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Not content with the outcome of my poor muvie makn' skills, but I've given it my best using the Picassa tools I have for this format.
Julian had a very rough past few days. I was so glad I was able to capture the 10 minutes that he played with Phoebe. His smile there sure made my day.
We don't yet know what is causing Julian such distress. We sent x-rays off to a specialist and should know something Monday.
You would never have called Jules a hearty eater, but it seems that since moving; losing Louie, and being in a new house, our boy has not been himself. His refusal of every type of high value food has been making me a bit of a crazed Mom.
We recognized the anxiety, and have been working on that with meds and behavior modification. But his not eating has really escalated to be alarming to both Greg and I.
Jules has had a full blood panel plus of blood work done. Chest and abdominal x-rays we took Friday are being analyzed by a specialist.
I am starting to think he has been suffering off and on from chronic pancreatitis and we just didn't get it till now. I sure hope that is it. The Dr. was at first thinking cirrhosis of the liver, thankfully pretty much ruled that out from the additional x-rays taken!
Julian is getting some relief I think from the meds prescribed on Friday. We are feeding him rice with a smidge of tripe flavor. This is partly what is making me (and my uneducated guessing) think pancreatitis. More aggressive treatment plans will hopefully reboot his poor pancreas to back to normal. We will hopefully find out tomorrow what our next step is! I can't take him suffering. To tender from all the change and loss we've been going through here at chez A & G.
And during all this he is still a gentlemen with his foster pest----er I mean puppy.
Captain Ed Givens, Southwest Airlines Chief Pilot, teaches an Adopt-a-Pilot class at Oak Hill Academy in Dallas, Texas on Friday May 9, 2014. // Stephen M. Keller
About the year c525AD a man of noble birth named Deiniol settled on this site. Having been given land, probably by Maelgwn, King of Gwynedd, he enclosed it with a fence constructed by driving poles into the ground and weaving branches in between them. The native technical term for this type of fence was 'bangor'. Within this enclosure Deiniol built his church in which he and his followers lived. They were missionaries, going about to evangelise and encouraging others to join them. Thus, a Celtic monastery or Clas was formed. As sometimes happens, the word 'bangor' was transferred from the original object - in this case the fence - to that closely associated with it - the settlement within. That is how Bangor got its name.
The church was formed in 546AD as a diocese by Maelgwn, based on St Deiniol's earlier monastic cell. This puts it as among the oldest churches in Britain. Whatever remained of early buildings on the site was destroyed by the Vikings, and a Norman successor church was burned by King John in 1210. The present structure is predominantly Decorated gothic of the 13th and 14th centuries.
The whitewashed interior was created or repaired by Sir Gilbert Scott in the 19th century, using such fragments as he could find of the ruined 14th century crossing and choir. Scott's attention to detail is evident in the coloured vault and episcopal furnishings of the choir or presbytery, including a fine set of choir stalls and bishop's throne. The medieval floor tiles were meticulously copied and relaid, while the reredos of 1881 is by Scott's son, Oldrid.
The Lady Chapel reveals a delicately chamfered arch framing a modern mural by Brian Thomas (1995) above a reredos by Caröe.
The Mostyn Christ is a late-15th century life-sized statue in wood with a face of poignant suffering. Belonging to the Mostyn family, it is an exquisite medieval work presumably created in Wales.
The chancel vault
2010 Mattel USA Fall Catalog. This was a catalog given to store managers, a vendor catalog, with manufacturing numbers so store managers could order items to then sell in their stores. All items in this catalog should have a packaging date of 2009, the date on the Barbie box or fashion pack should be 20098. The photographs in this catalog are similar to production, press or prototype information so the actual dolls and fashions sold in store might be slightly different have different colors, etc. This is especially true for the cheaper items and playsets. special editions and store exclusives may not be listed here. Items in this catalog include Barbie Video Girl R4093, R4087, T8157, Fab Life Day Looks Fashion Assortment N8322, R6814, R6815, R6816, N8328, R4251, R4252, R4253, Fab Life Fun Looks N4855, R6817, R6818, R6819, Fashionista Dolls N4844, R9878, R9883, T3324, T3325, T3326, T3327, S.I.S. dolls, SIS dolls, Puppy Swim School T2706, T2707, I no longer share catalogs without the website name on them because people posted my images on Facebook and Pinterest without giving me credit. You are welcome to download and repost catalog pages with the BarbieReference.com watermark on them. A link back to my website is also appreciated. If you found this useful please stop by BarbieReference.com and click an ad to support the site. More pages from this catalog are only available on BarbieReference.com
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Photograph taken at an altitude of Eight metres (Sea level) at 19:33pm on Wednesday 17th May 2023 on an unnamed and uninhabited by mankind wilderness, some distance from Dawley Passage Provincial Park and Meares Island in the Alberni-Clayoquot region, just off Tofino, British Columbia in Canada.
I was stationed in a seventy year old house I was renting in Campbell Street, Tofino and booked a place on a twenty three feet long Zodiac inflatable in full life saving gear with Remote Passages Marine Excursions at 51 Wharf Street in Tofino.
Nikon D850 Single-lens reflex digital camera F Mount with FX CMOS 35.9mm x 23.9mm Image sensor 46.89 Million total pixels Focal length: 150mm Shutter speed: 1/800s (Mechanical shutter) Aperture f/13.0 iso500 Image area Full Frame FX (36 x 24) NEF RAW L 45.4Million pixels (8256 x 5504) 14 Bit uncompressed Hand held with Tamron VC control enabled AF-C Priority Selection: Release Nikon Back button focusing enabled 3D Tracking watch area: Normal 55 Tracking points Exposure mode: Manual mode Metering mode: Matrix metering White balance on: Auto1, A1.00, M0.25 (4960k) Colour space: Adobe RGB Picture control: (A) Auto (Sharpening A+1.00/Clarity A+1.00)
Tamron SP 150-600mm F/5-6.3 Di VC USD G2. Nikon GP-1 GPS module. Hoodman HEYENRG round eyepiece oversized eyecup. Black Rapid Curve Breathe strap. My Memory 128GB Class 10 SDXC 80MB/s card. Lowepro Flipside 400 AW camera bag. Nikon EN-EL15a battery.
LATITUDE: N 49d 10m 55.6s
LONGITUDE: W 125d 45m 15.50s
ALTITUDE: 8.0m
RAW (TIFF) FILE: 130.00MB NEF: 94.9MB
PROCESSED (JPeg) FILE: 54.40MB
PROCESSING POWER:
Nikon D850 Firmware versions C 1.21 (8/12/2022) LD Distortion Data 2.018 (16/01/20) LF 1.00 Nikon Codec Full version 1.31.2 (09/11/2021)
HP 110-352na Desktop PC with Windows 10 Home edition AMD Quad-Core A6-5200 APU 64Bit processor. Radeon HD8400 graphics. 8 GB DDR3 Memory with 1TB Data storage. 64-bit Windows 10. My Passport USB 3.0 2TB portable desktop hard drive. Nikon NX STUDIO 64bit Version 1.2.2 (08/12/2022). Nikon Capture NX-D 64bit Version 1.6.2 (18/02/2020). Nikon Picture Control Utility 2 (Version 2.4.5 (18/02/2020). Nikon Transfer 2 Version 2.16.0 (08/12/2022). Adobe photoshop Elements 8 Version 8.0 64bit.
Part of the PDX Bridges 2021 project. Shot on 120 and 35mm film.
Tilikum Crossing, Bridge of the People is a cable-stayed bridge across the Willamette River in Portland, Oregon, United States. It was designed by TriMet, the Portland metropolitan area's regional transit authority, for its MAX Orange Line light rail passenger trains. The bridge also serves city buses and the Portland Streetcar, as well as bicycles, pedestrians, and emergency vehicles. Private cars and trucks are not permitted on the bridge. It is the first major bridge in the U.S. that was designed to allow access to transit vehicles, cyclists and pedestrians but not cars.
Construction began in 2011, and the bridge was officially opened on September 12, 2015. In homage to Native American civilizations, the bridge was named after the local Chinook word for people. The Tilikum Crossing was the first new bridge to be opened across the Willamette River in the Portland metropolitan area since 1973.
Although the planned MAX Orange Line was the impetus for construction of the bridge, the structure also carries TriMet buses, the Portland Streetcar Loop Service and emergency vehicles, and is open for public use by bicyclists and pedestrians. Use by private motor vehicles (except emergency vehicles) is not permitted. Rerouting of TriMet bus routes onto the new bridge from more-congested crossings will shorten the travel time for riders on those routes. Bike and pedestrian paths line both sides of the bridge and are 14 feet (4.3 m) wide.
The bridge connects a MAX station at OMSI on the east side of the river with a new OHSU/South Waterfront Campus MAX station on the west side. OHSU is the city's largest employer, while OMSI is one of the city's largest tourist and educational venues, and the new bridge facilitates the connection of both to the regional MAX light rail system. The Orange Line continues south from OMSI to Milwaukie and northern Oak Grove and north from South Waterfront into downtown Portland.
T.Y. Lin International (TYLI), Engineer of Record on the Tilikum Crossing project, designed the distinctive, 180-foot-tall, pentagonal shaped stay-cable towers as the bridge’s focal point. The 1,720-foot-long bridge also features two landside piers and two in-water piers. The 780-foot-long main span deck is separated into a 31-foot-wide transitway between the tower legs to accommodate two lanes of track and two flanking multi-use paths for pedestrians and cyclists.
Cable saddles were incorporated in TYLI’s bridge design to allow for more slender, solid towers and a cleaner bridge profile. Tilikum Crossing is the first bridge in the U.S. to use the Freyssinet multi-tube saddle design, which allows each cable to run continuously from the deck, through the top of the tower and back down to the other side. Approximately 3.5 miles of cables run continuously through the tower saddle, instead of terminating in each tower.
A light art aesthetic lighting system, designed by installation artists Anna Valentina Murch and Doug Hollis, alters the bridge’s lighting effects based on the Willamette’s speed, depth, and water temperature. It uses 178 LED modules to illuminate the cables, towers, and underside of the deck. The USGS environmental data is translated by specialized software to a processor that issues cues programmed for each of the changing conditions. The base color is determined by the water's temperature. The timing and intensity of the base color's changes, moving the light across the bridge, are determined by the river's speed. A secondary color pattern is determined by the river's depth, that changes on the two towers and the suspension cables.
The crossing opened for general use on September 12, 2015, becoming the first new bridge built across the river in the Portland metropolitan area since 1973. The first public access to the bridge was given on August 9, 2015, in the morning for the 20th annual Providence Bridge Pedal and in the afternoon with a three-hour period in which the bridge was open to everyone.
Flowers given to me by a friend yesterday. Trying the technique of scanning images directly onto a flatbed scanner. Love the effect. But is it photography, that's the question?
New Milton is a market town in south west Hampshire, England. ( In 1303, Thomas de Chaucombe was given permission to hold a weekly market on Tuesdays at Milton, as well as an annual fair on the feast day of Mary Magdalene. ) The town has a high street and holds a market every Wednesday. Situated on the edge of the New Forest, the town is about six miles ( 10 km ) west of Lymington town centre and 12 miles ( 19 km ) east of Bournemouth town centre. New Milton dates back to Anglo-Saxon times, and encompasses Old Milton, Barton on Sea, Ashley, Bashley, and Wootton. It is recorded as having a population of around 23,000 in 2001. The traditional village centre of Milton was just south of the church. Up to the 1960's, moated earthworks were still visible next to the road known as Moat Lane. Excavations of these earthworks in 1956 revealed a series of peasant enclosures and hut remains dating from the 9th to the 12th century, but no evidence of a manorial farmstead was found.
The parish church of Milton is dedicated to Mary Magdalene and consists of a chancel with vestry, a nave and a western tower. The medieval church was pulled down and replaced around 1830, although the tower is of an earlier 17th century date. In 1835 a Church of England National School was founded on an island of land near the village green, where children were taught until just after World War I. In 1881, the population of the entire Milton parish was only 1489 people, and Milton was still a small village. The location of the village on the main Christchurch to Lymington road ( now the A 337 ) meant that there were two coaching inns - The Wheatsheaf and The George.
In March 1888 New Milton railway station was opened, which is still in operation today. A new town developed, which expanded rapidly with the coming of the railway and the name New Milton was used for the first time and can originally be traced back to the Post Office that stood opposite the railway station. In 1895, the owner of the Post Office, Emma Newhook, commissioned a sign, which read - New Milton Sub Post Office to differentiate it from the post office in Old Milton. This was officially accepted in 1896, and so the name New Milton caught on. Much of the local farmland has been developed, first in the 1960's for commuter housing and again in the 1970's for small industrial / trade units. There is a mix of housing from cottages on the outskirts to more modern, urban housing in the central area.
Milton village subsequently became known as Old Milton, and lies between New Milton and Barton on Sea. There are a few notable architectural points of interest in the local area. However, a distinctive row of Coast Guard Cottages are to be found in Barton Lane, Barton on Sea, which were built at the end of the 19th century by the Government of the day to house armed guards to try to stop the smuggling that was rife at the time. The Barton on Sea and Mudeford coastline was renowned for smuggling with many of the offshore seaways and routes to shore being named after well known local smuggling families. It was in this context that Frederick Marryat, author of The Children of the New Forest, was sent on patrol here as a young naval lieutenant in 1821, to watch over the Christchurch Bay area. Britain's first reinforced concrete bridge was built in 1901 just outside New Milton at Chewton. There was an earlier experiment in building with this material in its un reinforced form at Sway ( Sway Tower ).
New Milton water tower. Built in 1900 was the Tudor style water tower, which can be found adjacent to the car park in Osborne Road. It has a staircase and is constructed with a turret, slit windows and battlements. It is a striking orange - red colour, was built from locally manufactured bricks. The German Luftwaffe carried out bombing raids on New Milton on the 23rd August 1940, the 8th August 1942 and on January 22nd 1943. The town's water tower was suggested as the target. During the Second World War, New Milton homed evacuees and was a transit station for soldiers going to the battlefields. It also had an army hospital. It was a favourite for the airmen who were based at the nearby airfields at Lymington and Holmsley. The Memorial Centre in Whitefield Road commemorates those who died in the raids, as well as towns people who have died more recently. Bricks can be purchased for inscription and insertion into the wall of the Memorial Room, which stands to the left of the front door and contains mementos saved from the original building, which was destroyed by fire in the 1970's.
Ballard Lake that borders Fernhill Lane and Lake Grove Road, in New Milton is a picturesque area of New Milton that you could spend a hot summers day feeding the many ducks, mallards, geese that live around this lake. A few walks branch out from this lake to stroll along. Seats have been sited from donations from residents who have passed away and serve as a reminder to long lost friends or family. The stream from this lake meanders for many miles in many cases forming picturesque walks further along New Milton.
Bangor bounce back against Ballymoney
by Roger Corbett
Putting the disappointment of last week’s defeat at Instonians behind them, Bangor produced a solid performance at home to beat Ballymoney by 20-13.
