणहिटी) comes from Narayana (Nepali: नारायण), a form of the Hindu god Lord Vishnu, and Hiti (Nepali: हिटी), meaning "water spout" (the temple of lord Vishnu is opposite to the palace, and the water spout is east of the main entrance to the precinct). The current palace building was built in 1970 in front of the old palace, built in 1915, in the form of a contemporary pagoda. It was built on the occasion of the marriage of the then crown prince and heir apparent to the throne, Birendra. The southern gate of the palace is at the crossing of Prithvipath and Durbar Marg roads. The palace area covers 30 hectares (74 acres) and is fully secured with gates on all sides.[72][73][74] This palace was the scene of the Nepali royal massacre. After the fall of the monarchy, it has been converted into a museum.
The Taragaon Museum presents the modern history of the Kathmandu valley.[75] It seeks to document 50 years of research and cultural heritage conservation of the Kathmandu Valley, documenting what artists, photographers, architects, and anthropologists from abroad had contributed in the second half of the 20th century. The actual structure of the museum showcases restoration and rehabilitation efforts to preserve the built heritage of Kathmandu. It was designed by Carl Pruscha (master-planner of the Kathmandu Valley)[76] in 1970 and constructed in 1971.[77] Restoration works began in 2010 to rehabilitate the Taragaon hostel into the Taragaon Museum. The design uses local brick along with modern architectural design elements, as well as the use of circle, triangles and squares.[76] The museum is within a short walk from the Boudhanath stupa, which itself can be seen from the museum tower.
Art galleries
A Buddhist statue display in Kathmandu
Kathmandu is a centre for art in Nepal, displaying the work of contemporary artists in the country and also collections of historical artists. Patan in particular is an ancient city noted for its fine arts and crafts. Art in Kathmandu is vibrant, demonstrating a fusion of traditionalism and modern art, derived from a great number of national, Asian, and global influences. Nepali art is commonly divided into two areas: the idealistic traditional painting known as Paubhas in Nepal and perhaps more commonly known as Thangkas in Tibet, closely linked to the country's religious history and on the other hand the contemporary western-style painting, including nature-based compositions or abstract artwork based on Tantric elements and social themes of which painters in Nepal are well noted for.[71] Internationally, the British-based charity, the Kathmandu Contemporary Art Centre is involved with promoting arts in Kathmandu.[78]
Kathmandu houses many notable art galleries. The NAFA Gallery, operated by the Arts and crafts Department of the Nepal Academy is housed in Sita Bhavan, a neo-classical old Rana palace.[71]
The Srijana Contemporary Art Gallery, inside the Bhrikutimandap Exhibition grounds, hosts the work of contemporary painters and sculptors, and regularly organizes exhibitions. It also runs morning and evening classes in the schools of art. Also of note is the Moti Azima Gallery, in a three-storied building in Bhimsenthan which contains an impressive collection of traditional utensils and handmade dolls and items typical of a medieval Newar house, giving an important insight into Nepali history. The J Art Gallery near the former royal palace in Durbarmarg displays the artwork of eminent, established Nepali painters. The Nepal Art Council Gallery, in the Babar Mahal, on the way to Tribhuvan International Airport contains artwork of both national and international artists and extensive halls regularly used for art exhibitions.[71]
Literature
The National Library of Nepal is located in Patan. It is the largest library in the country with more than 70,000 books in English, Nepali, Sanskrit, Hindi, and Nepal Bhasa. The library is in possession of rare scholarly books in Sanskrit and English dating from the 17th century AD. Kathmandu also contains the Kaiser Library, in the Kaiser Mahal on the ground floor of the Ministry of Education building. This collection of around 45,000 books is derived from a personal collection of Kaiser Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana. It covers a wide range of subjects including history, law, art, religion, and philosophy, as well as a Sanskrit manual of Tantra, which is believed to be over 1,000 years old.[71] The 2015 earthquake caused severe damage to the Ministry of Education building, and the contents of the Kaiser Library have been temporarily relocated.
Asa Archives
The Asa Archives are also noteworthy. They specialize in medieval history and religious traditions of the Kathmandu valley. The archives, in Kulambhulu, have a collection of some 6,000 loose-leaf handwritten books and 1,000 palm-leaf manuscripts (mostly in Sanskrit or Nepal Bhasa) and a manuscript dated to 1464.[71]
Cinema and theatre
Kathmandu is home to Nepali cinema and theatres. The city contains several theatres, including the National Dance Theatre in Kanti Path, the Ganga Theatre, the Himalayan Theatre and the Aarohan Theater Group founded in 1982. The M. Art Theater is based in the city. The Gurukul School of Theatre organizes the Kathmandu International Theater Festival, attracting artists from all over the world.[79] A mini theatre has been opened at the Hanumandhoka Durbar Square, established by the Durbar Conservation and Promotion Committee.
Kathmandu has a number of cinemas (old single screen establishments and some new multiplexes) showing Nepali, Bollywood and Hollywood films. Some old establishments include Vishwajyoti Cinema Hall, Jai Nepal Hall, Kumari Cinema Hall, Gopi Krishna Cinema Hall and Guna Cinema Hall. Kathmandu also houses some international standard cinema theatres and multiplexes, such as QFX Cinemas, Cine De Chef, Fcube Cinemas, Q's Cinemas, Big Movies, BSR Movies and many more.
Music
Traditional Buddhist musical performance during Gunla
Kathmandu is the center of music and dance in Nepal, and these art forms are integral to understanding the city. Musical performances are organized in cultural venues. Music is a part of the traditional aspect of Kathmandu. Gunla is the traditional music festival according to Nepal Sambat. Newar music originated in Kathmandu. Furthermore, music from all over Nepal can be found in Kathmandu.
A number of hippies visited Kathmandu during the 1970s and introduced rock and roll, rock, and jazz to the city. Kathmandu is noted internationally for its jazz festival, popularly known as Jazzmandu. It is the only jazz festival in the Himalayan region and was established in March 2002. The festival attracts musicians from countries worldwide, such as Australia, Denmark, United States, Benin, and India.[80]
The city has been referenced in numerous songs, including works by Cat Stevens ('Katmandu', Mona Bone Jakon (1970)), Bob Seger ('Katmandu', Beautiful Loser (1975)), Rush ('A Passage to Bangkok', Pulling into Kathmandu; 2112, 1976), Krematorij ('Kathmandu', Three Springs (2000)), Fito Páez (Tráfico por Katmandú – "Traffic through Kathmandu") and Cavalcade ('Kathmandu Kid') 2019.
Cuisine
One of the typical Nepali meals Dal bhat in Kathmandu
The staple food of most people in Kathmandu is dal bhat. This consists of rice and lentil soup, generally served with vegetable curries, achar and sometimes Chutney. Momo, a type of Nepali version of Tibetan dumpling, has become prominent in Nepal with many street vendors and restaurants selling it. It is one of the most popular fast foods in Kathmandu. Various Nepali variants of momo including buff (i.e. buffalo) momo, chicken momo, and vegetarian momo are famous in Kathmandu.
Most of the cuisines found in Kathmandu are non-vegetarian. However, the practice of vegetarianism is not uncommon, and vegetarian cuisines can be found throughout the city. Consumption of beef is very uncommon and considered taboo in many places. Buff (meat of water buffalo) is very common. There is a strong tradition of buff consumption in Kathmandu, especially among Newars, which is not found in other parts of Nepal. Consumption of pork was considered taboo until a few decades ago. Due to the intermixing with Kirat cuisine from eastern Nepal, pork has found a place in Kathmandu dishes. A fringe population of devout Hindus and Muslims consider it taboo. The Muslims forbid eating buff as from Quran while Hindus eat all varieties except beef as they consider cow to be a goddess and symbol of purity. The chief lunch/snack for locals and visitors is mostly Momo or Chowmein.
Kathmandu had only one western-style restaurant in 1955.[81] A large number of restaurants in Kathmandu have since opened, catering Nepali cuisine, Tibetan cuisine, Chinese cuisine and Indian cuisine in particular. Many other restaurants have opened to accommodate locals, expatriates, and tourists. The growth of tourism in Kathmandu has led to culinary creativity and the development of hybrid foods to accommodate for tourists such as American chop suey, which is a sweet-and-sour sauce with crispy noodles with a fried egg commonly added on top and other westernized adaptations of traditional cuisine.[81] Continental cuisine can be found in selected places. International chain restaurants are rare, but some outlets of Pizza Hut and KFC have recently opened there. It also has several outlets of the international ice-cream chain Baskin-Robbins.[82]
Kathmandu has a larger proportion of tea drinkers than coffee drinkers. Tea is widely served but is extremely weak by western standards. It is richer and contains tea leaves boiled with milk, sugar, and spices. Alcohol is widely drunk, and there are numerous local variants of alcoholic beverages. Drinking and driving is illegal, and authorities have a zero-tolerance policy.[83] Ailaa and thwon (alcohol made from rice) are the alcoholic beverages of Kathmandu, found in all the local bhattis (alcohol serving eateries). Chhyaang, tongba (fermented millet or barley) and raksi are alcoholic beverages from other parts of Nepal which are found in Kathmandu. However, shops and bars in Kathmandu widely sell western and Nepali beers.
President of Nepal Dr. Ram Baran Yadav observing the street festival of Yenya, which literally means "festival of Kathmandu"
Festivals
Samyak, a Buddhist festival during which statues of Buddhas from the ancient monasteries are displayed together. Note the statue of Hanuman next to the Buddhas in the picture, a common example of religious harmony in Kathmandu.
Most of the fairs and festivals in Kathmandu originated in the Malla period or earlier. Traditionally, these festivals were celebrated by Newars. In recent years, these festivals have found wider participation from other Kathmanduites as well. As the capital of the Nepal, various national festivals are celebrated in Kathmandu. With mass migration to the city, the cultures of Khas from the west, Kirats from the east, Bon/Tibetan from the north, and Mithila from the south meet in the capital and mingle harmoniously. The festivities such as the Ghode (horse) Jatra, Indra Jatra, Dashain Durga Puja festivals, Shivratri and many more are observed by all Hindu and Buddhist communities of Kathmandu with devotional fervor and enthusiasm. Social regulation in the codes enacted incorporates Hindu traditions and ethics. These were followed by the Shah kings and previous kings, as devout Hindus and protectors of the Buddhist religion.
Nepali Lakhe dancer
Cultural continuity has been maintained for centuries in the exclusive worship of goddesses and deities in Kathmandu and the rest of the country. These deities include the Ajima,[84] Taleju (or Tulja Bhavani or Taleju Bhawani)[85][86] and her other forms : Digu Taleju (or Degu Taleju)[87] and Kumari (the living goddess).[88] The artistic edifices have now become places of worship in the everyday life of the people, therefore a roster is maintained to observe annual festivals. There are 133 festivals held in the year.[89]
Some of the traditional festivals observed in Kathmandu, apart from those previously mentioned, are Bada Dashain, Tihar, Chhath, Maghe Sankranti, Nag Panchami, Janai Purnima, Pancha Dan, Teej/Rishi Panchami, Pahan Charhe, Jana Baha Dyah Jatra (White Machchhendranath Jatra), and Matatirtha Aunsi.[56]
Religions
Hinduism
Kathmandu valley as seen from Halchowk during Deepawali, 2013
Assumedly, together with the kingdom of Licchhavi (c. 400 to 750), Hinduism and the endogam social stratification of the caste was established in Kathmandu Valley. The Pashupatinath Temple, Changu Narayan Temple, and the Kasthamandap are of particular importance to Hindus. Other notable Hindu temples in Kathmandu and the surrounding valley include Bajrayogini Temple, Dakshinkali Temple, Guhyeshwari Temple, and the Shobha Bhagawati shrine.
The Bagmati river which flows through Kathmandu is considered a holy river both by Hindus and Buddhists, and many Hindu temples are on the banks of this river. The importance of the Bagmati also lies in the fact that Hindus are cremated on its banks, and Kirants are buried in the hills by its side. According to the Nepali Hindu tradition, the dead body must be dipped three times into the Bagmati before cremation. The chief mourner (usually the first son) who lights the funeral pyre must take a holy riverwater bath immediately after cremation. Many relatives who join the funeral procession also take bath in the Bagmati or sprinkle the holy water on their bodies at the end of cremation as the Bagmati is believed to purify people spiritually.
Buddhism
Buddhism was brought into Kathmandu with the arrival of Buddhist monks during the time of Buddha (c. 563 – 483 BCE[90]). They established a forest monastery in Sankhu. This monastery was renovated by Shakyas after they fled genocide from Virudhaka (r. 491–461 BCE).
During the Hindu Lichchavi era (c. 400 to 750), various monasteries and orders were created which successively led to the formation of Newar Buddhism, which is still practiced in the primary liturgical language of Hinduism, Sanskrit.
