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Casa da música from architect Rem Koolhaas. Porto - Portugal
bi-cam using pinhole side + Fujichrome 64T (Expired July 2003)
Evolve - JUST EVOLVE SHOPPING-TROPICAL DAZE
+ Poses | *PosESioN* Tsukuyomi Set
New set at MOM
Details @ lucemiablog.wordpress.com/2016/07/25/lucemia-evolve-poses...
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The dunnock, a quiet and plain sparrow sized bird measures 13–15 cm in length. It’s also known as the hedge sparrow but it’s not actually a member of the sparrow family , but is instead a member of the family of birds called accentors. It possesses a streaked back, resembling a small house sparrow with a distinctive pattern around the eye. The dunnock has a drab appearance which may have evolved to avoid predation. It is brownish underneath, and has a fine pointed bill. Adults have a grey head, and both sexes are similarly coloured.
Read more at www.Wildonline.blog
Ok I said I was done posting before my vacation but I found these Peonies out front and the Flickr junky in me took over. I'm leaving for Florida on Sunday . We are planning a trip to see the Egrets and the Wood storks nest in St. Augustine. I'm hopeful it will be a fantastic Op...Thank you so much and I will try to answer everyone before I go ( and try to make this my last post... )
This is a 14 person group pose. It comes with a 8 person dance flash mob and 3 "on-looker" couple poses. The couple poses can also be purchased separately. Pose Fair begins April 15, 2012! ♥
Mural "evolve" by Ben Johnston at Ieperstraat 5, Oostende in the context of 'The Crystal Ship Oostende - 2025'.
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The Crystal Ship zet in 2025 koers naar verandering waarin ‘change’ de rode draad vormt.
De Canadese muurkunstenaar Ben Johnston (afkomstig uit Zuid Africa) speelt met letters. Zijn typografische murals balanceren op de grens tussen taal en beeld - lees je een woord of kijk je naar een kunstwerk? Met kleur, schaduw en perspectief creëert hij 3D-letters die van de muur af springen.
Veranderen en aanpassen, dat is hoe het hoort. Naast een school is het woord 'evolve' = 'evolueren' perfect. Het spreekt echt over het idee van verandering, maar dan op een positieve manier, zegt Ben Johnston in zijn video.
www.thecrystalship.be/nl/kunstwerken/ben-johnston
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The Crystal Ship sets course for change in 2025, with ‘change’ as the common thread.
Canadian mural artist Ben Johnston (originally from South Africa) plays with letters. His typographic murals balance on the border between language and image - are you reading a word or looking at a work of art? With color, shadow and perspective he creates 3D letters that jump off the wall.
Changing and adapting is the way we should be. Next to a school, the word "evolve" is perfect. It kind of really speaks to the idea of change, but in a positive way, says Ben Johnston in his video.
Today's post is another from the Dirt Cheap Photo Tour (DCPT) that Tom & I were part of in the fall in Banff.
On this particular morning, we finally caught a glimpse of some fleeting clouds that we had not be rewarded with earlier in our time in Canada.
Bow Valley, within Banff National Park, is an amazing location - full of wildlife and landscapes hard to beat anywhere. The air was crisp, the wind was light, and the sun had just peaked and kissed Crowfoot Glacier on Crowfoot Mountain. This is quite an interesting glacier, in that it was named for it's appearance (hence the crow-foot), however, it has receded to the point that the 3 lobes once part of the glacier, are now only 2.
It is a hot debate as to the reason of glacier retreats (natural occurrence or global warming), and it really doesn't matter the cause to me, but I find it disheartening to me to think that at some point in time, many of them will be gone.
Thankfully, through the magic of photography - digital, film, or video - we can all capture nature's beauty and keep it as pristine as it once was in our minds.
Sure would love to go back and stand at this some location off the Icefields Parkway and marvel at this once more.
Thanks for stopping by and especially for all of your comments. Happy Monday!
EVOLVE-WHEN I AM CLEANING WINDOWS
LaVian&CO. at The Best of SL Boulevard & The Emporia, Renaissance Galleria
Details @ lucemiablog.wordpress.com/2016/05/25/lucemia-evolve-4/
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So I was thinking... What if Exo-Force continued to evolve, and then got assimilated by Friends... well, their would be something new, I call it the "EXO-Friend" theme...