This was going to be an interesting and important fixture given the nature of Bangor’s defeat against Instonians and Ballymoney’s win at Portadown last weekend. Although at different ends of the league, the earlier meeting at Kilraughts Road was a dogged affair, with Bangor only managing to get on top within the closing stages of the game. Starting as favourites for this fixture, Bangor started brightly, but after 23 minutes of missed opportunities by Bangor, it was Ballymoney who started the scoring with a penalty. This was the spur the home side needed, and just 5 minutes later Mike Aspley, making a welcome return from injury, made a great run through the centre before passing to Mark Widdowson on the left wing. Mark’s clever chip over the advancing defence was caught cleanly and then carried over for an unconverted try, and putting Bangor ahead by 5-3.
Ballymoney returned to the attack and pushed Bangor back into their own twenty two. Although on the back foot, Bangor secured their scrum and quickly broke out of defence. It was Aspley again who made the decisive break before passing to Davy Charles on the right wing. Although chased down by the Ballymoney winger, Charles shrugged off the tackle to score under the posts, which Widdowson subsequently converted, for a half time lead of 12-3.
Bangor looked good for their two tries so far, but if their off-loads when tackled and handling in general had been more controlled, there is every chance they could have secured a 4-try bonus point by half this stage. Hopes were therefore high that they would settle quickly in the second half and steadily work towards this.
Unfortunately, from the opening kick-off by Ballymoney, Bangor knocked the ball on, giving the visitors an attacking scrum inside Bangor’s twenty two. However, the forwards had proved strong so far, and were causing problems for their opponents. On this occasion, a concerted push overpowered the Ballymoney pack, and Bangor were able to turn the ball over, winning a penalty in the process. With this initial panic over, Bangor built good attacking platforms but, just like in the first half, their passing and handling fell short at crucial moments and more scoring chances went begging. Bangor’s frustration was compounded after just 8 minutes when a Ballymoney penalty was kicked to touch, deep inside their opponent’s twenty two. From the resulting line-out, the Ballymoney forwards produced a driving maul that Bangor were unable to stop, resulting in a try, which was also converted, narrowing the score to 12-10.
Once again, it looked like Ballymoney weren’t going to lie down. The touchline spectators may have been getting a little nervous, but the Bangor men stuck to the task and after a further 13 minutes were rewarded with another good score. From another secure Bangor scrum in their own half, Curtis Stewart picked up at number eight and barged his way through the immediate Ballymoney defence. Having broken through the line, he passed to Charles on his right. Once again Charles sprinted off down the touchline, and again was pursued by his opposite number. This time the tackle was more effective, but Charles’ pace was enough to see him squeeze over in the corner for his second try. Widdowson’s conversion wide, but the lead was now a little more comfortable at 17-10.
By now, Bangor’s forwards were dominating the scrums and, having won a penalty inside Ballymoney’s twenty two, and in front of the posts, it may have crossed captain Jamie Clegg’s mind to go for another scrum which would hopefully build a good platform to go for their bonus point try. However at this stage in the game, and with only a converted try between the two sides, Clegg wisely opted for the kick at goal, which Widdowson successfully converted, stretching the lead to 20-10 and denying the visitors a losing bonus point.
From the restart, Bangor repeated their earlier mistake by knocking the ball on again. Further mistakes shortly afterwards gave Ballymoney a penalty which they successfully kicked, bring the score back to 20-13, and restoring their losing bonus point.
As the game entered its final minutes, Bangor looked strong and were pressing forward again. However, more knock-ons saw another opportunity go begging and, before they could apply more pressure to the now-tiring Ballymoney scrum, the referee blew for full time. Bangor will be thankful to have returned to winning ways, and without any serious injury concerns. However, the poor display in basic ball-handling skills was costly as it undoubtedly denied them a valuable bonus point.
Next week sees Bangor travel to Armagh to play their 2nds in the Towns Cup. This will certainly be a stern test but will also help to prepare for Bangor’s biggest game in recent years – the final of the All Ireland Junior Cup against Dundalk the following week. With Bangor’s 2nds and 3rds performing well and sitting at or near the top of their respective leagues, and also still in cup competitions, these are exciting times at Upritchard Park.
Bangor side: P Whyte, A Jackson, J Leary, F Black, G Irvine, R Latimer, J Clegg (c), C Stewart, R Armstrong, K Rosson, D Charles, M Aspley, M Weir, M Widdowson, C Morgan
Subs: O McIlmurray, M Rodgers
Bangor scores: M Widdowson (1T, 1P, 1C), D Charles (2T)
Geometry
The “Made in Jablonec 2014” show has been given the sub-title “4 inspirations”. The models have been divided into four themes: the urban jungle, geometry, the touch of dreams and a great occasion. PRECIOSA ORNELA presented two collections of models with costume jewellery made from beads and seed beads from the PRECIOSA Traditional Czech Beads brand. preciosa-ornela.com/Fashion-show-2014
Dubai was incredible. Literally breath taking! I got given a lovely 4 star hotel near the airport by emirates with my ticket, which was great, and although the rooms were standard, it had awesome facilities including a bar in the middle of a swimming pool! After dropping my stuff off here I headed off to Old Dubai!
Culture is what interests me, so the older and more Arabic areas of Dubai were what I wanted to see. So I headed off to the gold Souq in al ras. Unfortunately it appeared to be a holy day, so not all of the gold stalls were open, but the amount of gold and goods on display was astounding anyway. Walking along around here I stumbled onto some awesome mosques as well. The atmosphere was lively, and different from what I am used to. I spent quite allot of time in this area searching for the spice souq aswell, although it was not until later that I found it. This area did seem a bit more westernised than I had hoped however, so I headed to the waterfront to catch an abra across the river. After walking up and down waterfront a couple of times trying to find somewhere to get on an abra, I gave up! I couldn't find it anywhere- it's probably just because I don't read Arabic! So instead I took the metro across, and found what I would consider my faviroute area in Dubai.
Although the views from the other side of the river was great, from this side it was fantastic. The crystal blue water, seagulls, old dusty background with colourful wooden boats floating along. Truly magnificent! The walk along the waterfront and around this area just took you back 20 years. Arabs wearing Classic Arabic light flowy clothing, head scarfs and skull caps. Children playing with birds, street stalls selling freshly squeezed orange juice, coconuts, and all manner of Arabic attire, spices and foods. Going further away from the waterfront were tiny lanes, just wide enough for one man, yet they had stores along either side, giving you am awe-inspiring claustrophobic shopping experience. I loved it.
Here I found the oldest fort in Dubai, which had been transformed into the Dubai heritage museum with all sorts of old artifacts. The building was ancient stone and sand, and just looked like a giant sand castle. So cool! It looked smaller than it was aswell, due to the rather large mosque built next door.
Walking further and further along the waterfront, with this ancient style Arabic life all around me, I decided I loved the Arabic life. The sound calling out for prayer, was incredible. I didn't think they did that in Dubai, but they do, and I loved it. The people always happy, the streets- dirty, small and sandy, but a world away from my own, and the sights, beautiful and majestic despite the general lack of colour. It was great. Not only this but the smells! The spices and herbs odour all around, gave you a real treat just to walk near. But the food- was even better. The Dubai street food was an explosion of flavours and herbs. It wasn't spicy, but very fragrant, and I loved it! I spent far longer here than I anticipated! But it was too great to leave..
20-12-13
A mural is any piece of artwork painted or applied directly on a wall, ceiling or other large permanent surface. A distinguishing characteristic of mural painting is that the architectural elements of the given space are harmoniously incorporated into the picture.
Some wall paintings are painted on large canvases, which are then attached to the wall (e.g., with marouflage). Whether these works can be accurately called "murals" is a subject of some controversy in the art world, but the technique has been in common use since the late 19th century.
HISTORY
Murals of sorts date to Upper Paleolithic times such as the paintings in the Chauvet Cave in Ardèche department of southern France (around 30,000 BC). Many ancient murals have survived in Egyptian tombs (around 3150 BC), the Minoan palaces (Middle period III of the Neopalatial period, 1700-1600 BC) and in Pompeii (around 100 BC - AD 79).
During the Middle Ages murals were usually executed on dry plaster (secco). In Italy, circa 1300, the technique of painting of frescos on wet plaster was reintroduced and led to a significant increase in the quality of mural painting.
In modern times, the term became more well-known with the Mexican "muralista" art movement (Diego Rivera, David Siqueiros, or José Orozco). There are many different styles and techniques. The best-known is probably fresco, which uses water-soluble paints with a damp lime wash, a rapid use of the resulting mixture over a large surface, and often in parts (but with a sense of the whole). The colors lighten as they dry. The marouflage method has also been used for millennia.
Murals today are painted in a variety of ways, using oil or water-based media. The styles can vary from abstract to trompe-l'œil (a French term for "fool" or "trick the eye"). Initiated by the works of mural artists like Graham Rust or Rainer Maria Latzke in the 1980s, trompe-l'oeil painting has experienced a renaissance in private and public buildings in Europe. Today, the beauty of a wall mural has become much more widely available with a technique whereby a painting or photographic image is transferred to poster paper or canvas which is then pasted to a wall surface (see wallpaper, Frescography) to give the effect of either a hand-painted mural or realistic scene.
TECHNIQUE
In the history of mural several methods have been used:
A fresco painting, from the Italian word affresco which derives from the adjective fresco ("fresh"), describes a method in which the paint is applied on plaster on walls or ceilings. The buon fresco technique consists of painting in pigment mixed with water on a thin layer of wet, fresh, lime mortar or plaster. The pigment is then absorbed by the wet plaster; after a number of hours, the plaster dries and reacts with the air: it is this chemical reaction which fixes the pigment particles in the plaster. After this the painting stays for a long time up to centuries in fresh and brilliant colors.
Fresco-secco painting is done on dry plaster (secco is "dry" in Italian). The pigments thus require a binding medium, such as egg (tempera), glue or oil to attach the pigment to the wall.
Mezzo-fresco is painted on nearly-dry plaster, and was defined by the sixteenth-century author Ignazio Pozzo as "firm enough not to take a thumb-print" so that the pigment only penetrates slightly into the plaster. By the end of the sixteenth century this had largely displaced the buon fresco method, and was used by painters such as Gianbattista Tiepolo or Michelangelo. This technique had, in reduced form, the advantages of a secco work.
MATERIAL
In Greco-Roman times, mostly encaustic colors applied in a cold state were used.
Tempera painting is one of the oldest known methods in mural painting. In tempera, the pigments are bound in an albuminous medium such as egg yolk or egg white diluted in water.
In 16th-century Europe, oil painting on canvas arose as an easier method for mural painting. The advantage was that the artwork could be completed in the artist’s studio and later transported to its destination and there attached to the wall or ceiling. Oil paint can be said to be the least satisfactory medium for murals because of its lack of brilliance in colour. Also the pigments are yellowed by the binder or are more easily affected by atmospheric conditions. The canvas itself is more subject to rapid deterioration than a plaster ground. Different muralists tend to become experts in their preferred medium and application, whether that be oil paints, emulsion or acrylic paints applied by brush, roller or airbrush/aerosols. Clients will often ask for a particular style and the artist may adjust to the appropriate technique.
A consultation usually leads to a detailed design and layout of the proposed mural with a price quote that the client approves before the muralist starts on the work. The area to be painted can be gridded to match the design allowing the image to be scaled accurately step by step. In some cases the design is projected straight onto the wall and traced with pencil before painting begins. Some muralists will paint directly without any prior sketching, preferring the spontaneous technique.
Once completed the mural can be given coats of varnish or protective acrylic glaze to protect the work from UV rays and surface damage.
As an alternative to a hand-painted or airbrushed mural, digitally printed murals can also be applied to surfaces. Already existing murals can be photographed and then be reproduced in near-to-original quality.
The disadvantages of pre-fabricated murals and decals are that they are often mass-produced and lack the allure and exclusivity of an original artwork. They are often not fitted to the individual wall sizes of the client and their personal ideas or wishes can not be added to the mural as it progresses. The Frescography technique, a digital manufacturing method (CAM) invented by Rainer Maria Latzke addresses some of the personalisation and size restrictions.
Digital techniques are commonly used in advertisements. A "wallscape" is a large advertisement on or attached to the outside wall of a building. Wallscapes can be painted directly on the wall as a mural, or printed on vinyl and securely attached to the wall in the manner of a billboard. Although not strictly classed as murals, large scale printed media are often referred to as such. Advertising murals were traditionally painted onto buildings and shops by sign-writers, later as large scale poster billboards.
SIGNIFICANCE OF MURALS
Murals are important in that they bring art into the public sphere. Due to the size, cost, and work involved in creating a mural, muralists must often be commissioned by a sponsor. Often it is the local government or a business, but many murals have been paid for with grants of patronage. For artists, their work gets a wide audience who otherwise might not set foot in an art gallery. A city benefits by the beauty of a work of art.
Murals can be a relatively effective tool of social emancipation or achieving a political goal. Murals have sometimes been created against the law, or have been commissioned by local bars and coffeeshops. Often, the visual effects are an enticement to attract public attention to social issues. State-sponsored public art expressions, particularly murals, are often used by totalitarian regimes as a tool of mass-control and propaganda. However, despite the propagandist character of that works, some of them still have an artistic value.
Murals can have a dramatic impact whether consciously or subconsciously on the attitudes of passers by, when they are added to areas where people live and work. It can also be argued that the presence of large, public murals can add aesthetic improvement to the daily lives of residents or that of employees at a corporate venue.
Other world-famous murals can be found in Mexico, New York, Philadelphia, Belfast, Derry, Los Angeles, Nicaragua, Cuba and in India. They have functioned as an important means of communication for members of socially, ethnically and racially divided communities in times of conflict. They also proved to be an effective tool in establishing a dialogue and hence solving the cleavage in the long run. The Indian state Kerala has exclusive murals. These Kerala mural painting are on walls of Hindu temples. They can be dated from 9th century AD.
The San Bartolo murals of the Maya civilization in Guatemala, are the oldest example of this art in Mesoamerica and are dated at 300 BC.
Many rural towns have begun using murals to create tourist attractions in order to boost economic income. Colquitt, Georgia is one such town. Colquitt was chosen to host the 2010 Global Mural Conference. The town has more than twelve murals completed, and will host the Conference along with Dothan, Alabama, and Blakely, Georgia. In the summer of 2010, Colquitt will begin work on their Icon Mural.
The High Level Segment of the Governing Council of the Community of Democracies took place on March 5, on the occasion of the 28th session of the United Nations Human Rights Council. Given the occasion, the meeting dealt intensively with topics related to human rights, and hosted three United Nations Special Rapporteurs: SR on Promoting the Rights to Freedom of Opinion and Expression, David Kaye; SR on the Situation of Human Rights Defenders Michel Forst; and SR on the Rights to Freedom of Peaceful Assembly and of Association, Maina Kiai. Special Rapporteurs presented their latest reports and insights and discussed them with Ministers and High Level Participants.
Whyalla. Population 21,200.