Legendary Princess Bhrikuti (7th-century) and artist Araniko (1245–1306 CE) from that tradition of Kathmandu valley played a significant role in spreading Buddhism in Tibet and China. There are over 108 traditional monasteries (Bahals and Baháʼís) in Kathmandu based on Newar Buddhism. Since the 1960s, the permanent Tibetan Buddhist population of Kathmandu has risen significantly so that there are now over fifty Tibetan Buddhist monasteries in the area. Also, with the modernization of Newar Buddhism, various Theravada Bihars have been established.
Islam
Jama Masjid, Ghantaghar
Muslims in Kathmandu pray to Allah on Friday (the day of Namaj) often going to the Jame Masjid in Ghantaghar, near Ratnapark.
Kirat Mundhum
Kirant Mundhum is one of the indigenous animistic practices of Nepal. It is practiced by the Kirat people. Some animistic aspects of Kirant beliefs, such as ancestor worship (worship of Ajima) are also found in Newars of Kirant origin. Ancient religious sites believed to be worshipped by ancient Kirats, such as Pashupatinath, Wanga Akash Bhairabh (Yalambar) and Ajima are now worshipped by people of all Dharmic religions in Kathmandu. Kirats who have migrated from other parts of Nepal to Kathmandu practice Mundhum in the city.[91]
Other religions
Sikhism is practiced primarily in Gurudwara at Kupundole. An earlier temple of Sikhism is also present in Kathmandu which is now defunct.
Jainism is practiced by a small community. A Jain temple is present in Gyaneshwar, where Jains practice their faith.
According to the records of the Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of Nepal, there are approximately 300 followers of the Baháʼí Faith in Kathmandu valley. They have a national office in Shantinagar, Baneshwor. The Baháʼís also have classes for children at the National Centre and other localities in Kathmandu.
Islam is practiced in Kathmandu but Muslims are a minority, accounting for about 4.4% of the population of Nepal.[92]
It is said that in Kathmandu alone there are 170 Christian churches. Christian missionary hospitals, welfare organizations, and schools are also operating. Nepali citizens who served as soldiers in Indian and British armies, who had converted to Christianity while in service, on return to Nepal continue to practice their religion. They have contributed to the spread of Christianity and the building of churches in Nepal and in Kathmandu, in particular.[93][94]
Education
The oldest modern school in Nepal, the Durbar High School, and the oldest college, the Tri-Chandra College, are both in Kathmandu. The largest (according to number of students and colleges), the oldest and most distinguished university in Nepal the Tribhuvan University, located in Kirtipur. The second largest university, Kathmandu University (KU), is in Dhulikhel, Kavre on the outskirts of Kathmandu. It is the second oldest university in Nepal, established in November 1991.[95] Not surprisingly the best schools and colleges of Nepal are located in Kathmandu and its adjoining cities. Every year thousands of students from all over Nepal arrive at Kathmandu to get admission in the various schools and colleges. One of the key concerns of educationists and concerned citizens is the massive outflux of students from Nepal to outside Nepal for studies. Every year thousands of students apply for No Objection Certificates for studying abroad. Consultancy firms specializing in preparing students to go abroad can be found in all prominent locations. The reason for such an outflux range from perceived low quality of education, political instability, fewer opportunities in the job market, opportunities for earning while learning abroad and better job prospects with an international degree.
Healthcare
Healthcare in Kathmandu is the most developed in Nepal, and the city and surrounding valley is home to some of the best hospitals and clinics in the country. Bir Hospital is the oldest, established in July 1889 by Bir Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana. Notable hospitals include Bir Hospital, Nepal Medical College and Teaching Hospital (Jorpati), Tribhuvan University Institute of Medicine (Teaching Hospital), Patan Hospital, Kathmandu Model Hospital, Scheer Memorial Hospital, Om Hospital, Norvic Hospital, Grande International Hospital, Nobel Hospital and many more.
The city is supported by specialist hospitals/clinics such as Shahid Shukraraj Tropical Hospital, Shahid Gangalal Foundation, Kathmandu Veterinary Hospital, Nepal Eye Hospital, Kanti Children's Hospital, Nepal International Clinic (Travel and Mountain Medicine Center), Neuro Center, Spinal Rehabilitation center and Bhaktapur Cancer Hospital. Most of the general hospitals are in the city center, although several clinics are elsewhere in Kathmandu district.
Tilganga Institute of Ophthalmology is an Ophthalmological hospital in Kathmandu. It pioneered the production of low cost intraocular lenses (IOLs), which are used in cataract surgery.[96] The team of Dr. Sanduk Ruit in Tilganga pioneered sutureless small-incision cataract surgery (SICS),[97][98] a technique which has been used to treat 4 million of the world's 20 million people with cataract blindness.
Medical colleges
Institute of Medicine, the central college of Tribhuvan University is the first medical college of Nepal and is in Maharajgunj, Kathmandu. It was established in 1972 and started to impart medical education from 1978. Other major institutions include Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Kathmandu Medical College, Nepal Medical College, KIST Medical College, Nepal Army Institute of Health Sciences, National Academy of Medical Sciences (NAMS) and Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences (KUSMS), are also in or around Kathmandu.[99]
Economy
Central Bank of Nepal
The location and terrain of Kathmandu have played a significant role in the development of a stable economy which spans millennia. The city is in an ancient lake basin, with fertile soil and flat terrain. This geography helped form a society based on agriculture. This, combined with its location between India and China, helped establish Kathmandu as an important trading centre over the centuries. Kathmandu's trade is an ancient profession that flourished along an offshoot of the Silk Road which linked India and Tibet. From centuries past, Lhasa Newar merchants of Kathmandu have conducted trade across the Himalaya and contributed to spreading art styles and Buddhism across Central Asia.[100] Other traditional occupations are farming, metal casting, woodcarving, painting, weaving, and pottery.[101]
Kathmandu is the most important industrial and commercial centre in Nepal. The Nepal Stock Exchange, the head office of the national bank, the chamber of commerce, as well as head offices of national and international banks, telecommunication companies, the electricity authority, and various other national and international organizations are in Kathmandu. The major economic hubs are the New Road, Durbar Marg, Ason and Putalisadak.[101]
The economic output of the metropolitan area of around Rs. 550 billion approximately per year alone is worth more than one third of national GDP (nominal), while the per capita income of $2200 is approximately three times the national average.[102] Kathmandu exports handicrafts, artworks, garments, carpets, pashmina, paper; trade accounts for 21% of its revenues.[101][102] Manufacturing is also important and accounts for 19% of the revenue that Kathmandu generates. Garments and woolen carpets are the most notable manufactured products.[102] Other economic sectors in Kathmandu include agriculture (9%), education (6%), transport (6%), and hotels and restaurants (5%).[102] Kathmandu is famous for lokta paper and pashmina shawls.
Tourism
Hotel Shanker is one of the city's popular heritage hotels
Tourism is considered another important industry in Nepal. This industry started around 1950, as the country's political makeup changed and ended the country's isolation from the rest of the world. In 1956, air transportation was established and the Tribhuvan Highway, between Kathmandu and Raxaul (at India's border), was started. Separate organizations were created in Kathmandu to promote this activity; some of these include the Tourism Development Board, the Department of Tourism and the Civil Aviation Department. Furthermore, Nepal became a member of several international tourist associations. Establishing diplomatic relations with other nations further accentuated this activity. The hotel industry, travel agencies, training of tourist guides, and targeted publicity campaigns are the chief reasons for the remarkable growth of this industry in Nepal, and in Kathmandu in particular.[103] Since then, tourism in Nepal has thrived. It is the country's most important industry.[104] Tourism is a major source of income for most of the people in the city, with several hundred thousand visitors annually. Hindu and Buddhist pilgrims from all over the world visit Kathmandu's religious sites such as Pashupatinath, Swayambhunath, Boudhanath, Changunarayan and Budhanilkantha. From a mere 6,179 tourists in 1961/62, the number increased to 491,504 in 1999/2000. In economic terms, the foreign exchange registered 3.8% of the GDP in 1995/96 but then started declining. Following the end of the Maoist insurgency, there was a significant rise in the number of tourist arrivals, with 509,956 tourists recorded in 2009. Since then, tourism has improved as the country transitioned into a republic. The high level of tourism is attributed to the natural grandeur of the Himalayas and the rich cultural heritage of the country.[103]
Hyatt Regency, Kathmandu
The neighbourhood of Thamel is Kathmandu's primary "traveller's ghetto", packed with guest houses, restaurants, shops, and bookstores, catering to tourists. Another neighbourhood of growing popularity is Jhamel, a name for Jhamsikhel that was coined to rhyme with Thamel.[105] Jhochhen Tol, also known as Freak Street, is Kathmandu's original traveller's haunt, made popular by the hippies of the 1960s and 1970s; it remains a popular alternative to Thamel. Ason is a bazaar and ceremonial square on the old trade route to Tibet, and provides a fine example of a traditional neighbourhood.
With the opening of the tourist industry after the change in the political scenario of Nepal in 1950, the hotel industry drastically improved.[106] Now Kathmandu boasts several luxuries such as the Hyatt Regency, Dwarika's, Hotel Yak & Yeti, The Everest Hotel, Hotel Radisson, Hotel De L'Annapurna, The Malla Hotel, Shangri-La Hotel (not operated by the Shangri-La Hotel Group) and Hotel Shanker. There are several four-star hotels such as Akama Hotel, Hotel Vaishali, Hotel Narayani, The Blue Star and Grand Hotel. The Garden Hotel, Hotel Ambassador, and Aloha Inn are among the three-star hotels in Kathmandu. Hotels like Hyatt Regency, De L'Annapurna, and Yak & Yeti are among the five-star hotels with casinos as well.[107]
Transport
Arch bridges over the Dhobi Khola river in Baneshwor, Kathmandu
Road
The total length of roads in Nepal is recorded to be 17,182 km (10,676 mi), as of 2003–04. This fairly large network has helped the economic development of the country, particularly in the fields of agriculture, horticulture, vegetable farming, industry and also tourism.[108] In view of the hilly terrain, transportation takes place in Kathmandu are mainly by road and air. Kathmandu is connected by the Tribhuvan Highway to the south connecting India, Prithvi Highway to the west and Araniko Highway to the north connecting China. The BP Highway connects Kathmandu to the eastern part of Nepal through Sindhuli.[109] The fast-track is under construction which will be the shortest route to connect Terai with the valley.[110]
Sajha Yatayat provides regular bus services throughout Kathmandu and the surrounding valley. Other bus companies including micro-bus companies operate several unscheduled routes. Trolleybusses used to operate on the route between Tripureshwor and Suryabinayak on a 13-kilometer route.
Air
The main international airport serving Kathmandu valley is the Tribhuvan International Airport, about 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) from the city centre and is operated by the Civil Aviation Authority of Nepal.[111] It has two terminals, one domestic and one international. At present, it connects 30 cities around the globe in Europe, Asia and the Middle East such as Istanbul, Delhi, Mumbai, Bangalore, Kolkata, Singapore, Bangkok, Kuala Lumpur, Dhaka, Paro, Lhasa, Chengdu, Guangzhou and Hong Kong.[111] Since 2013, Turkish Airlines connects Istanbul to Kathmandu.[112] Oman Air also connects Muscat to Kathmandu since 2010.[113] Nepal Airlines started flying to Tokyo-Narita from March 2, 2020.[114] Regionally, several Nepali airlines operate from the city, inc
With all Its serenity and solitude, Jorpokhri, a tiny place on hilltop stands only 19 km away from Darjeeling town in the state of West Bengal, India. You cannot resist to walk along its fascinating nature’s trail amidst the dhupi and pine forests at an altitude of 7,400 ft above sea level. Jorpokhri is part of Senchal forest and is a nature reserve. The entire area is maintained by Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council (DGHC). I walked for hours alone in the woods, and could see, listen, touch and smell so much that I never had before. It was my poetic pilgrimage through the silent notes of nature. And I wrote all my feelings what I would like to share with you my friends…….
SILENT NOTES
There had I walked alone
Amidst the silence of woods,
Where I had no desire or fear of losing,
For a place yet unknown.
The breeze that brought the sweet fragrance
Of the flowers that bloomed anew,
And I felt the freshness of the petals
As fresh as morning dew.
My feet could listen the melodious notes
Of the path I walked for,
And my shadows followed my harmonious foot steps
That I never had perceived before.
The gurgling of the tiny streams
Seemed so lyrical and nice,
That the songs they were singing for,
Had not been sung so alive.
The light and shadows on the forest floor
Of the mystic dawn,
That turned my mind so tranquil and cool
As I walked on and on!
The vibrant casts of beaming sunshine
That burst through the forest mists,
Seemed to bring the message of God
Ushering all new hopes to live.
The birds that sang all unforgettable notes,
To bring the woods so alive,
And I saw the sign of resonance everywhere
Where lives ever cried for lives.
The cool breeze that whispered around
Sprinkled the morning dews,
That diluted all my teardrops
With all its goodness and hues.
My heart whispered all my unspoken words
For which I awaited so long,
Amidst the sounds of silence
To that eternal call.
There I left my tiny footprints
That might fade with time,
But my soul that resonated ever
Will remain and will never die.
