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Triton: Lost Junction Oceanic Trident - Arista for GENRE
Starfish: Wimey Cover your Boobs pls in silver for GENRE
Makeup: Senzafine Sirene eye and lip makeup in Azure/Blue eyes and Peacock lips
Crown: On A Lark Melody Crown with hud for GENRE
Mer bits: deviousMind Undine in electric blue, tail and fins
Hair: Exile Rain in Wildcards
Skin: MIA14 Ember skin in white
Hands: Slink
Scales: Vintage HUZ
Today I have started to go through my Flickr and take down many images, therefore I have placed this small compilation of some of my work on the site as not to lose this handful for good. Please note, the images, being in a slideshow are only shown in lower resolution, enjoy.
Yours always
Cris ;-)
Season of Photographic Eye - picture 2
Week 45, Saturday
Looking at the typical examples of street photography one will usually them the core idea of this genre of photography: streets are public space and what happens in public often has a culturally interesting meaning. Therefore one will usually see people doing their stuff, like meeting each other, expressing themselves, encountering others, perform shows, demonstrating political ideas – at the street. However, in Finland it's different, especially at the winter when it is too cold to just hang around. During the winter nights streets become more like a canals which convey the people to another streets on their way to where ever they are going. In winter the typical street scene in Finland encloses darkness which is only disturbed by a bypassing car lights and illuminated advertising signs.
During this season I will discuss my photographic eye: a particular way of seeing things and subjects, which is partly subjective and partly cultural. I will try to explain how I approach the photography the way I do and I hope it's useful for others too. But to understand my way of seeing things I have to revive the history a bit and start from the beginning. You see, before my current Sony Nex-5N I had never owned a camera myself and if I had to use one I always loaned it from someone. Even my first real experience with photography happened with a loaned camera.
It was 1996 and my friend had access to special camera which was very interesting at the time: a digital camera which didn't have real film inside it and instead it created pictures as jpeg-files. I didn't knew anything about the cameras and I didn't really care about the brand or model, but searching for it later on I found it was actually a Canon Powershot 600, Canon's first consumer digital camera, released in 1996 and featuring 0.5 Mpixel (800x600 pixels) CCD. I think I borrowed it several times and my friend taught me to edit my pictures with Adobe Photoshop 4. He also gave me idea of 'metal pictures' as I called my first photographic subject: bunch macro photographs of metal junk with grungy processing which mirrored the general visuals offered to youth culture at that time. Using this camera I created a set of 15 images, framed them and was bold enough to call to the owner of the local centre of photography for making an exhibition. I was of course just young, excited and ignorant of photography in general, but he agreed to view my work. After viewing them he didn't take my pictures (how surprising), but he encouraged me and said I should shoot for five years with real camera and then come back with my work. He even drove me to local camera course to learn more. What he didn't see though, was that I was a child of digital age and seeing how difficult it was to work with real analog camera my enthusiasm faded away. It was quite a bit time before I picked up a camera again. And even though my adventure with 'metal pictures' was kind of a false start, it gave me something which I believe shows in the way I approach photography even today. Whereas for the most of the regular people 'getting pictures' is enough, my approach converges with art and other visual interests. I have been encouraged to do that and I'm pretty sure that without this significant experience my approach to photography wouldn't be same as today.
Year of the Alpha – 52 Weeks of Sony Alpha Photography: www.yearofthealpha.com
Now at GENRE/VICTORIANA from Sn@tch. Half off <3
maps.secondlife.com/secondlife/Analog%20Dog%20Hair/34/204...
Pieter Bruegel the Elder, The Harvesters, 1565, oil on oak panel, 119 x 162 cm (The Metropolitan Museum of Art), commissioned by Niclaes Jongelinck, one of six paintings in a cycle depicting the year (this is likely July/August). One of the six is now lost.
Glenn Miller – Glenn Miller's Original Recordings
Label:RCA Victor – CL 13759
Series:Best Buy Series
Format:
Vinyl, LP, Album, Reissue
Country:Germany
Released:
Genre:Jazz
Style:Ragtime, Big Band, Swing
Est une espèce d'oiseaux de la famille des Sittidae. C'est une sittelle de taille moyenne, mesurant 14 cm de longueur. Comme les autres sittelles, c'est un oiseau trapu à la queue courte et au long bec. Les parties supérieures sont bleu-gris, les parties inférieures de couleurs très variables selon la géographie, et peuvent être blanc pur ou roux jaunâtre, avec ou sans zone pâle sur la joue. L'oiseau a également un trait oculaire noir, et présente un certain dimorphisme sexuel, le mâle ayant des couleurs plus prononcées que la femelle. C'est un oiseau bruyant, au répertoire varié, émettant divers types de chants, en vuih, vuih, vuih, vuih… et, en cas d'excitation ou d'alerte, de longues séries de cris sonores en tuit répétés rapidement. Comme les autres membres de son genre, c'est un oiseau très agile qui escalade les arbres avec facilité, descendant parfois le long des troncs d'arbres tête la première.
