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IN ENGLISH BELOW THE LINE
Estic enamorat d'aquesta magnífica càmera. Poques vegades pots trobar una càmera antiga amb aquesta espectacularitat en aspectes molt diversos (aspecte, volum, detalls, sò) i a sobre funcionant. Per acabar-ho d'adobar no funcionaba bé del tot i això fou un extra d'amor-odi fins aconseguir reparar-la. I aprenent a soldar, entremig.
Aquesta meravellosa i no precisament petita càmera és la Revolving Back Auto Graflex, en format 4x5 polzades. Es tracta del model original de la RB Auto Graflex, molt més nombrós en variacions posteriors, també molt boniques, però just un punt menys que aquesta. En efecte, mentre que la majoria de RB Auto Graflex que es veuen per la xarxa son dels models de 1909 (en tinc una) o sobretot el fabricat entre 1916 i 1941 (amb apertura superior cap a darrera).
Aquesta càmera és la RB Auto fabricada entre 1906 i 1908, només en format 4x5, i de fet té un aspecte molt més arcaic que els models posteriors, asemblant-se a la original "Graflex" del 1901, o també a la inmensa Press Graflex del 1907. La millor informació al respecte és el llibre de R. P. Paine (1981): The All-American Cameras. A Review of Graflex.
Tant el visor de xemeneia amb el nom estampat, com l'extensor del objectiu estampat en acer li donen un aire unic. I a això cal sumar-hi el inconfusible so del obturador de pla focal Graflex, originariament amb velocitats de fins 1/1000 (tot i que no la penso forçar pas tant, que té més de 110 anys!). L'objectiu és un B&L Zeiss Protar f6.3 / 10".
L'unic però important problema que tenia era que el conector entre el moviment del mirall (i pertant el disparador) i l'obturador, estava desencaixat, i calia soldar-lo. Ha costat deu i ajuda, però crec que ara aguanta bé.
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I'm in love with this magnificient camera. Rarely can you find an old camera with this awesomeness in very diverse aspects (appearance, size, details, sound) and on top of that in working condition. The only minor glitch was that the link between release & shutter was damaged, but that was an extra love-hate issue until I managed to fix it. And learning to torch solder, in between.
This wonderful and not exactly small camera is the Revolving Back Auto Graflex, in glorious 4x5" format. This is the original model of the RB Auto Graflex, much more usual in later variations, also very beautiful, but just a point less than this one. In fact, all of the RB Auto Graflex that are seen on the net are models of 1909 (I have one of these) or especially the ones made between 1916 and 1941 (with rear-opening top). And remember, those are SLR, reflex cameras, like a modern DSLR, but huge and archaic.
This is the RB Auto Graflex made between 1906 and 1908, only in 4x5 format, and in fact has a much more archaic look than later models, resembling the original "Graflex" of 1901; or also the huge 5x7 Press Graflex of 1907. The best information in this regard is the book by R. P, Paine (1981): "The All-American Cameras. A Review of Graflex".
Both the chimney hood with gilded name & fur edge and the steel-stamped lens struts give it a unique air. Full steampunk. And to this must be added the unmistakable sound of the Graflex focal plane shutter, originally with speeds of up to 1/1000 (although I don't plan on forcing it so much, it's over 110 years old!). The lens is a Bausch&Lomb Zeiss Protar f6.3 / 10 ".
The only but important problem I had was that the link between the movement of the mirror (and therefore the release lever) and the shutter, was dislodged, and had to be soldered with a butane torch. I had to learn the trade a bit, and got several days nowhere, till I managed to assemble all again, but I think it holds up well now.
This is the typical later RB Auto Graflex:
www.earlyphotography.co.uk/site/entry_C299.html
www.camarassinfronteras.com/articulos/rochester/graflex.html
camera-wiki.org/wiki/Auto_Graflex
A lot of SLR Graflex here, but not a single one of the same model:
Tubo Extensor Macro de 13mm+ lente 50mm, flash em 1/8 em zoom 35mm.
O piolho de cobra é um animal invertebrado, muito parecido com a lacraia, porém, com algumas diferenças. Os dois animais possuem várias patas, corpo alongado cheio de anéis (segmentos), um par de olhos e de antenas.