This sleek and contemporary lobby space in Tokyo exudes a refined elegance, combining minimalist design principles with carefully curated natural elements. The dramatic floor-to-ceiling windows provide a panoramic view of a lush courtyard, seamlessly integrating the outdoor greenery with the pristine, tranquil interior. The interplay between the dark, textured brick walls and the bright natural light creates a captivating contrast that enhances the overall ambiance of the space.
At the heart of the lobby is a striking floral arrangement housed in a sculptural vase. Vibrant orange, yellow, and white blossoms, accented with dried pampas grass, introduce a touch of organic warmth to the modern, cool-toned environment. Strategically placed lighting below the seating area bathes the floor in a soft, golden glow, highlighting the clean lines and geometric precision of the decor.
The tiled flooring complements the sleek, linear design, while subtle pops of color from pillows and planters add depth and personality. The integration of natural materials, from the plants outside to the floral centerpiece, demonstrates a thoughtful approach to biophilic design, aimed at enhancing relaxation and comfort within an urban setting.
This chic interior is a testament to Tokyo’s ability to harmoniously blend cutting-edge architecture with serene, nature-inspired aesthetics. It's an inviting space that feels both luxurious and calming, perfect for travelers seeking a quiet refuge within the city’s vibrant energy.
Rom - Kapitolsplatz
The bird's-eye view of the engraving by Étienne Dupérac shows Michelangelo's solution to the problems of the space in the Piazza del Campidoglio. Even with their new facades centering them on the new palazzo at the rear, the space was a trapezoid, and the facades did not face each other squarely. Worse still, the whole site sloped. Michelangelo's solution was radical.
The three remodelled palazzi enclose a harmonious trapezoidal space, approached by the ramped staircase called the "Cordonata". The stepped ramp of the cordonata was intended, like a slow-moving escalator, to lift its visitors toward the sky and deposit them on the threshold of municipal authority. Since no "perfect" forms would work within the dimension of the plaza, his apparent ellipse in the paving is actually egg-shaped (oval), narrower at one end than at the other. The oval shape combined with the diamond pattern within it was a play on the previous Renaissance geometries of the circle and square. The travertine design set into the paving is perfectly level: Around its perimeter, low steps arise and die away into the paving as the slope requires. Its centre springs slightly, so that one senses that he/she is standing on the exposed segment of a gigantic egg all but buried at the centre of the city at the centre of the world, as Michelangelo's historian Charles de Tolnay pointed out. An interlaced twelve-pointed star makes a subtle reference to the constellations, revolving around this space called Caput mundi, Latin for "head of the world." This paving design was never executed by the popes, who may have detected a subtext of less-than-Christian import, but Benito Mussolini ordered the paving completed to Michelangelo's design in 1940.
Michelangelo looked at the center to find a solution to the Capitoline disorder. The statue provided a center and a focus. The buildings defined the space, and it is this space, as much as the buildings, that is the impressive achievement of the Capitoline complex. It is a giant outdoor room, a plaza enclosed and protected but open to the sky and accessible through five symmetrical openings. Axiality and symmetry govern all parts of the Campidoglio. The aspect of the piazza that makes this most immediately apparent is the central statue, with the paving pattern directing the visitors’ eyes to its base. Michelangelo also gave the medieval Palazzo del Senatore a central campanile, a renovated façade, and a grand divided external staircase. He designed a new façade for the colonnaded Palazzo dei Conservatori and projected an identical structure, the Palazzo Nuovo, for the opposite side of the piazza. On the narrow side of the trapezoidal plan, he extended the central axis with a magnificent stair to link the hilltop with the city below.
(Wikipedia)
Der Kapitolsplatz, italienisch Piazza del Campidoglio, ist seit der Frühen Neuzeit bis heute der zentrale Platz auf dem Kapitol in Rom. Der italienische Staat hat den Kapitolsplatz mit dem Europäischen Kulturerbe-Siegel ausgezeichnet.
In der Antike befand sich an dieser Stelle eine Senke, die als Asylum bezeichnet wurde. Diese Senke wurde eingerahmt von den beiden Hügelkuppen Capitolium, auf dem sich der Tempel des Jupiter befand, und der Arx, auf der eine Burg und der Tempel der Iuno Moneta standen. Zugang zu dieser auf dem Kapitolshügel befindlichen Senke hatte man nur vom Forum Romanum aus.
Im Spätmittelalter wurde die Senke aufgefüllt, um dem Senatorenpalast eine dorthin gewandte Ausrichtung zu ermöglichen. Da der Anblick des Forums den damaligen Besitzern nicht mehr gefiel, verlegten sie die Fassade von dort weg auf die gegenüberliegende Seite. Als die Päpste nach ihrem Exil in Avignon wieder die Macht in Rom erlangten und sich gegen die Adligen zu behaupten wussten, übernahmen sie auch die Macht auf dem Kapitol. Unter ihrer Regie entstanden hier weitere Gebäude.
Im ersten Drittel des 16. Jahrhunderts erhielt Michelangelo von Papst Paul III. den Auftrag, den Platz des Kapitolshügels in Rom neu zu gestalten. Im Jahre 1538 hatte man das bronzene Reiterstandbild des Kaisers Mark Aurel hierher gebracht und gedachte nun, einen würdigen Rahmen dafür zu schaffen. Während die meisten seiner Ideen schon im 16., spätestens jedoch im Laufe des 17. Jahrhunderts umgesetzt wurden, wurde die optische Hervorhebung durch die besondere Art der Pflasterung erst im Jahre 1940 ergänzt.
Der Entwurf von Michelangelo für den Kapitolsplatz sah folgende Elemente vor:
Die Cordonata, eine Freitreppe in Form einer großen Rampe, die den Zugang von Norden her ermöglichen sollte. Die Stufen und die Steigung der Rampe waren so konzipiert, dass sie für Reiter zu Pferd tauglich war.
Die Cordonata von heute ist eine Treppe, welche die Piazza d'Aracoeli mit dem Kapitolsplatz verbindet.
Die Basis der Treppe wird flankiert von zwei Löwen. Auf halber Höhe auf der linken Seite steht eine Skulptur Cola di Rienzis, die 1887 von Girolamo Masini geschaffen wurde. Das obere Ende der Treppe wird markiert von den dominanten Statuen der Dioskuren Kastor und Pollux mit ihren Pferden am Zügel, die hier 1585 an Stelle der von Michelangelo vorgesehenen Statuen installiert wurden. Wie alle Statuen auf dem Platz sind es Kopien, die meisten der Originale werden in den Kapitolinischen Museen aufbewahrt..
Die Gebäude (Senatorenpalast, Palazzo Nuovo, Konservatorenpalast) sollten trapezförmig zueinander stehen, damit der Platz optisch größer wirkte.
Die Statue des Mark Aurel sollte nach Norden in Richtung Vatikan ausgerichtet sein. Das Reiterstandbild sollte durch Linien auf dem Pflaster, die einen zwölfzackigen Stern, der in ein Oval eingepasst ist, darstellen sollten, optisch hervorgehoben werden.
Das Reiterstandbild wurde 1538 auf Anordnung von Papst Paul III. Farnese von seinem alten Standort vor dem Lateranpalast auf den Kapitolsplatz umgesetzt. Daher befinden sich auf dem Sockel des Standbildes, der ebenfalls von Michelangelo entworfen wurde, die Lilien der Farnese. Nach Abschluss der Renovierung 1990 befindet sich das Original in den Kapitolinischen Museen.
Der Senatorenpalast sollte eine große Doppeltreppe erhalten, die die Symmetrie des Platzes unterstreichen sollte.
Erbaut wurde der Palast nach Michelangelos Entwurf, aus der Zeit zwischen 1547 und 1579 stammt aber die Fassade von Giacomo della Porta und Girolamo Rainaldi.
Die zweiläufige Treppe, die zum Portal des Palastes führt, wurde zwischen 1547 und 1754 errichtet, ohne den im Entwurf vorgesehenen säulengestützten Baldachin.
In der Arkadennische unter der Treppe steht auf einem Sockel eine antike Skulptur der Minerva, die in eine Roma Dea umgewidmet wurde, als 1588/89 der von Matteo di Città di Castello (1555–1632) entworfene, der Treppe vorgelagerte Brunnen gebaut wurde. Die beiden flankierenden Kolossalstatuen, die den Nil und den Tiber symbolisieren, stammen von den Konstantinsthermen und wurden 1518 auf den Kapitolsplatz gebracht.
Heute ist der Senatorenpalast das Rathaus der Stadt Rom und Amtssitz des Bürgermeisters von Rom.
Am 25. März 1957 wurden im Senatorenpalast die Römischen Verträge von der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Frankreich, Italien, Luxemburg und den Niederlanden unterzeichnet.
Der Palazzo Nuovo wurde erst im 17. Jahrhundert im Auftrag von Innozenz X. unter der Leitung von Girolamo und Carlo Rainaldi ausgeführt, die zumindest in der Gestaltung der Fassade den Vorgaben Michelangelos folgten. Abgeschlossen war das Projekt erst 1663. Heute ist der Palazzo Nuovo Teil der Kapitolinischen Museen.
(Wikipedia)
@ Gateshead
It is often controversial when period and contemporary styles of building inhabit the same space. Can it be done successfully and harmoniously? And what of the occasions when elements of modern architecture are incorporated into the renovation of old buildings? For many, these questions can evoke an emotional response; yet it is not usually realistic to stem the tide of progress, nor is it acceptable or desirable to demolish the finest buildings of yesteryear.
One example is the former Baltic Flour Mill on the Gateshead quayside, which forms the brick shell of the building pictured (Centre For Contemporary Arts). Next to it are high rise apartments and it can be seen that efforts have been made to achieve some commonality in design.
"Goldfinch and Daisies" by Patti Deters. Amid a lush meadow of pretty white daisies (Leucanthemum vulgare), a yellow American Goldfinch (Spinus tristis) perches gracefully on a slender daisy stem, blending harmoniously with the soft yellows of the flower centers. As if painted onto a canvas of wildflowers, the composite goldfinch appears to float among the blooms. The songbird's delicate grip on the stem sways slightly with the breeze, creating a moment of quiet poetry in motion. This serene moment captures the beauty of spring and the intricate connection between pollinators, flora, and the avian world, offering a glimpse into the tranquility of nature. This picture is one of several where the subject color closely matches its surroundings - some of which are at the links below. If you like outdoor nature photography, please enjoy more birds, animals, and other wildlife images at patti-deters.pixels.com. If you like outdoor nature photography, please enjoy more birds, animals, and other wildlife artworks at patti-deters.pixels.com.
patti-deters.pixels.com/featured/red-bellied-woodpecker-i...
patti-deters.pixels.com/featured/winter-bluebird-in-hackb...
patti-deters.pixels.com/featured/canada-jay-in-the-snow-p...
patti-deters.pixels.com/featured/hummingbird-euphorbia-pa...
there's something beautiful harmonious about the sharing beloved places to the beloved people in your life. it's like connecting two halves of a stone that was broken in half fifty years ago. the edges are worn down, no sharp parts. there's a discussion there, a connection between the two halves. because you love them both. because they are both in your heart.
i was just talking to a friend of mine this past week, sarah nieman, and i told her that i wanted to be more personal on this photostream. i wanted to be more honest with you. i'm not here to show you the glamourous bits of my life, or just a series of a pretty girls in pretty places.
i've recently fallen in love, and it has made me so brave. i don't mind speaking to you now, to tell you that i've found this beautiful boy and i have finally shown him this beautiful place. he's from the west coast. he hasn't seen much of this ocean before.
Edition 2022 - Bright Brussels
Frequences - Rencontres Audiovisuelles
This 5-minute video mapping on the facade of the Maison de la Radio is a fresco of sounds that explores the various aspects of radio broadcasting.
It is made up of three movements: the first symbolises the start of the broadcast, with the signal crackling and the beats gradually taking shape. This abstract sound material is materialised on the building through waves and lines. The second movement enriches the fresco with figurative sound matter: voices and music emerge, they blend and disrupt each other, and they merge into a chaotic whole. The image follows this chaos, with organic shapes appearing and disappearing. The third movement is built around clear sounds and ends in a musical climax. All these elements come together in a harmonious, masterful piece of mapping art.
Jules HUVIG - Creation and animation
Jules Huvig graduated from SUPINFOCOM Valenciennes in 2012 and started his career in advertising, as a 3D graphic designer. He then joined the company Nie Wiem for the creation of a digital scenography. In 2017, he completed the video mapping course of Rencontres Audiovisuelles and he participated in a workshop with Romain Tardy. From location scouting to script writing, from production to broadcasting, Jules masters the entire production chain.
Hamza MRABET - Animation
Hamza Mrabet is a visual artist who has been exploring 3D computer graphics for almost a decade. He graduated with a Master's degree in animation cinema and 3D special effects, and works as a director and media supervisor at Rencontres Audiovisuelles. He is also a VJ in the Hauts-de-France region, he performs on the Drum & Bass scene and has diversified his portfolio by also participating in electro events. His visual creations are characterised by a modern and minimalist style.