Ce passereau se nourrit principalement d'insectes, notamment de chenilles et de coléoptères qu'il trouve sur les troncs et les branches des arbres. En automne et en hiver, son régime est complété de fruits secs et de graines.
--
Is a species of bird in the family Sittidae. It is a medium-sized nuthatch, measuring 14 cm in length. Like other nuthatches, it is a stocky bird with a short tail and long beak. The upperparts are blue-gray, the lowerparts of colors very variable according to the geography, and can be pure white or yellowish red, with or without pale zone on the cheek. The bird also has a black eye line, and has a certain sexual dimorphism, the male having more pronounced colors than the female. It is a noisy bird, with a varied repertoire, emitting various types of songs, in vuih, vuih, vuih, vuih ... and, in the event of excitement or alert, long series of loud cries in tuit repeated quickly. Like other members of its genus, it is a very agile bird that climbs trees with ease, sometimes descending along the trunks of trees head first.
This passerine feeds mainly on insects, especially caterpillars and beetles it finds on the trunks and branches of trees. In autumn and winter, his diet is supplemented with dried fruits and seeds.
British postcard, no. C 103. Caption: Pamela Anderson - Park bench.
Sexy Canadian-American actress and model Pamela Anderson (1967) is best known for the TV series Home Improvement, Baywatch and V.I.P., but the platinum blonde but naturally born brunette also appeared in a dozen of feature films and on a record 14 Playboy covers. Furthermore she is an international celebrity thanks to her rocky marriages, her animal rights activism and her changing bust sizes.
Pamela Denise Anderson was born in Ladysmith, (Vancouver Island), BC, Canada, the daughter of Barry Anderson, a furnace repairman, and Carol (née Grosco) Anderson, a waitress. She was the first Canadian baby born in Ladysmith Canada's Centennial Day in 1967, A Centennial Baby. As a child, Anderson suffered frequent sexual abuse, a fact she revealed publicly in 2014: she was molested by a female babysitter from ages 6 to 10, raped by a 25-year-old man when she was 12, and gang-raped by her boyfriend and six of his friends when she was 14. She also revealed that her father, though "loving", had been an alcoholic. Anderson attended Highland Secondary School in Comox, British Columbia. During high school, she played on the volleyball team. She graduated in 1985. In 1988, the 19-years-old Anderson moved to Vancouver and worked as a fitness instructor. In 1989, Anderson attended a BC Lions Canadian Football League game at the BC Place Stadium in Vancouver, where the stadium camera featured her on the electronic scoreboard while wearing a Labatt's Beer T-shirt. The fans cheered her and she was brought down to the football field. Because of her fame in Vancouver, she signed a commercial contract with The brewing company to be the Blue Zone girl. More advertising assignments followed. Anderson appeared as the cover girl on Playboy magazine's October 1989 issue. She moved to Los Angeles to further pursue a modelling career. Playboy subsequently chose her as Playmate of the Month in their February 1990 issue, in which she appeared in the centrefold photo. Anderson then elected to have breast implant surgery, increasing her bust size to 34D. She famously increased her bust size again, to 34DD, several years later. Anderson has since appeared in Playboy several times in the 1990s and the 2000s. Anderson's Playboy career spans 22 years, and she has appeared on 14 Playboy covers, more than any other model. Anderson was the last to pose nude in Playboy, on the magazine's January/February 2016 cover. She also became known as a lifelong animal rights and human advocate and is also an activist for environmental issues. In 2006, she posed naked in the window of Stella McCartney's store in London to protest against the use of fur for making clothes.
After Pamela Anderson moved to Los Angeles, she won a minor role as Lisa, the original ‘Tool Time girl’, on the television sitcom, Home Improvement (1991-1993), starring Tim Allen. She left the show after two seasons and won the role of lifeguard C. J. Parker on Baywatch (1992-1997), the action drama series about the Los Angeles County Lifeguards who patrol the beaches of Los Angeles County, California, starring David Hasselhoff. She played C.J. for five seasons making her one of the longest serving and most popular cast members. This has been her best known role to date and she later reprised her role to return in a reunion movie, Baywatch: Hawaiian Wedding (Douglas Schwartz, 2003). In 1994, she was cast in her first starring film role, in the action thriller Raw Justice (David A. Prior, 1994), co-starring with Stacy Keach. She also appeared in Naked Souls (Lyndon Chubbuck, 1996), starring Brian Krause. Next she starred in the action-Science Fiction film Barb Wire (David Hogan, 1996), based on the Dark Horse comic book series of the same name. The thinly veiled futuristic remake of Casablanca was poorly received by critics, bombed at the box office and resulted for Anderson in a Golden Raspberry Award for her interpretation. In 1998, she came back as Vallery Irons in the TV series V.I.P. (1998-2002) about a bodyguard agency (V.I.P. aka Vallery Irons Protection). Blending action and humour in a fast-paced adventure series, with Anderson often poking fun at her tabloid image, the show explored the exciting and sometimes treacherous lives of the rich and famous. The series lasted through a successful four-year run. In 1999, Anderson had her breast implants surgically removed. The breaking news seemed like the end of an era.