This SIXTH Exo-Friend represents my take on the next evolution of the EXO-Friend theme. I hope you like it.
Note: The pilot of this EXO-Friend has no need for armor, and hair stay's nicely styled due to enclosed cockpit area. :P
I have developed 6 EXO-Friend creations. I have now posted each one. Additional creations may be developed and posted in the future.
The Maw from Halo: Combat Evolved
Built for Category 1 in the Send Me Out ... With A Bang contest in the LEGO Halo group.
The Marine Building has sstood out as a landmark building in Vancouver ince 1929. Even with the fancy glass towers surrounding it now, is remains a timeless work of art
Jason deCaires Taylor’s four horsemen of the apocalypse, close to Houses of Parliament, are political comment on impact of fossil fuels.
As part of the Totally Thames celebrations, these four proud horses and their riders also highlight the role of the Thames as the lifeblood of London, shaping the city’s great history as an ever evolving centre for culture, industry and commerce.
The horses are based on shire horses, like those previously used as workhorses in London, and the location of the sculptures - in the shadow of Westminster - is of critical importance.
Watkins Glen State Park is located in the village of Watkins Glen, south of Seneca Lake in Schuyler County in New York's Finger Lakes region. The park's lower part is near the village, while the upper part is open woodland. It was opened to the public in 1863 and was privately run as a tourist resort until 1906, when it was purchased by New York State. Initially known as Watkins Glen State Reservation, the park was first managed by the American Scenic and Historic Preservation Society before being turned over to full state control in 1911. Since 1924, it has been managed by the Finger Lakes Region of the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation. The centerpiece of the 778-acre (3.15 km2) park is a 400-foot-deep (120 m) narrow gorge cut through rock by a stream – Glen Creek – that was left hanging when glaciers of the Ice age deepened the Seneca valley, increasing the tributary stream gradient to create rapids and waterfalls wherever there were layers of hard rock. The rocks of the area are sedimentary of Devonian age that are part of a dissected plateau that was uplifted with little faulting or distortion. They consist mostly of soft shales, with some layers of harder sandstone and limestone. The park features three trails – open mid-May to early November – by which one can climb or descend the gorge. The Southern Rim and Indian Trails run along the wooded rim of the gorge, while the Gorge Trail is closest to the stream and runs over, under and along the park's 19 waterfalls by way of stone bridges and more than 800 stone steps. The trails connect to the Finger Lakes Trail, an 800-mile (1,300 km) system of trails within New York state. The park has comfortable camping sites, as well as picnic tables and pavilions, food, playground, a gift shop, pool, dump stations, showers, recreation programs, tent and trailer sites, fishing, hiking, hunting and cross-country skiing. The entrance fee for a day picnic is $8 per car. The park is open year-round, but not all facilities are available at all times. During the Pleistocene era, a vast area was covered by ice during the maximum extent of glacial ice in the north polar area. The movement of glaciers from the Laurentide and Wisconsin ice sheets shaped the Finger Lakes region. The lakes originated as a series of northward-flowing streams. Around two million years ago the first of many continental glaciers of the Laurentide Ice Sheet moved southward from the Hudson Bay area, initiating the Pleistocene glaciation. These glaciers widened, deepened and accentuated the existing river valleys. Glacial debris, possibly including terminal moraines, left behind by the receding ice acted as dams, allowing lakes to form. Despite the deep erosion of the valleys, the surrounding uplands show little evidence of glaciation, suggesting that the ice was thin, or at least unable to cause much erosion at these higher altitudes. The deep cutting of the valleys by the ice left some tributaries hanging high above the lakes: both Seneca and Cayuga have tributaries hanging as much as 390 feet (120 m) above the valley floors. One such hanging valley, overlooking the south end of the Seneca Lake valley, evolved into the deep gorge of Watkins Glen. The steep drop of Glen Creek into Seneca Valley created a powerful torrent that eroded the underlying rock, cutting further and further back towards the stream's headwaters. This erosion was not a uniform process: the rock here includes shale, limestone, and sandstone, and these types of rock erode at different rates, leaving behind a staircase of waterfalls, cascades, plunge pools and potholes. Watkins Glen State Park now encompasses nineteen waterfalls spaced along a trail roughly two miles (3.2 km) long.
Catch their eye.
