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Fleet Street is a major street mostly in the City of London. It runs west to east from Temple Bar at the boundary with the City of Westminster to Ludgate Circus at the site of the London Wall and the River Fleet from which the street was named.
The street has been an important through route since Roman times. During the Middle Ages, businesses were established and senior clergy lived there; several churches remain from this time including Temple Church and St Bride's. The street became known for printing and publishing at the start of the 16th century, and it became the dominant trade so that by the 20th century most British national newspapers operated from here. Much of that industry moved out in the 1980s after News International set up cheaper manufacturing premises in Wapping, but some former newspaper buildings are listed and have been preserved. The term Fleet Street remains a metonym for the British national press, and pubs on the street once frequented by journalists remain popular.
Fleet Street has a significant number of monuments and statues along its length, including the dragon at Temple Bar and memorials to a number of figures from the British press, such as Samuel Pepys and Lord Northcliffe. The street is mentioned in several works by Charles Dickens and is the home of the fictional murderer Sweeney Todd.
Fleet Street is named after the River Fleet, which runs from Hampstead to the River Thames at the western edge of the City of London. It is one of the oldest roads outside the original city and was established by the Middle Ages. In the 13th century, it was known as Fleet Bridge Street, and in the early 14th century it became known as Fleet Street.
The street runs east from Temple Bar, the boundary between the Cities of London and Westminster, as a continuation of the Strand from Trafalgar Square. It crosses Chancery Lane and Fetter Lane to reach Ludgate Circus by the London Wall. The road ahead is Ludgate Hill. The street numbering runs consecutively from west to east south-side and then east to west north-side.[1] It links the Roman and medieval boundaries of the City after the latter was extended. The section of Fleet Street between Temple Bar and Fetter Lane is part of the A4, a major road running west through London, although it once ran along the entire street and eastwards past St Paul's Churchyard towards Cannon Street.
The nearest London Underground stations are Temple, Chancery Lane, and Blackfriars tube/mainline station and the City Thameslink railway station. London Bus routes 4, 11, 15, 23, 26, 76 and 172 run along the full length of Fleet Street, while route 341 runs between Temple Bar and Fetter Lane.
Early history
Fleet Street was established as a thoroughfare in Roman London and there is evidence that a route led west from Ludgate by 200 AD. Local excavations revealed remains of a Roman amphitheatre near Ludgate on what was Fleet Prison, but other accounts suggest the area was too marshy for regular inhabitation by the Romans. The Saxons did not occupy the Roman city but established Lundenwic further west around what is now Aldwych and the Strand.
Many prelates lived around the street during the Middle Ages, including the Bishops of Salisbury and St Davids and the Abbots of Faversham, Tewkesbury, Winchcombe and Cirencester. Tanning of animal hides became established on Fleet Street owing to the nearby river, though this increased pollution leading to a ban on dumping rubbish by the mid-14th century. Many taverns and brothels were established along Fleet Street and have been documented as early as the 14th century. Records show that Geoffrey Chaucer was fined two shillings for attacking a friar in Fleet Street, though modern historians believe this is apocryphal.
An important landmark in Fleet Street during the late Middle Ages was a conduit that was the main water supply for the area. When Anne Boleyn was crowned queen following her marriage to Henry VIII in 1533, the conduit flowed wine instead of water. By the 16th century, Fleet Street, along with much of the City, was chronically overcrowded, and a royal proclamation in 1580 banned any further building on the street. This had little effect, and construction continued, particularly timber. Prince Henry's Room over the Inner Temple gate dates from 1610 and is named after Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales, eldest son of James I, who did not survive to succeed his father.
The eastern part of the street was destroyed by the Great Fire of London in 1666, despite attempts to use the River Fleet to preserve it- Fire damage reached to about Fetter Lane, and the special tribunal of the 'Fire Courts' was held at Clifford's Inn, an inn of Chancery at the edge of the extent of the fire, to arbitrate on claimants' rights. Properties were rebuilt in the same style as before the fire.
During the early 18th century, a notorious upper-class gang known as the Mohocks operated on the street causing regular violence and vandalism. Mrs Salmon's Waxworks was established at Prince Henry's Room in 1711. It had a display of macabre and black-humoured exhibits, including the execution of Charles I; a Roman lady, Hermonie, whose father survived a sentence of starvation by sucking her breast; and a woman who gave birth to 365 children simultaneously. The waxworks were a favourite haunt of William Hogarth, and survived into the 19th century. The Apollo Society, a music club, was established in 1733 at the Devil Tavern on Fleet Street by composer Maurice Greene.