Pamela Anderson married Tommy Lee, drummer of Mötley Crüe in 1995, after knowing him for about 4 days. They wed on a beach, with Anderson in a bikini. Anderson's mother did not know, and learned of the marriage from People magazine. A sex tape of Anderson and Tommy Lee on their honeymoon was stolen from their home in 1995 and made a huge stir on the Internet. Anderson sued the video distribution company, Internet Entertainment Group. Ultimately, the Lees entered into a confidential settlement agreement with IEG. During this time, she was known professionally as Pamela Anderson Lee. Together they have two sons, Brandon Thomas Lee and Dylan Jagger Lee. The couple divorced in 1998. In 2000, Anderson became engaged to Swedish model Marcus Schenkenberg, but they broke up in 2001. In 2004, Anderson became a naturalized citizen of the United States, while retaining her Canadian citizenship. She became engaged to the singer Kid Rock (Robert J. Ritchie); and they married in 2006. Later that year Anderson miscarried while shooting a new film, Blonde and Blonder (Dean Hamilton, 2006) with Denise Richards. Seventeen days later, Anderson filed for divorce. In 2007, Anderson married Rick Salomon in a small wedding ceremony at The Mirage, between her two nightly appearances at the Planet Hollywood Resort and Casino in Hans Klok's magic show. The couple separated later that year and Anderson requested through the courts that the marriage be annulled, citing fraud. In 2014 they remarried and also divorced again in 2015. Her film work in the new millennium consisted mainly of cameos in such comedies as Scooby-Doo (Raja Gosnell, 2002) with Freddie Prinze Jr. and Sarah Michelle Gellar, and Scary Movie 3 (David Zucker, 2003), part of the franchise that parodied the horror, sci-fi, and mystery genres. In 2004, she released the book Star, co-written by Eric Shaw Quinn, about a teenager trying to become famous. Her second book, the sequel Star Struck (2005), is a thinly veiled look at her life with Tommy Lee and the trials of celebrity life. Anderson appeared in the mockumentary, Borat: Cultural Learnings of America for Make Benefit Glorious Nation of Kazakhstan (Larry Charles, 2006), as the title character (Sacha Baron Cohen) becomes obsessed with her, and plans to abduct and marry her. She appears as herself at a book signing at the end of the film, confronted by Borat in a staged botched abduction. The film opened at No. 1 in the US box office, maintaining first place for two weeks straight. More recently she co-starred in the independent film The People Garden (Nadia Litz, 2016), a Canadian-Japanese drama starring Dree Hemingway, and for this year she’s scheduled to return in a cameo as the older C.J. in a new film version of Baywatch (Seth Gordon, 2017). The new film version stars Dwayne ‘The Rock’ Johnson, Priyanka Chopra and Zac Efron and the tagline is promising: Don't worry, summer is coming. Recently, Pamela Anderson, now 49, appeared in the erotic magazine The Amorist in new pictures by photographer Rankin for a new ad campaign for an erotic lingerie brand. The DailyMail Online commented: “Time may well be a cruel mistress, but Pamela Anderson goes some way towards proving the years have been kind in a stunning new photoshoot.”
Sources: Pamelandersonfoundation.org, Daily Mail Online, Wikipedia and IMDb.
Comedies are a genre where you can and 👆 need to relax, forget about problems, and just enjoy fun 😹 moments.
⠀
Save📌 the post so you don't lose it.
⠀
1. Dumb and dumber (1994)
2. Gentlemen of fortune ( 1971)
3. 💕 Office romance( 1977)
4. Home alone (1990)
5. Love and pigeons ( 1984)
6. The third wheel Ted (2012)
7. The tree (2010)
8. Gorko (2013).
9. The hangover (2009)
10. Translation difficulties (2003)
11. Mask (1994)
12. Taxi 🚕(1998)
⠀
💬Write in the comments what movies you watched from the list?