Esta foi uma tentativa de fazer uma foto mais aproximada do morcego durante o seu voo. Para está imagem utilizei a lente Canon EF75-300mm f/4-5.6 + tubo extensor Meike de 21mm para aproximar o ponto de foco. A Distância focal foi de 85 mm e a distância da lente para o morcego era de 30 cm.
A foto não possui corte!
This was an attempt to get a closer picture of the bat during your flight. For this image I used the Canon Lens EF75-300mm f/4-5.6 + Meike extension tube 21mm closer to the focal point. The focal length was 85 mm and the distance from the lens to the bat was 30 cm.
The photo has no cut!
Esta es la "escopeta" que llevo para cazar pajarillos, pero preparada para hacer "pseudo-macros".
Lo normal es ir sin trípode ni flash ni anillo extensor, pero para cazar insectos asustadizos vienen muy bien. Además, para la foto, quedaba más "intimidatorio" :-P
To view more of my images, of creepy crawlies, please click "here" !
Spiders (order Araneae) are air-breathing arthropods that have eight legs and chelicerae with fangs that inject venom. They are the largest order of arachnids and rank seventh in total species diversity among all other orders of organisms. Spiders are found worldwide on every continent except for Antarctica, and have become established in nearly every habitat with the exceptions of air and sea colonization. As of November 2015, at least 45,700 spider species, and 113 families have been recorded by taxonomists. However, there has been dissension within the scientific community as to how all these families should be classified, as evidenced by the over 20 different classifications that have been proposed since 1900. Anatomically, spiders differ from other arthropods in that the usual body segments are fused into two tagmata, the cephalothorax and abdomen, and joined by a small, cylindrical pedicel. Unlike insects, spiders do not have antennae. In all except the most primitive group, the Mesothelae, spiders have the most centralized nervous systems of all arthropods, as all their ganglia are fused into one mass in the cephalothorax. Unlike most arthropods, spiders have no extensor muscles in their limbs and instead extend them by hydraulic pressure. Their abdomens bear appendages that have been modified into spinnerets that extrude silk from up to six types of glands. Spider webs vary widely in size, shape and the amount of sticky thread used. It now appears that the spiral orb web may be one of the earliest forms, and spiders that produce tangled cobwebs are more abundant and diverse than orb-web spiders. Spider-like arachnids with silk-producing spigots appeared in the Devonian period about 386 million years ago, but these animals apparently lacked spinnerets. True spiders have been found in Carboniferous rocks from 318 to 299 million years ago, and are very similar to the most primitive surviving suborder, the Mesothelae. The main groups of modern spiders, Mygalomorphae and Araneomorphae, first appeared in the Triassic period, before 200 million years ago. A herbivorous species, Bagheera kiplingi, was described in 2008, but all other known species are predators, mostly preying on insects and on other spiders, although a few large species also take birds and lizards. It is estimated that the world's 25 million tons of spiders kill 400–800 million tons of prey per year. Spiders use a wide range of strategies to capture prey: trapping it in sticky webs, lassoing it with sticky bolas, mimicking the prey to avoid detection, or running it down. Most detect prey mainly by sensing vibrations, but the active hunters have acute vision, and hunters of the genus Portia show signs of intelligence in their choice of tactics and ability to develop new ones. Spiders' guts are too narrow to take solids, and they liquefy their food by flooding it with digestive enzymes. They also grind food with the bases of their pedipalps, as arachnids do not have the mandibles that crustaceans and insects have. Male spiders identify themselves by a variety of complex courtship rituals to avoid being eaten by the females. Males of most species survive a few matings, limited mainly by their short life spans. Females weave silk egg-cases, each of which may contain hundreds of eggs. Females of many species care for their young, for example by carrying them around or by sharing food with them. A minority of species are social, building communal webs that may house anywhere from a few to 50,000 individuals. Social behavior ranges from precarious toleration, as in the widow spiders, to co-operative hunting and food-sharing. Although most spiders live for at most two years, tarantulas and other mygalomorph spiders can live up to 25 years in captivity. While the venom of a few species is dangerous to humans, scientists are now researching the use of spider venom in medicine and as non-polluting pesticides. Spider silk provides a combination of lightness, strength and elasticity that is superior to that of synthetic materials, and spider silk genes have been inserted into mammals and plants to see if these can be used as silk factories. As a result of their wide range of behaviors, spiders have become common symbols in art and mythology symbolizing various combinations of patience, cruelty and creative powers. An abnormal fear of spiders is called arachnophobia.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"Flores e a luz da tarde", 04 fotos. Objetiva 28x135mm com extensor macro +2.