Sally, a hidden sexy dress. The dramatic back shows a little cheek just to make them wonder while the front has demure look. Create that drama in your life with this little ensemble. You are sure to turn heads.
On sale now for 80% off retail, get it before its gone.
maps.secondlife.com/secondlife/BOSL%20INNOVATION%20PAVILL...
Went out with the 600mm and the Nikon TC-20E III.
Scaly-breasted munias form flocks of as many as 100 birds. Individuals communicate with calls that include a short whistle, variations of kitty-kitty-kitty, and a sharp chipping alarm note. They sometimes flick their tails and wings vertically or horizontally while hopping about. The tail flicking motion may have evolved from a locomotory intention movement. The exaggerated version of the tail flicking movement may have undergone ritualization. As a social signal, tail flicking in several other species acts as a signal indicating the intent to fly and helps keep flocks together.
When roosting communally, scaly-breasted munia sit side-by-side in close contact with each other. The outermost bird often jostles towards the center. Birds in a flock sometimes preen each other, with the soliciting bird usually showing its chin. Allopreening is usually limited to the face and neck. The scaly-breasted munia is rarely hostile but birds will sometimes quarrel without any ritualized posturing
An example of how the method of photography has evolved and is still evolving, from the 1940s Agfa Karat 12 on the left, to the modern Nikon D700 Digital SLR in the middle and the LG G4 mobile phone on the right.
The inaugural flight Vega-C launcher integration process began with the P120 solid rocket stage being delivered to the Vega Launch Zone (Zone de Lancement Vega) ZLV at Europe's Space Port in Kourou, French Guiana on 15 April 2022.
On the wave of Vega’s success, Member States at the ESA Ministerial meeting in December 2014 agreed to develop the more powerful Vega-C to respond to an evolving market and to long-term institutional needs.
Vega-C increases performance from Vega’s current 1.5 t to about 2.2 t in a reference 700 km polar orbit, covering identified European institutional users’ mission needs, with no increase in launch service and operating costs.
The participating states in this development are: Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Romania, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland.
Vega-C will also accommodate the flight-proven Small Spacecraft Mission Service (SSMS) dispenser, which further reduces cost-to-orbit by enabling rideshare missions, with or without a large, primary payload.
Credits: ESA - M. Pedoussaut
Camel hair
Pencil, from Old French pincel, from late Latin penicillus a "little tail" originally referred to an artist's fine brush of camel hair, also used for writing before modern lead or chalk pencils.
Though the archetypal pencil was an artist's brush, the stylus, a thin metal stick used for scratching in papyrus or wax tablets, was used extensively by the Romans and for palm-leaf manuscripts.
As a technique for drawing, the closest predecessor to the pencil was silverpoint or leadpoint until, in 1565 (some sources say as early as 1500), a large deposit of graphite was discovered on the approach to Grey Knotts from the hamlet of Seathwaite in Borrowdale parish, Cumbria, England.
This particular deposit of graphite was extremely pure and solid, and it could easily be sawn into sticks. It remains the only large-scale deposit of graphite ever found in this solid form.
Chemistry was in its infancy and the substance was thought to be a form of lead.
Consequently, it was called plumbago (Latin for "lead ore").
Because the pencil core is still referred to as "lead", or "a lead", many people have the misconception that the graphite in the pencil is lead, and the black core of pencils is still referred to as lead, even though it never contained the element lead
The words for pencil in German (Bleistift), Irish (peann luaidhe), and some other languages literally mean lead pen.
The value of graphite would soon be realised to be enormous, mainly because it could be used to line the moulds for cannonballs; the mines were taken over by the Crown and were guarded.
When sufficient stores of graphite had been accumulated, the mines were flooded to prevent theft until more was required.
The usefulness of graphite for pencils was discovered as well, but initially graphite for pencils had to be smuggled out of England.
Because graphite is soft, it requires some form of encasement. Graphite sticks were initially wrapped in string or sheepskin for stability.
England would enjoy a monopoly on the production of pencils until a method of reconstituting the graphite powder was found in 1662 in Germany.
However, the distinctively square English pencils continued to be made with sticks cut from natural graphite into the 1860s. The town of Keswick, near the original findings of block graphite, still manufactures pencils, the factory also being the location of the Derwent Pencil Museum.