Hummock Hill was sighted and named by Matthew Flinders in 1802 and soon after given French names by Captain Baudin. The first pastoral runs were taken out here in the 1850s as it had the Middle Back ranges, coastal access and Port Augusta not too far distant. One of the early pastoralists was James Patterson who took out the Iron Knob leasehold of over 160 square miles in 1854 near Iron Knob. To the north and west of his leasehold was that of James Loudon who took out Caroona station in 1862. Other leaseholds in the region of Whyalla were Point Lowly, Pandurra and Middleback. In the early 1870s Loudon sold Caroona to Sir Samuel Davenport and Sir John Morphett and it was Davenport, with his interest in minerals and mining, who sent the first ore samples to England in 1878 for analysis. This resulted in a mining lease taken out in 1880 by Ernest Siekman. The lease lapsed as he did not pay the annual rental. BHP took out nine mining leases in 1896 and the future of iron Knob and the future Whyalla began. BHP began taking iron ore for smelting to Port Augusta in 1899 which took bullock drays two days. The Hundred of Randell which covered this area was declared in 1895 as interest in the ore deposits increased.
In 1896 the government released land fronting Spencers Gulf for lease. One of the first to take up land where Whyalla stands was Humphrey Cowled who leased 30,000 acres on the gulf which he called Nonowie. The town of Hummock Hill emerged in 1900 after BHP developed their ore leases. The ore was used for flux in the Port Pirie smelter and it was shipped across Spencers Gulf. Most of the early settler families at Hummock Hill also came by ship across the gulf from Port Pirie. These families remained the backbone of the Whyalla population until World War Two. In 1900 BHP proposed to the government of SA to enact a bill that would allow them to build a tramway from Iron Knob to Hummock Hill on the coast with a permanent leasehold of the route. Port Augusta Council opposed this as they wanted the tramway built to Port Augusta and its already existing port. There was some logic in this opposition as a tramway to Port Augusta would be 46 miles in length whereas the tramway to Hummock Hill was about 35 miles, not a significantly shorter distance. The government enacted legislation for a BHP tramway to Hummock Hill in 1901 and BHP had developed a small jetty and port by 1903. At the same time the town of Hummock Hill emerged partly on BHP leasehold land. By 1905 the settlement had its first school, a general store and a tin Institute in which the school was conducted. Church services were also held in the hall. In 1903 the community was pleased when Mr Delprat, the general manager of the Broken Hill mine visited Hummock Hill and Iron Knob. The first hotel opened in 1905 on the site that later became the Whyalla Hotel 20 or so years later. The beer was shipped to the hotel from Port Pirie. The isolation of Hummock Hill was reduced when a telephone service began in 1911. Gradually stone houses replaced early tin and timber houses and the town took shape. The government officially surveyed and changed the name of the town to Whyalla in 1914 which means “sound of the sea” in a local Aboriginal language. The new solid Institute was opened in 1920 by Mr Delprat the BHP manager in Broken Hill. At the time Whyalla had a population of around 1,000 people with sporting clubs, RSL, banks, and commercial enterprises. Water was shipped from Port Pirie when necessary. BHP established a dairy to provide milk for the residents and a small desalination plant was built to provide additional fresh water. The impressive red ironstone buildings, often in the Art Deco style were erected in the late 1930s or early 1940s as the city’s industrial base expanded to steel making and ship building. The iron stone Whyalla Hotel opened in 1933. It was enlarged in 1940. This was a company town run by BHP with the exception of the Post Office, the School and the Police Station run by the government and the commercial enterprises of the town. BHP was a paternalistic employer and during the Depression of the 1930s as work slowed BHP found other jobs for married male employees such as re grading the tramway from Iron Knob etc.
During World War One Mr Delprat had suggested a steel furnace and steel works in Whyalla but this did not happen. The steel industry in Australia began with a small furnace and plant at Lithgow in the Blue Mountains in 1901. This plant was superseded by the bigger steel works in Newcastle in 1915 and Whyalla jetty was then expanded to ship iron ore direct to Newcastle. The third steel plant in Australia was established at Port Kembla (Wollongong) in 1928 and Iron Knob ore was also shipped there. With the rise of Hitler and Third Reich in Europe in 1933 and the ominous threat of world war Australia began to be concerned about its future as it was clear we were no longer isolated from the rest of the world. In 1937 the SA government passed legislation for the Morgan to Whyalla Murray River water pipeline to ensure water reliability for Whyalla and this was an essential for the first production of steel by BHP. The 1937 act set aside 1,000 acres for BHP to establish the plant and adjacent harbour. Progress was not hasty and the furnace and harbour began in 1939. After the outbreak of World War Two work progressed quickly. The first steel was produced in 1941 and called pig iron. Port Kembla also produced pig iron or steel and its export to Japan in 1938 led to the Attorney General Robert Menzies being called Pig Iron Bob by striking wharf unionists. The union slogan at the time was “No scrap for the Jap.” At that time Japan was fighting the Sino-Japanese War and needed more steel. The industrial dispute at Port Kembla ended in January 1939 when the waterside workers loaded the ships at Port Kembla. In 1940 the Royal Australia Navy asked BHP if they could build ships in Whyalla and this became urgent with the war and work began in 1940 on the hulls of several ships before the steel blast furnace was completed. The town grew rapidly with an influx of new workers and the construction of the hospital, an abattoirs, the Spencer Hotel, and the establishment of a Whyalla newspaper in 1941/42. During the War the population rose from 1,350 in 1937 to 7,900 in 1944. During most of World War Two BHP employed around 2,500 men and women with a peak of 2,750 employees in 1941. During the War BHP also established an ammunitions annex to produce shells for war arms. In a couple of years Whyalla produced 748,000 shell cases. The Combined Unions Council negotiated with BHP for workers’ wages and conditions. The newly employed women to offset the war time labour shortage were employed in the war effort in the shell annex, the tool room and in ship building. The women received 90% of the men’s wages for the same job.
The first ship was launched in 1941 and named the HMAS Whyalla (650 tonnes) which is now part of the Information Centre and Maritime Museum. It was one of four corvettes made in Whyalla for the Royal Australia Navy and they mainly worked as minesweepers and surveillance. During and after World War Two Whyalla built 36 ships for the Australian Navy, four for Indian navy and 20 for the British Admiralty. After the War most of the ships built in Whyalla shipyards were mainly cargo and iron ore carriers. A total of 63 ships, one oil rig and two barges were built in Whyalla by 1978 when shipbuilding was closed down. Most of the corvettes manufactured in Whyalla had South Australian town names- Whyalla, Gawler and Pirie. Whyalla also built the Kalgoorlie corvette for the Royal Navy. Other SA named corvettes built interstate were the Kapunda, the Glenelg and the Wallaroo. After the war BHP built commercial ships and eventually in 1958 they decided to build an integrated steel works in Whyalla (completed 1965) to process the ore into steel. Railway lines and ships were among the steel products produced.
As a shipbuilding site and producer of ammunition shells Whyalla needed special consideration and defence during World War Two. Defence installations were erected on Hummock Hill during the Second World War (1942) as Whyalla was a potential Japanese bombing target. Four anti-aircraft guns were on the ready at Hummock Hill. Other defence installations were built south of Cowell at Port Gibbon to forewarn of a Japanese attack. Complacency about war threats was overturned when German shipping mines were discovered in Spencers Gulf in 1940 designed to impede BHP ore carriers to Newcastle and Wollongong. Across the Gulf Port Pirie produced half of Britain’s lead so it too needed special protection. A survey recommended special defences for both Iron Triangle cities but only Whyalla got special protection. As the threat of Japan increased anti-aircraft guns were sent to Hummock Hill and arrived on 4 February 1942. Ten days later (14 th February) Singapore fell to the Japanese and on 19th February 1942 Darwin was bombed and partially destroyed by the Japanese. The hummock Hill anti-aircraft guns were operational by 23rd March. One Royal Navy ship guarded the entrance to Whyalla for most of the War until 1944. Search lights were installed at Hummock Hill late in 1942. But no threat emerged during the War. Air raid practices were conducted by BHP from time to time warning people to take cover when the BHP siren sounded. Despite the practices and preparations no raid occurred but the need for precaution was not unfounded. Three of BHP’s merchant ships were sunk off the coast of NSW on their way to or from Whyalla with a total loss of 85 lives. By early 1944 Australia’s home defences were known to be out of danger but gunners at Whyalla had been withdrawn in August 1943 and their tasks taken over by civilian defence.
By 1943 Whyalla had a population of 5,000 people and people began to query the lack of local government as the city was run by BHP. Local government was instituted in 1944 with three elected and three BHP appointed councillors. 1944 was also the year the Morgan to Whyalla water pipeline was completed. In 1960 Whyalla became a city as it had around 14,000 residents. The Commission system of local government was ended in 1970 when locals could finally elect all councillors to their city. By 1976 Whyalla had 33,000 residents, the largest city outside of Adelaide but with the loss of shipbuilding in 1978 the city’s population declined to about 20,000. BHP sold their Whyalla works to OneSteel in 2000 which changed its name to Arrium. Sanjeev Gupta bought the insolvent Arrium steelworks in 2017 and has revitalised it albeit with recent difficulties. The Whyalla steel works are critical to the whole of Australia as steel is only made at Whyalla and Port Kembla. Whyalla is the only plant to make steel rail for all sorts of uses not just railways. In late 2024 Whyalla steel works employed 4,800 people directly and countless more indirectly in other firms. (Port Kembla employs around 3,000 people.) Perhaps the future of the city will be revitalised even more if the hydrogen hub proceeds. Whether that happens or not billions of dollars of investment are needed to move Whyalla steel works away from coal fired furnaces to gas or hydrogen fired furnaces. On the way to Hummock Hill lookout in Gay St. we pass the Whyalla Institute with a classical façade with the date as 1920. This was also the site of the first timber Institute opened in February 1905. The first Whyalla School opened in this Institute in April 1905.The current port of Whyalla exports iron ore and steel mainly. Port Bonython 16 kms north of Whyalla mainly exports crude oil and liquid gas from South Australia’s Cooper basin.
Some historic buildings in Whyalla.
Starting at the corner of Horwood Street and Darling Terrace.
1. On the corner is the Art Deco Courthouse and next to it in Darling St the original 1930s neo Georgian style Courthouse with two roof ventilators on it. The newer part was built in 1944 and the single storey part was built around 1930.
2. Opposite in Darling St is the former Whyalla Hotel with massive scale opened in 1933 by the SA Brewing company. Enlarged in 1940. Now the Whyalla Playford Apartments.
3. At the next corner turn right into Forsyth St. On the corner is the red iron stone and cement rendered brick Spencer Hotel with a clock tower. Look carefully at the frieze below the parapet roof line as they have indented sculptures of the steelworks, the port and the HMAS Whyalla corvette etc. The Hotel Spencer was completed in 1939 so the frieze with the Whyalla corvette was made a bit later
4. Next on the left is Lutine House in red ironstone with pilasters and a classical façade. This became chambers for local lawyers but it began life as a bank. Built around 1940.
5. On the next corner left is the Bay View Hotel also built in Art Deco style but in brick in 1941. Rounded corners, small tower.
6. Return to the Spencer Hotel and turn right into Darling Tce again and on next corner is the old Whyalla Primary School. Parts still date from its origin in 1915 but with many later additions. Opposite is the Catholic Convent (1942) and the Catholic High School – Samaritan College. St Theresa’s Catholic Church was here too. It was built in 1929 and became the Parish hall when the new church as built in 1941. About 3 minutes’ walk along Darling Tce you come to a roundabout
and the street ahead is Broadbent Tce. On the corner is the Whyalla High School. This impressive building was built in 1943 during the War and its central wing has an unusual wooden weather vane/vent.
Mingle Media TV and Red Carpet Report host Moogega Cooper were invited to cover the red carpet arrivals the Paley Center for Media Presents An Evening with FX's 'Justified’ in Hollywood.
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Given that our British Airways flight from London Heathrow Airport (LHR) to Rome Fiumicino Airport (FCO) was only a little over 2 hours, I was surprised when the flight attendants offered us a choice of meal -- a chicken-and-bacon sandwich or a vegetarian meal. Mike and I both chose the vegetarian option, and it was actually quite good! Our ''Mezze Salad'' included hummus, tabbouleh, and falafel.
A couple of thousand people gathered Tuesday afternoon at the Haymarket Riot Memorial Sculpture on Des Plaines Street in Chicago's West Loop to celebrate the traditional workers May Day..
Speeches were given and music was played. The usual festive type of atmosphere seemed to be absent this time. People were angry over the actions of the Trump administration directed towards the working class in general, and immigrants..
Billionaire J. B. Pritzker, candidate for governor of Illinois, put in an appearance, He was supported by local union members carrying signs that read 'We Rise With J.B.'. His presence sparked some vocal opposition from people who felt that 'this is a working class event and a billionaire has no business being part of it'. Some shouting occurred between the two camps, but other than that things remained peaceful.
The march went down Washington Street then shifted over via LaSalle Street to the State of Illinois Thompson Center on Randolph Street where another rally was held.
To me, what symbolized the event and the message being broadcast on the many signs people displayed, was Felipe the Ice Cream Seller. Pushing his cart loaded with tasty frozen treats, he accompanied the marchers from Des Plaines Street all the way to the Thompson Center. It was a warm day with temperatures in the low 80s. It's been a long time since Chicago has had a day that warm. Needless to say Felipe did a lot of business. He works out of the Paleteria 2215 S. Kedzie Avenue in Chicago's Little Village neighborhood. Apparently, a paletero can earn up to $30-$60 a day pushing that cart around. It's a heavy cart too. I had a chance to talk to him a little bit. A very nice man. Just doing his best to earn a living. An excellent example of what the working class is all about.
Recently given to me by an old friend, along with three other knives, this is the first Uncle Henry model to find a home in my modest accumulation of knives. It needs some TLC, in the form of a good cleaning and polishing, along with some time on the oilstone, but it is a well built and sound knife.
Uncle Henry... That name stirs some very fond memories of my early days of pocketknife use, loss, and acquisition.
When I was a boy of about seven, my family would travel to Minnesota every year or so, to visit relatives. It was always a special joy when we would visit Uncle Hank and Aunt Ginny. You see... my Uncle Hank (Henry) would lead my two older brothers and me into the other room and sit us down in front of his old desk. He would then open the two very large, and deep, bottom drawers (sometimes one of the upper drawers too), and he would say, "Boys, you look through those drawers, and you pick out one (and he emphasized one) knife each, to take home with you". Our little sister would be off playing with her dolls, or whatever little girls did when they were being totally ignored by their older brothers.
To understand this situation properly, one needs to understand that our Uncle Hank worked in a commercial laundry service, where they laundered uniforms and coveralls for various manufacturing firms. It seems that the workers would quite often leave their knife in the pocket of said uniform trousers or coveralls. Uncle Hank would then, naturally, pull them out and find a new home for them - there was just no way to possibly track down the owner.
Those lower desk drawers were likely ten inches deep and wide, by about eighteen inches from front to back, and most times, they were plum full, or nearly full of all sorts of folding knives. Well, the adults for once didn't need to worry about the three of us getting into mischief - we spent hours upon hours pouring over what seemed to be an unending supply of pocketknives.