#Blue #Clothing #Cobalt_blue #Beauty #Purple #Dress #Fashion #Formal_wear #Long_hair #Sitting #Photo_shoot #Photography #Gown #Electric_blue #Fashion_design #Model #Prom #Furniture #Haute_couture #Chair #Costume #Black_hair #Style #Couch #NikonD850
2008 Japan Film Festival
April 11-17 @ The ImaginAsian Center
Traveling with Yoshimoto Nara
Director: Sakabe Koji
Genre: Documentary
Running Time: 93 min.
Outfit: Kaithleen's Arabian ruffled top in cyan, wide pants in Cyan, for GENRE
Henna: Jalwa Khaliji tattoo for GENRE
Shoes: Bliensen + MaiTai Scheherazade shoes in blue for GENRE
Earrings/nose ring: AZE Bedouin Sands silver earring and nose ring for GENRE
Necklace: UN Desert Zephyr Necklace for GENRE
Head scarf: Paper Moon Shayla Ajlal in cobalt for GENRE
Eyes: By Snow Midnight Eyes in cobalt
Skin: MIA14 Ember skin in exotic with blue brows
Hair: Calico Dae in blacks
Bharathanatyam is a major genre of Indian Classical dance that originated in Tamilnadu.
Through Bharathanatyam various religious themes and spiritual ideas are exhibied by sevaral mudras and
abhinayas(facial expression).Its existence traces back to the 2nd century CE as noted in the ancient Tamil epic Silappathikaram.Temple sculptures of
6th to 9th century CE suggest it was a well refined performance art by mid 1st millenium CE.
Bharathanatyam is the oldest classical dance tradition of India(wikipedia)
The other classical dance forms of India are:Kathak-North India;Kuchipudi-Andhra ;Kathakali&Mohini Attam-Kerala
and Odissi-Odisha
Taken with a cannon 1000d...
50mm lens
f1.8
this was taken for a project of mine called "Genre" where i decided to do Film Noir but put my own twist into it.
Monument Valley (or as the Navajos call it Tseí Biií Ndzisgaii) conjures up images of iconic western films namely because it was made famous by Hollywood director John Ford's films such as "Stagecoach" and "The Searchers" and his mainstay actor John Wayne. Even if you have never ventured to Monument Valley you would instantly recognize it due to the numerous movies, television commercials, music videos and print advertisements that have used this Navajo Tribal Park as a background. As a result, it is difficult to come away with some great photographs without having it be a cliche.
I always dreamed of making a pilgrimage to Monument Valley because I am a huge fan of the Western genre. Also, from a photographic point of view it is the apex symbol of the American Southwest.
Since this is a Navajo Tribal Park access is limited to a 17-mile self-drive circuit. The road is a bit rough in some areas but I drove it over the course of two days with a small compact rental car with ice in some places. My recommendation would be to take a guided tour to get an overview of the park and then come back later to do the valley drive to shoot in the best light. I stayed at Goulding's Lodge just outside the park boundary. It's a little more expensive than accommodations in Mexican Hat or Kayenta but every room has a private balcony with superb views of the valley.
I captured this photo with my amazing Canon Powershot G9 compact camera! It was very windy that day but I knew there was going to be a spectacular moonrise that evening. I was shooting with my Canon 5D on a tripod but the wind was kicking up so much that I called it quits and went back to my car. Once inside I saw this image and quickly grabbed the G9 and rolled down my window to capture this moment in time.
Happy Travels!
Text and photo copyright by ©Sam Antonio Photography
++++ From WIKIPEDIA ++++++
Arles (/ɑːrl(z)/, also US: /ˈɑːrəl/,[3][4][5][6] French: [aʁl]; Provençal: Arle [ˈaʀle] in both classical and Mistralian norms; Classical Latin: Arelate) is a city and commune in the south of France, a subprefecture in the Bouches-du-Rhône department of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region, in the former province of Provence.
A large part of the Camargue, the largest wetlands in France, is located on the territory of the commune, making it the largest commune in Metropolitan France in terms of geographic territory. (Maripasoula, French Guiana, is much larger.) The city has a long history, and was of considerable importance in the Roman province of Gallia Narbonensis. The Roman and Romanesque Monuments of Arles were listed as UNESCO World Heritage Sites in 1981.
Many artists have lived and worked in this area because of the southern light, including Pablo Picasso, Paul Gauguin, Jacques Réattu, and Peter Brown.[7] The Dutch post-Impressionist painter Vincent van Gogh lived in Arles from 1888 to 1889, and produced over 300 paintings and drawings during his time there. These are in internationally known museums and private collections around the world. An international photography festival has been held annually in the city since 1970.