"Flowers and the afternoon light", 04 photos. 28x135mm lens with +2 macro extender. Todos os direitos reservados para Vivaldo Armelin Júnior.
To view more of my images, of creepy crawlies, please click "here" !
Spiders (order Araneae) are air-breathing arthropods that have eight legs and chelicerae with fangs that inject venom. They are the largest order of arachnids and rank seventh in total species diversity among all other orders of organisms. Spiders are found worldwide on every continent except for Antarctica, and have become established in nearly every habitat with the exceptions of air and sea colonization. As of November 2015, at least 45,700 spider species, and 113 families have been recorded by taxonomists. However, there has been dissension within the scientific community as to how all these families should be classified, as evidenced by the over 20 different classifications that have been proposed since 1900. Anatomically, spiders differ from other arthropods in that the usual body segments are fused into two tagmata, the cephalothorax and abdomen, and joined by a small, cylindrical pedicel. Unlike insects, spiders do not have antennae. In all except the most primitive group, the Mesothelae, spiders have the most centralized nervous systems of all arthropods, as all their ganglia are fused into one mass in the cephalothorax. Unlike most arthropods, spiders have no extensor muscles in their limbs and instead extend them by hydraulic pressure. Their abdomens bear appendages that have been modified into spinnerets that extrude silk from up to six types of glands. Spider webs vary widely in size, shape and the amount of sticky thread used. It now appears that the spiral orb web may be one of the earliest forms, and spiders that produce tangled cobwebs are more abundant and diverse than orb-web spiders. Spider-like arachnids with silk-producing spigots appeared in the Devonian period about 386 million years ago, but these animals apparently lacked spinnerets. True spiders have been found in Carboniferous rocks from 318 to 299 million years ago, and are very similar to the most primitive surviving suborder, the Mesothelae. The main groups of modern spiders, Mygalomorphae and Araneomorphae, first appeared in the Triassic period, before 200 million years ago. A herbivorous species, Bagheera kiplingi, was described in 2008, but all other known species are predators, mostly preying on insects and on other spiders, although a few large species also take birds and lizards. It is estimated that the world's 25 million tons of spiders kill 400–800 million tons of prey per year. Spiders use a wide range of strategies to capture prey: trapping it in sticky webs, lassoing it with sticky bolas, mimicking the prey to avoid detection, or running it down. Most detect prey mainly by sensing vibrations, but the active hunters have acute vision, and hunters of the genus Portia show signs of intelligence in their choice of tactics and ability to develop new ones. Spiders' guts are too narrow to take solids, and they liquefy their food by flooding it with digestive enzymes. They also grind food with the bases of their pedipalps, as arachnids do not have the mandibles that crustaceans and insects have. Male spiders identify themselves by a variety of complex courtship rituals to avoid being eaten by the females. Males of most species survive a few matings, limited mainly by their short life spans. Females weave silk egg-cases, each of which may contain hundreds of eggs. Females of many species care for their young, for example by carrying them around or by sharing food with them. A minority of species are social, building communal webs that may house anywhere from a few to 50,000 individuals. Social behavior ranges from precarious toleration, as in the widow spiders, to co-operative hunting and food-sharing. Although most spiders live for at most two years, tarantulas and other mygalomorph spiders can live up to 25 years in captivity. While the venom of a few species is dangerous to humans, scientists are now researching the use of spider venom in medicine and as non-polluting pesticides. Spider silk provides a combination of lightness, strength and elasticity that is superior to that of synthetic materials, and spider silk genes have been inserted into mammals and plants to see if these can be used as silk factories. As a result of their wide range of behaviors, spiders have become common symbols in art and mythology symbolizing various combinations of patience, cruelty and creative powers. An abnormal fear of spiders is called arachnophobia.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"Aranha em Escala de Cinza", 03 fotos. Usei a Canon 60D, objetivas 70x300mm e a 70x200mm L com extensor tele 2x.
"Gray Scale Spider", 03 photos. I used the Canon 60D, 70x300mm lenses and 70x200mm L with 2x tele extender.
Todos os direitos reservados para Vivaldo Armelin Júnior
Pós-ecdise: fase logo após a muda, caracterizada pelo crescimento do animal e pelo gradual endurecimento do novo esqueleto.
50mm com Tubo extensor 13mm + 21mm, flash 1/8 em 28mm.