I do remember clearly though, that I, being so young, was not allowed to choose a fishing knife. You know... the one with the really long and pointy blade - we just called them pig-stickers. That was almost heartbreaking, but hey, I always found just the perfect knife for my pocket before all was said and done.
When we left to go back to grandma's and grandpa's house, we weren't allowed to open our prized new possessions until we got there. But boy, when we did, the mumbly-peg, whittlin', cuttin', and general using and abusing of said knives began - and we had fun - plain and simple brotherly fun.
Those knives are but a fond memory of mine now, some 63 years later, but this Uncle Henry is now, and will be in the future, a prized possession of mine for the duration of time my faculties will allow. And it will always remind me of my Uncle Hank. This knife has synthetic Staglon (Delrin) handle scales, Nickel Silver bolsters, brass liners, and stainless steel (Schrade+) blades. Made in U.S.A.
If I were to purchase the most expensive collector knife out there today, it wouldn't mean nearly as much to me as a knife (new or used) given to me by a friend or family member.
Nikon AF-S DX NIKKOR 35mm f/1.8G Prime Lens
DSC_4670-E-S
“I was given an opportunity by VisionFund República Dominicana that no one else would give me. They took a leap of faith with my dream and me. I wouldn’t be here without them,” says Francisco Nunez.
Talking with Francisco outside his rural Dominican house, he seemed like a typical Dominican man. Soon after meeting Francisco, hearing his story and catching his dream, there was a quick realisation the he was anything but typical.
Nearly two years ago, Francisco had an idea to start a fish breeding company. This was unheard of in his community, but he was unfazed. He started his business by gathering used water bottles, old buckets and even discarded refrigerators, which he delivered to his house by strapping them to his back while riding his bike. To others, this was all trash. To Francisco, this was the start of his business and perfect materials for fish tanks. After he had filled his containers with local river water he determined which ones would be good for each fish species and began breeding them.
The fish were breeding, but not nearly as fast as they should be. Francisco realised that this was due to the local river water not being clean for the fish. That’s when he decided to go to VisionFund República Dominicana and ask for a loan to drill a well for fresh water. VisionFund wasn’t the first place he went to for a loan, but there were the first to say yes. It was a leap of faith for them because Francisco had no credit, very little income, a family to feed and a crazy business idea. They took a risk for him and gave him a sizeable loan of $1,100 USD to drill a well at his home.
Since Francisco took out his loan he has yet to miss a payment. His water well has also greatly increased the rate of breeding for his fish and the quality of fish bred. Betta fish are his best sellers, many of which are bought by local individuals and children, but he also ships many of his prized fish to large cities in the Dominican Republic.
Francisco has never had this dream so that he can become wealthy though. He has a heart to serve his community, giving away his well water for free to his neighbours and friends. Francisco states, “I want to help others and give them opportunities in life, just like I have been given opportunities.”
As Francisco helped his wife Suleika get their three children Sailin (age 12), Francelis (age 9) and Frandi (age 5), ready for school, he stated that his dream is even bigger than what he has accomplished so far. “I plan to pay off my loan, grow my business, and get another loan to make cement fish pools and put water filters in each one” says Francisco. “I also want to improve my house so that my family can be comfortable and so my three children don’t have to share the same bed anymore.”
Francisco’s story isn’t just about starting a business or having big dreams, it’s also about having very little and yet having a big heart to give to others. It’s about empowering communities to dream big and love a lot. That’s who Francisco is and what his dream is all about.
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The church dedicated to Saint-Jacques le Mineur and St. Philip is a religious building in Paris.
Far from the fortifications made by the King Philip II Augustus to defend Paris, on a lonely hill in the middle of fields along an ancient road in 1180 "brothers" of the Diocese of Saint-Jacques Altopascio just moved. This order, from Tuscany (Italy) will base a hospital, a chapel, will build hostels and structures to help the poor and pilgrims in their travels. Their name will be given later to the neighborhood "Saint-Jacques du Haut-Pas" (Altopascio).
Pope Pius II (pontiff from 1458 to 1464) suppressed the order in 1459, their places in 1572 Catherine de Medici install the "Benedictines of Saint-Magloire" The area which over time becomes denser see the need to build a new church, they will acquire this right in 1584 when a church will be built. The church of small dimensions will be transformed from 1630 under the leadership of Gaston d'Orléans.
Gaston of Orleans was the brother of King Louis XIII, a rich man with a taste for the construction, it is also responsible for the construction of a new wing in the classic style at Blois Castle. Under him, the church is made until the current form, with the expansion of the central nave and the creation of the current entry on the Rue Saint-Jacques. The church is dedicated to St. Jacques le Mineur and St. Philip. Saint-Jacques le Mineur is not the Saint-Jacques patron of Compostela because at the time Paris already has a church dedicated to this saint. In our days, from that church remains only a bell tower called "Tour Saint-Jacques."
With the name, location (on the ancient Roman Cardo) and the fact that it is possible to stay there, the church become an important stop on the pilgrimage to Compostela. The pilgrimage to Compostela (after the Reconquista in 1492) is one of three pilgrimages enshrined in the church with Rome and Jerusalem.
Following the French Revolution the church was looted, Catholic worship forbidden, yet in 1795 it opens partially but it must be shared with another organization until 1810 when due to the Concordat of 1801 the Catholic Church takes possession of his property confiscated.
Architectural description
Daniel Gittard is the architect who prepared the plans of the main body, he made the entrance porch, narthex, nave, transept and the altar. Gittard was the architect of the king, founding member of the Royal Academy of Architecture in 1671, also worked at St. Sulpice.
The entrance is a porch with four doric columns surmounted by a fronton, a large rose window in the axis of the porch runs the central part of the facade, rigor and sobriety can be seen in the composition and the lack of decoration. The bell tower is divided into three stages, the first is the narthex and has an access door and a window, the two funds designed identically contains only windows with louvre.
Classical style building, notice by the asymmetry of the facade caused by the absence of a bell tower, due to lack of money. In the initial project was also planned decorations on the walls, the statues of two saints on the front and ornaments all over the facade.
En français
L'église consacrée aux Saint-Jacques le Mineur et saint Philippe est un édifice religieux à Paris.
Loin des fortifications du roi Philippe Auguste II faites pour défendre Paris, sur une colline déserte, au milieu des champs bordant une route antique, en 1180 des « frères » de la diocèse Saint-Jacques d'Altopascio vient de s'installer. Cet ordre, originaire de la Toscane (Italie) fondera un hôpital, une chapelle, bâtira des héberges et d'autres constructions pour aider les pauvres et les pèlerins dans leur voyages. Leur nom sera donné par la suite au quartier « Saint-Jacques du Haut-Pas » (Altopascio).
Le pape Pie II (pontificat 1458-1464) supprima l'ordre en 1459, sur leurs lieux en 1572 Cathérine de Médicis installera les « Bénédictins de Saint-Magloire » Le quartier qui au fil du temps se densifie vois la nécessité de construire une nouvelle église, ils vont acquérir ce droit en 1584 quand une petite église sera construite. L'église de petites dimensions sera transformé à partir de 1630 sous l'impulsion de Gaston d'Orléans.
Gaston d'Orléans était le frère du roi Louis XIII, un homme riche ayant le goût pour la construction, à lui on doit également la construction d'une nouvelle aile de style classique au château de Blois. Sous ses ordres, l'église est faite jusqu'à la forme actuelle, avec l'agrandissement de la nef centrale et la création de l'entrée actuelle sur la rue Saint-Jacques. L'église est consacré aux Saint-Jacques le Mineur et saint Philippe. Saint-Jacques le Mineur n'est par le Saint-Jacques patron de Compostelle car à l'époque Paris possède déjà une église consacré à ce saint. De cette église, aujourd'hui ne reste qu'une tour clocher nommée « la Tour Saint-Jacques ».
Grâce au nom, à son emplacement (sur l'ancien cardo romain) et au fait qu'il est possible de s'y loger, l'église deviens une halte importante dans le chemin du pèlerinage à Compostelle. Le pèlerinage à Compostelle (après la Reconquista en 1492) étant l'un des trois pèlerinages consacrés par l’Église à coté de Rome et Jérusalem.
A la suite de la Révolution Française l'église est pillé, le culte catholique interdit, pourtant en 1795 elle ouvre partiellement, en plus elle dois partager son siège avec une autre organisation jusqu'en 1810 quand grâce au Concordat de 1801 l'église Catholique reprend la possession de ses biens confisqués.
Description architecturale
Daniel Gittard est l'architecte qui a établi les plans du corps principal, c'est qui lui a fait le porche d'entrée, le narthex, la nef, le transept et l'autel. Gittard a été l'architecte du roi, membre fondateur du l'Académie Royale d'Architecture en 1671, a travaillé aussi à l'église Saint Sulpice.
L'entrée se fait sous un porche comportant 4 colonnes doriques surmonté d'un fronton, une grande rosace dans l'axe du porche anime la partie centrale de la façade, on remarque la rigueur et la sobriété de la composition ainsi que la manque de décoration. La tour clocher est divisé en 3 étages, le premier correspond au narthex et comporte une porte d'accès et un fenêtre, les deux deniers conçus à l'identique comporte uniquement des fenêtres avec des abat-son.
De style classique, la construction se remarque par la dissymétrie de la façade causée par l'absence d'une tour clocher, due à la manque d'argent. Dans le projet initial il était prévue aussi des décorations sur la façades, les statues de deux saints sur le fronton et divers ornements sur toute la façade.
Auf Deutsch
Die Kirche Saint-Jacques le Mineur und St. Philip gewidmet ist ein religiöses Gebäude in Paris.
Weit entfernt von den Befestigungsanlagen von der König Philip II Augustus nach Paris auf einem einsamen Hügel in der Mitte der Felder auf der alten Strasse in 1180 "Brüder" der Diözese Saint-Jacques Altopascio gerade bewegt verteidigen. Die Bestellung, aus der Toskana (Italien) wird ein Krankenhaus, eine Kapelle stützen wird Hostels und Strukturen aufbauen, um den Armen und Pilger auf ihren Reisen helfen. Ihr Name wird später in der Nachbarschaft "Saint-Jacques du Haut-Pas" (Altopascio) angegeben werden.
Papst Pius II (Papst von 1458 bis 1464) unterdrückt die Reihenfolge, in 1459, ihre Plätze im Jahre 1572 Katharina von Medici installieren Sie die "Benediktiner von Saint-Magloire" Der Bereich, der mit der Zeit dichter sehen die Notwendigkeit, eine neue Kirche zu bauen, werden sie dieses Recht zu erwerben im Jahr 1584, als eine Kirche errichtet. Die Kirche von kleinen Abmessungen werden aus dem Jahre 1630 unter der Führung von Gaston d'Orléans umgewandelt werden.
Gaston von Orleans war der Bruder von König Ludwig XIII, ein reicher Mann mit einer Vorliebe für den Bau, sondern auch für den Bau eines neuen Flügels im klassischen Stil in Blois Schloss verantwortlich. Unter ihm ist die Kirche bis zum heutigen Form, mit dem Ausbau des Mittelschiffs und der Erstellung des aktuellen Eintrags auf der Rue Saint-Jacques. Die Kirche ist St. Jacques le Mineur und St. Philip gewidmet. Saint-Jacques le Mineur ist nicht die Saint-Jacques Schirmherr Compostela weil zum Zeitpunkt Paris bereits über eine Kirche auf diesem Heiligen gewidmet. In unserer Zeit, aus dieser Kirche bleibt nur noch der Glockenturm als "Tour Saint-Jacques."
Mit dem Namen, Ort (auf dem alten römischen Cardo) und der Tatsache, dass es möglich ist, dort zu bleiben, die Kirche zu einer wichtigen Station auf der Pilgerfahrt nach Santiago de Compostela. Die Wallfahrt nach Compostela (nach der Reconquista im Jahr 1492) ist eine der drei Wallfahrten in der Kirche mit Rom und Jerusalem verankert.
Nach dem Französisch Revolution wurde die Kirche geplündert, katholische Gottesdienst verboten, aber im Jahre 1795 es teilweise geöffnet, aber es muss mit einer anderen Organisation genutzt werden, bis 1810, als aufgrund des Konkordats von 1801 die katholische Kirche in Besitz seines Eigentums beschlagnahmt.
Architekturbeschreibung
Daniel Gittard ist der Architekt, der die Pläne des Hauptkörpers, machte er die Eingangshalle, Vorhalle, Kirchenschiff, Querschiff und der Altar vorbereitet. Gittard war der Architekt des Königs, Gründungsmitglied der Royal Academy of Architecture 1671, auch in St. Sulpice gearbeitet.
Der Eingang befindet sich eine Veranda mit vier dorischen Säulen von einem Giebel überragt, eine große Fensterrose in der Achse der Veranda läuft der zentrale Teil der Fassade, Strenge und Nüchternheit in der Zusammensetzung und der Mangel an Dekoration zu sehen. Der Glockenturm ist in drei Phasen unterteilt, die erste ist die Vorhalle und hat eine Zugangstür und ein Fenster, die beiden Fonds konzipiert enthält gleich nur Fenster mit Raster.
Klassizistischen Gebäude, Ankündigung durch die Asymmetrie der Fassade durch das Fehlen von einem Glockenturm verursacht, wegen des Mangels an Geld. In der ersten Projekt wurde geplant Dekorationen an den Wänden, die Statuen der beiden Heiligen auf der Vorderseite und Verzierungen auf der ganzen Fassade.
This wonderful hellebore was given to me several weeks ago, already in bloom. I was worried the blooms might not last long having been 'forced' to come out so early. But they have gone on and on, just slowly fading. I have the pot up on a planter by the back door. It's nice to have a hellebore high up and to be able to easily see the blooms - though I do always love leaning over and tipping the flowers up to see them.
Big Boy was the name given to the Union Pacific Railroad's twenty-five 4000 class 4-8-8-4 articulated steam locomotives built between 1941 and 1944 by Alco. No. 4012 is on display at the Steamtown National Historic Site at Scranton, PA.
A világ legnagyobb gőzmozdonya a Union Pacific vasúttársaság Big Boy artikulált (csuklós) 4-8-8-4 tengelyelrendezésű mozdonya. A 4012-es sorozatszámú egyik túlélő mozdony a pennsylvaniai Scranton vasúttörténeti emlékhelyén van kiállítva, távolról sem tökéletes állapotban - nekem viszont óriási élmény volt a monstrum megérintése, alapos megszemlélése, miután annyi mindent olvastam róla különböző könyvekben.
The Big Boys were the only locomotives to have the 4-8-8-4 wheel arrangement, combining two sets of eight driving wheels with both a four-wheel leading truck for stability entering curves and a four-wheel trailing truck to support the large firebox.
The Big Boys were specifically designed to pull a 3,600 short ton (3,300 t) freight train over the long 1.14% grade of the Wasatch Mountains in Utah. Before their arrival, helpers were needed. Adding and removing helpers from a train slowed them down. For such locomotives to be worthwhile, they had to be faster and more powerful than slow mountain luggers tried after World War I. To avoid locomotive changes, the new class would need to pull long trains at sustained speed—60 miles per hour (100 km/h)—once past the mountain grades. Towards the end of the 4000's career (in the late 1950s) it was found that they could still pull more than their rated tonnage - they regularly pulled 4,450 short tons (4,040 t) up the Wasatch grade, unassisted.
