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I've finally had success with stacking moon exposures and it has resulted in the most detailed shot of the moon I've ever done. It only took a dozen failed attempts. I'm particularly fond of how some of the color from the mineral deposits became visible. Some rough estimation puts the largest detail one can see here at around ten miles.
Baroque church
In 1676, when the Brotherhood of the Most Holy Trinity was solemnly introduced to St. Peter's, it soon attained a high membership. A large part of the members were among the richest and most respected citizens of Vienna. The nobility was also represented to the highest tops. The Brotherhood therefore had the means to do so, and in 1700, it decided to demolish the old church and build a new building whose shape was to commemorate St. Peter's in Rome. One year earlier, in the plague year of 1679, Leopold I vowed to build a new building dedicated to the Holy Trinity in place of the dilapidated church. Builder Jankel was requested to make an estimation of the costs. He received 50 guilders for the building survey drawn by him.
According to the technical guide through Vienna (Ing. Martin Paul) the builders are indicated in the inscriptions in the dome knob: Francesco Martinelli, Franz Jänggl and Christian Oettl. However, the bibliographical references are widely differing. According to the manual of the German art monuments of Georg Dehio, the construction was started according to the plan of Gabriele Montani 1702, continued from this until 1703, then, probably completed by Johann Lukas Hildebrandt after modified plan 1708 in the shell and consecrated on October 25, 1708. 1708-1715 was followed by the interior fittings, 1713-1717 the dome space was completed in its current picturesque and sculptural design, but only 1730-1733 built the main choir. Cardinal Kollonitsch consecrated St. Peter's Church in 1733. The tomb of Wolfgang Lazius, who had been buried in the old Peterskirche in 1565, was transferred to the new St. Peter's church. The Petersfreithof (cemetery) still surrounded the church, it was only abandoned under Joseph II. In 1844, the façade was restored, and the many sales offices added to the church disappeared after the abolishemnt of the cemetery.
The history of St. Peter in Baroque period
When the old church was removed in 1701, it was decided to find the foundation stone of the first church, which contained "an old parable of Pope Leo III", the friend and contemporary of Charlemagne.
An old memorial book from the parish notes that the particle in 1749 still existed, but writes nothing about the nature of the same. The founders of the strange foundation stone claimed that it must have been laid in the year 800 and this conviction was maintained, so that afterwards the inscription of the cornerstone for the new church was written, which reads:
Petri prinzipis Apostolorum Petri Coeli Clavigeri Sacris honoribus a Carolo I. Caesare Magno anno post virginis partum DCCC extructe novis ex fundamentis DOM uni in Trinitate Deo et S. Petri honoriter augusta surrexit Lapidem in titulum cen age Jacob restauravit Leopoldus uterque Felix. "
The German translation is approximately as follows:
"This church, which stood over nine centuries, founded on holy honors on the solid rock of Apostle Prince Paul, the key bearer of heaven, by Charlemagne in the year 800, after the Virgin gave birth, has resurrected gloriously in honor of the almighty God who is united in Trinity and St. Peter, as second Jacob the cornerstone has laid Leopold the Great as well as the Happy. "
This laying of the cornerstone was solemnly performed by Emperor Leopold I on June 30, 1702 (according to Harrer, Czeike names April 22, 1702).
Already at the time of the start of construction an accident was recorded:
On the occasion of a solemn procession on October 29, 1702, in which the emperor also participated with his court, as a result of the overburden, the planks laid over the foundations collapsed and about 50 persons, mostly court cavaliers and page boys, plunged into the depths.
The completion of the church progressed very slowly. Even during construction, the wood of the dome was damaged, so this had to be replaced in 1722 by a dome cover, for which Emperor Charles VI as the supreme patron and member of the Brotherhood of the Holy Trinity, supplied the copper. For years, the facade was missing and the towers had no ending.
On May 17, 1733, the church was finally consecrated by the Cardinal Count Sigismund Kollonitsch.