The meaning of "graphite writing implement" apparently evolved late in the 16th century.[18]
Wood encasement
Palomino Blackwing 602 pencils
Around 1560, an Italian couple named Simonio and Lyndiana Bernacotti made what are likely the first blueprints for the modern, wood-encased carpentry pencil. Their version was a flat, oval, more compact type of pencil.
Their concept involved the hollowing out of a stick of juniper wood. Shortly thereafter, a superior technique was discovered: two wooden halves were carved, a graphite stick inserted, and the halves then glued together—essentially the same method in use to this day.
Graphite powder and clay
The first attempt to manufacture graphite sticks from powdered graphite was in Nuremberg, Germany, in 1662. It used a mixture of graphite, sulphur, and antimony.
English and German pencils were not available to the French during the Napoleonic Wars; France, under naval blockade imposed by Great Britain, was unable to import the pure graphite sticks from the British Grey Knotts mines – the only known source in the world.
France was also unable to import the inferior German graphite pencil substitute.
It took the efforts of an officer in Napoleon's army to change this. In 1795, Nicolas-Jacques Conté discovered a method of mixing powdered graphite with clay and forming the mixture into rods that were then fired in a kiln.
By varying the ratio of graphite to clay, the hardness of the graphite rod could also be varied. This method of manufacture, which had been earlier discovered by the Austrian Joseph Hardtmuth, the founder of the Koh-I-Noor in 1790, remains in use. In 1802, the production of graphite leads from graphite and clay was patented by the Koh-I-Noor company in Vienna.
In England, pencils continued to be made from whole sawn graphite. Henry Bessemer's first successful invention (1838) was a method of compressing graphite powder into solid graphite thus allowing the waste from sawing to be reused.
United States
Pencil manufacturing.
The top sequence shows the old method that required pieces of graphite to be cut to size; the lower sequence is the new, current method using rods of graphite and clay
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American colonists imported pencils from Europe until after the American Revolution. Benjamin Franklin advertised pencils for sale in his Pennsylvania Gazette in 1729, and George Washington used a three-inch (7.5 cm) pencil when he surveyed the Ohio Country in 1762. William Munroe, a cabinetmaker in Concord, Massachusetts, made the first American wood pencils in 1812.
This was not the only pencil-making occurring in Concord. According to Henry Petroski, transcendentalist philosopher Henry David Thoreau discovered how to make a good pencil out of inferior graphite using clay as the binder; this invention was prompted by his father's pencil factory in Concord, which employed graphite found in New Hampshire in 1821 by Charles Dunbar.
Munroe's method of making pencils was painstakingly slow, and in the neighbouring town of Acton, a pencil mill owner named Ebenezer Wood set out to automate the process at his own pencil mill located at Nashoba Brook. He used the first circular saw in pencil production. He constructed the first of the hexagon- and octagon-shaped wooden casings. Ebenezer did not patent his invention and shared his techniques with anyone. One of those was Eberhard Faber, which built a factory in New York and became the leader in pencil production.
Joseph Dixon, an inventor and entrepreneur involved with the Tantiusques graphite mine in Sturbridge, Massachusetts, developed a means to mass-produce pencils.
By 1870, The Joseph Dixon Crucible Company was the world's largest dealer and consumer of graphite and later became the contemporary Dixon Ticonderoga pencil and art supplies company.
By the end of the nineteenth century, over 240,000 pencils were used each day in the US. The favoured timber for pencils was Red Cedar as it was aromatic and did not splinter when sharpened. In the early twentieth century supplies of Red Cedar were dwindling so that pencil manufacturers were forced to recycle the wood from cedar fences and barns to maintain supply.
One effect of this was that "during World War II rotary pencil sharpeners were outlawed in Britain because they wasted so much scarce lead and wood, and pencils had to be sharpened in the more conservative manner – with knives.
It was soon discovered that incense cedar, when dyed and perfumed to resemble Red Cedar, was a suitable alternative. Most pencils today are made from this timber, which is grown in managed forests.
Over 14 billion pencils are manufactured worldwide annually. Less popular alternatives to cedar include basswood and alder.
In Southeast Asia, the wood Jelutong may be used to create pencils (though the use of this rainforest species is controversial).
Environmentalists prefer the use of Pulai – another wood native to the region in pencil manufacturing.
Eraser attachment
Attached eraser on the left; Pencil lead on the right
On 30 March 1858, Hymen Lipman received the first patent for attaching an eraser to the end of a pencil.
