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External Relations of the European Union: A Conversation with Prof. Jan Wouters. At Boston University Center for the Study of Europe. Friday, November 8, 2019.
External - rub up sand and cement, dry dash finish.
Internal - plasterboard, slab and skim. Dividing walls and stairways sand and cement and skim.
External - rub up sand and cement, dry dash finish.
Internal - plasterboard, slab and skim. Dividing walls and stairways sand and cement and skim.
Barcelona - Catalonia, Spain 2022
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The Temple Expiatori de la Sagrada FamÃlia (Expiatory Temple of the Holy Family) is considered to be the symbol of Barcelona by many residents, and the one place you shouldn’t miss when you visit the Catalan capital.
Initially intended to be a simple Roman Catholic church dedicated to Jesus, Mary and Joseph, the church ultimately became the most prominent example of Catalan Modernism. Pope Benedict XVI declared it a basilica in 2010.
Dreamed up by Catalan architect Antoni GaudÃ, the basilica exemplifies GaudÃ’s philosophy that nature is the work of God. Gaudà sought to combine Christian speech and biblical allegories with complex natural symbols like organic, geometric shapes which are prominent in every column, pinnacle and stained glass window of the basilica.
The end result is an astounding architectural masterpiece which, despite being unfinished and under construction for nearly 140 years, has become one of the most visited monuments in Spain, receiving 4.7 million visitors in 2019.
The creation and construction of the Sagrada Familia is living history.
Local bookseller Josep Maria Bocabella wanted to build an expiatory temple consecrated to the Holy Family. Bocabella initially assigned the project to the architect Francisco de Paula del Villar, who designed a neo-Gothic project, and began construction in 1882.
However, because of several disagreements with Bocabella, Antoni Gaudà took over the assignment. Gaudà conceived a groundbreaking design that pushed the boundaries of all known architectural styles.
GaudÃ’s primary goal was to build a church with facades that highlighted the three phases in the life of Jesus: Nativity, Passion and Glory. The architect’s vision was to incorporate organic symbolism in the architecture, stained glass and design elements in order to tell Jesus’s story as well as highlight some key biblical histories.
In 1891, when development of the Nativity facade began, Gaudà realized that the construction of the Sagrada FamÃlia was such an ambitious project that he certainly would not see its completion in his lifetime. In fear of the project being stopped after his death and once the church acquired its worship function, Gaudà decided that, instead of building the central nave, he would start on the external part of the church.
At the time, Gaudà was also working on Casa Milà (La Pedrera) and when that was completed in 1912, he focused exclusively on the construction of the Sagrada FamÃlia. He worked on it until he died in 1926 and was buried inside the crypt. After Gaudi’s death, Domènec Sugrañes i Gras assumed the main role of architect.
The temple suffered heavy damage during Spain’s Civil War (1936-39), when a group of anarchists set it on fire, burning a significant part of GaudÃ’s workshop. Fortunately, part of his material could be restored.
Work resumed in 1954 and it’s been under construction ever since.
The Basilica
The Basilica is composed of five naves, built in the shape of a Latin cross, the roof of which is supported by the angled pillars. These angled pillars are a treelike column structure that creates the effect of a living forest with dappled light streaming in.
The Towers
Four towers representing the 12 apostles ascend from each of the three exterior facades (Nativity, Passion and Glory). Gaudà built the Nativity Facade, and in 2005 it was declared a UNESCO World Heritage site, along with the crypt. On the west side is the controversial Passion Facade, whose architect, Josep Maria Subirachs, has been heavily criticized for being too abstract and not strictly following GaudÃ’s model. The unfinished Glory Facade is supposed to be the most gorgeous of the three once it’s complete and crowned with its missing four towers.
An external hard drive is a portable storage device that can be attached to a computer through a USB or FireWire connection, or wirelessly. External hard drives typically have high storage capacities and are often used to back up computers or serve as a network drive.
19 June 2025, External ECON Commission Meeting and Conference
Austria - Klagenfurt - June 2025
© European Union / Landespressedienst Kärnten/Just /LPD/Peter Just
External - rub up sand and cement, dry dash finish.
Internal - plasterboard, slab and skim, sand and cement and skim.
Photos from "Asia Peace Innovators Forum 2025". This program took place between May 06 and May 11, 2025, in Salzburg, Austria. If using a photo for external publication, please credit Salzburg Global Seminar/Christian Streili.