Name
The settlement is attested as Arelate in the mid-1st century BC (Caesar), A̓reláte (Ἀρελάτε) in the early 1st c. AD (Strabo), Arlate civitas in 954, and Arle in the 13th century.[8] The toponym Arelate is a Latinized form of the Gaulish *Arelati, meaning 'by the marsh', or 'in front of the marsh'.[9]
Geography
The river Rhône forks into two branches just upstream of Arles, forming the Camargue delta. Because the Camargue is for a large part administratively part of Arles, the commune as a whole is the largest commune in Metropolitan France in terms of territory. But its population numbers only slightly more than 50,000. Its area is 758.93 km2 (293.02 sq mi), which is more than seven times the area of Paris.
History
Ancient era
Arles Amphitheatre, a Roman arena
Passageway in the Amphitheatre
Church of St. Trophime and its cloister
The Ligurians were in this area from about 800 BC. Later Celtic influences have also been discovered. The city became an important Phoenician trading port, before it was taken over by the Romans.
The Romans took the town in 123 BC and expanded it into an important city. They built a canal link to the Mediterranean Sea in 104 BC. Arles had to compete with Massalia (Marseille) further along the coast.
Arles' leaders sided with Julius Caesar against Pompey, providing military support. Massalia backed Pompey; when Caesar emerged victorious, Massalia was stripped of its possessions, which were transferred to Arelate as a reward. The town was formally established as a colony for veterans of the Roman legion Legio VI Ferrata, which had its base there. Its full title as a colony was Colonia Iulia Paterna Arelatensium Sextanorum, "the ancestral Julian colony of Arles of the soldiers of the Sixth."
Arelate was a city of considerable importance in the province of Gallia Narbonensis. It covered an area of some 40 hectares (99 acres) and possessed a number of monuments, including an amphitheatre, triumphal arch, Roman circus, theatre, and a full circuit of walls. Ancient Arles was closer to the sea than it is now and served as a major port. The river has carried centuries of silt that has filled in the former harbor. The city had (and still has) the southernmost bridge on the Rhône.
The Roman bridge was unique in that it was not fixed but consisted of a pontoon-style bridge of boats, with towers and drawbridges at each end. The boats were secured in place by anchors and were tethered to twin towers built just upstream of the bridge. This unusual design was a way of coping with the river's frequent violent floods, which would have made short work of a conventional bridge. Nothing remains of the Roman bridge, which has been replaced by a more modern bridge near the same spot.
The city reached a peak of influence during the 4th and 5th centuries, when Roman Emperors frequently used it as their headquarters during military campaigns in Europe. In 395, it became the seat of the Praetorian Prefecture of the Gauls, governing the western part of the Western Empire: Gaul proper plus Hispania (Spain) and Armorica (Brittany). At that time, the city was home to an estimated 75,000–100,000 people.[10][11][12][13]
It became a favorite city of Emperor Constantine I, who built baths there, substantial remains of which are still standing. His son, Constantine II, was born in Arles. Usurper Constantine III declared himself emperor in the West (407–411) and made Arles his capital in 408.
Arles became renowned as a cultural and religious centre during the late Roman Empire. It was the birthplace of Favorinus, known as the sceptical philosopher. It was also a key location for Roman Christianity and an important base for the Christianization of Gaul. The city's bishopric was held by a series of outstanding clerics, beginning with Saint Trophimus around 225 and continuing with Saint Honoratus, then Saint Hilarius in the first half of the 5th century. The political tension between the Catholic bishops of Arles and the Visigothic kings is epitomized in the career of the Frankish St. Caesarius, bishop of Arles 503–542. Suspected by the Arian Visigoth Alaric II of conspiring with the Burgundians to turn over the Arelate to Burgundy, he was exiled for a year to Bordeaux in Aquitaine. Political tensions were evident again in 512, when Arles held out against Theodoric the Great. Caesarius was imprisoned and sent to Ravenna to explain his actions before the Ostrogothic king.[14]
The friction between the Arian Christianity of the Visigoths and the Catholicism of the bishops sent out from Rome established deep roots for religious heterodoxy, even heresy, in Occitan culture. At Treves in 385, Priscillian achieved the distinction of becoming the first Christian executed for heresy (Manichaean in his case, see also Cathars, Camisards). Despite this tension and the city's decline in the face of barbarian invasions, Arles remained a great religious centre. It hosted church councils (see Council of Arles), the rival of Vienne, for hundreds of years.