Simon LEBON - Animation
Simon is a versatile graphic designer who has specialised in 3D computer graphics since 2008, and has been involved in mapping since 2012. A fan of procedural and generative animation, his technique and creativity offer the public unique and contemporary shows combining sound and lighting.
Geraldine KWIK - Composition and sound design
Geraldine Kwik has been playing the piano since the age of four and is trained in many tools and methods in the field of media and sound. She has a Master's degree in interactive media, and for many years she worked as a composer and sound designer for films, series, video games and commercials. In parallel, she launched her own music series. Today, backed by more than 10 years of experience in artistic installations in the Hauts-de-France region, she works as an artist-musician at Rencontres Audiovisuelle.
The festival of lights in Brussels
Bright Brussels, the festival of lights returns to brighten up the capital this winter!
Four evenings and three routes will take you on a journey to discover of some twenty immersive and poetic artistic works. From 10 to 13 February, the Royal Quarter, the European Quarter and the Flagey neighborhood will be illuminated by enchanting light installations. The festival will also feature a fringe programme, including evening events in the museums.
It's become a tradition for the lights of Bright Brussels to warm us up in the dead of winter and, best of all, it's completely free!
( Bright Brussels is a light festival, a fascinating route through the city consisting of a dozen light installations that are artistic, interactive, playful,... and simply captivating. )
Harmonious is Epcot's fireworks and light display show dedicated to "The World’s Most Magical Celebration" —celebrating the 50th anniversary of Walt Disney World Resort.
Successful beautiful shots are not only the merit of the photographer, but also the correct preparation of the model.
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So, to create good shots, you need to:
Decide
on the location (where exactly you want to shoot: a beautiful winter forest, an outdoor ice rink, a cozy cafe, a themed studio or your own house);
Think about the style (what will your image be: classic or maybe creative and bright?);
📍Use accessories. They can complement your image, make it more harmonious, add personality and charm;
📍Relax and enjoy the moment. Don't forget that photography should be fun!
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📣 Share your ideas and tips on preparing for photography in the comments!
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Ph: @safronov_photo
⠀
#photoshootMoscow #weddingMoscow #weddingphoto #weddingmoscow #art #beauty #christmastree #event #fashiondesign #fawn #happy #pink #textile #thigh #NikonD800 #safronoviv_photo
[ENG] Santa María de Naranco is one of the most enigmatic and harmonious monuments of Western architecture. It is an old palace that was the Aula Regia of the palace complex that King Ramiro I (842-850) ordered to be built on the outskirts of the capital of the kingdom of Asturias. It was completed in the year 842. Its artistic style is the so-called Asturian or "ramirense" art, within the pre-Romanesque period. It functioned as a temple from the collapse of the chevet and part of the naves of San Miguel de Lillo (12th century) until its restoration in the years 1929-1934. It is located on the southern slope of Mount Naranco, about 4 km from Oviedo (Asturias, Spain). It was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1985. More photos in the album Santa María de Naranco (9th century)
[ESP] Santa María de Naranco es uno de los monumentos más enigmáticos y armoniosos de la arquitectura occidental. Es un antiguo palacio que fue el Aula Regia del conjunto palacial que el rey Ramiro I (842-850) mandó construir en las afueras de la capital del reino de Asturias. Se terminó en el año 842. Su estilo artístico es el denominado arte asturiano o "ramirense", dentro del prerrománico. Funcionó como templo desde el derrumbamiento de la cabecera y de parte de las naves de San Miguel de Lillo (siglo XII) hasta su restauración en los años 1929-1934. Se ubica en la ladera meridional del Monte Naranco, a unos 4 km de Oviedo (Asturias, España). Fue declarado Patrimonio Mundial de la Humanidad por la Unesco en 1985. Más fotografías en el álbum Santa María de Naranco (siglo IX)
23P1460
Hereâs a photo I took in Central Park in New York City To capture this image I used my Canon 5DMKII with a FE 24-105mm F4 lens. Settings: 1/13 sec, f/11, ISO 100. To process this digital image I used the Film Emulation Collection Lightroom presets and profiles. I absolutely love the colour and grit of this Lightroom collection, itâs perfect for todayâs digital photographer that wants a beautiful film look! If you want to see this image in high resolution click here VIEW 4K PHOTO. Copyright: Tim Martin and Presetpro.com. Lightroom Presets: Complete Lightroom Collection
maps.app.goo.gl/BwBmEjiZVdG1xneX9
20100327 S 1294 RotNoDo3 7934 PhotosIVenezia_036
maps.app.goo.gl/BwBmEjiZVdG1xneX9
ENGLISH
Venice, 27 March 2010
The Tetrarchs of Constantinople – origin, journey to Venice, and archaeological facts
Origin and iconography
The sculpture of the four Roman emperors was carved around the year 300, during the Tetrarchy, from an exceptionally valuable material – Egyptian red porphyry, reserved for imperial representations.
It depicts two pairs of rulers in a symbolic, ceremonial embrace, emphasizing the idea of unity and harmonious rule rather than individual portraiture.
Original location in Constantinople
The monument was originally installed at the Philadelphion, a central and highly symbolic square of Constantinople.
It formed part of the representative imperial urban landscape celebrating the continuity and stability of the Roman Empire.
The looting of 1204 and arrival in Venice
During the Fourth Crusade (1204), the Venetians took numerous works of art from the sacked Constantinople, among them the Tetrarchs.
Today the sculpture is embedded in the southeastern exterior corner of St Mark’s Basilica – recognizable by the contrast between the dark porphyry and the light Venetian marble.
Damage and archaeological discoveries
The figure on the far right was missing its left foot and ankle. During a medieval restoration the missing part was replaced with pink porphyry, which clearly differs from the original.
In 1965, during German-Turkish excavations at the Philadelphion in Istanbul, the lost original foot fragment was discovered.
It is now kept in the Archaeological Museum in Istanbul.
This confirmed the sculpture’s provenance and its relocation after 1204.
The head of Justinian I and Venetian legends
A porphyry head of Emperor Justinian I once stood on the upper balcony of the basilica – also brought from Constantinople after the Fourth Crusade.
It is now preserved in the Procuratie of St Mark’s.
In Venetian popular tradition this head was often mistakenly identified with that of Francesco Bussone da Carmagnola (executed in 1432 on St Mark’s Square), and later with the legendary Fornaretto, a young man who, according to legend, was unjustly executed.
The “Stone of Proclamation” (Pietra del Bando)
At the very corner of the basilica is the so-called Stone of Proclamation, on which – according to 15th-century records – the severed heads of traitors of the Republic were displayed for three days and three nights as a warning to passers-by.
This tradition likely contributed to later confusion regarding the identity of the porphyry head.
________________________________________
ITALIANO
Venezia, 27 marzo 2010
I Tetrarchi di Costantinopoli – origine, arrivo a Venezia e fatti archeologici
Origine e iconografia
La scultura dei quattro imperatori romani fu scolpita intorno all’anno 300, durante la tetrarchia, in un materiale estremamente prezioso – il porfido rosso egiziano, riservato alle rappresentazioni imperiali.
Raffigura due coppie di sovrani in un abbraccio simbolico e cerimoniale, sottolineando l’idea di unità e di governo concorde, piuttosto che un ritratto individuale.
Collocazione originaria a Costantinopoli
Il monumento era originariamente collocato presso il Philadelphion, una piazza centrale e altamente simbolica di Costantinopoli.
Faceva parte dell’urbanistica imperiale celebrativa della continuità e stabilità dell’Impero romano.
Il saccheggio del 1204 e l’arrivo a Venezia
Durante la Quarta Crociata (1204) i veneziani portarono via numerose opere d’arte dalla Costantinopoli saccheggiata, tra cui i Tetrarchi.
Oggi la scultura è inserita nell’angolo sud-orientale esterno della Basilica di San Marco – riconoscibile dal contrasto tra il porfido scuro e il chiaro marmo veneziano.
Danni e scoperte archeologiche
Alla figura all’estrema destra mancavano il piede sinistro e la caviglia. Durante un restauro medievale la parte mancante fu integrata con porfido rosato, chiaramente diverso dall’originale.
Nel 1965, durante gli scavi tedesco-turchi presso il Philadelphion di Istanbul, fu ritrovato il frammento originale del piede perduto.
Oggi è conservato nel Museo Archeologico di Istanbul.
Ciò ha confermato la provenienza della scultura e il suo trasferimento dopo il 1204.
La testa di Giustiniano I e le leggende veneziane
Sul balcone superiore della basilica si trovava un tempo una testa in porfido dell’imperatore Giustiniano I – anch’essa portata da Costantinopoli dopo la Quarta Crociata.
Oggi è conservata nelle Procuratie di San Marco.
Nella tradizione popolare veneziana questa testa veniva spesso identificata erroneamente con quella di Francesco Bussone da Carmagnola (giustiziato nel 1432 in Piazza San Marco) e più tardi con quella del leggendario Fornaretto, giovane che secondo la leggenda fu ingiustamente condannato a morte.
La “Pietra del Bando”
Proprio all’angolo della basilica si trova la cosiddetta Pietra del Bando, sulla quale – secondo registri del XV secolo – venivano esposte per tre giorni e tre notti le teste mozzate dei traditori della Repubblica, come monito ai passanti.
Questa tradizione ha probabilmente alimentato la successiva confusione riguardo all’identità della testa in porfido.
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FRANÇAIS
Venise, 27 mars 2010
Les Tétrarques de Constantinople – origine, arrivée à Venise et faits archéologiques
Origine et iconographie
La sculpture des quatre empereurs romains a été réalisée vers l’an 300, à l’époque de la tétrarchie, dans un matériau extrêmement précieux – le porphyre rouge d’Égypte, réservé aux représentations impériales.
Elle montre deux paires de souverains dans une étreinte symbolique et cérémonielle, soulignant l’idée d’unité et de gouvernement harmonieux plutôt qu’un portrait individuel.
Emplacement originel à Constantinople
Le monument se trouvait à l’origine au Philadelphion, une place centrale et hautement symbolique de Constantinople.
Il faisait partie de l’urbanisme impérial visant à célébrer la continuité et la stabilité de l’Empire romain.
Le pillage de 1204 et l’arrivée à Venise
Lors de la Quatrième Croisade (1204), les Vénitiens emportèrent de nombreuses œuvres d’art de Constantinople mise à sac, dont les Tétrarques.
Aujourd’hui, la sculpture est intégrée dans l’angle sud-est extérieur de la basilique Saint-Marc, reconnaissable par le contraste entre le porphyre sombre et le marbre vénitien clair.
Dommages et découvertes archéologiques
La figure la plus à droite avait perdu son pied gauche et sa cheville. Lors d’une restauration médiévale, la partie manquante fut remplacée par du porphyre rose, nettement différent de l’original.
En 1965, lors de fouilles germano-turques au Philadelphion à Istanbul, le fragment original du pied perdu fut retrouvé.
Il est aujourd’hui conservé au Musée archéologique d’Istanbul.
Cette découverte a confirmé l’origine de la sculpture et son déplacement après 1204.
La tête de Justinien Ier et les légendes vénitiennes
Une tête en porphyre de l’empereur Justinien Ier se trouvait autrefois sur le balcon supérieur de la basilique – elle aussi apportée de Constantinople après la Quatrième Croisade.
Elle se trouve aujourd’hui dans les Procuraties de Saint-Marc.
Dans la tradition populaire vénitienne, cette tête fut souvent confondue avec celle de Francesco Bussone da Carmagnola (exécuté en 1432 sur la place Saint-Marc), puis avec celle du légendaire Fornaretto, un jeune homme qui, selon la légende, fut injustement condamné.
La “Pierre du Ban” (Pietra del Bando)
À l’angle même de la basilique se trouve la soi-disant Pierre du Ban, sur laquelle – selon des documents du XVe siècle – les têtes coupées des traîtres de la République étaient exposées pendant trois jours et trois nuits, en guise d’avertissement aux passants.
Cette tradition a probablement contribué à la confusion ultérieure concernant l’identité de la tête en porphyre.