À l'arrêt, en position assise, les wallabys se tiennent en appui sur trois points : leurs deux pieds aux 4e et 5e doigts bien développés et leur longue queue. Pour se déplacer lentement, ils prennent appui sur leurs longs pieds et sur leurs mains. Pour se déplacer rapidement, ils sautent par bonds, grâce à la détente par appui sur leurs longs pieds, leur queue servant de balancier. Ils se servent de leurs petites mains pour saisir et manger les aliments, se toiletter en peignant leur pelage et en se grattant derrière les oreilles comme pourrait le faire un primate. Les mâles sont très agressifs entre eux, en particulier quand il y a des femelles. Quand ils se battent, ils cherchent à se saisir par les mains puis se donnent de forts coups de pieds.
Wallabies are herbivores whose diet consists of a wide range of grasses, vegetables, leaves, and other foliage. Due to recent urbanization, many wallabies now feed in rural and urban areas. Wallabies cover vast distances for food and water, which is often scarce in their environment. Mobs of wallabies often congregate around the same water hole during the dry season. Their powerful hind legs are not only used for bounding at high speeds and jumping great heights, but also to administer vigorous kicks to fend off potential predators. The Tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii) has elastic storage in the ankle extensor tendons, without which the animal’s metabolic rate might be 30-50% greater. It has also been found that the design of spring-like tendon energy savings and economical muscle force generation is key for the two distal muscle–tendon units of the Tammar wallaby (Macropus-Eugenii). Wallabies also have a powerful tail that is used mostly for balance and support.
Explorer #132 12 de Octubre del 2009. Tomando Macros me encontré con éste interesante insectito, lastima que no tenía el extensor instalado y el 70-300 no me permitió una mayor cercanía. Mi Casa, Antiguo Cuscatlan, La Libertad, El Salvador.
© Todos los derechos reservados
© All rights reserved
IN ENGLISH BELOW THE LINE
La Folding Pocket Kodak és una càmera força important. En primer lloc, és una de les primeres càmeres de rodet del món, i molt en especial, la primera que realment es podia portar a la butxaca, com clàrament indica el seu nom. Hi havia ja aleshores càmeres més petites, però no de rodet de pel·licula.
La FPK es començà a produir el 1897, i inicià una gràn familia de càmeres plegables de la marca Kodak que s'allargaren fins poc abans de la Segona Guerra Mundial, amb infinitat de variants. És, pertant la "avia" de totes elles. Emprava el format 105, fent fotos de 2 1/4 x 3 1/4; de fet és molt similar al actual format 120, pel que amb certa traça, es pot fer servir en aquesta càmera.
L'obturador i l'objectiu eren molt senzills, integrats en l'estructura i que no permetien quasi cap variació en la fotografia. De fet, aquesta càmera no té gaires més possibilitats que una molt més senzilla i ubicua Brownie de caixa, però gràcies a la manxa, és molt més compacta.
El 1899, pràcticament sense canviar la estructura, la càmera canvià de nom, incorporant el No.1 davant de "Folding Pocket Kodak"; així es diferenciava de altres variants de mides diferents que s'anaven incorporant al cataleg, com la No.0 o la No.1A. Tot i que hi ha diversos "sub-models" de trancisió, crec que aquesta és encara una FPK original, ja que s'en fabricaren 75.000, i el seu nº de serie està entre els 44.000. Igualment, en el text al interior de la càmera no parla de cap patent posterior al 1894 (n'he vista altres que si ho fan), ni incorpora visors tipus "brilliant", tipics de les primeres "No.1". Tot plegat, dona una cronologia de fabricació del 1898-1899, just quan la Guerra de Cuba!
Algú, potser el primer propietari, gravà les lletres AP en un dels extensors cromats, segurament les seves inicials.
camerapedia.fandom.com/wiki/Folding_Pocket_Kodak
camera-wiki.org/wiki/Folding_Pocket_Kodak
www.kodaksefke.nl/folding-pocket-kodak.html
redbellows.co.uk/CameraCollection/Kodak/FoldingPocketKoda...
======================
The Folding Pocket Kodak is a very historically important camera. First and foremost, it is one of the first roll-film cameras in the world, and especially the first that could really be carried in your pocket, as the name implies. At that time there were smaller cameras, but using glass plates.