In 1763, supporters of John Wilkes, who had been arrested for libel against the Earl of Bute, burned a jackboot in the centre of the street in protest against Bute. It led to violent demonstrations and rioting in 1769 and 1794
Tanning and other industries declined sharply after the River Fleet was routed underground in 1766. The street was widened during the late-19th century, when Temple Bar was demolished and Ludgate Circus was constructed. The headquarters of the Anti-Corn Law League were based at No. 67 Fleet Street, and a blue plaque marks the location.
Printing and journalism
Publishing started in Fleet Street around 1500 when William Caxton's apprentice, Wynkyn de Worde, set up a printing shop near Shoe Lane, while at around the same time Richard Pynson set up as publisher and printer next to St Dunstan's Church. More printers and publishers followed, mainly supplying the legal trade in the four Inns of Court around the area, but also publishing books and plays.
In March 1702 the first issue of London's first daily newspaper, the Daily Courant, was published in Fleet Street. It was followed by the Morning Chronicle. The publisher John Murray was founded at No. 32 Fleet Street in 1762 and remained there until 1812, when it moved to Albemarle Street. The popularity of newspapers was restricted due to various taxes during the early 19th century, particularly paper duty. Peele's Coffee-House at No. 177–178 Fleet Street became popular and was the main committee room for the Society for Repealing the Paper Duty, starting in 1858. The society was successful and the duty was abolished in 1861. Along with the repeal of the newspaper tax in 1855, this led to a dramatic expansion of newspaper production in Fleet Street. The "penny press" (newspapers costing one penny) became popular during the 1880s and the initial number of titles had consolidated into a few nationally important ones.
By the 20th century, Fleet Street and the area surrounding it were dominated by the national press and related industries. The Daily Express relocated to No. 121–8 Fleet Street in 1931, into a building designed by Sir Owen Williams. It was the first curtain wall building in London. It has survived the departure of the newspaper in 1989 and was restored in 2001. The Daily Telegraph was based at No. 135–142. These premises are both Grade II-listed. In the 1930s, No. 67 housed 25 separate publications; by this time the majority of British households bought a daily paper produced from Fleet Street.
In 1986 News International owner Rupert Murdoch caused controversy when he moved publication of The Times and The Sun away from Fleet Street to new premises in Wapping, East London. Murdoch believed it was impossible to produce a newspaper profitably on Fleet Street and the power of the print unions, the National Graphical Association (NGA) and the Society of Graphical and Allied Trades (SOGAT), was too strong (an opinion endorsed by the Prime Minister, Margaret Thatcher). All Fleet Street print staff were sacked and new staff from the Electrical, Electronic, Telecommunications and Plumbing Union were brought in to operate the presses at Wapping using modern computer-operated technology, rendering the power of the old unions obsolete. The resulting Wapping dispute featured violent protests at Fleet Street and Wapping that lasted over a year, but ultimately other publishers followed suit and moved out of Fleet Street towards Canary Wharf or Southwark. Reuters was the last major news outlet to leave Fleet Street, in 2005. In the same year, The Daily Telegraph and Sunday Telegraph announced they were returning to the centre of London from Canary Wharf to new premises in Victoria in 2006.
Some publishers have remained on Fleet Street. The London office of D.C. Thomson & Co., creator of The Beano, is at No. 185. The Secretariat of the Commonwealth Broadcasting Association is at No. 17, as is Wentworth Publishing, an independent publisher of newsletters and courses. The Associated Press has an office in Fleet Street as did The Jewish Chronicle until 2013 when it moved to Golders Green. The British Association of Journalists is based at No. 89 while Metro International are at No. 85.
Though many prominent national newspapers have moved away from Fleet Street, the name is still synonymous with the printing and publishing industry. In the adjacent St. Brides Lane is the St Bride Library, holding a specialist collection relating to the type and print industry and providing courses in printing technology and methods. On the wall of Magpie Alley, off Bouverie Street, is a mural depicting the history of newspapers in the area.
The last two journalists to work for the Dundee-based Sunday Post, left in 2016, as the paper closed its London offices.
Modern history
Despite the domination of the print industry, other businesses were also established on Fleet Street. The Automobile Association was established at No. 18 Fleet Street in 1905. Since the post-Wapping migration, Fleet Street is now more associated with the investment banking, legal and accountancy professions. For example, The Inns of Court and barristers' chambers are down alleys and around courtyards off Fleet Street itself and many of the old newspaper offices have become the London headquarters for various companies. One example is Goldman Sachs, whose offices are in the old Daily Telegraph and Liverpool Echo buildings of Peterborough Court and Mersey House.
C. Hoare & Co, England's oldest privately owned bank, has been operating in Fleet Street since 1672. Child & Co, now a wholly owned subsidiary of Royal Bank of Scotland, claims it is the oldest continuous banking establishment in the United Kingdom. It was founded in 1580 and has been based at No.1 Fleet Street, adjacent to Temple Bar, since 1673. The law firm Freshfields moved to No. 65 Fleet Street in 1990.