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Venecija. 27.III.2010. Carigradski tetrarsi – podrijetlo, put u Veneciju i arheološke činjenice Podrijetlo i ikonografija Skulptura četiri rimska cara isklesana je oko 300. godine u vrijeme tetrarhije, izuzetno vrijednim materijalom – egipatskim crvenim porfirom, rezerviranim za carske prikaze. Prikazuje dva para vladara u simboličnom, ceremonijalnom zagrljaju, naglašavajući ideju zajedništva i složne vladavine, a ne individualni portret. Izvorna lokacija u Konstantinopolisu Spomenik je izvorno bio postavljen kod Philadelphiona, središnjeg i vrlo simboličnog trga Konstantinopolisa. Bio je dio reprezentativnog carskog urbanizma kojim su se slavili kontinuitet i stabilnost Rimskog Carstva. Pljačka 1204. i dolazak u Veneciju Tijekom Četvrtog križarskog pohoda (1204.) Venecijanci su odnijeli brojne umjetnine iz opljačkanog Konstantinopolisa, među njima i Tetrarse. Danas se skulptura nalazi ugrađena u vanjski jugoistočni kut Bazilike sv. Marka – karakteristična po kontrastu tamnog porfira i svijetlog venecijanskog mramora. Oštećenja i arheološka otkrića Na figuri sasvim desno nedostajalo je lijevo stopalo i gležanj. Tijekom srednjovjekovne restauracije nedostatak je nadomješten ružičastim porfirom, koji jasno odudara od originala. 1965. godine, tijekom njemačko-turskih iskapanja kod Philadelphiona u Istanbulu, pronađen je izgubljeni originalni komad stopala. Danas se čuva u Arheološkom muzeju u Istanbulu. Time je potvrđeno izvorište skulpture i njezino premještanje nakon 1204. Glava Justinijana I. i venecijanske legende Na gornjem balkonu bazilike nekad se nalazila porfirna glava cara Justinijana I. – također donijeta iz Konstantinopola nakon Četvrtog križarskog pohoda. Danas se čuva u Prokurativama sv. Marka. U venecijanskoj pučkoj tradiciji ova se glava često pogrešno poistovjećivala s glavom Francesca Bussonea da Carmagnole (pogubljen 1432. na Trgu sv. Marka), kasnije i s legendarnim Fornarettom, mladićem koji je, prema legendi, nepravedno pogubljen. „Kamen ugovora“ (Pietra del Bando) Na samom kutu bazilike nalazi se i tzv. kamen ugovora, na koji su – prema zapisima iz 15. stoljeća – na tri dana i tri noći bile izlagane odrubljene glave izdajnika Republike kao opomena prolaznicima. Ova tradicija je vjerojatno potaknula kasniju zbrku oko identiteta porfirne glave.
Pattadakal, in Karnataka, represents the high point of an eclectic art which, in the 7th and 8th centuries under the Chalukya dynasty, achieved a harmonious blend of architectural forms from northern and southern India. An impressive series of nine Hindu temples, as well as a Jain sanctuary, can be seen there. One masterpiece from the group stands out – the Temple of Virupaksha, built c. 740 by Queen Lokamahadevi to commemorate her husband's victory over the kings from the South.
Pattadakal represents the high point of an eclectic art which, in the 7th and 8th centuries under the Chalukya dynasty, achieved a harmonious blend of architectural forms from northern and southern India. An impressive series of nine Hindu temples, as well as a Jain sanctuary, can be seen there.
Three very closely located sites in the State of Karnataka provide a remarkable concentration of religious monuments dating from the great dynasty of the Chalukya (c. 543-757). There are the two successive capital cities - Aihole (ancient Aryapura), Badami, and Pattadakal, the 'City of the Crown Rubies' (Pattada Kisuvolal). The latter was, moreover, for a brief time the third capital city of the Chalukya kingdom; at the time the Pallava occupied Badami (642-55). While Aihole is traditionally considered the 'laboratory' of Chalukya architecture, with such monuments as the Temple of Ladkhan (c. 450) which antedate the dynasty's political successes during the reign of King Pulakeshin I, the city of Pattadakal illustrates the apogee of an eclectic art which, in the 7th and 8th centuries, achieved a harmonious blend of architectural forms from the north and south of India.
Situated between the Malaprabha River to the north, and a minuscule village to the south, Pattadakal possesses a sort of holy city comprised of an impressive series of eight Hindu temples dedicated to Siva. Somewhat off to the side, towards the village, is the ninth Sivaite sanctuary, the Temple of Papanatha, as well as a Jain temple. In the monumental complex of the central zone are structures whose design was strongly influenced by the architecture of northern India: the temples of Galaganatha and of Kashi Vishveshvara, which are noteworthy for their square-shaped shikharas with curved edges. They stand along with other temples of a pure Dravidian style - Sangameshvara, built between 696 and 733, and Mallikarjuna, built consecutively from 733-44. Cornices decorate the walls of these temples and the roofs are the complex, storeyed type found in southern architecture.
The unexpected and yet harmonious mixture of these styles provided the inspiration for the masterpiece of Chalukya art, the temple of Virupaksha. This Sivaite sanctuary was erected around 740 by Queen Lokamahadevi to commemorate the victory in 731 of her husband, King Vikramaditya II, over the Pallava and other sovereigns of southern India. The king's admiration for the art of his conquered enemies is borne out by two inscriptions that offer proof that he brought in from the south an architect and a team of sculptors.
Prominently jutting out from the cruciform temple are three porches, a typical Chalukyan feature. They blend perfectly with the majestic three-storey tower and the walls with their overhanging cornices punctuated by narrow pilasters that separate niches filled with marvellous statuary. An overall concept dictated the choice of statues which illustrate the great themes of Siva theology and mythology.
The evocative ruins of the numerous abandoned sanctuaries within the enclosure may be reached, on the west and east sides, through two monumental gates. In the axis of the courtyard, in front of the temple, is a beautiful pavilion containing a colossal black stone statue of Siva's sacred bull, Nandi. The puja, the ritual washing of the bull, takes place there every morning. Enhanced by its relative isolation south of the principal zone, the temple of Papanatha illustrates once again the aesthetic achievement resulting from the incorporation of two different styles. Papanatha has two rooms where the faithful can worship.
On the west is the principal sanctuary, which is covered with a powerful tower in the northern style; to the east is a more modest room, whose roof is crowned with miniature reproductions of buildings in the purest Dravidian style. Experts have found in the detail of the niches, the pediments and the arcature, many contradictory architectural references. The plastic unity of this great monument, however, comes from the remarkable sculptured decoration illustrating the popular epic of the Ramayana, dedicated to Prince Rama, incarnation of Vishnu.
Gnarled Trembling Aspen trunks bathed in soft morning light. Thompson Plateau, British Columbia, Canada.
Harmonious Glade is a forest village where every breeze, every rustle of leaves, and every chirp of birds weaves together into an eternal melody.
The air hums with the whispers of the departed, their voices carried on the wind, blending seamlessly with the natural sounds of the forest. This is not a place of mourning but of peaceful remembrance.
Every path through the forest leads to sacred sites where the echoes of elven songs reverberate, paying tribute to those who have passed beyond. It is a place where time flows gently, where grief transforms into harmony, and where the memories of those who have transitioned beyond are carried forever.
A Shopping Region -
Sponsored by Harshlands & Belle Epoque
Region by Kadaj Yoshikawa & Janire Coba
Ganymede, a young Trojan hero, considered to be "the most beautiful of mortals", was carried away by Zeus, who used him as his cupbearer on Olympus. Ganymede was carried off by Zeus – or, according to another version of the myth, by the eagle of Zeus – while he was watching his father's flocks near the town of Troy. Each side of this krater is composed according to a scheme that the Berlin Painter favored throughout his career: a figure standing out against the black surface of the bowl is placed on a band decorated with a meander.
On the krater side A, the young man is represented nude with his red hair undone, crowned with leaves in red highlights, walking and turning his hoop with a stick. In antiquity the hoop was one of the games used by children and young people. On this vase it symbolizes Ganymede's youth. Furthermore, the presence of a cock in his hand represents the loving gift that couples give each other, which appears on vases, and expresses the nascent game of seduction between Zeus and Ganymede.
On the side B, Zeus, wearing a himation and holding a scepter, is hurriedly heading towards the young man. The grace of the figures – particularly Ganymede – who are placed on each side of the vase, but united by an interplay of gestures and symbols, accentuates the sobriety and harmony of the composition.
The shape too of this vase is interesting. It’s a variant of the bell-krater, the lugged krater, characterized by the oblique positioning of the handles, was used during banquets for mixing wine and water. This type of krater is fairly rare in Attic vase production, but was frequently used by the Berlin Painter. Here, the potter has produced a krater with harmonious proportions: it has been noted that the height of the vase is equal to its diameter, and the diameter of the base is the same as the diameter of the hoop.
Source: Museum WEB notice
CARC / CAV www.beazley.ox.ac.uk
Attic lugged krater
Height 33 cm; diameter 33 cm.
Attributed to The Berlin Painter by Beazley
550 – 490 BC
Paris, Musée du Louvre
Inv. G 175
Located in Tokyo, Rikugien Garden is a masterpiece of traditional Japanese landscape design, reflecting the Edo period's aesthetic principles. This serene image captures the garden's enchanting beauty, showcasing its meticulously pruned trees and serene pond. The pine trees, their trunks wrapped in traditional straw mats known as "komomaki," stand proudly, demonstrating the garden's dedication to preserving historical horticultural practices. The lush greenery surrounding the pond mirrors the tranquil waters, creating a picturesque scene that invites visitors to pause and appreciate nature's artistry. The garden's winding paths, stone bridges, and charming teahouse offer a journey through time, where each step reveals a new perspective on the harmonious blend of natural and man-made elements. Rikugien, meaning "Six Poems Garden," was created in the early 18th century by Yanagisawa Yoshiyasu under the orders of the fifth shogun, Tokugawa Tsunayoshi. It is renowned for its scenic beauty, featuring landscapes inspired by waka poems. Each area of the garden represents a stanza, creating a poetic and immersive experience. The garden is particularly stunning in autumn when the foliage transforms into a vibrant tapestry of red, orange, and yellow, attracting photographers and nature lovers alike. The seasonal changes add a dynamic aspect to the garden, making each visit unique. Rikugien Garden is not just a historical treasure but also a cultural haven where visitors can enjoy a cup of matcha in the teahouse while soaking in the serene surroundings. The garden's meticulous design and maintenance reflect the Japanese cultural emphasis on balance, tranquility, and respect for nature.
[ENG] Santa María de Naranco is one of the most enigmatic and harmonious monuments of Western architecture. It is an old palace that was the Aula Regia of the palace complex that King Ramiro I (842-850) ordered to be built on the outskirts of the capital of the kingdom of Asturias. It was completed in the year 842. Its artistic style is the so-called Asturian or "ramirense" art, within the pre-Romanesque period. It functioned as a temple from the collapse of the chevet and part of the naves of San Miguel de Lillo (12th century) until its restoration in the years 1929-1934. It is located on the southern slope of Mount Naranco, about 4 km from Oviedo (Asturias, Spain). It was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1985. More photos in the album Santa María de Naranco (9th century)
[ESP] Santa María de Naranco es uno de los monumentos más enigmáticos y armoniosos de la arquitectura occidental. Es un antiguo palacio que fue el Aula Regia del conjunto palacial que el rey Ramiro I (842-850) mandó construir en las afueras de la capital del reino de Asturias. Se terminó en el año 842. Su estilo artístico es el denominado arte asturiano o "ramirense", dentro del prerrománico. Funcionó como templo desde el derrumbamiento de la cabecera y de parte de las naves de San Miguel de Lillo (siglo XII) hasta su restauración en los años 1929-1934. Se ubica en la ladera meridional del Monte Naranco, a unos 4 km de Oviedo (Asturias, España). Fue declarado Patrimonio Mundial de la Humanidad por la Unesco en 1985. Más fotografías en el álbum Santa María de Naranco (siglo IX)
23P1493
The harmonious colours of the boats ( kayaks / canoes ? ) in the foreground of this photo of Lake Bohinj caught my attention, I've used a Topaz Adjust filter to add a bit of contrast and saturation.
The Sanctuary of Truth - An intricate sculpture features numerous detailed figures, including deities and mythical creatures intertwined with clouds. The craftsmanship highlights rich cultural and spiritual themes, showcasing a harmonious blend of art and storytelling.
A gate to the town Porto Venere and the alley "Giovanni Capellini".
The eastern Ligurian Riviera between Cinque Terre and Porto Venere is a cultural site of outstanding value, representing the harmonious interaction between people and nature to produce a landscape of exceptional scenic quality that illustrates a traditional way of life that has existed for a thousand years.
English: en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porto_Venere
Español: es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porto_Venere
Until 1991 the name of the town was Portovenere.
Unesco World Heritage: "Portovenere, Cinque Terre, and the Islands (Palmaria, Tino and Tinetto)", ref 826.
Liguria Region, Italy.