They were designed for stability at 60 miles per hour (100 km/h). They were built with a heavy margin of reliability and safety, as they normally operated well below that speed in freight service. Optimal horsepower was achieved at about 35 mph (56 km/h); optimal tractive effort, at about 10 mph (16 km/h).
25 Big Boys were built, all were coal burning, with large grates to burn low quality Wyoming coal from mines owned by the railroad. Postwar increases in the price of both coal and labor and the efficiency of diesel-electric motive power foretold a limited life for the Big Boys, but they were among the last steam locomotives taken out of service. The last revenue train hauled by a Big Boy ended its run early in the morning on July 21, 1959. Four of them remained in operational condition at Green River, Wyoming until 1962. Their duties were assumed by diesels and turbines.
New Milton is a market town in south west Hampshire, England. ( In 1303, Thomas de Chaucombe was given permission to hold a weekly market on Tuesdays at Milton, as well as an annual fair on the feast day of Mary Magdalene. ) The town has a high street and holds a market every Wednesday. Situated on the edge of the New Forest, the town is about six miles ( 10 km ) west of Lymington town centre and 12 miles ( 19 km ) east of Bournemouth town centre. New Milton dates back to Anglo-Saxon times, and encompasses Old Milton, Barton on Sea, Ashley, Bashley, and Wootton. It is recorded as having a population of around 23,000 in 2001. The traditional village centre of Milton was just south of the church. Up to the 1960's, moated earthworks were still visible next to the road known as Moat Lane. Excavations of these earthworks in 1956 revealed a series of peasant enclosures and hut remains dating from the 9th to the 12th century, but no evidence of a manorial farmstead was found.
The parish church of Milton is dedicated to Mary Magdalene and consists of a chancel with vestry, a nave and a western tower. The medieval church was pulled down and replaced around 1830, although the tower is of an earlier 17th century date. In 1835 a Church of England National School was founded on an island of land near the village green, where children were taught until just after World War I. In 1881, the population of the entire Milton parish was only 1489 people, and Milton was still a small village. The location of the village on the main Christchurch to Lymington road ( now the A 337 ) meant that there were two coaching inns - The Wheatsheaf and The George.
In March 1888 New Milton railway station was opened, which is still in operation today. A new town developed, which expanded rapidly with the coming of the railway and the name New Milton was used for the first time and can originally be traced back to the Post Office that stood opposite the railway station. In 1895, the owner of the Post Office, Emma Newhook, commissioned a sign, which read - New Milton Sub Post Office to differentiate it from the post office in Old Milton. This was officially accepted in 1896, and so the name New Milton caught on. Much of the local farmland has been developed, first in the 1960's for commuter housing and again in the 1970's for small industrial / trade units. There is a mix of housing from cottages on the outskirts to more modern, urban housing in the central area.
Milton village subsequently became known as Old Milton, and lies between New Milton and Barton on Sea. There are a few notable architectural points of interest in the local area. However, a distinctive row of Coast Guard Cottages are to be found in Barton Lane, Barton on Sea, which were built at the end of the 19th century by the Government of the day to house armed guards to try to stop the smuggling that was rife at the time. The Barton on Sea and Mudeford coastline was renowned for smuggling with many of the offshore seaways and routes to shore being named after well known local smuggling families. It was in this context that Frederick Marryat, author of The Children of the New Forest, was sent on patrol here as a young naval lieutenant in 1821, to watch over the Christchurch Bay area. Britain's first reinforced concrete bridge was built in 1901 just outside New Milton at Chewton. There was an earlier experiment in building with this material in its un reinforced form at Sway ( Sway Tower ).
New Milton water tower. Built in 1900 was the Tudor style water tower, which can be found adjacent to the car park in Osborne Road. It has a staircase and is constructed with a turret, slit windows and battlements. It is a striking orange - red colour, was built from locally manufactured bricks. The German Luftwaffe carried out bombing raids on New Milton on the 23rd August 1940, the 8th August 1942 and on January 22nd 1943. The town's water tower was suggested as the target. During the Second World War, New Milton homed evacuees and was a transit station for soldiers going to the battlefields. It also had an army hospital. It was a favourite for the airmen who were based at the nearby airfields at Lymington and Holmsley. The Memorial Centre in Whitefield Road commemorates those who died in the raids, as well as towns people who have died more recently. Bricks can be purchased for inscription and insertion into the wall of the Memorial Room, which stands to the left of the front door and contains mementos saved from the original building, which was destroyed by fire in the 1970's.
Ballard Lake that borders Fernhill Lane and Lake Grove Road, in New Milton is a picturesque area of New Milton that you could spend a hot summers day feeding the many ducks, mallards, geese that live around this lake. A few walks branch out from this lake to stroll along. Seats have been sited from donations from residents who have passed away and serve as a reminder to long lost friends or family. The stream from this lake meanders for many miles in many cases forming picturesque walks further along New Milton.
Another striking recolour given to the equally striking Norev Ford Fiesta WRC. A million miles away from their usual factory fresh approach to modelling but just as well made, cast and detailed as the others.
Found recently in a French Casino supermarket. Mint and boxed.
Wikipedia says:
Kuntur Wasi (Quechua kuntur condor, wasi house, "condor house") is the name given to the ruins of a religious center with complex architecture and stone sculptures, located in the Andean highlands of Peru.
It is believed the inhabitants had a link with the Chavín culture.
Kuntur Wasi is located in the Northern Mountain Range of Peru, specifically at the headwaters of the Jequetepeque River, in the region of the city of Cajamarca near the small town of San Pablo. The Jequetepeque valley provided a transportation corridor between the coastal region and the highlands.
Kuntur Wasi was a center where people congregated.
It is thought to have been constructed around 1000-700 BCE, during the Initial Period. The architecture consists of a hill-top temple, quadrangular platforms, a sunken courtyard, and series of rooms.
In the floor of one room there is an anthropomorphic figure made of clay, about 30 inches (75 cm) in height. It is painted with cinnabar red, malachite green, and black, yellow, and pink. Its face has big square eyes and a wide mouth with prominent canine teeth. There are also stepped platforms and funeral structures.
Lithosculptures have been found, similar to the Chavín style.
Kuntur Wasi was occupied between the years 1200-50 BC.
It was first discovered in 1945 by Julio C. Tello. In 1989, scientists from the University of Tokyo excavated four tombs at Kuntur Wasi. Valuable items, such as pectoral necklaces (decorative breastplates), gold crowns, ornamental stone beads, earrings, sets of dishes and iconographies of people were discovered in the burial area.
Since the beginning of the University of Tokyo's archaeological mission, eight tombs have been found in the area.
The Kuntur Wasi Museum, managed by local citizens, opened in 1994.
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Según Wikipedia:
Kuntur Wasi es un sitio arqueológico que data del Formativo Inferior, se encuentra ubicado en el centro poblado del mismo nombre, en la provincia de San Pablo, en el departamento de Cajamarca, en el Perú.
En la lengua quechua Kuntur Wasi significa "Casa del Cóndor". Según el arqueológo japonés, Yoshio Onuki, estudioso principal de este sitio arqueológico, Kuntur Wasi es una expresión prechavín pero que posteriormente posee una gran influencia no solo de Chavín sino también de Cupisnique especialmente en la orfebrería y la cerámica.
Kuntur Wasi pasó por los siguientes periodos:
Fase Ídolo: Construcción del centro ceremonial con pisos enlucidos con cal de color blanco. En esta fase hay una cierta relación con Huacaloma y Pacopampa.
Fase Kuntur: Construcción de un nuevo complejo ceremonial en forma de U. Se desarrolla la cerámica fina y la orfebrería.
Fase Copa: Modificación del complejo arquitectónico ceremonial y la renovación del sistema de canales de drenaje.
Fase Sotera: Existe una relación con la Fase Layzón del valle de Cajamarca.
Corresponde a la decadencia de Kuntur Wasi.
Name: George H Revell
Arrested for: not given
Arrested at: North Shields Police Station
Arrested on: 10 November 1905
Tyne and Wear Archives ref: DX1388-1-81-George H Revell
The Shields Daily News for 10 November 1905 reports:
"George H. Revell, tramp, Sheffield, was charged with being drunk and disorderly in Clive Street, and was remanded for eight days, there being a further charge against him of having stolen from the common lodging house, situate at No. 38 Duke Street, an overcoat and a jacket, valued at 7s, the property of Matthew Lazenby, yesterday".
The Shields Daily News for 17 November 1905 reports:
"George H. Revell (45), tramp, Sheffield, was charged on remand with being drunk and disorderly in Clive Street, and was fined 5s and costs or seven days. He was further charged with stealing, on the same date, from a common lodging house, situate at 31 Duke Street, an overcoat and a jacket, valued at 7s, the property of Matthew Lazenby, or otherwise with receiving the same. The accused pleaded guilty and was committed to prison for 6 weeks".
These images are a selection from an album of photographs of prisoners brought before the North Shields Police Court between 1902 and 1916 in the collection of Tyne & Wear Archives (TWA ref DX1388/1).
(Copyright) We're happy for you to share this digital image within the spirit of The Commons. Please cite 'Tyne & Wear Archives & Museums' when reusing. Certain restrictions on high quality reproductions and commercial use of the original physical version apply though; if you're unsure please email archives@twmuseums.org.uk.
Bessie Surtees House is the name of two merchants' houses on Newcastle's Sandhill, near to the river, that were built in the 16th and 17th centuries. Though commonly referred to solely as Bessie Surtees House, the property actually consists of three distinct properties; Bessie Surtees House, Milbank House, and Maddison House. These names were given to the buildings by their 20th century owner Lord Gort. The buildings are a fine and rare example of Jacobean domestic architecture. An exhibition detailing the history of the buildings can be found on the first floor. The site is also home to the North East regional branch of Historic England. It is a Grade I listed building.
The earliest record for the house on this site dates from 1465, when the house is recorded as being sold by Robert Rhodes, a local lawyer, to John Belt.
Bessie Surtees House
The house is best known as the scene of the elopement of Bessie Surtees (Elizabeth Scott, Countess of Eldon) and John Scott, who later became Lord Chancellor. The house was divided up and sublet in the 18th and 19th centuries, until it was purchased by John Clayton in 1880, who also purchased the next door Milbank House. It was restored in 1930 by SR Vereker, later Lord Gort, who employed an engineer named R.F. Wilkinson to install 17th-century fixtures taken from properties about to be demolished. Newcastle City Council purchased the house in 1978. They leased it to English Heritage in 1989.
In July 2009 it was targeted by graffiti vandals who extensively spray-painted the roof with the tags "LG", "GRIM" and "KAME".
When Historic England was formed in 2015 it assumed the lease of the property, which it maintains to the present day as its North East of England office. The house is a popular attraction during The Late Shows and Heritage Open Days which take place annually, and allow members of the public to see the areas of the house usually not open to public view.
Milbank House
The brick fronted Milbank House dates to the same period as Bessie Surtees House, and was also originally timber framed. In 1741 its owner Robert Carrick completed the process of altering its facade to what was at the time a modern Georgian brick frontage. From 1741 until 1757 the building operated as a coffee house.
Historic England (officially the Historic Buildings and Monuments Commission for England) is an executive non-departmental public body of the British Government sponsored by the Department for Culture, Media and Sport. It is tasked with protecting the historic environment of England by preserving and listing historic buildings, scheduling ancient monuments, registering historic parks and gardens and by advising central and local government.
The body was officially created by the National Heritage Act 1983, and operated from April 1984 to April 2015 under the name of English Heritage. In 2015, following the changes to English Heritage's structure that moved the protection of the National Heritage Collection into the voluntary sector in the English Heritage Trust; the body that remained was rebranded as Historic England.
The body also inherited the Historic England Archive from the old English Heritage, and projects linked to the archive such as Britain from Above, which saw the archive work with the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales and the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland to digitise, catalogue and put online 96,000 of the oldest Aerofilms images. The archive also houses various national collections, including the results of older projects, such as the Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of England and Images of England (providing online access to images of listed buildings in England as of 2002).
Remit
Historic England inherited English Heritage's position as the UK government's statutory adviser and a statutory consultee on all aspects of the historic environment and its heritage assets. This includes archaeology on land and underwater, historic buildings sites and areas, designated landscapes and the historic elements of the wider landscape. It monitors and reports on the state of England's heritage and publishes the annual Heritage at Risk survey which is one of the UK government's official statistics. It is tasked to secure the preservation and enhancement of the human-made heritage of England for the benefit of future generations.
Its remit involves:
Caring for nationally important archive collections of photographs, drawings and other records which document the historic environment of England and date from the eighteenth century onwards.
Giving grants to national and local organisations for the conservation of historic buildings, monuments and landscapes. In 2013/14 over £13 million worth of grants were made to support heritage buildings.
Advising central UK government on which English heritage assets are nationally important and should be protected by designation (i.e. listing, scheduling, etc.).
Administering and maintaining the register of England's listed buildings, scheduled monuments, registered battlefields, World Heritage Sites and protected parks and gardens. This is published online as the National Heritage List for England.
Advising local authorities on managing changes to the most important parts of heritage.
Providing expertise through advice, training and guidance to improve the standards and skills of people working in heritage, practical conservation and access to resources. In 2009–2010 it trained around 200 professionals working in local authorities and the wider sector.
Consulting and collaborating with other heritage bodies, local and national planning organisations e.g. the preparation of the 2010 Planning Policy statement for the Historic Environment (PPS5).
Commissioning and conducting archaeological research, including the publication of Heritage Counts and Heritage at Risk on behalf of the heritage sector; these are annual research surveys into the state of England's heritage.
It is not responsible for approving alterations to listed buildings. The management of listed buildings is the responsibility of local planning authorities and the Department for Levelling Up, Housing and Communities.
Historic England also owns the National Heritage Collection of nationally important historic sites, currently in public care. However, it does not run these sites as this function is instead carried out by the English Heritage Trust under licence until 2023.
Newcastle upon Tyne, or simply Newcastle is a cathedral city and metropolitan borough in Tyne and Wear, England. It is located on the River Tyne's northern bank, opposite Gateshead to the south. It is the most populous settlement in the Tyneside conurbation and North East England.
Newcastle developed around a Roman settlement called Pons Aelius, the settlement became known as Monkchester before taking on the name of a castle built in 1080 by William the Conqueror's eldest son, Robert Curthose. It was one of the world's largest ship building and repair centres during the industrial revolution. Newcastle was part of the county of Northumberland until 1400, when it separated and formed a county of itself. In 1974, Newcastle became part of Tyne and Wear. Since 2018, the city council has been part of the North of Tyne Combined Authority.