The FPK began production in 1897, and launched a large family of Kodak-branded folding cameras that lasted until shortly before World War II, with countless variants. It is, as such, the "grandmother" of all of them. It used the 105 format roll film, taking 2 1/4 x 3 1/4 photos; in fact it is very similar to the current format 120, so with some adaptations it can be used in this camera.
The shutter and lens were very simple, integrated in the structure and allowed almost no variation in photography. In fact, this camera does not have much more possibilities than a much simpler and ubiquitous Brownie box camera, but thanks to the bellows, it is much more compact.
In 1899, with almost no change in structure, the camera was renamed, incorporating No.1 in front of "Folding Pocket Kodak"; Thus it differed from other variants of different sizes that were being incorporated into the catalog, such as No.0 or No.1A. Although there are several trance "sub-models", I think this is still an original FPK and not a No.1, as 75,000 were manufactured, and its serial number is between the 44,000. Also, in the text inside the camera it does not speak of any patent since 1894 (I have seen others than they do), nor does it incorporate "brilliant" viewfinders, typical of the first "No.1". All in all, it gives a manufacturing timeline of 1898-1899, just when the Cuban War!
Someone, maybe the first owner, wrote the letters AP on one of the chrome extenders, probably his initials.
camerapedia.fandom.com/wiki/Folding_Pocket_Kodak
camera-wiki.org/wiki/Folding_Pocket_Kodak
www.kodaksefke.nl/folding-pocket-kodak.html
redbellows.co.uk/CameraCollection/Kodak/FoldingPocketKoda...
To view more of my images, of creepy crawlies, please click "here" !
Spiders (order Araneae) are air-breathing arthropods that have eight legs and chelicerae with fangs that inject venom. They are the largest order of arachnids and rank seventh in total species diversity among all other orders of organisms. Spiders are found worldwide on every continent except for Antarctica, and have become established in nearly every habitat with the exceptions of air and sea colonization. As of November 2015, at least 45,700 spider species, and 114 families have been recorded by taxonomists. However, there has been dissension within the scientific community as to how all these families should be classified, as evidenced by the over 20 different classifications that have been proposed since 1900. Anatomically, spiders differ from other arthropods in that the usual body segments are fused into two tagmata, the cephalothorax and abdomen, and joined by a small, cylindrical pedicel. Unlike insects, spiders do not have antennae. In all except the most primitive group, the Mesothelae, spiders have the most centralized nervous systems of all arthropods, as all their ganglia are fused into one mass in the cephalothorax. Unlike most arthropods, spiders have no extensor muscles in their limbs and instead extend them by hydraulic pressure. Their abdomens bear appendages that have been modified into spinnerets that extrude silk from up to six types of glands. Spider webs vary widely in size, shape and the amount of sticky thread used. It now appears that the spiral orb web may be one of the earliest forms, and spiders that produce tangled cobwebs are more abundant and diverse than orb-web spiders. Spider-like arachnids with silk-producing spigots appeared in the Devonian period about 386 million years ago, but these animals apparently lacked spinnerets. True spiders have been found in Carboniferous rocks from 318 to 299 million years ago, and are very similar to the most primitive surviving suborder, the Mesothelae. The main groups of modern spiders, Mygalomorphae and Araneomorphae, first appeared in the Triassic period, before 200 million years ago. A herbivorous species, Bagheera kiplingi, was described in 2008, but all other known species are predators, mostly preying on insects and on other spiders, although a few large species also take birds and lizards. Spiders use a wide range of strategies to capture prey: trapping it in sticky webs, lassoing it with sticky bolas, mimicking the prey to avoid detection, or running it down. Most detect prey mainly by sensing vibrations, but the active hunters have acute vision, and hunters of the genus Portia show signs of intelligence in their choice of tactics and ability to develop new ones. Spiders' guts are too narrow to take solids, and they liquefy their food by flooding it with digestive enzymes and grinding it with the bases of their pedipalps, as they do not have true jaws. Male spiders identify themselves by a variety of complex courtship rituals to avoid being eaten by the females. Males of most species survive a few matings, limited mainly by their short life spans. Females weave silk egg-cases, each of which may contain hundreds of eggs. Females of many species care for their young, for example by carrying them around or by sharing food with them. A minority of species are social, building communal webs that may house anywhere from a few to 50,000 individuals. Social behavior ranges from precarious toleration, as in the widow spiders, to co-operative hunting and food-sharing. Although most spiders live for at most two years, tarantulas and other