Appearance
The outer image of St. Peter's is dominated by the 56-meter high, massive dome, which in its configuration reminds of the dome of St. Peter. It is a two-storey facade of stocky effect, whose slopingly placed towers flank the concave central part and which is surmounted by the dome of the central building. The building itself glorifies the reign of Emperor Leopold I, whose motto is emblazoned in the interior above the choir arch. The charming, pavilion-like portal porch made of gray marble was built according to a design by Andrea Altomonte only 1751-1753. Figurative decoration made of lead by Franz Kohl, a pupil and assistant of Georg Raphael Donner, decorates it. Right at the top are the statues Faith, Hope and Love, as well as angelic figures bearing tiaras and keys, the insignia of papal sovereignty. On the gable window at the front and the vases on the side reliefs: depictions from the life of Peter. The main portal shows rich carving and beautiful fittings; an inscription commemorates the imperial plague vow.
In the niches below the two slopingly placed towers that flank the front of the church are the following sandstone figures: St. Peter and St. Simon, St. John the Evangelist (according to Paul Harrer St. Paul) and Judas Thaddeus. At the back of the choir (outside wall of the church) are stone sculptures of St. Peter and St. Michael, executed by Lorenz Matitelli around 1730.
On the eastern side wall of the church, opposite the exit of the Goldschmied alley, a marble relief is embedded in the stone wall, depicting the legendary setting up of the cross at this place by Charlemagne. Created by Rudolf Weyr, it was unveiled in 1906.
Barockkirche
Als die Bruderschaft der heiligsten Dreifaltigkeit 1676 feierlich in die Peterskirche eingeführt wurde, erreichte sie bald einen hohen Mitgliederstand. Ein großer Teil der Mitglieder zählte zu den reichsten und angesehensten Bürgern von Wien. Auch der Adel war bis in die höchsten Spitzen vertreten. Die Bruderschaft verfügte daher über die entsprechenden Mittel und so fasste sie im Jahr 1700 den Entschluss, die alte Kirche niederzureißen und einen Neubau aufzuführen, dessen Form an die Peterskirche zu Rom erinnern sollte. Bereits ein Jahr zuvor, im Pestjahr 1679 gelobte Leopold I., anstelle der baufälligen Kirche einen der Heiligen Dreifaltigkeit gewidmeten Neubau zu errichten. Man ließ von Baumeister Jankel einen Kosten-Überschlag machen. Für den von ihm gezeichneten Bauriss erhielt er 50 Gulden.
Nach dem technischen Führer durch Wien (Ing. Martin Paul) werden die Erbauer in den Inschriften im Kuppelknauf angegeben: Francesco Martinelli, Franz Jänggl und Christian Oettl. Die Literaturangaben gehen jedoch hierüber weit auseinander. Nach dem Handbuch der deutschen Kunstdenkmäler von Georg Dehio wurde der Bau nach dem Plan von Gabriele Montani 1702 begonnen, von diesem bis 1703 weitergeführt, sodann, wahrscheinlich von Johann Lukas Hildebrandt nach verändertem Plan 1708 im Rohbau vollendet und am 25. Oktober 1708 geweiht. 1708-1715 folgte die Innenausstattung, 1713-1717 wurde der Kuppelraum in seiner gegenwärtigen malerischen und plastischen Ausgestaltung vollendet, jedoch erst 1730-1733 baute man den Hauptchor. 1733 weihte Kardinal Kollonitsch die Peterskirche. Das Grabmal des Wolfgang Lazius, der in der alten Peterskirche 1565 bestattet worden war, wurde in die neue Peterskirche übertragen. Nach wie vor umgab der Petersfreithof die Kirche; er wurde erst unter Joseph II. aufgelassen. 1844 restaurierte man die Fassade, wobei auch die vielen an die Kirche angebauten Verkaufsbuden verschwanden, die nach der Auflassung des Friedhofs entstanden waren.
Die Geschichte von St. Peter im Barock
Als man 1701 die alte Kirche abtrug, will man bei dieser Gelegenheit den Grundstein der ersten Kirche gefunden haben, der "eine alten Paritkel von Papst Leo III.“, dem Freunde und Zeitgenossen Karls des Großen, enthielt.