The history of Newcastle upon Tyne dates back almost 2,000 years, during which it has been controlled by the Romans, the Angles and the Norsemen amongst others. Newcastle upon Tyne was originally known by its Roman name Pons Aelius. The name "Newcastle" has been used since the Norman conquest of England. Due to its prime location on the River Tyne, the town developed greatly during the Middle Ages and it was to play a major role in the Industrial Revolution, being granted city status in 1882. Today, the city is a major retail, commercial and cultural centre.
Roman settlement
The history of Newcastle dates from AD 122, when the Romans built the first bridge to cross the River Tyne at that point. The bridge was called Pons Aelius or 'Bridge of Aelius', Aelius being the family name of Roman Emperor Hadrian, who was responsible for the Roman wall built across northern England along the Tyne–Solway gap. Hadrian's Wall ran through present-day Newcastle, with stretches of wall and turrets visible along the West Road, and at a temple in Benwell. Traces of a milecastle were found on Westgate Road, midway between Clayton Street and Grainger Street, and it is likely that the course of the wall corresponded to present-day Westgate Road. The course of the wall can be traced eastwards to the Segedunum Roman fort at Wallsend, with the fort of Arbeia down-river at the mouth of the Tyne, on the south bank in what is now South Shields. The Tyne was then a wider, shallower river at this point and it is thought that the bridge was probably about 700 feet (210 m) long, made of wood and supported on stone piers. It is probable that it was sited near the current Swing Bridge, due to the fact that Roman artefacts were found there during the building of the latter bridge. Hadrian himself probably visited the site in 122. A shrine was set up on the completed bridge in 123 by the 6th Legion, with two altars to Neptune and Oceanus respectively. The two altars were subsequently found in the river and are on display in the Great North Museum in Newcastle.
The Romans built a stone-walled fort in 150 to protect the river crossing which was at the foot of the Tyne Gorge, and this took the name of the bridge so that the whole settlement was known as Pons Aelius. The fort was situated on a rocky outcrop overlooking the new bridge, on the site of the present Castle Keep. Pons Aelius is last mentioned in 400, in a Roman document listing all of the Roman military outposts. It is likely that nestling in the shadow of the fort would have been a small vicus, or village. Unfortunately, no buildings have been detected; only a few pieces of flagging. It is clear that there was a Roman cemetery near Clavering Place, behind the Central station, as a number of Roman coffins and sarcophagi have been unearthed there.
Despite the presence of the bridge, the settlement of Pons Aelius was not particularly important among the northern Roman settlements. The most important stations were those on the highway of Dere Street running from Eboracum (York) through Corstopitum (Corbridge) and to the lands north of the Wall. Corstopitum, being a major arsenal and supply centre, was much larger and more populous than Pons Aelius.
Anglo-Saxon development
The Angles arrived in the North-East of England in about 500 and may have landed on the Tyne. There is no evidence of an Anglo-Saxon settlement on or near the site of Pons Aelius during the Anglo-Saxon age. The bridge probably survived and there may well have been a small village at the northern end, but no evidence survives. At that time the region was dominated by two kingdoms, Bernicia, north of the Tees and ruled from Bamburgh, and Deira, south of the Tees and ruled from York. Bernicia and Deira combined to form the kingdom of Northanhymbra (Northumbria) early in the 7th century. There were three local kings who held the title of Bretwalda – 'Lord of Britain', Edwin of Deira (627–632), Oswald of Bernicia (633–641) and Oswy of Northumbria (641–658). The 7th century became known as the 'Golden Age of Northumbria', when the area was a beacon of culture and learning in Europe. The greatness of this period was based on its generally Christian culture and resulted in the Lindisfarne Gospels amongst other treasures. The Tyne valley was dotted with monasteries, with those at Monkwearmouth, Hexham and Jarrow being the most famous. Bede, who was based at Jarrow, wrote of a royal estate, known as Ad Murum, 'at the Wall', 12 miles (19 km) from the sea. It is thought that this estate may have been in what is now Newcastle. At some unknown time, the site of Newcastle came to be known as Monkchester. The reason for this title is unknown, as we are unaware of any specific monasteries at the site, and Bede made no reference to it. In 875 Halfdan Ragnarsson, the Danish Viking conqueror of York, led an army that attacked and pillaged various monasteries in the area, and it is thought that Monkchester was also pillaged at this time. Little more was heard of it until the coming of the Normans.
Norman period
After the arrival of William the Conqueror in England in 1066, the whole of England was quickly subjected to Norman rule. However, in Northumbria there was great resistance to the Normans, and in 1069 the newly appointed Norman Earl of Northumbria, Robert de Comines and 700 of his men were killed by the local population at Durham. The Northumbrians then marched on York, but William was able to suppress the uprising. That same year, a second uprising occurred when a Danish fleet landed in the Humber. The Northumbrians again attacked York and destroyed the garrison there. William was again able to suppress the uprising, but this time he took revenge. He laid waste to the whole of the Midlands and the land from York to the Tees. In 1080, William Walcher, the Norman bishop of Durham and his followers were brutally murdered at Gateshead. This time Odo, bishop of Bayeux, William's half brother, devastated the land between the Tees and the Tweed. This was known as the 'Harrying of the North'. This devastation is reflected in the Domesday Book. The destruction had such an effect that the North remained poor and backward at least until Tudor times and perhaps until the Industrial Revolution. Newcastle suffered in this respect with the rest of the North.
In 1080 William sent his eldest son, Robert Curthose, north to defend the kingdom against the Scots. After his campaign, he moved to Monkchester and began the building of a 'New Castle'. This was of the "motte-and-bailey" type of construction, a wooden tower on top of an earthen mound (motte), surrounded by a moat and wooden stockade (bailey). It was this castle that gave Newcastle its name. In 1095 the Earl of Northumbria, Robert de Mowbray, rose up against the king, William Rufus, and Rufus sent an army north to recapture the castle. From then on the castle became crown property and was an important base from which the king could control the northern barons. The Northumbrian earldom was abolished and a Sheriff of Northumberland was appointed to administer the region. In 1091 the parish church of St Nicholas was consecrated on the site of the present Anglican cathedral, close by the bailey of the new castle. The church is believed to have been a wooden building on stone footings.
Not a trace of the tower or mound of the motte and bailey castle remains now. Henry II replaced it with a rectangular stone keep, which was built between 1172 and 1177 at a cost of £1,444. A stone bailey, in the form of a triangle, replaced the previous wooden one. The great outer gateway to the castle, called 'the Black Gate', was built later, between 1247 and 1250, in the reign of Henry III. There were at that time no town walls and when attacked by the Scots, the townspeople had to crowd into the bailey for safety. It is probable that the new castle acted as a magnet for local merchants because of the safety it provided. This in turn would help to expand trade in the town. At this time wool, skins and lead were being exported, whilst alum, pepper and ginger were being imported from France and Flanders.
Middle Ages
Throughout the Middle Ages, Newcastle was England's northern fortress, the centre for assembled armies. The Border war against Scotland lasted intermittently for several centuries – possibly the longest border war ever waged. During the civil war between Stephen and Matilda, David 1st of Scotland and his son were granted Cumbria and Northumberland respectively, so that for a period from 1139 to 1157, Newcastle was effectively in Scottish hands. It is believed that during this period, King David may have built the church of St Andrew and the Benedictine nunnery in Newcastle. However, King Stephen's successor, Henry II was strong enough to take back the Earldom of Northumbria from Malcolm IV.
The Scots king William the Lion was imprisoned in Newcastle, in 1174, after being captured at the Battle of Alnwick. Edward I brought the Stone of Scone and William Wallace south through the town and Newcastle was successfully defended against the Scots three times during the 14th century.
Around 1200, stone-faced, clay-filled jetties were starting to project into the river, an indication that trade was increasing in Newcastle. As the Roman roads continued to deteriorate, sea travel was gaining in importance. By 1275 Newcastle was the sixth largest wool exporting port in England. The principal exports at this time were wool, timber, coal, millstones, dairy produce, fish, salt and hides. Much of the developing trade was with the Baltic countries and Germany. Most of the Newcastle merchants were situated near the river, below the Castle. The earliest known charter was dated 1175 in the reign of Henry II, giving the townspeople some control over their town. In 1216 King John granted Newcastle a mayor[8] and also allowed the formation of guilds (known as Mysteries). These were cartels formed within different trades, which restricted trade to guild members. There were initially twelve guilds. Coal was being exported from Newcastle by 1250, and by 1350 the burgesses received a royal licence to export coal. This licence to export coal was jealously guarded by the Newcastle burgesses, and they tried to prevent any one else on the Tyne from exporting coal except through Newcastle. The burgesses similarly tried to prevent fish from being sold anywhere else on the Tyne except Newcastle. This led to conflicts with Gateshead and South Shields.
In 1265, the town was granted permission to impose a 'Wall Tax' or Murage, to pay for the construction of a fortified wall to enclose the town and protect it from Scottish invaders. The town walls were not completed until early in the 14th century. They were two miles (3 km) long, 9 feet (2.7 m) thick and 25 feet (7.6 m) high. They had six main gates, as well as some smaller gates, and had 17 towers. The land within the walls was divided almost equally by the Lort Burn, which flowed southwards and joined the Tyne to the east of the Castle. The town began to expand north of the Castle and west of the Lort Burn with various markets being set up within the walls.
In 1400 Henry IV granted a new charter, creating a County corporate which separated the town, but not the Castle, from the county of Northumberland and recognised it as a "county of itself" with a right to have a sheriff of its own. The burgesses were now allowed to choose six aldermen who, with the mayor would be justices of the peace. The mayor and sheriff were allowed to hold borough courts in the Guildhall.
Religious houses
During the Middle Ages a number of religious houses were established within the walls: the first of these was the Benedictine nunnery of St Bartholomew founded in 1086 near the present-day Nun Street. Both David I of Scotland and Henry I of England were benefactors of the religious house. Nothing of the nunnery remains now.
The friary of Blackfriars, Newcastle (Dominican) was established in 1239. These were also known as the Preaching Friars or Shod Friars, because they wore sandals, as opposed to other orders. The friary was situated in the present-day Friars Street. In 1280 the order was granted royal permission to make a postern in the town walls to communicate with their gardens outside the walls. On 19 June 1334, Edward Balliol, claimant to be King of Scotland, did homage to King Edward III, on behalf of the kingdom of Scotland, in the church of the friary. Much of the original buildings of the friary still exist, mainly because, after the Dissolution of the Monasteries the friary of Blackfriars was rented out by the corporation to nine of the local trade guilds.
The friary of Whitefriars (Carmelite) was established in 1262. The order was originally housed on the Wall Knoll in Pandon, but in 1307 it took over the buildings of another order, which went out of existence, the Friars of the Sac. The land, which had originally been given by Robert the Bruce, was situated in the present-day Hanover Square, behind the Central station. Nothing of the friary remains now.
The friary of Austinfriars (Augustinian) was established in 1290. The friary was on the site where the Holy Jesus Hospital was built in 1682. The friary was traditionally the lodging place of English kings whenever they visited or passed through Newcastle. In 1503 Princess Margaret, eldest daughter of Henry VII of England, stayed two days at the friary on her way to join her new husband James IV of Scotland.
The friary of Greyfriars (Franciscans) was established in 1274. The friary was in the present-day area between Pilgrim Street, Grey Street, Market Street and High Chare. Nothing of the original buildings remains.
The friary of the Order of the Holy Trinity, also known as the Trinitarians, was established in 1360. The order devoted a third of its income to buying back captives of the Saracens, during the Crusades. Their house was on the Wall Knoll, in Pandon, to the east of the city, but within the walls. Wall Knoll had previously been occupied by the White Friars until they moved to new premises in 1307.
All of the above religious houses were closed in about 1540, when Henry VIII dissolved the monasteries.
An important street running through Newcastle at the time was Pilgrim Street, running northwards inside the walls and leading to the Pilgrim Gate on the north wall. The street still exists today as arguably Newcastle's main shopping street.
Tudor period
The Scottish border wars continued for much of the 16th century, so that during that time, Newcastle was often threatened with invasion by the Scots, but also remained important as a border stronghold against them.
During the Reformation begun by Henry VIII in 1536, the five Newcastle friaries and the single nunnery were dissolved and the land was sold to the Corporation and to rich merchants. At this time there were fewer than 60 inmates of the religious houses in Newcastle. The convent of Blackfriars was leased to nine craft guilds to be used as their headquarters. This probably explains why it is the only one of the religious houses whose building survives to the present day. The priories at Tynemouth and Durham were also dissolved, thus ending the long-running rivalry between Newcastle and the church for control of trade on the Tyne. A little later, the property of the nunnery of St Bartholomew and of Grey Friars were bought by Robert Anderson, who had the buildings demolished to build his grand Newe House (also known as Anderson Place).
With the gradual decline of the Scottish border wars the town walls were allowed to decline as well as the castle. By 1547, about 10,000 people were living in Newcastle. At the beginning of the 16th century exports of wool from Newcastle were more than twice the value of exports of coal, but during the century coal exports continued to increase.
Under Edward VI, John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland, sponsored an act allowing Newcastle to annexe Gateshead as its suburb. The main reason for this was to allow the Newcastle Hostmen, who controlled the export of Tyne coal, to get their hands on the Gateshead coal mines, previously controlled by the Bishop of Durham. However, when Mary I came to power, Dudley met his downfall and the decision was reversed. The Reformation allowed private access to coal mines previously owned by Tynemouth and Durham priories and as a result coal exports increase dramatically, from 15,000 tons in 1500 to 35,000 tons in 1565, and to 400,000 tons in 1625.
The plague visited Newcastle four times during the 16th century, in 1579 when 2,000 people died, in 1589 when 1700 died, in 1595 and finally in 1597.
In 1600 Elizabeth I granted Newcastle a charter for an exclusive body of electors, the right to elect the mayor and burgesses. The charter also gave the Hostmen exclusive rights to load coal at any point on the Tyne. The Hostmen developed as an exclusive group within the Merchant Adventurers who had been incorporated by a charter in 1547.
Stuart period
In 1636 there was a serious outbreak of bubonic plague in Newcastle. There had been several previous outbreaks of the disease over the years, but this was the most serious. It is thought to have arrived from the Netherlands via ships that were trading between the Tyne and that country. It first appeared in the lower part of the town near the docks but gradually spread to all parts of the town. As the disease gained hold the authorities took measures to control it by boarding up any properties that contained infected persons, meaning that whole families were locked up together with the infected family members. Other infected persons were put in huts outside the town walls and left to die. Plague pits were dug next to the town's four churches and outside the town walls to receive the bodies in mass burials. Over the course of the outbreak 5,631 deaths were recorded out of an estimated population of 12,000, a death rate of 47%.
In 1637 Charles I tried to raise money by doubling the 'voluntary' tax on coal in return for allowing the Newcastle Hostmen to regulate production and fix prices. This caused outrage amongst the London importers and the East Anglian shippers. Both groups decided to boycott Tyne coal and as a result forced Charles to reverse his decision in 1638.
In 1640 during the Second Bishops' War, the Scots successfully invaded Newcastle. The occupying army demanded £850 per day from the Corporation to billet the Scottish troops. Trade from the Tyne ground to a halt during the occupation. The Scots left in 1641 after receiving a Parliamentary pardon and a £4,000,000 loan from the town.