Cultural references
The barber Sweeney Todd is traditionally said to have lived and worked in Fleet Street in the 18th century, where he would murder customers and serve their remains as pie fillings. An urban myth example of a serial killer, the character appears in various English language works starting in the mid-19th century. Adaptations of the story include the 1936 George King film, the 1979 Stephen Sondheim musical, and the 2007 Tim Burton film based on the musical, all titled Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street.
Fleet Street is mentioned in several of Charles Dickens's works. The eponymous club in The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club, more commonly known as The Pickwick Papers, is set in the street, as is Tellson's Bank in A Tale of Two Cities. The poet John Davidson wrote two works in the late 19th century titled the Fleet Street Eclogues. Arthur Ransome has a chapter in his Bohemia in London (1907) about earlier inhabitants of the street: Ben Jonson, the lexicographer Doctor Samuel Johnson, Coleridge, Hazlitt and Lamb; and about Temple Bar and the Press Club.
Fleet Street is a square on the British Monopoly board, in a group with the Strand and Trafalgar Square. One of the Chance cards in the game, "You Have Won A Crossword Competition, collect £100" was inspired by rival competitions and promotions between Fleet Street-based newspapers in 1930s, particularly the Daily Mail and Daily Express.
(Wikipedia)
Fleet Street ist eine Straße in der City of London, England. An ihrem westlichen Ende befindet sich der Grenzpunkt zur City of Westminster, die Temple Bar, an dem die Fleet Street zum Strand wird. Benannt ist die Straße nach dem Fluss River Fleet, der unterirdisch kanalisiert wurde.
Fleet Street war seit dem 18. Jahrhundert traditionell die Heimat der britischen Presse. Bereits die erste Tageszeitung Englands, der Daily Courant, hatte ab 1702 ihren Redaktionssitz in einem Gebäude in der Fleet Street. In den nächsten fast 300 Jahren gesellten sich viele weitere Zeitungen und Nachrichtenagenturen hinzu. Dies änderte sich erst, als der Medienunternehmer Rupert Murdoch 1986 mit dem Umzug seiner Pressegruppe nach Wapping begann. Heute sind in die Gebäude vor allem Anwaltbüros und Gerichtskanzleien eingezogen. Obwohl die meisten großen Tageszeitungen und Nachrichtenagenturen unterdessen weggezogen sind, wird Fleet Street immer noch als Synonym für die britische Presse benutzt.
(Wikipedia)
A section of the fishing fleet moored in Fishing Boat Harbour in the city of Fremantle, Western Australia.
- Fleet: 22068
- Reg: NK54 BFP
- Operator: Stagecoach North East
- Route: X47
- Depot: Slatyford
- Livery: Stagecoach
- Type: MAN 18.220LF
- Bodywork: Transbus ALX300
- Livery New In: Stagecoach
- New to/ Year: Stagecoach NE / 2004
- Location: Tudor Way, Kingston Park
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Blue Angel #7 flying pass the north tower of the Golden Gate Bridge at Fleet Week San Francisco 2017
Steel and glass Art Deco design by Ellis & Clark; the former home of the Daily Express and still the most beautiful building on Fleet Street after 81 years
Fleet Number: 61000
Reg: GA74 ZEB
Model: ADL Enviro400EV
Company: Brighton & Hove
Route: 7
Direction: Brighton Marina
Location: Hove
Livery: Go Ahead - Ride Electric
Depot: Conway
- Fleet: 35224
- Reg: KX56 JZF
- Operator: Stagecoach North East
- Route: 12
- Depot: South Shields
- Livery: Stagecoach
- Type: Dennis Dart SLF
- Bodywork: Alexander Pointer 2
- Livery New In: Stagecoach
- New to/ Year: Stagecoach Midlands / 2006
- Location: Keppel Street, South Shields
Fleet No: 2072
Reg Plate: BX61 XBT
Vehicle: Wright Eclipse Urban / Volvo B7RLE
Route: 32 Northwood Park via Fordhouses Road
Location: Broad Street, Wolverhampton
Garage: Wolverhampton
Finding no locals working around Iroquois Junction on 9-27-13, the mystery was solved when I found all six KBS Geeps parked in front of the Purdue Airport at West Lafayette, IN.
The four pack apparently delivered a loaded grain train earlier in the day, which was waiting to be picked up by CSX.
A snapshot, taken under a threatening sky, of some of the varied fleet of PCVs operated by Rode Heath-based Stanways Coaches.
Explored - Thanks so much Everyone!!!