Ein altes Gedenkbuch aus der Pfarre bemerkt, dass der Partikel noch 1749 vorhanden war, schreibt aber nichts über die Art desselben. Die Auffinder des merkwürdigen Grundsteines behaupteten, dass er im Jahr 800 gelegt worden sein müsse und an dieser Überzeugung hielt man fest, sodass danach die Inschrift des Grundsteines für die neue Kirche verfasst wurde, welche lautet:
"Ecclesia quae IX ultra saecula steterat, fundata supra firmam Petram prinzipis Apostolorum Petri Coeli Clavigeri Sacris honoribus a Carolo I. Caesare Magno anno post virginis partum DCCC extructe novis ex fundamentis D.O.M- uni in Trinitate Deo et S. Petri honoriter augusta surrexit. Lapidem in titulum cen alter Jacob restauravit Leopoldus uterque Felix.“
Die deutsche Übersetzung ist etwa wie folgt:
"Diese Kirche, die über neun Jahrhunderte stand, gegründet zu heiligen Ehren auf dem festen Felsen des Apostelfürsten Paulus, des Schlüsselträgers des Himmels, von Karl dem Großen Kaiser im Jahr 800, nachdem die Jungfrau gebar, ist dem allmächtigen Gott, der einig ist in der Dreiheit und dem heiligen Petrus zu Ehren prachtvoll wiedererstanden. Als zweiter Jakob hat den Grundstein gelegt Leopold der ebenso Große als Glückliche."
Diese Grundsteinlegung geschah in feierlicher Weise durch Kaiser Leopold I. am 30. Juni 1702 (laut Harrer; Czeike benennt den 22. April 1702).
Schon zur Zeit des Baubeginnes war ein Unfall zu verzeichnen:
Anlässlich einer feierlichen Prozession am 29. Oktober 1702, an der auch der Kaiser mit seinem Hofstaat teilnahm, stürzte infolge der Überlastung die über die Fundamente gelegten Bretter ein und etwa 50 Personen, meistens Hofkavaliere und Pagen stürzten in die Tiefe.
Die Vollendung der Kirche ging sehr langsam voran. Noch während des Baues wurde das Holz der Kuppel schadhaft, sodass dieses 1722 durch eine Kuppeldeckung ersetzt werden musste, wozu Kaiser Karl VI. als oberster Schutzherr und Mitglied der Bruderschaft der heiligen Dreifaltigkeit das Kupfer lieferte. Jahrelang fehlte die Fassade und die Türme hatten keinen Abschluss.
Am 17. Mai 1733 konnte die Kirche endlich durch den Kardinal Graf Sigismund Kollonitsch geweiht werden.
Äußeres
Das äußere Bild das die Peterskirche darbietet, wird beherrschend bestimmt durch die 56 Meter hohe, gewaltige Kuppel, die in ihrer Konfiguration an die Kuppel von St. Peter erinnert. Es handelt sich um eine zweigeschossige Fassade von gedrungener Wirkung, deren schräggestellte Türme den konkav einschwingenden Mittelteil flankieren und der von der Kuppel des Zentralbaus überragt wird. Der Bau selbst verherrlicht die Regierung des Kaisers Leopold I., dessen Wahlspruch im Innen über dem Chorbogen prangt. Der reizvolle, pavillonartige Portalvorbau aus grauem Marmor wurde nach einem Entwurfe von Andrea Altomonte erst 1751 bis 1753 errichtet. Figürlicher Schmuck aus Blei von Franz Kohl, einem Schüler und Gehilfen von Georg Raphael Donner, ziert ihn. Zu Oberst die Statuen Glaube, Hoffnung und Liebe, sowie Engelfiguren, welche Tiara und Schlüssel, die Insignien der päpstlichen Souveränität, tragen. Am Giebelfenster an der Vorderseite und den Vasen an der Seite Reliefs: Darstellungen aus dem Leben Petri. Das Hauptportal zeigt reiches Schnitzwerk und schöne Beschläge; eine Inschrift erinnert an das kaiserliche Pestgelübde.
In den Nischen unterhalb der beiden schiefgestellten Türme, welche die Vorderseite der Kirche flankieren, stehen folgende Sandsteinfiguren: St. Petrus und St. Simon, Johannes Evangelist (laut Paul Harrer St. Paulus) und Judas Thaddäus. An der Rückseite des Chores (Außenwand der Kirche) befinden sich Steinplastiken vom heiligen Petrus und vom Heiligen Michael, die von Lorenz Matitelli um 1730 ausgeführt wurden.