Roman aqueduct and mill
Aqueduct of Arles at Barbegal
The Barbegal aqueduct and mill is a Roman watermill complex located on the territory of the commune of Fontvieille, a few kilometres from Arles. The complex has been referred to as "the greatest known concentration of mechanical power in the ancient world".[15] The remains of the mill streams and buildings which housed the overshot water wheels are still visible at the site, and it is by far the best-preserved of ancient mills. There are two aqueducts which join just north of the mill complex, and a sluice which enabled the operators to control the water supply to the complex. The mill consisted of 16 waterwheels in two separate rows built into a steep hillside. There are substantial masonry remains of the water channels and foundations of the individual mills, together with a staircase rising up the hill upon which the mills are built. The mills apparently operated from the end of the 1st century until about the end of the 3rd century.[16] The capacity of the mills has been estimated at 4.5 tons of flour per day, sufficient to supply enough bread for 6,000 of the 30,000–40,000 inhabitants of Arelate at that time.[17] A similar mill complex existed also on the Janiculum in Rome. Examination of the mill leat still just visible on one side of the hill shows a substantial accretion of lime in the channel, tending to confirm its long working life.
It is thought that the wheels were overshot water wheels with the outflow from the top driving the next one down and so on, to the base of the hill. Vertical water mills were well known to the Romans, being described by Vitruvius in his De Architectura of 25 BC, and mentioned by Pliny the Elder in his Naturalis Historia of 77 AD. There are also later references to floating water mills from Byzantium and to sawmills on the river Moselle by the poet Ausonius. The use of multiple stacked sequences of reverse overshot water-wheels was widespread in Roman mines.
Middle Ages
In 735, after raiding the Lower Rhône, Andalusian Saracens led by Yusuf ibn 'Abd al-Rahman al-Fihri moved into the stronghold summoned by Count Maurontus, who feared Charles Martel's expansionist ambitions, though this may have been an excuse to further Moorish expansion beyond Iberia. The next year, Charles campaigned south to Septimania and Provence, attacking and capturing Arles after destroying Avignon. In 739. Charles definitely drove Maurontus to exile, and brought Provence to heel. In 855, it was made the capital of a Frankish Kingdom of Burgundy, which included Burgundy and part of Provence, but was frequently terrorised by Saracen and Viking raiders. In 888, Rudolph, Count of Auxerre (now in north-western Burgundy), founded the kingdom of Transjuran Burgundy (literally, beyond the Jura mountains), which included western Switzerland as far as the river Reuss, Valais, Geneva, Chablais and Bugey.
In 933, Hugh of Arles ("Hugues de Provence") gave his kingdom up to Rudolph II, who merged the two kingdoms into a new Kingdom of Burgundy-Arles. In 1032, King Rudolph III died, and the kingdom was inherited by Emperor Conrad II the Salic. Though his successors counted themselves kings of Arles, few went to be crowned in the cathedral. Most of the kingdom's territory was progressively incorporated into France. During these troubled times, the amphitheatre was converted into a fortress, with watchtowers built at each of the four quadrants and a minuscule walled town being constructed within. The population was by now only a fraction of what it had been in Roman times, with much of old Arles lying in ruins.
The town regained political and economic prominence in the 12th century, with the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Barbarossa traveling there in 1178 for his coronation. In the 12th century, it became a free city governed by an elected podestat (chief magistrate; literally "power"), who appointed the consuls and other magistrates. It retained this status until the French Revolution of 1789.
Arles joined the countship of Provence in 1239, but, once more, its prominence was eclipsed by Marseilles. In 1378, the Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV made the Dauphin of France (later King Charles VI of France) vicar of the moribund Kingdom of Burgundy-Arles for his lifetime. The kingdom ceased to have any political existence soon afterwards.
Place de la République.
Cafe Terrace at Night by Vincent van Gogh (September 1888), depicts the warmth of a café in Arles
pen and ink drawing of a ploughman in a field near Arles, by Vincent Van Gogh
Ploughman in the Fields near Arles (1888) by Vincent Van Gogh, National Gallery of Art
Rue Ernest Renan in Arles
Modern era
Luma Arles building
Luma Arles building
Arles remained economically important for many years as a major port on the Rhône. In the 19th century, the arrival of the railway diminished river trade, leading to the town becoming something of a backwater.
This made it an attractive destination for the painter Vincent van Gogh, who arrived there on 21 February 1888. He was fascinated by the Provençal landscapes, producing over 300 paintings and drawings during his time in Arles. Many of his most famous paintings were completed there, including The Night Cafe, the Yellow Room, Starry Night Over the Rhone, and L'Arlésienne. Paul Gauguin visited van Gogh in Arles. However, van Gogh's mental health deteriorated and he became alarmingly eccentric, culminating in the well-known ear-severing incident in December 1888 which resulted in two stays in the Old Hospital of Arles. The concerned Arlesians circulated a petition the following February demanding that van Gogh be confined. In May 1889, he took the hint and left Arles for the Saint-Paul asylum at nearby Saint-Rémy-de-Provence.