In 1642 the English Civil War began. King Charles realised the value of the Tyne coal trade and therefore garrisoned Newcastle. A Royalist was appointed as governor. At that time, Newcastle and King's Lynn were the only important seaports to support the crown. In 1644 Parliament blockaded the Tyne to prevent the king from receiving revenue from the Tyne coal trade. Coal exports fell from 450,000 to 3,000 tons and London suffered a hard winter without fuel. Parliament encouraged the coal trade from the Wear to try to replace that lost from Newcastle but that was not enough to make up for the lost Tyneside tonnage.
In 1644 the Scots crossed the border. Newcastle strengthened its defences in preparation. The Scottish army, with 40,000 troops, besieged Newcastle for three months until the garrison of 1,500 surrendered. During the siege, the Scots bombarded the walls with their artillery, situated in Gateshead and Castle Leazes. The Scottish commander threatened to destroy the steeple of St Nicholas's Church by gunfire if the mayor, Sir John Marley, did not surrender the town. The mayor responded by placing Scottish prisoners that they had captured in the steeple, so saving it from destruction. The town walls were finally breached by a combination of artillery and sapping. In gratitude for this defence, Charles gave Newcastle the motto 'Fortiter Defendit Triumphans' to be added to its coat of arms. The Scottish army occupied Northumberland and Durham for two years. The coal taxes had to pay for the Scottish occupation. In 1645 Charles surrendered to the Scots and was imprisoned in Newcastle for nine months. After the Civil War the coal trade on the Tyne soon picked up and exceeded its pre-war levels.
A new Guildhall was completed on the Sandhill next to the river in 1655, replacing an earlier facility damaged by fire in 1639, and became the meeting place of Newcastle Town Council. In 1681 the Hospital of the Holy Jesus was built partly on the site of the Austin Friars. The Guildhall and Holy Jesus Hospital still exist.
Charles II tried to impose a charter on Newcastle to give the king the right to appoint the mayor, sheriff, recorder and town clerk. Charles died before the charter came into effect. In 1685, James II tried to replace Corporation members with named Catholics. However, James' mandate was suspended in 1689 after the Glorious Revolution welcoming William of Orange. In 1689, after the fall of James II, the people of Newcastle tore down his bronze equestrian statue in Sandhill and tossed it into the Tyne. The bronze was later used to make bells for All Saints Church.
In 1689 the Lort Burn was covered over. At this time it was an open sewer. The channel followed by the Lort Burn became the present day Dean Street. At that time, the centre of Newcastle was still the Sandhill area, with many merchants living along the Close or on the Side. The path of the main road through Newcastle ran from the single Tyne bridge, through Sandhill to the Side, a narrow street which climbed steeply on the north-east side of the castle hill until it reached the higher ground alongside St Nicholas' Church. As Newcastle developed, the Side became lined with buildings with projecting upper stories, so that the main street through Newcastle was a narrow, congested, steep thoroughfare.
In 1701 the Keelmen's Hospital was built in the Sandgate area of the city, using funds provided by the keelmen. The building still stands today.
Eighteenth century
In the 18th century, Newcastle was the country's largest print centre after London, Oxford and Cambridge, and the Literary and Philosophical Society of 1793, with its erudite debates and large stock of books in several languages predated the London Library by half a century.
In 1715, during the Jacobite rising in favour of the Old Pretender, an army of Jacobite supporters marched on Newcastle. Many of the Northumbrian gentry joined the rebels. The citizens prepared for its arrival by arresting Jacobite supporters and accepting 700 extra recruits into the local militia. The gates of the city were closed against the rebels. This proved enough to delay an attack until reinforcements arrived forcing the rebel army to move across to the west coast. The rebels finally surrendered at Preston.
In 1745, during a second Jacobite rising in favour of the Young Pretender, a Scottish army crossed the border led by Bonnie Prince Charlie. Once again Newcastle prepared by arresting Jacobite supporters and inducting 800 volunteers into the local militia. The town walls were strengthened, most of the gates were blocked up and some 200 cannon were deployed. 20,000 regulars were billeted on the Town Moor. These preparations were enough to force the rebel army to travel south via the west coast. They were eventually defeated at Culloden in 1746.
Newcastle's actions during the 1715 rising in resisting the rebels and declaring for George I, in contrast to the rest of the region, is the most likely source of the nickname 'Geordie', applied to people from Tyneside, or more accurately Newcastle. Another theory, however, is that the name 'Geordie' came from the inventor of the Geordie lamp, George Stephenson. It was a type of safety lamp used in mining, but was not invented until 1815. Apparently the term 'German Geordie' was in common use during the 18th century.
The city's first hospital, Newcastle Infirmary opened in 1753; it was funded by public subscription. A lying-in hospital was established in Newcastle in 1760. The city's first public hospital for mentally ill patients, Wardens Close Lunatic Hospital was opened in October 1767.
In 1771 a flood swept away much of the bridge at Newcastle. The bridge had been built in 1250 and repaired after a flood in 1339. The bridge supported various houses and three towers and an old chapel. A blue stone was placed in the middle of the bridge to mark the boundary between Newcastle and the Palatinate of Durham. A temporary wooden bridge had to be built, and this remained in use until 1781, when a new stone bridge was completed. The new bridge consisted of nine arches. In 1801, because of the pressure of traffic, the bridge had to be widened.
A permanent military presence was established in the city with the completion of Fenham Barracks in 1806. The facilities at the Castle for holding assizes, which had been condemned for their inconvenience and unhealthiness, were replaced when the Moot Hall opened in August 1812.
Victorian period
Present-day Newcastle owes much of its architecture to the work of the builder Richard Grainger, aided by architects John Dobson, Thomas Oliver, John and Benjamin Green and others. In 1834 Grainger won a competition to produce a new plan for central Newcastle. He put this plan into effect using the above architects as well as architects employed in his own office. Grainger and Oliver had already built Leazes Terrace, Leazes Crescent and Leazes Place between 1829 and 1834. Grainger and Dobson had also built the Royal Arcade at the foot of Pilgrim Street between 1830 and 1832. The most ambitious project covered 12 acres 12 acres (49,000 m2) in central Newcastle, on the site of Newe House (also called Anderson Place). Grainger built three new thoroughfares, Grey Street, Grainger Street and Clayton Street with many connecting streets, as well as the Central Exchange and the Grainger Market. John Wardle and George Walker, working in Grainger's office, designed Clayton Street, Grainger Street and most of Grey Street. Dobson designed the Grainger Market and much of the east side of Grey Street. John and Benjamin Green designed the Theatre Royal at the top of Grey Street, where Grainger placed the column of Grey's Monument as a focus for the whole scheme. Grey Street is considered to be one of the finest streets in the country, with its elegant curve. Unfortunately most of old Eldon Square was demolished in the 1960s in the name of progress. The Royal Arcade met a similar fate.
In 1849 a new bridge was built across the river at Newcastle. This was the High Level Bridge, designed by Robert Stephenson, and slightly up river from the existing bridge. The bridge was designed to carry road and rail traffic across the Tyne Gorge on two decks with rail traffic on the upper deck and road traffic on the lower. The new bridge meant that traffic could pass through Newcastle without having to negotiate the steep, narrow Side, as had been necessary for centuries. The bridge was opened by Queen Victoria, who one year later opened the new Central Station, designed by John Dobson. Trains were now able to cross the river, directly into the centre of Newcastle and carry on up to Scotland. The Army Riding School was also completed in 1849.
In 1854 a large fire started on the Gateshead quayside and an explosion caused it to spread across the river to the Newcastle quayside. A huge conflagration amongst the narrow alleys, or 'chares', destroyed the homes of 800 families as well as many business premises. The narrow alleys that had been destroyed were replaced by streets containing blocks of modern offices.
In 1863 the Town Hall in St Nicholas Square replaced the Guildhall as the meeting place of Newcastle Town Council.
In 1876 the low level bridge was replaced by a new bridge known as the Swing Bridge, so called because the bridge was able to swing horizontally on a central axis and allow ships to pass on either side. This meant that for the first time sizeable ships could pass up-river beyond Newcastle. The bridge was built and paid for by William Armstrong, a local arms manufacturer, who needed to have warships access his Elswick arms factory to fit armaments to them. The Swing Bridge's rotating mechanism is adapted from the cannon mounts developed in Armstrong's arms works. In 1882 the Elswick works began to build ships as well as to arm them. The Barrack Road drill hall was completed in 1890.
Industrialisation
In the 19th century, shipbuilding and heavy engineering were central to the city's prosperity; and the city was a powerhouse of the Industrial Revolution. Newcastle's development as a major city owed most to its central role in the production and export of coal. The phrase "taking coals to Newcastle" was first recorded in 1538; it proverbially denotes bringing a particular commodity to a place that has more than enough of it already.
Innovation in Newcastle and surrounding areas included the following:
George Stephenson developed a miner's safety lamp at the same time that Humphry Davy developed a rival design. The lamp made possible the opening up of ever deeper mines to provide the coal that powered the industrial revolution.
George and his son Robert Stephenson were hugely influential figures in the development of the early railways. George developed Blücher, a locomotive working at Killingworth colliery in 1814, whilst Robert was instrumental in the design of Rocket, a revolutionary design that was the forerunner of modern locomotives. Both men were involved in planning and building railway lines, all over this country and abroad.
Joseph Swan demonstrated a working electric light bulb about a year before Thomas Edison did the same in the USA. This led to a dispute as to who had actually invented the light bulb. Eventually the two rivals agreed to form a mutual company between them, the Edison and Swan Electric Light Company, known as Ediswan.
Charles Algernon Parsons invented the steam turbine, for marine use and for power generation. He used Turbinia, a small, turbine-powered ship, to demonstrate the speed that a steam turbine could generate. Turbinia literally ran rings around the British Fleet at a review at Spithead in 1897.
William Armstrong invented a hydraulic crane that was installed in dockyards up and down the country. He then began to design light, accurate field guns for the British army. These were a vast improvement on the existing guns that were then in use.
The following major industries developed in Newcastle or its surrounding area:
Glassmaking
A small glass industry existed in Newcastle from the mid-15th century. In 1615 restrictions were put on the use of wood for manufacturing glass. It was found that glass could be manufactured using the local coal, and so a glassmaking industry grew up on Tyneside. Huguenot glassmakers came over from France as refugees from persecution and set up glasshouses in the Skinnerburn area of Newcastle. Eventually, glass production moved to the Ouseburn area of Newcastle. In 1684 the Dagnia family, Sephardic Jewish emigrants from Altare, arrived in Newcastle from Stourbridge and established glasshouses along the Close, to manufacture high quality flint glass. The glass manufacturers used sand ballast from the boats arriving in the river as the main raw material. The glassware was then exported in collier brigs. The period from 1730 to 1785 was the highpoint of Newcastle glass manufacture, when the local glassmakers produced the 'Newcastle Light Baluster'. The glassmaking industry still exists in the west end of the city with local Artist and Glassmaker Jane Charles carrying on over four hundred years of hot glass blowing in Newcastle upon Tyne.
Locomotive manufacture
In 1823 George Stephenson and his son Robert established the world's first locomotive factory near Forth Street in Newcastle. Here they built locomotives for the Stockton and Darlington Railway and the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, as well as many others. It was here that the famous locomotive Rocket was designed and manufactured in preparation for the Rainhill Trials. Apart from building locomotives for the British market, the Newcastle works also produced locomotives for Europe and America. The Forth Street works continued to build locomotives until 1960.
Shipbuilding
In 1296 a wooden, 135 ft (41 m) long galley was constructed at the mouth of the Lort Burn in Newcastle, as part of a twenty-ship order from the king. The ship cost £205, and is the earliest record of shipbuilding in Newcastle. However the rise of the Tyne as a shipbuilding area was due to the need for collier brigs for the coal export trade. These wooden sailing ships were usually built locally, establishing local expertise in building ships. As ships changed from wood to steel, and from sail to steam, the local shipbuilding industry changed to build the new ships. Although shipbuilding was carried out up and down both sides of the river, the two main areas for building ships in Newcastle were Elswick, to the west, and Walker, to the east. By 1800 Tyneside was the third largest producer of ships in Britain. Unfortunately, after the Second World War, lack of modernisation and competition from abroad gradually caused the local industry to decline and die.
Armaments
In 1847 William Armstrong established a huge factory in Elswick, west of Newcastle. This was initially used to produce hydraulic cranes but subsequently began also to produce guns for both the army and the navy. After the Swing Bridge was built in 1876 allowing ships to pass up river, warships could have their armaments fitted alongside the Elswick works. Armstrong's company took over its industrial rival, Joseph Whitworth of Manchester in 1897.
Steam turbines
Charles Algernon Parsons invented the steam turbine and, in 1889, founded his own company C. A. Parsons and Company in Heaton, Newcastle to make steam turbines. Shortly after this, he realised that steam turbines could be used to propel ships and, in 1897, he founded a second company, Parsons Marine Steam Turbine Company in Wallsend. It is there that he designed and manufactured Turbinia. Parsons turbines were initially used in warships but soon came to be used in merchant and passenger vessels, including the liner Mauretania which held the blue riband for the Atlantic crossing until 1929. Parsons' company in Heaton began to make turbo-generators for power stations and supplied power stations all over the world. The Heaton works, reduced in size, remains as part of the Siemens AG industrial giant.
Pottery
In 1762 the Maling pottery was founded in Sunderland by French Huguenots, but transferred to Newcastle in 1817. A factory was built in the Ouseburn area of the city. The factory was rebuilt twice, finally occupying a 14-acre (57,000 m2) site that was claimed to be the biggest pottery in the world and which had its own railway station. The pottery pioneered use of machines in making potteries as opposed to hand production. In the 1890s the company went up-market and employed in-house designers. The period up to the Second World War was the most profitable with a constant stream of new designs being introduced. However, after the war, production gradually declined and the company closed in 1963.
Expansion of the city
Newcastle was one of the boroughs reformed by the Municipal Corporations Act 1835: the reformed municipal borough included the parishes of Byker, Elswick, Heaton, Jesmond, Newcastle All Saints, Newcastle St Andrew, Newcastle St John, Newcastle St Nicholas, and Westgate. The urban districts of Benwell and Fenham and Walker were added in 1904. In 1935, Newcastle gained Kenton and parts of the parishes of West Brunton, East Denton, Fawdon, Longbenton. The most recent expansion in Newcastle's boundaries took place under the Local Government Act 1972 on 1 April 1974, when Newcastle became a metropolitan borough, also including the urban districts of Gosforth and Newburn, and the parishes of Brunswick, Dinnington, Hazlerigg, North Gosforth and Woolsington from the Castle Ward Rural District, and the village of Westerhope.
Meanwhile Northumberland County Council was formed under the Local Government Act 1888 and benefited from a dedicated meeting place when County Hall was completed in the Castle Garth area of Newcastle in 1910. Following the Local Government Act 1972 County Hall relocated to Morpeth in April 1981.