An der östlichen Seitenwand des Gotteshauses, gegenüber dem Ausgang der Goldschmiedgasse ist in die Steinmauer ein Marmorrelief eingelassen, das die sagenhafte Kreuzerrichtung an dieser Stelle durch Karl den Großen vergegenwärtigt. Von Rudolf Weyr geschafften, wurde es 1906 enthüllt.
This infographic is related to a U.S. GAO report:
www.gao.gov/products/GAO-18-39
Tax Gap: IRS Needs Specific Goals and Strategies for Improving Compliance
A Kodachrome slide with no details apart from the "location" in inverted commas, and the date. The Fort Lauderdale, Florida location is my own best estimation, based upon this
www.flickr.com/photos/hollywoodplace/20674712074
and this
www.flickr.com/photos/hollywoodplace/5333296950
and this
JOINT BASE ELMENDORF-RICHARDSON, Alaska -- Parachute infantryman Capt. Edward Blyth, a native of Yorktown, Va., assigned to D Company 3rd Battalion (Airborne) 509th Infantry Regiment, inspects his protractor before drawing a map and compass during the day land navigation portion of Expert Infantryman Badge qualification on Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson, Monday, April 22, 2013. The Expert Infantryman Badge was approved by the Secretary of War on October 7, 1943, and is currently awarded to U.S. Army personnel who hold infantry or special forces military occupational specialties. (U.S. Air Force photo/Justin Connaher)
Michael Bublé: Sydney, Australia Loves You Like Crazy
I'd been waiting for this night for what must be almost a decade. Finally, my night...our Crazy Love night. Michael teased me this past Thursday at the presser conducted at the Overseas Passenger Terminal. I could tell then that his concerts in Australia were going to be very special, and tonight - the evening of Valentines Day, I can confirm that they are.
Even though Sydney's Acer Arena holds over 20,000, Michael's gift helps make the audience feel they are getting treated to an intimate experience. Well, he certainly set the scene and warmed me up beautifully for my intimate experience later into the night. On that vein however, I can tell you that his 'Crazy Love' CD does help set the mood.
By my estimation, the jazz sensation is certainly worth $149 plus. Like the greats, you have to experience a live concert to truly appreciate the musical genius.
The multi-talented performer is now close to two million album sales in Australia, with 25 million achieved on a global scale. Yes, us Aussies are raving fans. This tour was Michael's eighth trip to Australia, so the love affair is most definitely a two way street.
My personal favorite number is 'Haven't Met You Yet' which is already five times platinum in Australia.
His songs inspire love, warmth and affection, which was perfect timing for me, having rekindled my relationship with my special man.
Some of Michael's interpretations of other artists that really did it for me on this Valentines evening were Sway, Kissing A Fool, How Can You Mend A Broken Heart?, and Heartache Tonight.
The warmth and love vibrated via Michael was experienced by young and old, and I witnessed a young fan who must have only been about 10 years old present Michael with a gift early into the concert performances, and he magically incorporated this into the show, making all of us feel that we received the present too.
He shared his thoughts on love with "My songs have always been about love. Mine and everyone else's. But this time it was a little more extreme, and I dug deeper - way deeper."
I had read earlier in the week that Michael said "I just love getting in front of people. It's so important to be in touch with your audience. They've paid their money, I want them to be entertained. If they want to cry or laugh or dance or sing or yell, they can do whatever they want. My responsibility is just to take them away." Oh yes, you took me away.
Michael, from my heart thank you for helping add some 'Crazy Love' intimacy to my partners and own evening and life. I would also like to publicly thank Buble's publicity team, Dainty Consolidated Entertainment and Live Guide, for helping make me one of the blessed and fortunate few photographers in Sydney to capture your gift close up. My love now has more focus, and its thanks to you. Let the passion, talent and performer bring out the performance in you, and if your single, that's ok too.
Design by Pininfarina
Sale Retromobile 2016 by Artcurial Motorcars
5 Février 2016
Estimation € 75.000 - 85.000
Sold for € 90.592
3,2 Liter
V8
270 hp
Salon Retromobile 2016
Paris Expo - Porte de Versailles
Paris - France
Februari 2016
It looked like a fair amount of creatures took shelter or explored this hollow tree. I did as well but from a distance. It was starting to rain and I was more than a half mile from shelter and it was dusk. I missed the best feature in attempting to capture the entire stump and flee the rain. The best feature, in my estimation, is the large burl at top left. Haste makes waste. Goodletsville, Tennessee.