mygalomorph spiders can live up to 25 years in captivity. While the venom of a few species is dangerous to humans, scientists are now researching the use of spider venom in medicine and as non-polluting pesticides. Spider silk provides a combination of lightness, strength and elasticity that is superior to that of synthetic materials, and spider silk genes have been inserted into mammals and plants to see if these can be used as silk factories. As a result of their wide range of behaviors, spiders have become common symbols in art and mythology symbolizing various combinations of patience, cruelty and creative powers. An abnormal fear of spiders is called arachnophobia. Like other arthropods, spiders are coelomates in which the coelom is reduced to small areas round the reproductive and excretory systems. Its place is largely taken by a hemocoel, a cavity that runs most of the length of the body and through which blood flows. The heart is a tube in the upper part of the body, with a few ostia that act as non-return valves allowing blood to enter the heart from the hemocoel but prevent it from leaving before it reaches the front end.[11] However, in spiders, it occupies only the upper part of the abdomen, and blood is discharged into the hemocoel by one artery that opens at the rear end of the abdomen and by branching arteries that pass through the pedicle and open into several parts of the cephalothorax. Hence spiders have open circulatory systems. The blood of many spiders that have book lungs contains the respiratory pigment hemocyanin to make oxygen transport more efficient. Spiders have developed several different respiratory anatomies, based on book lungs, a tracheal system, or both. Mygalomorph and Mesothelae spiders have two pairs of book lungs filled with haemolymph, where openings on the ventral surface of the abdomen allow air to enter and diffuse oxygen. This is also the case for some basal araneomorph spiders, like the family Hypochilidae, but the remaining members of this group have just the anterior pair of book lungs intact while the posterior pair of breathing organs are partly or fully modified into tracheae, through which oxygen is diffused into the haemolymph or directly to the tissue and organs. The trachea system has most likely evolved in small ancestors to help resist desiccation. The trachea were originally connected to the surroundings through a pair of openings called spiracles, but in the majority of spiders this pair of spiracles has fused into a single one in the middle, and moved backwards close to the spinnerets. Spiders that have tracheae generally have higher metabolic rates and better water conservation. Spiders are ectotherms, so environmental temperatures affect their activity. Uniquely among chelicerates, the final sections of spiders' chelicerae are fangs, and the great majority of spiders can use them to inject venom into prey from venom glands in the roots of the chelicerae. The family Uloboridae has lost its venom glands, and kills its prey with silk instead. Like most arachnids, including scorpions, spiders have a narrow gut that can only cope with liquid food and spiders have two sets of filters to keep solids out. They use one of two different systems of external digestion. Some pump digestive enzymes from the midgut into the prey and then suck the liquified tissues of the prey into the gut, eventually leaving behind the empty husk of the prey. Others grind the prey to pulp using the chelicerae and the bases of the pedipalps, while flooding it with enzymes; in these species, the chelicerae and the bases of the pedipalps form a preoral cavity that holds the food they are processing. The stomach in the cephalothorax acts as a pump that sends the food deeper into the digestive system. The mid gut bears many digestive ceca, compartments with no other exit, that extract nutrients from the food; most are in the abdomen, which is dominated by the digestive system, but a few are found in the cephalothorax. Most spiders convert nitrogenous waste products into uric acid, which can be excreted as a dry material. Malphigian tubules ("little tubes") extract these wastes from the blood in the hemocoel and dump them into the cloacal chamber, from which they are expelled through the anus. Production of uric acid and its removal via Malphigian tubules are a water-conserving feature that has evolved independently in several arthropod lineages that can live far away from water, for example the tubules of insects and arachnids develop from completely different parts of the embryo. However, a few primitive spiders, the sub-order Mesothelae and infra-order Mygalomorphae, retain the ancestral arthropod nephridia ("little kidneys"),[8] which use large amounts of water to excrete nitrogenous waste products as ammonia.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Las herramientas establecidas permiten ampliar el control sobre las circunstancia de la naturaleza, todo el tiempo, esto puede ampliar las capacidades innatas del ente ilustrado.
ya sea con una LAPIZ y un BORRARDOR: extensor sensible de sensaciones y destrezas que unen deseos y necesidades.
El papel y las herramientas que usamos para escribir, leer y manipular la información trabajan nuestra mente tanto como nuestra mente trabaja con ellas.