Highest position: 461 on Tuesday, October 12, 2010
The Blue Angels put on a spectacular show as always during Fleet Week in San Francisco. This is a long dated annual event when the Navy returns to San Francisco bay and has tours and shows open to the public.
The Blue Angels are a famous flying team that performs all over the U.S. doing amazing stunts.
Bodywork worst from this angle, that dent is really the only thing letting it down.
Odd spec having alloys, leather and a nice stereo, but manual rear windows and no front fog lights.
One of fifteen 10.6m Wright Eclipse Gemini bodied Volvo B7TL's now in the York Pullman fleet is former Go Ahead London General BX04 BKL, numbered VWL 42 in the capital. In it's previous life it was seen operating route 1 serving Canada Water, Holborn and Tottenham Court Road. This has had engine treatment systems added to reduce emissions, an offside photo shows the Adblue filler just after the front axle. The centre door has been removed and panelled over, whilst the interiors have extra grab rails and the seats have now been belted too; it currently retains its powered destination blind equipment and is seen on its last day with London blinds fitted as Pullman-specific blinds will be fitted the next day. This has been painted into an interim livery to smarten up its appearance until a rolling repaint programme is in place - if you look closely just above the destination box you will see the change of tone in the red paint where the new paint ends, as only the lower deck has been repainted to cover over the single door conversion panels; the Wrights logos front and back have been given metallic silver paint whilst the skirt has been repainted in brown... and new Pullman-specific destination blinds have been added too, these having been done in the TfL Johnson font which adds a touch of class - the rear numeric blind is a wider typeface as the aperture is slightly larger. Seen here entering the yard at Fulford where these are stored between duties.
Gun emplacement, Pembroke Dock.
King Henry VIII placed his fleet in this deep water estuary because it could be protected from the land. It was used for that purpose until the end of the last century.
Ebony 45SU, 75mm Fujinon, 6x12 back. APX25, ID11 (1+1)
Total Travel's former London Leyland Olympian receives attention from a man with a various size spanners. Perhaps he's going back to the van for various sizes of hammers?
Must be hard running a bus fleet to cope with demands of schools contracts - I bet the county council don't pay much.
Fireworks in relation to Fleet Week in San Francisco. The Blue Angels performed today terrorizing man & beast.
I was in my kitchen this afternoon when one of the jets passed close to my apartment building. The shock wave shook the kitchen walls & cabinets giving me a big scare.
Blue Angels F/A-18 passing behind the masts of the SS Jeremiah O'Brien during Fleet Week San Francisco 2017
The Boeing Collection
From a collection of some 500 Boeing slides that I've had scanned from my archives. Hope they will provide some enjoyment and nostalgia from a bygone age.
One of Air Europe's original fleet of Boeing 737s is seen here on finals to runway 26 at London Gatwick on flight AE825.
G-BMEC c/n 21776 Boeing 737-2S3 was delivered new to Air Europe in May 1979, and flew with the airline for almost six years before being sold to Guinness Peat Aviation as EI-BPW. The aircraft then went through a number of identities with Western Airlines, as N368DL with Western Airlines, then YV-1155C with Rutaca Airlines of Venezuela, and as YV169T the aircraft was only withdrawn for spares in 2006.
Air Europe's first commercial air service was on 4 May 1979, with brand-new, 130-seat Boeing 737-2S3 Advanced, named Adam (registration G-BMHG) flying Gatwick to Palma de Mallorca with a full passenger load, flight KS 1004. The airline expanded throughout the 1980s, but then went bankrupt in 1991.
Air Europe 1978-1991
Air Europe's first commercial air service was on 4 May 1979. The airline expanded throughout the 1980s, but then went bankrupt in 1991. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Europe
Taken with a Soviet made Zenith TTL camera and 300mm lens. Scanned from the original slide, with no digital restoration.
You can see a random selection of my aviation memories here: www.flickriver.com/photos/heathrowjunkie/random/
Liveried for the Route 72 Aldershot - Reading service, Fleet Buzz Optare Versa 25249 leaves Farnborough Station with the 42 into town.
Now part of our heritage fleet, S803BWC has been repainted into original Stagecoach London 'swoops' livery, and is sporting our new se connect logos. Here it is seen on New Year's Day 2020 participating in the Route 3 and 251 running day, where it completed a full rounder from Chelmsford to Southend and back in the morning.
151209-N-NT265-051 PHILIPPINE SEA (Dec. 9, 2015) – Cryptologic Technician (Maintenance) 2nd Class Natasha McNeil, assigned to the forward-deployed Arleigh Burke-class guided-missile destroyer USS Mustin (DDG 89), mans a hose during a damage control drill on the flight deck. Mustin is on patrol in the U.S. 7th Fleet area of operation in support of security and stability in the Indo-Asia Pacific region. (U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Christian Senyk/Released)