I've been reading about the benefits of adding chia seeds to the diet. I've combined soaking chia in water for a minute or two, to allow the mucilage (great word) to develop, with one of my citrus winter shots. It's very pleasant and might even do me good.
✿Cocktail Dress
✿Maitreya - Reborn - Kupra
✿Hud 10 Colors
✿Christmas Event
✿Sale In The Store
✿https://www.flickr.com/people/131252786@N04/
✿http://maps.secondlife.com/secondlife/BOSL%20INNOVATION%20PAVILLION/194/213/34
Evolve - JUST EVOLVE-TRIBE CALLED QUEST
+ Hair | .:EMO-tions.. *TERRY*
New at Cosmopolitan
+ *PosESioN* Ivyana Set
New at Cosmopolitan
Details @ lucemiablog.wordpress.com/2016/06/10/lucemia-evolve-poses...
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"Dandelions are thought to have evolved about thirty million years ago in Eurasia. They have been used by humans for food and as a herb for much of recorded history. They were introduced to North America by early European immigrants.
The dandelion plant is a beneficial weed, with a wide range of uses, and is even a good companion plant for gardening. Its taproot will bring up nutrients for shallower-rooting plants, and add minerals and nitrogen to soil. It is also known to attract pollinating insects and release ethylene gas which helps fruit to ripen. "
I'm always looking to improve or evolve my B&W image processing, so since I just upgraded to NIK Collection 8 I tried Silver Efex 8 on this image. I went a little heavy on the film emulation, but I have to admit, I quite like the more analog look of the image with 'film' grain added. I may have to reconsider my workflow.
Let's have a moment of silence as I load up one of my last rolls of Elite Chrome. Kodak discontinued the last of its slide-film emulsions in 2012. I've only just noticed that the fine print still refers to this as "Ektachrome," the venerable brand name which dates back to 1946. Originally Kodak developed a color transparency film for the army & navy during WWII which could be "field processed" (because Kodachrome certainly could not be). This evolved into Ektachrome, and ultimately led to the E-6 development process used by all other slide films since 1977.
On a brighter note it sounds like Film Ferrania is moving towards production of a new 100-speed slide film (after some challenging delays).
"King's College Chapel is the chapel at King's College in the University of Cambridge. It is considered one of the finest examples of late Perpendicular Gothic English architecture. The chapel was built in phases by a succession of kings of England from 1446 to 1515, a period which spanned the Wars of the Roses. The chapel's large stained glass windows were not completed until 1531, and its early Renaissance rood screen was erected in 1532–36. The chapel is an active house of worship, and home of the King's College Choir. The chapel is a significant tourist site and a commonly used symbol of the city of Cambridge.
Cambridge is a university city and the county town of Cambridgeshire, England, on the River Cam approximately 50 miles (80 km) north of London. At the United Kingdom Census 2011, its population was 123,867 including 24,506 students. Cambridge became an important trading centre during the Roman and Viking ages, and there is archaeological evidence of settlement in the area as early as the Bronze Age. The first town charters were granted in the 12th century, although modern city status was not officially conferred until 1951.
The University of Cambridge was founded in 1209. The buildings of the university include King's College Chapel, Cavendish Laboratory, and the Cambridge University Library, one of the largest legal deposit libraries in the world. The city's skyline is dominated by several college buildings, along with the spire of the Our Lady and the English Martyrs Church, and the chimney of Addenbrooke's Hospital. Anglia Ruskin University, which evolved from the Cambridge School of Art and the Cambridgeshire College of Arts and Technology, also has its main campus in the city.
Cambridge is at the heart of the high-technology Silicon Fen with industries such as software and bioscience and many start-up companies born out of the university. Over 40 per cent of the workforce have a higher education qualification, more than twice the national average. The Cambridge Biomedical Campus, one of the largest biomedical research clusters in the world, is soon to house premises of AstraZeneca, a hotel, and the relocated Papworth Hospital.
The first game of association football took place at Parker's Piece. The Strawberry Fair music and arts festival and Midsummer Fair are held on Midsummer Common, and the annual Cambridge Beer Festival takes place on Jesus Green. The city is adjacent to the M11 and A14 roads. Cambridge station is less than an hour from London King's Cross railway station." - info from Wikipedia.