Por eso limitarse a estas herramientas no te hacen ser mas conceptual.
PIENSE en la medición y la abstracción, en la percepción y la definición de formas y procesos, que van más allá de lo evidente a los sentidos.
Wrist drop is a disorder caused by radial nerve palsy. Because of the radial nerve's innervation of the extensor muscles of the wrist and digits, those whose radial nerve function has been compromised cannot actively extend them.
He earns his days pay
using his deformity to win the hearts of passerby's.
NIZAM UD DIN
DELHI
Photography’s new conscience
f/ 13
1 min tiempo exposición
iso 100
cable disparador
tubos extensores 36,20 y 12 mm y linterna
En esta segunda foto, opté por hacer una fotografía macro usando la misma técnica, incidiendo la luz desde abajo por un tiempo aproximado de 10-15 segundos a unos 30 cm de la flor y en diagonal, aunque el tiempo de obturación fuera de 1 min. Hice varias fotos con anterioridad pero aplicando más tiempo la luz y se sobrexpusieron demasiado las tomas, por lo que tuve que cambiar la distancia y el tiempo. Un saludo.
"Flores e a luz da tarde", 04 fotos. Objetiva 28x135mm com extensor macro +2.
"Flowers and the afternoon light", 04 photos. 28x135mm lens with +2 macro extender. Todos os direitos reservados para Vivaldo Armelin Júnior.
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Spiders (order Araneae) are air-breathing arthropods that have eight legs and chelicerae with fangs that inject venom. They are the largest order of arachnids and rank seventh in total species diversity among all other orders of organisms. Spiders are found worldwide on every continent except for Antarctica, and have become established in nearly every habitat with the exceptions of air and sea colonization. As of November 2015, at least 45,700 spider species, and 114 families have been recorded by taxonomists. However, there has been dissension within the scientific community as to how all these families should be classified, as evidenced by the over 20 different classifications that have been proposed since 1900. Anatomically, spiders differ from other arthropods in that the usual body segments are fused into two tagmata, the cephalothorax and abdomen, and joined by a small, cylindrical pedicel. Unlike insects, spiders do not have antennae. In all except the most primitive group, the Mesothelae, spiders have the most centralized nervous systems of all arthropods, as all their ganglia are fused into one mass in the cephalothorax. Unlike most arthropods, spiders have no extensor muscles in their limbs and instead extend them by hydraulic pressure. Their abdomens bear appendages that have been modified into spinnerets that extrude silk from up to six types of glands. Spider webs vary widely in size, shape and the amount of sticky thread used. It now appears that the spiral orb web may be one of the earliest forms, and spiders that produce tangled cobwebs are more abundant and diverse than orb-web spiders. Spider-like arachnids with silk-producing spigots appeared in the Devonian period about 386 million years ago, but these animals apparently lacked spinnerets. True spiders have been found in Carboniferous rocks from 318 to 299 million years ago, and are very similar to the most primitive surviving suborder, the Mesothelae. The main groups of modern spiders, Mygalomorphae and Araneomorphae, first appeared in the Triassic period, before 200 million years ago. A herbivorous species, Bagheera kiplingi, was described in 2008, but all other known species are predators, mostly preying on insects and on other spiders, although a few large species also take birds and lizards. Spiders use a wide range of strategies to capture prey: trapping it in sticky webs, lassoing it with sticky bolas, mimicking the prey to avoid detection, or running it down. Most detect prey mainly by sensing vibrations, but the active hunters have acute vision, and hunters of the genus Portia show signs of intelligence in their choice of tactics and ability to develop new ones. Spiders' guts are too narrow to take solids, and they liquefy their food by flooding it with digestive enzymes and grinding it with the bases of their pedipalps, as they do not have true jaws. Male spiders identify themselves by a variety of complex courtship rituals to avoid being eaten by the females. Males of most species survive a few matings, limited mainly by their short life spans. Females weave silk egg-cases, each of which may contain hundreds of eggs. Females of many species care for their young, for example by carrying them around or by sharing food with them. A minority of species are social, building communal webs that may house anywhere from a few to 50,000 individuals. Social behavior ranges from precarious toleration, as in the widow spiders, to co-operative hunting and food-sharing. Although most spiders live for at most two years, tarantulas and other mygalomorph spiders can live up to 25 years in captivity. While the venom of a few species is dangerous to humans, scientists are now researching the use of spider venom in medicine and as non-polluting pesticides. Spider silk provides a combination of lightness, strength