[ENG] Santa María de Naranco is one of the most enigmatic and harmonious monuments of Western architecture. It is an old palace that was the Aula Regia of the palace complex that King Ramiro I (842-850) ordered to be built on the outskirts of the capital of the kingdom of Asturias. It was completed in the year 842. Its artistic style is the so-called Asturian or "ramirense" art, within the pre-Romanesque period. It functioned as a temple from the collapse of the chevet and part of the naves of San Miguel de Lillo (12th century) until its restoration in the years 1929-1934. It is located on the southern slope of Mount Naranco, about 4 km from Oviedo (Asturias, Spain). It was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1985. More photos in the album Santa María de Naranco (9th century)
[ESP] Santa María de Naranco es uno de los monumentos más enigmáticos y armoniosos de la arquitectura occidental. Es un antiguo palacio que fue el Aula Regia del conjunto palacial que el rey Ramiro I (842-850) mandó construir en las afueras de la capital del reino de Asturias. Se terminó en el año 842. Su estilo artístico es el denominado arte asturiano o "ramirense", dentro del prerrománico. Funcionó como templo desde el derrumbamiento de la cabecera y de parte de las naves de San Miguel de Lillo (siglo XII) hasta su restauración en los años 1929-1934. Se ubica en la ladera meridional del Monte Naranco, a unos 4 km de Oviedo (Asturias, España). Fue declarado Patrimonio Mundial de la Humanidad por la Unesco en 1985. Más fotografías en el álbum Santa María de Naranco (siglo IX)
23P1494
[ENG] Santa María de Naranco is one of the most enigmatic and harmonious monuments of Western architecture. It is an old palace that was the Aula Regia of the palace complex that King Ramiro I (842-850) ordered to be built on the outskirts of the capital of the kingdom of Asturias. It was completed in the year 842. Its artistic style is the so-called Asturian or "ramirense" art, within the pre-Romanesque period. It functioned as a temple from the collapse of the chevet and part of the naves of San Miguel de Lillo (12th century) until its restoration in the years 1929-1934. It is located on the southern slope of Mount Naranco, about 4 km from Oviedo (Asturias, Spain). It was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1985. More photos in the album Santa María de Naranco (9th century)
[ESP] Santa María de Naranco es uno de los monumentos más enigmáticos y armoniosos de la arquitectura occidental. Es un antiguo palacio que fue el Aula Regia del conjunto palacial que el rey Ramiro I (842-850) mandó construir en las afueras de la capital del reino de Asturias. Se terminó en el año 842. Su estilo artístico es el denominado arte asturiano o "ramirense", dentro del prerrománico. Funcionó como templo desde el derrumbamiento de la cabecera y de parte de las naves de San Miguel de Lillo (siglo XII) hasta su restauración en los años 1929-1934. Se ubica en la ladera meridional del Monte Naranco, a unos 4 km de Oviedo (Asturias, España). Fue declarado Patrimonio Mundial de la Humanidad por la Unesco en 1985. Más fotografías en el álbum Santa María de Naranco (siglo IX)
23P1467
El casco antiguo de Graz fue declarado Patrimonio de la Humanidad por la Unesco en 1999.
A orillas del río Mur se encuentra una colina llamada Schlossberg, que tiene una altura de 475 metros.
Hace más de 1.000 años se construyó un castillo que dio el nombre a la ciudad (que se deriva de la palabra eslovena gradec, que significa "pequeño castillo"). Desde el año 1125 la colina albergó una impresionante fortaleza. En 1809 Napoleón ordenó destruirla. En dicha colina se edificó en 1560 la Torre del reloj, uno de los símbolos de la ciudad. Entre las diferentes calles que forman parte del distrito Innere Stadt destaca la calle Sporgasse. La calle es más antigua que la ciudad ya que fueron los romanos, los primeros que trazaron una vía que iba desde el valle del río Mur hasta la ciudad romana de Savaria (actual Szombately, en Hungría). Los artesanos que trabajaban en esta calle son los que dieron el nombre a la calle. En la actualidad, la Sporgasse es una calle dedicada al comercio.
es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casco_histórico_de_Graz
Innere Stadt (German pronunciation: [ˈɪnəʀə ʃtat]) is the 1st district of the Austrian city of Graz, capital of the federal state of Styria. It is the part of the Old Town (in German: Altstadt) containing the Schloßberg and the city park (Stadtpark). The district borders are formed by the Mur river between Radetzkybrücke and Keplerbrücke, the Wickenburggasse, the Glacis, Jakominiplatz and the Radetzkystraße. The district covers an area of 1.16 km² and -as of 2011- has a population of 3,545.
In 1999, the Old Town was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innere_Stadt_(Graz)
Graz [ˈɡʁaːt͡s] es una ciudad austríaca, capital del estado federado de Estiria (en alemán, Steiermark). Con una población de 269.997 habitantes (1-1-2014) es la segunda ciudad más grande del país. Ciudad universitaria por excelencia, fue nombrada Capital Europea de la Cultura en el año 2003.
Graz está situada a orillas del río Mura al sureste de Austria. Se encuentra a 189 kilómetros de Viena, la capital de país.
La primera mención de la ciudad apareció en un documento escrito por el margrave de Estiria Leopoldo I. En la actualidad no se dispone del original aunque existe una copia del siglo XV.
El último representante de la dinastía Otakar fue Otakar IV de Estiria, margrave de Estiria y duque desde 1180. Otakar no tenía descendencia y había contraído la lepra. En el año 1186 Otakar se reunió con el duque Leopoldo V, de la Casa de Babenberg, en la localidad de Enns donde firmaron el Pacto de Georgenberger mediante el cual Otokar designaba a los Babenberg como sucesores.
En 1379 Graz se convierte en la residencia de los Habsburgo al ser nombrada capital de la Austria interna (en alemán Innerösterreich), territorio que comprendía Estiria, Carintia, Carniola y algunas posesiones en Italia. La estancia de la familia imperial se prolongó hasta 1619.
El 10 de abril de 1797, las tropas francesas hicieron su entrada en Graz por primera vez. Dos días más tarde, Napoleón llegó a Graz, donde permaneció unos días hasta su marcha a Göss, cerca de Leoben. El 14 de noviembre de 1805, el ejército francés, al mando del general Marmont, invadió la ciudad por segunda vez. La ocupación finalizó el 11 de enero de 1806 con la retirada de las tropas galas. El 30 de mayo de 1809 se produjo la tercera incursión de la legión francesa, esta vez bajo las órdenes de MacDonald. El 4 de enero de 1810 los franceses abandonaron Graz definitivamente.
Durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial el 16 % de los edificios fueron destruidos y 1788 personas perdieron la vida como consecuencia de la ofensiva. El casco histórico no se vio afectado por los ataques, a excepción de la Tummelplatz. La estación central y las plantas industriales del sur y el oeste de la ciudad fueron los objetivos de los bombardeos.
En los años posteriores a la proclamación de la independencia del país en 1955, se produjeron muchos de los cambios que conformaron la imagen actual de la ciudad. En el plano cultural destaca la creación de varios festivales. En 1968 se celebró la primera edición del steirische herbst, el festival de arte contemporáneo más antiguo de Europa. En 1985 se inauguró el Styriarte, festival dedicado a la música clásica. Ambos festivales se celebran cada año y son de gran importancia para la capital de Estiria. La fisionomía de Graz va a experimentar sucesivas modificaciones y ampliaciones. Así pues, se construyeron nuevos puentes y en 1972 se abrió la primera zona peatonal. A finales de los años 80 tiene lugar un importante crecimiento de la zona sureste. En 1988, Puntigam fue considerado como distrito independiente de Straßgang, quedando establecidos los diecisiete distritos en los que se divide Graz hoy en día.
En 1993 la ciudad recibió un premio de la organización ecologista Greenpeace. Ese mismo año organizó el Mes de la cultura europeo por encargo de la Unión Europea.
El casco antiguo de Graz fue declarado Patrimonio de la Humanidad por la Unesco en 1999.
Graz cuenta con 4 universidades que reúnen a cerca de 40 000 estudiantes. Es la segunda ciudad universitaria más importante de Austria después de Viena. Uno de cada 7 habitantes de Graz estudia.
Graz (/ɡrɑːts/ GRAHTS, German: [ɡʁaːts]) is the capital of the Austrian province Styria and the second-largest city in Austria after Vienna. On 1 January 2019, it had a population of 328,276 (292,269 of whom had principal residence status). In 2015, the population of the Graz larger urban zone who had principal residence status stood at 633,168. Graz has a long tradition as seat of universities: its six universities have almost 60,000 students. Its historic centre is one of the best-preserved city centres in Central Europe.[5]
For centuries, Graz was more important to Slovenes and Croats, both politically and culturally, than the capitals of Ljubljana, Slovenia and Zagreb, Croatia; it remains influential to this day.[6] In 1999, Graz's historic centre was added to the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites and in 2010, the site was extended with Eggenberg Palace (German: Schloss Eggenberg). Graz was the Cultural Capital of Europe in 2003 and became a City of Culinary Delights in 2008.
The name of the city, Graz, formerly spelled Gratz, most likely stems from the Slavic gradec, "small castle". Some archaeological finds point to the erection of a small castle by Alpine Slavic people, which over time became a heavily defended fortification. In literary Slovene and Croatian, gradec still means "small castle". The German name 'Graz' first appears in records in 1128.
Graz is situated on the Mur river in southeast Austria. It is about 200 km (120 mi) southwest of Vienna. The nearest larger urban centre is Maribor in Slovenia which is about 50 km (31 mi) away. Graz is the capital and largest city in Styria, a green and heavily forested area.
The oldest settlement on the ground of the modern city of Graz dates back to the Copper Age. However, no historical continuity exists of a settlement before the Middle Ages. During the 12th century, dukes under Babenberg rule made the town into an important commercial center. Later, Graz came under the rule of the Habsburgs and, in 1281, gained special privileges from King Rudolph I.
In the 14th century, Graz became the city of residence of the Inner Austrian line of the Habsburgs. The royalty lived in the Schlossberg castle and from there ruled Styria, Carinthia, most of today's Slovenia, and parts of Italy (Carniola, Gorizia and Gradisca, Trieste).
In the 16th century, the city's design and planning were primarily controlled by Italian Renaissance architects and artists. One of the most famous buildings built in this style is the Landhaus, designed by Domenico dell'Allio, and used by the local rulers as a governmental headquarters.
Karl-Franzens-Universität, also called the University of Graz, is the city's oldest university, founded in 1585 by Archduke Karl II. For most of its existence, it was controlled by the Catholic church, and was closed in 1782 by Joseph II in an attempt to gain state control over educational institutions. Joseph II transformed it into a lyceum where civil servants and medical personnel were trained. In 1827 it was re-instituted as a university by Emperor Franz I, thus gaining the name 'Karl-Franzens Universität,' meaning 'Charles-Francis University.' Over 30,000 students currently study at this university.
The astronomer Johannes Kepler lived in Graz for a short period. There, he worked as a math teacher and was a professor of mathematics at the University of Graz, but still found time to study astronomy. He left Graz to go to Prague when Lutherans were banned from the city.
Ludwig Boltzmann was Professor for Mathematical Physics from 1869 to 1890. During that time, Nikola Tesla studied electrical engineering at the Polytechnic in 1875. Nobel Laureate Otto Loewi taught at the University of Graz from 1909 until 1938. Ivo Andric, the 1961 Nobel Prize for Literature Laureate obtained his doctorate at the University of Graz. Erwin Schrödinger was briefly chancellor of the University of Graz in 1936.
Graz lies in Styria, or Steiermark in German. Mark is an old German word indicating a large area of land used as a defensive border, in which the peasantry is taught how to organize and fight in the case of an invasion. With a strategic location at the head of the open and fertile Mur valley, Graz was often assaulted (unsuccessfully), e.g. by the Hungarians under Matthias Corvinus in 1481, and by the Ottoman Turks in 1529 and 1532. Apart from the Riegersburg Castle, the Schlossberg was the only fortification in the region that never fell to the Ottoman Turks. Graz is home to the region's provincial armory, which is the world's largest historical collection of late medieval and Renaissance weaponry. It has been preserved since 1551, and displays over 30,000 items.
From the earlier part of the 15th century, Graz was the residence of the younger branch of the Habsburgs, which succeeded to the imperial throne in 1619 in the person of Emperor Ferdinand II, who moved the capital to Vienna. New fortifications were built on the Schlossberg at the end of the 16th century. Napoleon's army occupied Graz in 1797. In 1809, the city withstood another assault by the French army. During this attack, the commanding officer in the fortress was ordered to defend it with about 900 men against Napoleon's army of about 3,000. He successfully defended the Schlossberg against eight attacks, but they were forced to give up after the Grande Armée occupied Vienna and the Emperor ordered to surrender. Following the defeat of Austria by Napoleonic forces at the Battle of Wagram in 1809, the fortifications were demolished using explosives, as stipulated in the Peace of Schönbrunn of the same year. The belltower and the civic clock tower, often used as the symbol of Graz, were spared after the people of Graz paid a ransom for their preservation.
Archduke Karl II of Inner Austria had 20,000 Protestant books burned in the square of what is now a mental hospital, and succeeded in returning Styria to the authority of the Holy See. Archduke Franz Ferdinand was born in Graz, in what is now the Stadtmuseum (city museum).
The more recent population figures do not give the whole picture as only people with principal residence status are counted and people with secondary residence status are not. Most of the people with secondary residence status in Graz are students. At the end of 2016 there were 33,473 people with secondary residence status in Graz.
Oceanic climate is the type found in the city, but due to the 0 °C isotherm, the same occurs in a humid continental climate with based in Köppen system (Cfb/Dfb borderline). Wladimir Köppen himself was in town and conducted studies to see how the climate of the past influenced the Continental Drift theory. Due to its position southeast of the Alps, Graz is shielded from the prevailing westerly winds that bring weather fronts in from the North Atlantic to northwestern and central Europe. The weather in Graz is thus influenced by the Mediterranean, and it has more hours of sunshine per year than Vienna or Salzburg and also less wind or rain. Graz lies in a basin that is only open to the south, causing the climate to be warmer than would be expected at that latitude. Plants are found in Graz that normally grow much further south.