Jewish history
Main article: History of the Jews in Arles
Arles had an important and prominent Jewish community between the Roman era and the end of the 15th century. A local legend describes the first Jews in Arles as exiles from Judaea after Jerusalem fell to the Romans. Nevertheless, the first documented evidence of Jews in Arles is not before the fifth century, when a distinguished community already existed in the town. Arles was an important Jewish crossroads, as a port city and close to Spain and the rest of Europe alike. It served a major role in the work of the Hachmei Provence group of famous Jewish scholars, translators and philosophers, who were most important to Judaism throughout the Middle Ages. In the eighth century, jurisdiction over the Jews of Arles was passed to the local Archbishop, making the Jewish taxes to the clergy somewhat of a shield for the community from mob attacks, most frequent during the Crusades. The community lived relatively peacefully until the last decade of the 15th century, when they were expelled out of the city never to return. Several Jews did live in the city in the centuries after, though no community was found ever after. Nowadays, Jewish archaeological findings and texts from Arles can be found in the local museum.[18]
Climate
Arles has a hot summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen: Csa)[19] with a mean annual temperature of 14.6 °C (1948–1999). The summers are warm and moderately dry, with seasonal averages between 22 °C and 24 °C, and mild winters with a mean temperature of about 7 °C. The city is constantly, but especially in the winter months, subject to the influence of the mistral, a cold wind which can cause sudden and severe frosts. Rainfall (636 mm per year) is fairly evenly distributed from September to May, with the summer drought being less marked than in other Mediterranean areas.[20]
Population
The population data in the table and graph below refer to the commune of Arles proper, in its geography at the given years. The commune of Arles ceded part of its territory to the new commune of Port-Saint-Louis-du-Rhône in 1904, and to the new commune of Saint-Martin-de-Crau in 1925.[22]
Arles has important Roman remnants, most of which have been listed as UNESCO World Heritage Sites since 1981 within the Arles, Roman and Romanesque Monuments group. They include:
The Church of St. Trophime (Saint Trophimus), formerly a cathedral, is a major work of Romanesque architecture, and the representation of the Last Judgment on its portal is considered one of the finest examples of Romanesque sculpture, as are the columns in the adjacent cloister.
The town also has a museum of ancient history, the Musée de l'Arles et de la Provence antiques, with one of the best collections of Roman sarcophagi to be found anywhere outside Rome itself. Other museums include the Musée Réattu and the Museon Arlaten.
The courtyard of the Old Arles hospital, now named "Espace Van Gogh," is a center for Vincent van Gogh's works, several of which are masterpieces.[24] The garden, framed on all four sides by buildings of the complex, is approached through arcades on the first floor. A circulation gallery is located on the first and second floors.[25]
Archaeology
Main article: Arles portrait bust
In September–October 2007, divers led by Lucas Longas from the French Department of Subaquatic Archaeological Research, headed by Michel L'Hour, discovered a life-sized marble bust of an apparently important Roman person in the Rhône near Arles, together with smaller statues of Marsyas in Hellenistic style and of the god Neptune from the third century AD. The larger bust was tentatively dated to 46 BC. Since the bust displayed several characteristics of an ageing person with wrinkles, deep naso-labial creases and hollows in his face, and since the archaeologists believed that Julius Caesar had founded the colony Colonia Iulia Paterna Arelate Sextanorum in 46 BC, the scientists came to the preliminary conclusion that the bust depicted a life-portrait of the Roman dictator: France's Minister of Culture Christine Albanel reported on May 13, 2008, that the bust would be the oldest representation of Caesar known today.[26] The story was picked up by all larger media outlets.[27][28] The realism of the portrait was said to place it in the tradition of late Republican portrait and genre sculptures. The archaeologists further claimed that a bust of Julius Caesar might have been thrown away or discreetly disposed of, because Caesar's portraits could have been viewed as politically dangerous possessions after the dictator's assassination.
Historians and archaeologists not affiliated with the French administration, among them Paul Zanker, the renowned archaeologist and expert on Caesar and Augustus, were quick to question whether the bust is a portrait of Caesar.[29][30][31] Many noted the lack of resemblances to Caesar's likenesses issued on coins during the last years of the dictator's life, and to the Tusculum bust of Caesar,[32] which depicts Julius Caesar in his lifetime, either as a so-called zeitgesicht or as a direct portrait. After a further stylistic assessment, Zanker dated the Arles-bust to the Augustan period. Elkins argued for the third century AD as the terminus post quem for the deposition of the statues, refuting the claim that the bust was thrown away due to feared repercussions from Caesar's assassination in 44 BC.[33] The main argument by the French archaeologists that Caesar had founded the colony in 46 BC proved to be incorrect, as the colony was founded by Caesar's former quaestor Tiberius Claudius Nero on the dictator's orders in his absence.[34] Mary Beard has accused the persons involved in the find of having willfully invented their claims for publicity reasons. The French ministry of culture has not yet responded to the criticism and negative reviews.