Twentieth century
In 1925 work began on a new high-level road bridge to span the Tyne Gorge between Newcastle and Gateshead. The capacity of the existing High-Level Bridge and Swing Bridge were being strained to the limit, and an additional bridge had been discussed for a long time. The contract was awarded to the Dorman Long Company and the bridge was finally opened by King George V in 1928. The road deck was 84 feet (26 m) above the river and was supported by a 531 feet (162 m) steel arch. The new Tyne Bridge quickly became a symbol for Newcastle and Tyneside, and remains so today.
During the Second World War, Newcastle was largely spared the horrors inflicted upon other British cities bombed during the Blitz. Although the armaments factories and shipyards along the River Tyne were targeted by the Luftwaffe, they largely escaped unscathed. Manors goods yard and railway terminal, to the east of the city centre, and the suburbs of Jesmond and Heaton suffered bombing during 1941. There were 141 deaths and 587 injuries, a relatively small figure compared to the casualties in other industrial centres of Britain.
In 1963 the city gained its own university, the University of Newcastle upon Tyne, by act of parliament. A School of Medicine and Surgery had been established in Newcastle in 1834. This eventually developed into a college of medicine attached to Durham University. A college of physical science was also founded and became Armstrong College in 1904. In 1934 the two colleges merged to become King's College, Durham. This remained as part of Durham University until the new university was created in 1963. In 1992 the city gained its second university when Newcastle Polytechnic was granted university status as Northumbria University.
Newcastle City Council moved to the new Newcastle Civic Centre in 1968.
As heavy industries declined in the second half of the 20th century, large sections of the city centre were demolished along with many areas of slum housing. The leading political figure in the city during the 1960s was T. Dan Smith who oversaw a massive building programme of highrise housing estates and authorised the demolition of a quarter of the Georgian Grainger Town to make way for Eldon Square Shopping Centre. Smith's control in Newcastle collapsed when it was exposed that he had used public contracts to advantage himself and his business associates and for a time Newcastle became a byword for civic corruption as depicted in the films Get Carter and Stormy Monday and in the television series Our Friends in the North. However, much of the historic Grainger Town area survived and was, for the most part, fully restored in the late 1990s. Northumberland Street, initially the A1, was gradually closed to traffic from the 1970s and completely pedestrianised by 1998.
In 1978 a new rapid transport system, the Metro, was built, linking the Tyneside area. The system opened in August 1980. A new bridge was built to carry the Metro across the river between Gateshead and Newcastle. This was the Queen Elizabeth II Bridge, commonly known as the Metro Bridge. Eventually the Metro system was extended to reach Newcastle Airport in 1991, and in 2002 the Metro system was extended to the nearby city of Sunderland.
As the 20th century progressed, trade on the Newcastle and Gateshead quaysides gradually declined, until by the 1980s both sides of the river were looking rather derelict. Shipping company offices had closed along with offices of firms related to shipping. There were also derelict warehouses lining the riverbank. Local government produced a master plan to re-develop the Newcastle quayside and this was begun in the 1990s. New offices, restaurants, bars and residential accommodation were built and the area has changed in the space of a few years into a vibrant area, partially returning the focus of Newcastle to the riverside, where it was in medieval times.
The Gateshead Millennium Bridge, a foot and cycle bridge, 26 feet (7.9 m) wide and 413 feet (126 m) long, was completed in 2001. The road deck is in the form of a curve and is supported by a steel arch. To allow ships to pass, the whole structure, both arch and road-deck, rotates on huge bearings at either end so that the road deck is lifted. The bridge can be said to open and shut like a human eye. It is an important addition to the re-developed quayside area, providing a vital link between the Newcastle and Gateshead quaysides.
Recent developments
Today the city is a vibrant centre for office and retail employment, but just a short distance away there are impoverished inner-city housing estates, in areas originally built to provide affordable housing for employees of the shipyards and other heavy industries that lined the River Tyne. In the 2010s Newcastle City Council began implementing plans to regenerate these depressed areas, such as those along the Ouseburn Valley.
Seen as a seagull and a duck, these nebulae are not the only cosmic clouds to evoke images of flight. But both are winging their way across this broad celestial landscape, spanning almost 7 degrees across planet Earth's night sky toward the constellation Canis Major. The expansive Seagull (top center) is itself composed of two major cataloged emission nebulae. Brighter NGC 2327 forms the head with the more diffuse IC 2177 as the wings and body. Impressively, the Seagull's wingspan would correspond to about 250 light-years at the nebula's estimated distance of 3,800 light-years. At the lower right, the Duck appears much more compact and would span only about 50 light-years given its 15,000 light-year distance estimate. Blown by energetic winds from an extremely massive, hot star near its center, the Duck nebula is cataloged as NGC 2359. Of course, the Duck's thick body and winged appendages also lend it the slightly more dramatic popular moniker, Thor's Helmet. via NASA ift.tt/2tR9INp
Given the choice this older gentleman eyes two beauties but it appears youth wins out over age
1935 Ford roadster
1931 Ford A coupe
Beach Hop Whangamata New Zealand
For my video; youtu.be/y9S_S3bV6zs
He could've tuned in, tuned in
But he tuned out
A bad time, nothing could save him
Alone in a corridor, waiting, locked out
He got up outta there, ran for hundreds of miles
He made it to the ocean, had a smoke in a tree
The wind rose up, set him down on his knee
A wave came crashing like a fist to the jaw
Delivered him wings, "Hey, look at me now"
Arms wide open with the sea as his floor
Oh, power, oh
He's.. flying
Whole
High.. wide, oh
He floated back down 'cause he wanted to share
His key to the locks on the chains he saw everywhere
But first he was stripped and then he was stabbed
By faceless men, well, fuckers
He still stands
And he still gives his love, he just gives it away
The love he receives is the love that is saved
And sometimes is seen a strange spot in the sky
A human being that was given to fly
High.. flying
Oh, oh
High.. flying
Oh, oh
He's flying
Oh, oh
(Pearl Jam - Given to fly)
lyrics: azlyrics.com
“I was given an opportunity by VisionFund República Dominicana that no one else would give me. They took a leap of faith with my dream and me. I wouldn’t be here without them,” says Francisco Nunez.
Talking with Francisco outside his rural Dominican house, he seemed like a typical Dominican man. Soon after meeting Francisco, hearing his story and catching his dream, there was a quick realisation the he was anything but typical.
Nearly two years ago, Francisco had an idea to start a fish breeding company. This was unheard of in his community, but he was unfazed. He started his business by gathering used water bottles, old buckets and even discarded refrigerators, which he delivered to his house by strapping them to his back while riding his bike. To others, this was all trash. To Francisco, this was the start of his business and perfect materials for fish tanks. After he had filled his containers with local river water he determined which ones would be good for each fish species and began breeding them.
The fish were breeding, but not nearly as fast as they should be. Francisco realised that this was due to the local river water not being clean for the fish. That’s when he decided to go to VisionFund República Dominicana and ask for a loan to drill a well for fresh water. VisionFund wasn’t the first place he went to for a loan, but there were the first to say yes. It was a leap of faith for them because Francisco had no credit, very little income, a family to feed and a crazy business idea. They took a risk for him and gave him a sizeable loan of $1,100 USD to drill a well at his home.
Since Francisco took out his loan he has yet to miss a payment. His water well has also greatly increased the rate of breeding for his fish and the quality of fish bred. Betta fish are his best sellers, many of which are bought by local individuals and children, but he also ships many of his prized fish to large cities in the Dominican Republic.
Francisco has never had this dream so that he can become wealthy though. He has a heart to serve his community, giving away his well water for free to his neighbours and friends. Francisco states, “I want to help others and give them opportunities in life, just like I have been given opportunities.”
As Francisco helped his wife Suleika get their three children Sailin (age 12), Francelis (age 9) and Frandi (age 5), ready for school, he stated that his dream is even bigger than what he has accomplished so far. “I plan to pay off my loan, grow my business, and get another loan to make cement fish pools and put water filters in each one” says Francisco. “I also want to improve my house so that my family can be comfortable and so my three children don’t have to share the same bed anymore.”
Francisco’s story isn’t just about starting a business or having big dreams, it’s also about having very little and yet having a big heart to give to others. It’s about empowering communities to dream big and love a lot. That’s who Francisco is and what his dream is all about.
via John Currin (JC - Ex RNZN) - Google+ Public Posts ift.tt/1VLTfMd
New post (Britons given a final chance to see an icon of the skies as the Vulcan fighter jet begins its farewell tour of the nation Read more: ift.tt/1K1lcZJ.) has been published on Naval, Military, and Marine Life The last flying Vulcan fighter jet has begun its farewell tour of the UK after it was decided to permanently ground it
Members of the public have today been tweeting pictures of the four-engine bomber as it flies over their homes
Today’s flight is heading north from Doncaster while tomorrow’s will cover large areas of the south of England
Following its £75,000 tour of Britain the Cold War veteran jet will take to the sky for the final time later this month.
Today’s flight headed north from Doncaster while tomorrow’s will cover large areas of the south of England.
The Avro Vulcan, which saw action in the Falklands, took off at 1pm and flew towards Scotland before looping back round in the direction of where its flight began.
It was pild flew again in October 2007.
Under the original plan, the aircraft was due to fly a further 250 hours before permanent retirement. The project’s engineers were able to extend its life slightly, but it was decided that it will fly for the last time this weekend in a £75,000 tour of Britain.
According to Chief Pilot Withers ‘both flights are now amongst the longest she has undertaken since the restoration’.
The aircraft is operated by the Vulcan to the Sky Trust.
Dr Robert Pleming, chief executive of the Trust said there has been tremendous public interest in the aircraft’s final flights.
He added: ‘The situation we find ourselves in is a tremendous complement to the passion and energy of XH558’s supporters, many of whom have donated time and money to allow her to fly.
‘As someone who has devoted a significant portion of his life to this aircraft, I fully understand.’
Posted by - David Arkwright
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In 2014 Dreyfuss & Blackford Architects was selected to renovate the historic headquarters of the Sacramento Municipal Utility District that we originally designed. These construction photos were given to us from the extensive SMUD archive. The date each was taken is handwritten at bottom of the image.
In 2010 the SMUD Headquarters was inducted into the National Register of Historic Places.
Design began on the Sacramento Municipal Utility District (SMUD) Headquarters building in 1958, by 1961 construction was complete.
The client desired a dramatic, monumental building with careful attention to the environmental issues, including full sun control and an energy efficient air conditioning and heating system; with flexibility for expected immediate and long-term growth. One of the energy efficient features of the project is the use of solar shades on the exterior of the building which move with the sun. The building was designed for, and continues to house central administration and service facilities for SMUD.
The two wings of the 166,000 square foot building are linked by an elevator and service core. The south wing encloses three clear-spanned floors of flexible office space over a lobby, auditorium, and demonstration areas. The basement of the south wing was designed to comprise the building’s cafeteria, mailroom and general storage areas. The north wing includes two floors of flexible office space over three levels of garage parking provided for staff vehicles. Tree-shaded parking is available for visitors and employees. The 15-acre site is densely landscaped featuring granite boulders and a variety of trees. The building has matured successfully over the years and is still used as originally designed. No significant changes have taken place since the original construction. The exterior has been well-maintained, and the interior has had typical upgrades for a 50 year old building.
Water City Mural by Wayne Thiebaud
A major design feature, a glass mosaic by a young Wayne Thiebaud, encircles the first level of the building. He was virtually unknown at the time and this was his first glass mosaic, which is now considered irreplaceable and priceless.
Wayne Thiebaud was a relatively unknown artist teaching at Sacramento City College in 1958 when Dreyfuss & Blackford selected him to do a mosaic mural for the new building’s façade.
Along with SMUD, they decided something bright and beautiful was needed to increase interest in the building when viewed both at a distance, through the trees, and up close as people walked under the surrounding portico.
Thiebaud submitted two sketches to choose from, both of which were to be executed in glass mosaic tiles. One was bold, with large blocks of black, brown, orange and gray on a white background, a solid color abstract. Dreyfuss & Blackford chose instead a delicate design of a city reflected in water, and Thiebaud was then commissioned by the SMUD Board to make full drawings for four panels, each 15 feet high and over 200 feet long.
The artist worked in a large hall at the old State Fair to project each sketch in full size. Color areas were numbered by reference to 58 shades of sample tiles. Predominant colors are variations of orange, red, and blue.
A detailed study was made by Dreyfuss & Blackford to determine how and where such a mosaic could be manufactured. After much review and consideration, a muralist school in Florence, Italy was finally selected to prepare the mural. Theibaud’s drawings, on rolls of butcher paper, were rolled and sent to Italy where the mural was rendered in tessera glass tile, a process involving a great deal of handwork. The completed tiles were then shipped back to San Francisco, trucked to Sacramento, and mortared into place.
King Rama VIII was finally “given" a statue and a neat petite park (Suan Luang Phra Ram Eight) in 2006. 60 years after his death.
King Ananda was actually the first king of "Thailand". Up until 1939 the Chakris had been kings of "Siam". Ruling between 1935 and 1946 meant that King Ananda got to be both.
Unfortunately, the 1930s were not the best of times to be a King in Bangkok, particularly if you had to work under the laws of the Phibun government. Siam's last absolute monarch, King Prajadhipok (Rama VII), had been through a nasty coup in 1932 finally abdicating in 1935.
Without any Prajadhipok children to chose from the Royal Succession Committee recommended nephew Ananda for the role of constitutional monarch. Ananda was away studying at school in Switzerland at the time. So he was given a set of regents do the job for him until he got the hang of what's what and had finished his exams in Lausanne.
In late 1938 King Rama VIII was in Thailand, but in January 1939 returned to Europe. He didn't even get one Songkhran water festival to celebrate.
The Phibun government then started introducing some interesting cultural suggestions to the population, like singing anthems and praising the flag, saying “sawasdee”, dressing appropriately and not carrying your fruit basket on your head – better to use a pole over your shoulder with a basket on each end. This obviously went down well with the Japanese. Which Phibun was delighted about. Not much could beat a good bit of intense 1930s nationalism.
After the war was done with things got slightly more “liberal” in Bangkok, and although Phibun was let off at a war crimes tribunal on a “technicality” by his previous chum, Pridi, it was felt fine for King Ananda to come back to live here once more. So he came.
However, and I am saying nothing,
“A major disaster arrived from a completely unexpected angle. In the early morning of 9th June 1946 a pistol was fired in the bedroom of King Ananda, a shot that killed the young monarch who had returned from Switzerland only six months before. Probably it was an accidental death, it may have been caused when a royal servant had tried to wrench the pistol from the young king’s hands.”
(BJ Terwiel 2005, Thailand’s Political History)
Probably. May have.
And thus the throne passed to Ananda’s younger brother, Bhumibol Adulyadej, King Rama IX. Who named the park in honour of his younger brother on May 10, 2006 and ceremoniously dedicated the statue.
Sadly it seems, Ananda’s statue can only gaze over the Chao Phraya towards Rattanakosin Island, the home of the Chakri Dynasty.
He stands quite alone in Nonthaburi. Outside looking in. Rain clouds as a backdrop.