Politically, culturally, scientifically and religiously, Graz was an important centre for all Slovenes, especially from the establishment of the University of Graz in 1586 until the establishment of University of Ljubljana in 1919. In 1574, the first Slovene Catholic book [sl] was published in Graz, and in 1592, Hieronymus Megiser published in Graz the book Dictionarium quatuor linguarum, the first multilingual dictionary of Slovene.
The Styrian Slovenes did not consider Graz a German city, but their own, a place to study while living at their relatives' homes and to fulfill one's career ambitions. The student associations in Graz were a crucible of the Slovene identity, and the Slovene students in Graz were more nationally aware than some others. This led to fierce anti-Slovene efforts of German nationalists in Graz before and during World War II.
Many Slovenian Styrians study there. Slovenes are among the professors at the Institute for Jazz in Graz. Numerous Slovenes have found employment there, while being formerly unemployed in Slovenia. For the Slovene culture, Graz remains permanently important due to its university and the Universalmuseum Joanneum archives containing numerous documents from the Slovenian Styria.
A symposium on the relation of Graz and the Slovenes was held in Graz in 2010, at the occasion of the 200th anniversary of the establishment of the first and oldest chair of Slovene. It was established at the Lyzeum of Graz in July 1811 on the initiative of Janez Nepomuk Primic [sl]. A collection of lectures on the topic was published. The Slovenian Post commemorated the anniversary with a stamp.
For the year that Graz was Cultural Capital of Europe, new structures were erected. The Graz Museum of Contemporary Art (German: Kunsthaus) was designed by Peter Cook and Colin Fournier and is situated next to the Mur river. The Island in the Mur is a floating platform made of steel. It was designed by American architect Vito Acconci and contains a café, an open-air theatre and a playground.
The historic centre was added to the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1999 due to the harmonious co-existence of typical buildings from different epochs and in different architectural styles. Situated in a cultural borderland between Central Europe, Italy and the Balkan States, Graz absorbed various influences from the neighbouring regions and thus received its exceptional townscape. Today the old town consists of over 1000 buildings, their age ranging from Gothic to contemporary.
The most important sights in the historic centre are:
Town Hall (Rathaus). The Schlossberg hill, a hill dominating the historic centre (475 m (1,558.40 ft) high), site of a demolished fortress, with views over Graz. The Clock Tower (Uhrturm) is a symbol of Graz, at the top of the Schlossberg hill. The New Gallery (Neue Galerie), a museum of art. The Schlossberg hill funicular (Schlossbergbahn), a funicular railway up the Schlossberg hill. The seat of Styria's provincial parliament (Landhaus), a palace in Lombardic style. It is one of the most important examples of Renaissance architecture in Austria and was built by Italian architect Domenico dell'Allio between 1557 and 1565.
The Armoury (Landeszeughaus) is the largest of its kind in the world.
The Graz Opera House (Opernhaus), the principal venue for opera, ballet, and operetta performances. It is the 2nd largest opera house in Austria.
The Graz Theatre (Schauspielhaus), Graz's principal theatre for productions of plays.
The Cathedral (Dom), a rare monument of Gothic architecture. Once, there were many frescos on the outer walls; today, only a few remain, like the Landplagenbild ("picture of plagues") painted in 1485, presumably by Thomas von Villach. The three plagues it depicts are locusts, pestilence and the invasion of the Turks, all of them striking the town in 1480. It features the oldest painted view of Graz.
The mausoleum of Emperor Ferdinand II next to the cathedral, the most important building of Mannerism in Graz. It includes both the grave where Ferdinand II and his wife are buried, and a church dedicated to St Catherine of Alexandria.
The Castle (Burg), with Gothic double staircase, built between 1438 and 1453 by Emperor Frederick III, because the old castle on the Schlossberg hill was too small and uncomfortable. The castle remained the residence of the Inner Austrian Court until 1619. Today, it serves as residence for the Styrian government.
The Painted House (Gemaltes Haus) in Herrengasse 3. It is completely covered with frescos (painted in 1742 by Johann Mayer).
The Museum of Contemporary Art Graz (Kunsthaus)
The Island in the Mur (Murinsel), an artificial island in the Mur river.
Buildings, inner courtyards (e. g. Early Renaissance courtyard of the Former House of Teutonic Knights in Sporgasse 22) and roofscape of the old town.
The Old Town and the adjacent districts are characterized by the historic residential buildings and churches found there. In the outer districts buildings are predominantly of the architectural styles from the second half of the 20th century.
In 1965 the Grazer Schule (School of Graz) was founded. Several buildings around the universities are of this style, for example the green houses by Volker Giencke and the RESOWI center by Günther Domenig.
Before Graz became the European Capital of Culture in 2003, several new projects were realized, such as the Stadthalle, the Kindermuseum (museum for children), the Helmut-List-Halle, the Kunsthaus and the Murinsel.
The answer to the question “Should I do it?” is simple: No one has an obligation to another person, no matter what level of commitment in a relationship, to participate in any sexual activity that causes pain, discomfort or distress.
People can discuss desires honestly and be open to sexual exploration, yet be clear about what crosses the line and is not acceptable.
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You are here: Home / Life / “Should I Do It?” To Women Who Struggle with Porn-Driven Sex
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img code photo ... Etching by Daniel Hopfer (c. 1470-1536) of “The Lovers,” from Wikimedia Commons
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“Should I Do It?” To Women Who Struggle with Porn-Driven Sex
July 2, 2011 by Robert Jensen
msmagazine.com/blog/blog/2011/07/02/%E2%80%9Cshould-i-do-...
Usually I address my writing about pornography to men, who are the majority of the consumers of sexually explicit material. But after a recent conversation with a woman friend, I was reminded of how often women who raise concerns about the sexism of pornography are discounted as being overly sensitive, prudish or unable to see things objectively. Since I’m a man, you can be assured–of course!–that I am not overly sensitive or prudish, and that I’m completely objective. So, if you are a woman who is struggling to get your partner to understand your concerns about pornography, I suggest you send this essay to him with a note at the top that says, “It’s not just women who think pornography is sexist.” Then add a note at the bottom that says, “You shouldn’t have had to hear it from a man to take me seriously.”
First, to give credit where credit is due: Everything I know about pornography I learned from women or discovered because of the feminism I learned from women. From the feminist anti-pornography movement that emerged in the 1970s and ‘80s, I learned to critique the system of male dominance and my own place in it. So, there is little that is original in this essay, but much that is important to keep saying.
When I present the radical feminist critique of pornography in public, I am often approached afterward by women with some version of this question:
....My husband/boyfriend/partner wants me to do [fill in the blank with a sex practice that causes pain, discomfort or distress for the woman]. I love him, and I want to be a good partner. Should I do it?
The “it” can be anything, but common requests include ejaculating on her face, anal sex, a threesome with another man or woman, rough sex or role-playing that feels inauthentic to her. Again, not all women reject those practices, but for many they are unwanted.
The answer to the question “Should I do it?” is simple: No one has an obligation to another person, no matter what level of commitment in a relationship, to participate in any sexual activity that causes pain, discomfort or distress. People can discuss desires honestly and be open to sexual exploration, yet be clear about what crosses the line and is not acceptable.
Because I’m a man, women sometimes assume I can also provide a simple answer to their next question, “Why does he want to do that to me?” There is a simple, though not pleasant, answer rooted in feminism: In patriarchy, men are socialized to understand sex in the context of men’s domination and women’s submission. The majority of the pornography that saturates our hyper-mediated lives presents not images of “just sex,” but sex in the context of male dominance. And over the past two decades, as pornography has become more easily accessible online and the sexual acts in pornography have become more extreme, women increasingly report that men ask them to participate in sex acts that come directly from the conventional male-supremacist pornographic script, with little recognition by men of the potential for pain, discomfort or distress in their women partners.
The third, and most challenging, question is: “Why can’t he understand why I don’t want that?” The strength of sexual desire plays a role, but here the answer is really about the absence of empathy, the lack of an ability to imagine what another human being might be feeling. Pornography has always presented women as objectified bodies for male sexual pleasure, but each year pornography does that with more overt cruelty toward women. The “gonzo” genre of pornography, where the industry pushes the culture’s limits with the most intense sexual degradation, encourages men to see women as vehicles for their sexual pleasure, even depicting women as eager to participate in their own degradation.
After more than two decades of work on this subject, I have no doubt of one truth about contemporary pornography: It is one way that men’s capacity for empathy can be dramatically diminished.
To make this point in talks to college and community audiences, I often suggest that “pornography is what the end of the world looks like.” By that I don’t mean that pornography is going to bring about the end of the world, nor do I mean that of all the social problems we face, pornography is the most threatening.
Instead, I mean that pornography encourages men to abandon empathy, and a world without empathy is a world without hope.
This is why pornography matters beyond its effects in our private lives. Empathy is not itself a strategy for progressive social change, but it is difficult to imagine people being motivated to work for progressive social change if they have no capacity for empathy. Politics is more than empathy, but empathy matters. Empathy is a necessary but not sufficient condition to do work that challenges the domination/subordination dynamic of existing hierarchies–work that is crucial to a just and sustainable future.
For women who want to communicate their need for sexual integrity to partners, and for men who want to transcend the pornographic imagination and empathize with their partners, the feminist critique offers a critique of male dominance and a vision of equality that can help. Instead of turning away from the unpleasant realities about how pornography is made, rather than ignoring the inhumanity of the images, rather than minimizing the effects of men’s use of pornography–we should face ourselves and face the culture we are creating.
As long as we turn away from that task, the pornographers will continue to profit. We need ask what their profits cost us all.
Etching by Daniel Hopfer (c. 1470-1536) of “The Lovers,” from Wikimedia Commons
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You are here: Home / Health / The I-Don’t-Wanna-Use-Lube Blues
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img code photo ... Liquid Personal Lubricant
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The I-Don’t-Wanna-Use-Lube Blues
October 3, 2011 by Heather Corinna
msmagazine.com/blog/blog/2011/10/03/the-i-dont-wanna-use-...
Q: Why don’t I produce enough natural lubricant during sex? There is nothing wrong with me physically. I’m 34 now, but I’ve always been like this! I’m envious of women that talk about how wet they get. Men always ask me why I don’t get that wet. I feel like something is wrong with me. I don’t want to depend on KY for the rest of my sex life. There has to be a solution other than use lubes!!!! From my understanding there are glands near the entrance of the vagina that are supposed to produce lube to help the penis enter the vagina. I don’t think mine work!!! Doctors just say use lube. Help!!!
Every now and then, when I find this concern in my inbox–essentially, this notion that wanting or needing an additional lubricant is some kind of personal failure, or that going without one has some sort of elevated status–I just sit here and scratch my head. Because I see people getting really upset over something they don’t have to.
I certainly get women having issues about vaginal dryness: that’s common, particularly when we’re talking about vaginal sex and heterosexual women. (And I’d put little stock in what a guy tells you about it per his previous female partner; let’s listen to what women have to say for themselves.) But the idea that people are constantly flooding the bedroom with vaginal lubrication every time they have sex just isn’t based in reality.
I also get why people have the idea sex should somehow be movie-screen seamless all the time, at any time, without making any adaptations–there are a lot of sources that enable those unrealistic ideas. But in fact, women’s pleasure during partnered sex, particularly as something separate from men’s pleasure, is something that has really only started to be widely addressed in the last 100 years. Historically and even now, a whole host of sexual norms based primarily on cultural ideas of men’s ideas and wants have meant that a lot of women have had a lot of not-at-all pleasurable sex.
Sexual lubricants are nothing even remotely new. They couldn’t always be purchased in stores, but for as long as people have been having genital sex, people have used all manner of things as a sexual lubricant: butter, oils, honey, saliva, animal fats and guts–you name it, if it’s slippery, it’s probably been used as a lube.
Here’s the part I don’t get: If a lubricant makes sex feel better, why not use it?
There are likely any number of things you do in your life that aren’t “natural” or organic. It’s likely that not all of your clothes are homemade ones created with organic fibers, for instance, and that you eat foods with preservatives or flavor enhancers. I might better understand this attitude about lube coming from die-hard naturists, but more often than not, I’d say that the women who send me lube worries are fine with every other aspect of their lives being less-than-100-percent-organic.
Let’s take this idea about “natural” sex to its logical conclusion. That would also mean going without most methods of birth control, protection from sexually transmitted infections or reproductive health care. Heck, it would mean not using the Internet to ask me this question in the first place. I think it’s reasonable to presume, then, that if and when a vagina is not lubricated enough, or at all, then one could conclude that the “natural” thing is for vaginal entry to just be uncomfortable or painful. And that maybe then, it’s “natural” for some kinds of sex you want to engage in for the sake of pleasure not to be pleasurable at all.