Sport
AC Arles-Avignon was a professional French football team. They previously played in Championnat de France Amateur, the fourth division in French football, but were dissolved in 2016. They play at the Parc des Sports, which has a capacity of just over 17,000.
Culture
Arles is a cultural hotspot. A well known photography festival, Rencontres d'Arles, takes place in Arles every year, and the French national school of photography is located there.
The major French publishing house Actes Sud is also situated in Arles.
In the past years, several cultural organizations set up a presence in Arles, such as the LUMA Foundation, the Fondation Vincent van Gogh Arles, the Manuel Rivera-Ortiz Foundation or the Lee Ufan Foundation.[35] On top of that, there are countless galleries scattered throughout the city.
Bullfights are conducted in the amphitheatre, including Provençal-style bullfights (courses camarguaises) in which the bull is not killed, but rather a team of athletic men attempt to remove a tassle from the bull's horn without getting injured. Every Easter and on the first weekend of September, during the feria, Arles also holds Spanish-style corridas (in which the bulls are killed) with an encierro (bull-running in the streets) preceding each fight.
The parts of the films Ronin, At Eternity's Gate and Taxi 3 were filmed in Arles.
European Capital of Culture
Arles played a major role in Marseille-Provence 2013, the year-long series of cultural events held in the region after it was designated the European Capital of Culture for 2013. The city hosted a segment of the opening ceremony with a pyrotechnical performance by Groupe F on the banks of the Rhône. It also unveiled the new wing of the Musée Départemental Arles Antique as part of Marseille-Provence 2013.
Economy
Arles's open-air street market is a major market in the region. It occurs on Saturday and Wednesday mornings.
Transport
The Gare d'Arles railway station offers connections to Avignon, Nîmes, Marseille, Paris, Bordeaux and several regional destinations.
Arles does not have its own commercial airport, but is served by a number of airports in the region, most notably the major international airport of Marseille Provence approximately an hour's drive away.
The A54 autoroute toll motorway, which locally connects Salon-de-Provence with Nîmes and in a wider sense forms part of European route E80, passes by Arles.
The Rhône, which for navigation purposes is classified as a Class V waterway as far upstream as Lyon, is an historically important transport route connecting the inland Rhône-Alpes region with the Mediterranean Sea. The port of Arles and its adjacent rail and road connections provides a major transshipment node, which in 2013 handled approximately 450,000 tonnes of goods.[36]
Notable people
Kalonymus ben Kalonymus, famous Jewish scholar and philosopher, Arles born, active during the Middle Ages.
Jenny Berthelius (1923-2019), Swedish crime novelist and children's writer, lived in Arles[37]
Saint Caesarius of Arles, bishop who lived from the late 5th to the mid 6th century, known for prophecy and writings that would later be used by theologians such as St. Thomas Aquinas
Jeanne Calment (1875–1997), the oldest human being whose age is documented, was born, lived, died and buried at the age of 122 years and 164 days, in Arles
Djibril Cissé, footballer
Lucien Clergue, photographer
Anne-Marie David, singer (Eurovision winner in 1973)
The medieval writer Antoine de la Sale was probably born in Arles around 1386
Antoine de Seguiran, 18th-century encyclopédiste
Blessed Jean Marie du Lau, last Archbishop of Arles, killed by the revolutionary mob in Paris on September 2, 1792
Laure Favre-Kahn (born 1976), classical pianist
Home of the Gipsy Kings, a music group from Arles
Gaël Givet, footballer
Genesius of Arles, a notary martyred under Maximianus in 303 or 308
Luc Hoffmann, ornithologist, conservationist and philanthropist.
Maja Hoffmann, art patron
Samuel ibn Tibbon, famous Jewish translator and scholar during the Middle Ages.
Juan Bautista (real name Jean-Baptiste Jalabert), matador
Christian Lacroix, fashion designer
The Provençal poet Frédéric Mistral (1830–1914) was born near Arles
Lloyd Palun, footballer
Major-General Hugh Anthony Prince CBE, Indian Army and British Army officer
Mehdi Savalli, matador
Fanny Valette, actress
Vincent van Gogh, lived here from February 1888 until May 1889.
'This challenge ended up being as fun as it was complicated! I wasn't really familiar with this Genre but found myself attracted to this old, old show called 'Cleopatra 2525' and went from there. My character is one of nobility who is on his space ship fighting against the aliens in hand to hand - or, hand to foot rather - combat ;3'