and elasticity that is superior to that of synthetic materials, and spider silk genes have been inserted into mammals and plants to see if these can be used as silk factories. As a result of their wide range of behaviors, spiders have become common symbols in art and mythology symbolizing various combinations of patience, cruelty and creative powers. An abnormal fear of spiders is called arachnophobia. Like other arthropods, spiders are coelomates in which the coelom is reduced to small areas round the reproductive and excretory systems. Its place is largely taken by a hemocoel, a cavity that runs most of the length of the body and through which blood flows. The heart is a tube in the upper part of the body, with a few ostia that act as non-return valves allowing blood to enter the heart from the hemocoel but prevent it from leaving before it reaches the front end.[11] However, in spiders, it occupies only the upper part of the abdomen, and blood is discharged into the hemocoel by one artery that opens at the rear end of the abdomen and by branching arteries that pass through the pedicle and open into several parts of the cephalothorax. Hence spiders have open circulatory systems. The blood of many spiders that have book lungs contains the respiratory pigment hemocyanin to make oxygen transport more efficient. Spiders have developed several different respiratory anatomies, based on book lungs, a tracheal system, or both. Mygalomorph and Mesothelae spiders have two pairs of book lungs filled with haemolymph, where openings on the ventral surface of the abdomen allow air to enter and diffuse oxygen. This is also the case for some basal araneomorph spiders, like the family Hypochilidae, but the remaining members of this group have just the anterior pair of book lungs intact while the posterior pair of breathing organs are partly or fully modified into tracheae, through which oxygen is diffused into the haemolymph or directly to the tissue and organs. The trachea system has most likely evolved in small ancestors to help resist desiccation. The trachea were originally connected to the surroundings through a pair of openings called spiracles, but in the majority of spiders this pair of spiracles has fused into a single one in the middle, and moved backwards close to the spinnerets. Spiders that have tracheae generally have higher metabolic rates and better water conservation. Spiders are ectotherms, so environmental temperatures affect their activity. Uniquely among chelicerates, the final sections of spiders' chelicerae are fangs, and the great majority of spiders can use them to inject venom into prey from venom glands in the roots of the chelicerae. The family Uloboridae has lost its venom glands, and kills its prey with silk instead. Like most arachnids, including scorpions, spiders have a narrow gut that can only cope with liquid food and spiders have two sets of filters to keep solids out. They use one of two different systems of external digestion. Some pump digestive enzymes from the midgut into the prey and then suck the liquified tissues of the prey into the gut, eventually leaving behind the empty husk of the prey. Others grind the prey to pulp using the chelicerae and the bases of the pedipalps, while flooding it with enzymes; in these species, the chelicerae and the bases of the pedipalps form a preoral cavity that holds the food they are processing. The stomach in the cephalothorax acts as a pump that sends the food deeper into the digestive system. The mid gut bears many digestive ceca, compartments with no other exit, that extract nutrients from the food; most are in the abdomen, which is dominated by the digestive system, but a few are found in the cephalothorax. Most spiders convert nitrogenous waste products into uric acid, which can be excreted as a dry material. Malphigian tubules ("little tubes") extract these wastes from the blood in the hemocoel and dump them into the cloacal chamber, from which they are expelled through the anus. Production of uric acid and its removal via Malphigian tubules are a water-conserving feature that has evolved independently in several arthropod lineages that can live far away from water, for example the tubules of insects and arachnids develop from completely different parts of the embryo. However, a few primitive spiders, the sub-order Mesothelae and infra-order Mygalomorphae, retain the ancestral arthropod nephridia ("little kidneys"),[8] which use large amounts of water to excrete nitrogenous waste products as ammonia.
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"O que os olhos quase não veem! Extensor Macro 35mm, Objetiva 85mm", 3 fotos. Usei a Canon 60D.
"What the eyes hardly see! Macro extender 35mm, Objective 85mm", 3 photos. I used the Canon 60D.
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Por insignificante que parezca, cada criatura en la tierra tiene su papel y aunque lo desconozcamos realiza una función en el ecosistema, esto es una muestra de ese pequeño mundo dificil de percibir a simple vista.
Uso un objetivo 35-105mm f/3,5 - 4,5 análogo con extensores para lograr este aumento y ademas en este caso, tiene 3 fotos apiladas!!