And I just don’t buy that way of thinking.
It is normal for women to sometimes not be wet enough for comfort and pleasure throughout all of a sexual endeavor; and for some women, it’s normal all or most of the time. We do have glands which produce vaginal lubrication when we are aroused, but how much we produce tends to depend on a lot of different factors: Not only does lubrication vary from woman to woman, but we won’t always produce the same amount every day, every year, every decade, in every relationship or in every sexual situation. How lubricated we are also is related to our fertility cycle and the chemical changes in our bodies: When we’re most fertile, our cervical mucus is very thin, fluid and slippery. During pregnancy, women often have increased amounts of vaginal discharge.
Vaginal dryness can also occur for other common reasons, including: medications (such as contraceptives, antidepressants or allergy medicine); smoking; health issues (like diabetes, hysterectomy, pregnancy, yeast or bacterial infections, sexually transmitted infections or allergies); dehydration; cancer treatments; low or decreased libido; not having sex as often as you’re used to; menopause or perimenopause; stress, fatigue, depression or anxiety; and chemical sensitivities to things like detergents.
But for people your age, the most common reason for vaginal dryness is a plain old lack of high sexual arousal or desire: not being as turned on as you could be. Sometimes, we’re just not feeling it with a partner. It’s also possible what you think is a lot of sexual arousal may not be so much after all–it may just be the most you’ve experienced so far, and as your life goes on and you have new attitudes and experiences, you may well discover you can be a lot more aroused.
So, what would I suggest as a plan of action for persistent vaginal dryness that’s got you so upset and doesn’t seem to be about a health issue?
...1)..See if using lube helps, and if so, use it when you need to. Not using lube, or feeling frustrated and disgruntled about using lube, are only going to be more ways to keep yourself from self-lubricating (stress inhibits arousal, after all). Alternately, take a break from the kinds of sex where you don’t feel lubricated enough.
...2)..See a health care provider who is a full-time sexual healthcare provider, not a general family doctor.
...3)..Do the best you can to be honest with that provider and fill them in on your health history–as well as the current status of your relationship and how you feel about your sexuality and sex life–in as much depth as possible.
...4)..Try what they suggest, be that a switch in a medication, a visit to a nutritionist, more masturbation, talk therapy, drinking more water, really only having sex when you are VERY aroused and that’s what you want, taking some time away from intercourse or, most likely, using lubricant as needed. Your doctor may even suggest using a vaginal lubricant daily, even if you aren’t having sex that day.
...5)..In the midst of all of this, whatever the result, take a look at your own body image, sexuality and gender issues. If you have ideas like that being dry sometimes isn’t feminine or womanly, like you’re “less of a woman” because you’re not dripping wet 24/7, or that something is wrong with your body for most likely functioning normally, see if you can’t work on ditching those ideas. It might help to remember that not all women have vaginas in the first place: Being a woman or feminine isn’t only about body parts.
Of course, if you just do NOT want to use lubricants, you don’t have to. That is likely to make some kinds of sex, or sex sometimes, less pleasurable or more uncomfortable. It also can mean things like winding up with UTIs or other infections more frequently. But if you feel better with those risks, you get to make that choice. Again, at times when you’re not lubricating, you also have the option of simply not having the kinds of sex where you need lube added, such as oral sex.
But it shouldn’t crush your ego to need or want lube, any more than it should crush your ego to need or want a haircut, salt on your food or to live in a decent neighborhood. Adding something to increase our enjoyment has nothing to do with our self-worth or with “succeeding” at sex. And using lubricant–whether it’s a need or a want–or being dry sometimes does not make a woman any less of a woman, does not make anyone less sexy, does not mean something is wrong with your body or your sexuality. Is a man not a man because he isn’t erect on demand or all the time? No? (Hint: Your answer should be no.) Well alrighty, then.
Speaking of men, I get letters from men saying they don’t like wetness. I get the same letters when it comes to dryness. However, I can’t recall a single time when I have ever gotten a letter from a man who has a problem with using lube himself or with a partner (perhaps in part because plenty of men use it for their own masturbation). So, when I hear someone tell me what “men” love, it’s always filtered by the knowledge that there are no absolutes with anything to do with sex. People of all genders like and dislike many different things.
Lube feels good. I don’t know about you, but one big reason I engage in sex is to feel good. That strikes me as perfectly harmonious. I don’t feel like I’m failing in any way when my partners and myself are feeling really good and sex rocks.
Obviously, you get to make up your own mind here and make your own choices. But I’d suggest that no matter what choice you make, an attitude adjustment on this stuff–not just on lubricant, but on not comparing oneself to other women and on realistic ideas about sexuality and the way your body functions–is going to benefit you. Most of what I hear in letters like this is that the attitudes expressed and the stress they create are getting you down far more than the issue of lubrication. And I’d say it’s certainly natural to change our attitudes or ideas for the sake of a healthier sexuality and self-esteem and a sex life we enjoy more.
Adapted from a post originally published at Scarleteen.com.
Have a sex, sexual-health or relationships question you want answered? Email it to Heather at sexandrelationships@msmagazine.com. By sending a question to that address, you acknowledge you give permission for your question to be published. Your email address and any other personally identifying information will remain private. Not all questions will receive answers.
Photo from Fickr user Lil’ Latvian under Creative Commons 2.o.
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Saheli, Manikganj, Bangladesh 2011
With smile and illumination morning sun is playing the orchestra of warm music.
Yes, its the song of a harmonious morning.
The Doryphoros (Greek for 'Spear-Bearer') by Polykleitos is one of tne of the most famous - and much-copied - sculptures of Classical antiquity. It depicts a muscular, athletic, naked warrior standing in contrapposto, which would have originally had a bronze spear in his left hand, balanced on his shoulder. The original bronze statue of 440 BCE was lost, and it is only known today by the many Roman copies, like this one, which was found in the Samnite Palestra (gymnasium) in Pompeii. It's original base remains in situ. Some reddish traces of its original pigments can be seen in the Doryphoros' hair.
The Greek sculptor Polykleitos designed this work as an expression of the tenets of his Canon, a written treatise on the perfectly balanced and harmonious proportions of the male human body in sculpture. A copy of his Canon has not survived. Polykleitos could supposedly calculate the proportions of a sculptural body by the smallest piece, such as the terminal section of a little finger.
Pompeii, Palaestra Sannitica (Samnite Palestra), 2nd-1st century BCE.
Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Napoli (MANN inv. 6011)
while waiting my friends take some rest, spontaneously I take some picture of other group that just hang out...
"Harmonious Cascades (Vertical):" Twin waterfalls unite amongst fall's tapestry and red rocks in north-central Arizona.
Beauty is a harmonious relation between something in our nature and the quality of the object which delights us. Everything has beauty, but not everyone sees it.
Life is full of beauty. Notice the bumble bee, cascading waters, the small child and the smiling faces. Smell the rain, and feel the wind. Live your life to the fullest potential, and fight for your dreams. Anyone who keeps the ability to see beauty never grows old.
Have a great weekend everybody !
The harmonious, amphitheatre-like layout of houses gives Piodão the look of a crib built into the landscape.
The village of Piodão lies on a curve in the road, like a little crib nestling at the foot of a hill.
The delightful, orderly appearance of the houses and streets, all built of schist, is interrupted by the deep blue of the windows and doors of some of the houses. This use of colour is said to originate from the fact that the one shop in the village stocked only blue paint, and due to the isolation it was not easy to travel elsewhere.
It was also the isolation that preserved the historic characteristics of Piodão as we see them today.
The charming, whitewashed parish church dedicated to N.S. da Conceição, with its unusual cylindrical buttresses, stands out among the small two-storey houses. The villagers built it with their own money and gold in the early nineteenth century.
Pattadakal, in Karnataka, represents the high point of an eclectic art which, in the 7th and 8th centuries under the Chalukya dynasty, achieved a harmonious blend of architectural forms from northern and southern India. An impressive series of nine Hindu temples, as well as a Jain sanctuary, can be seen there. One masterpiece from the group stands out – the Temple of Virupaksha, built c. 740 by Queen Lokamahadevi to commemorate her husband's victory over the kings from the South.
Pattadakal represents the high point of an eclectic art which, in the 7th and 8th centuries under the Chalukya dynasty, achieved a harmonious blend of architectural forms from northern and southern India. An impressive series of nine Hindu temples, as well as a Jain sanctuary, can be seen there.
Three very closely located sites in the State of Karnataka provide a remarkable concentration of religious monuments dating from the great dynasty of the Chalukya (c. 543-757). There are the two successive capital cities - Aihole (ancient Aryapura), Badami, and Pattadakal, the 'City of the Crown Rubies' (Pattada Kisuvolal). The latter was, moreover, for a brief time the third capital city of the Chalukya kingdom; at the time the Pallava occupied Badami (642-55). While Aihole is traditionally considered the 'laboratory' of Chalukya architecture, with such monuments as the Temple of Ladkhan (c. 450) which antedate the dynasty's political successes during the reign of King Pulakeshin I, the city of Pattadakal illustrates the apogee of an eclectic art which, in the 7th and 8th centuries, achieved a harmonious blend of architectural forms from the north and south of India.
Situated between the Malaprabha River to the north, and a minuscule village to the south, Pattadakal possesses a sort of holy city comprised of an impressive series of eight Hindu temples dedicated to Siva. Somewhat off to the side, towards the village, is the ninth Sivaite sanctuary, the Temple of Papanatha, as well as a Jain temple. In the monumental complex of the central zone are structures whose design was strongly influenced by the architecture of northern India: the temples of Galaganatha and of Kashi Vishveshvara, which are noteworthy for their square-shaped shikharas with curved edges. They stand along with other temples of a pure Dravidian style - Sangameshvara, built between 696 and 733, and Mallikarjuna, built consecutively from 733-44. Cornices decorate the walls of these temples and the roofs are the complex, storeyed type found in southern architecture.
The unexpected and yet harmonious mixture of these styles provided the inspiration for the masterpiece of Chalukya art, the temple of Virupaksha. This Sivaite sanctuary was erected around 740 by Queen Lokamahadevi to commemorate the victory in 731 of her husband, King Vikramaditya II, over the Pallava and other sovereigns of southern India. The king's admiration for the art of his conquered enemies is borne out by two inscriptions that offer proof that he brought in from the south an architect and a team of sculptors.
Prominently jutting out from the cruciform temple are three porches, a typical Chalukyan feature. They blend perfectly with the majestic three-storey tower and the walls with their overhanging cornices punctuated by narrow pilasters that separate niches filled with marvellous statuary. An overall concept dictated the choice of statues which illustrate the great themes of Siva theology and mythology.
The evocative ruins of the numerous abandoned sanctuaries within the enclosure may be reached, on the west and east sides, through two monumental gates. In the axis of the courtyard, in front of the temple, is a beautiful pavilion containing a colossal black stone statue of Siva's sacred bull, Nandi. The puja, the ritual washing of the bull, takes place there every morning. Enhanced by its relative isolation south of the principal zone, the temple of Papanatha illustrates once again the aesthetic achievement resulting from the incorporation of two different styles. Papanatha has two rooms where the faithful can worship.
On the west is the principal sanctuary, which is covered with a powerful tower in the northern style; to the east is a more modest room, whose roof is crowned with miniature reproductions of buildings in the purest Dravidian style. Experts have found in the detail of the niches, the pediments and the arcature, many contradictory architectural references. The plastic unity of this great monument, however, comes from the remarkable sculptured decoration illustrating the popular epic of the Ramayana, dedicated to Prince Rama, incarnation of Vishnu.
[ENG] Santa María de Naranco is one of the most enigmatic and harmonious monuments of Western architecture. It is an old palace that was the Aula Regia of the palace complex that King Ramiro I (842-850) ordered to be built on the outskirts of the capital of the kingdom of Asturias. It was completed in the year 842. Its artistic style is the so-called Asturian or "ramirense" art, within the pre-Romanesque period. It functioned as a temple from the collapse of the chevet and part of the naves of San Miguel de Lillo (12th century) until its restoration in the years 1929-1934. It is located on the southern slope of Mount Naranco, about 4 km from Oviedo (Asturias, Spain). It was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1985. More photos in the album Santa María de Naranco (9th century)
[ESP] Santa María de Naranco es uno de los monumentos más enigmáticos y armoniosos de la arquitectura occidental. Es un antiguo palacio que fue el Aula Regia del conjunto palacial que el rey Ramiro I (842-850) mandó construir en las afueras de la capital del reino de Asturias. Se terminó en el año 842. Su estilo artístico es el denominado arte asturiano o "ramirense", dentro del prerrománico. Funcionó como templo desde el derrumbamiento de la cabecera y de parte de las naves de San Miguel de Lillo (siglo XII) hasta su restauración en los años 1929-1934. Se ubica en la ladera meridional del Monte Naranco, a unos 4 km de Oviedo (Asturias, España). Fue declarado Patrimonio Mundial de la Humanidad por la Unesco en 1985. Más fotografías en el álbum Santa María de Naranco (siglo IX)
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