Summer 2019 I did a solo cycling tour across Europe through 12 countries over the course of 3 months. I began my adventure in Edinburgh, Scotland and finished in Florence, Italy cycling 8,816 km. During my trip I took 47,000 photos.
Now on Instagram.
Cdv of a Papal Zouave by Giuseppe Felici (Cagli, 1839 – Rome, 12th March 1923).
Atelier address: Via Ripetta 191, Rome.
Activity: from 1863 to 1914ca.
Date: 1868ca.
More about the Papal Zouaves:
The Papal Zouaves (in Italian Zuavi Pontifici) were an infantry force formed in defence of the Papal States. This force evolved out of a unit formed by Christophe Léon Louis Juchault de Lamoricière in 1860, the Franco-Belgian Tirailleurs. On 1 January 1861 the unit was renamed the Papal Zouaves, name introduced by Frédéric François Xavier Ghislain de Mérode. The Almoner became Mgr. Edouard de Woelmont.
The Zuavi Pontifici were mainly young men, unmarried and Roman Catholic, who volunteered to defend Pope Pius IX and the Papal States. They wore a similar style of uniform to that of the French Zouaves but in grey with red trim. A grey and red kepi was sometimes substituted for the North African fez.
All orders were given in French and the unit was commanded by a Swiss Colonel, M. Allet. Nonetheless, the regiment was truly international, and by May 1868 numbered 4,592 men. At that time the unit was composed of 1,910 Dutch, 1,301 French, 686 Belgians, 157 Romans and Pontifical subjects, 507 Canadians, 1,400 Irish, 87 Prussians, 50 English, 32 Spaniards, 22 Germans from beyond Prussia, 19 Swiss, 14 Americans, 14 Neapolitans, 12 Modenese, 12 Poles, 10 Scots, 7 Austrians, 6 Portuguese, 6 Tuscans, three Maltese, two Russians and one volunteer each from the South Sea Islands, India, Africa, Mexico, Peru, Circassia.
A British volunteer, Joseph Powell, noted in his account of his service with the Papal Zouaves, Two Years in the Pontifical Zouaves that at least three "blacks" and one person from China served in the Zouaves.
Between February 1868 and September 1870 the number of Canadian volunteers, mainly from the francophone and predominantly Catholic province of Quebec, rose to seven contingents numbering some 500 men in total – with a contingent of 114 turning back to Canada because news had reached them of the surrender of the Papal States in September 1870.
The unit was very efficient against the brigandage and demonstrate its bravery in many occasions such as the Battle of Mentana. One thousand five hundred Papal Zouaves assisted in the notable Franco/Papal victory at this battle, fought on 3 November 1867 between French-Papal troops and Italian volunteers led by Giuseppe Garibaldi.
In his report to the Pope, the commander of the Papal forces, General Kanzler, praised the elan of the Zouaves, citing a determined bayonet charge as a particular example.
The Zouaves suffered the brunt of the fighting, sustaining 81 casualties in the battle, including 24 killed (the Papal forces suffered only 30 dead in total) and 57 wounded. The official French report of the battle prepared by the French commander, General de Failly, also cited the bravery of the unit. The youngest victim, aged seventeen, was English Zouave Julian Watts-Russel.
The Zouaves also played a role in the final engagements against the forces of the newly united Kingdom of Italy in September 1870, in which the Papal forces were outnumbered almost seven to one. The Zouaves fought off enemy lancers on the 13th, withdrew with Papal artillery under heavy fire on the 20th and made preparations for a counterattack against the Garibaldians before being told of the surrender, whereupon they destroyed their weapons.
Several Zouaves were executed or murdered by the Italian forces following the surrender, including a Belgian officer who refused to give up his sword.
After the Capture of Rome by Victor Emmanuel II in 1870, the French contingent of the former Papal Zouaves served the government of National Defence in France during the Franco-Prussian War. Renamed as the Volontaires de l'Ouest (Volunteers of the West) but retaining their grey and red Papal uniforms, the Zouaves fought the Prussians and their other German allies outside Orléans, with 15 killed or wounded between 11 and 12 October 1870, and also engaged the enemy at Patay. Numbering about 1,800 men, the experienced former Papal Zouaves fought with distinction at the Battle of Loigny where they lost 216 men while covering the retreat of other French units. The Volontaires were disbanded after the entrance of Prussian troops into Paris.