Simple estimation of "desirability" of locations as the sum of factors (each normalized to be in [0,1]) corresponding to level of precipitation, deviation from 15 degrees temperature, closeness to the sea and local economy. The most desirale location was Tokyo. Other high-scoring places were California, Chile, south Australia, Osaka, Paris and the Namibian coast.
Members of the Royal Canadian Armoured Corps and 4 other countries (Poland, Chile, Denmark, New-Zealand) participate in Exercise WORTHINGTON CHALLENGE 2019 at 5th Canadian Division Support Base Gagetown, 22-26 September 2019. Exercise WORTHINGTON CHALLENGE seeks to provide a challenging environment for field force teams to showcase such skills as crew gunnery, small arms ability, tactical driving, range estimation, and vehicle and aircraft recognition while promoting esprit de corps and fostering camaraderie among participants.
Image by: Cpl Genevieve Lapointe
Tactics School, Combat Training Centre (CTC) Gagetown
GN04-2019-0018
©2019 DND / MDN Canada
Baroque church
In 1676, when the Brotherhood of the Most Holy Trinity was solemnly introduced to St. Peter's, it soon attained a high membership. A large part of the members were among the richest and most respected citizens of Vienna. The nobility was also represented to the highest tops. The Brotherhood therefore had the means to do so, and in 1700, it decided to demolish the old church and build a new building whose shape was to commemorate St. Peter's in Rome. One year earlier, in the plague year of 1679, Leopold I vowed to build a new building dedicated to the Holy Trinity in place of the dilapidated church. Builder Jankel was requested to make an estimation of the costs. He received 50 guilders for the building survey drawn by him.
According to the technical guide through Vienna (Ing. Martin Paul) the builders are indicated in the inscriptions in the dome knob: Francesco Martinelli, Franz Jänggl and Christian Oettl. However, the bibliographical references are widely differing. According to the manual of the German art monuments of Georg Dehio, the construction was started according to the plan of Gabriele Montani 1702, continued from this until 1703, then, probably completed by Johann Lukas Hildebrandt after modified plan 1708 in the shell and consecrated on October 25, 1708. 1708-1715 was followed by the interior fittings, 1713-1717 the dome space was completed in its current picturesque and sculptural design, but only 1730-1733 built the main choir. Cardinal Kollonitsch consecrated St. Peter's Church in 1733. The tomb of Wolfgang Lazius, who had been buried in the old Peterskirche in 1565, was transferred to the new St. Peter's church. The Petersfreithof (cemetery) still surrounded the church, it was only abandoned under Joseph II. In 1844, the façade was restored, and the many sales offices added to the church disappeared after the abolishemnt of the cemetery.
The history of St. Peter in Baroque period
When the old church was removed in 1701, it was decided to find the foundation stone of the first church, which contained "an old parable of Pope Leo III", the friend and contemporary of Charlemagne.
An old memorial book from the parish notes that the particle in 1749 still existed, but writes nothing about the nature of the same. The founders of the strange foundation stone claimed that it must have been laid in the year 800 and this conviction was maintained, so that afterwards the inscription of the cornerstone for the new church was written, which reads:
Petri prinzipis Apostolorum Petri Coeli Clavigeri Sacris honoribus a Carolo I. Caesare Magno anno post virginis partum DCCC extructe novis ex fundamentis DOM uni in Trinitate Deo et S. Petri honoriter augusta surrexit Lapidem in titulum cen age Jacob restauravit Leopoldus uterque Felix. "
The German translation is approximately as follows:
"This church, which stood over nine centuries, founded on holy honors on the solid rock of Apostle Prince Paul, the key bearer of heaven, by Charlemagne in the year 800, after the Virgin gave birth, has resurrected gloriously in honor of the almighty God who is united in Trinity and St. Peter, as second Jacob the cornerstone has laid Leopold the Great as well as the Happy. "
This laying of the cornerstone was solemnly performed by Emperor Leopold I on June 30, 1702 (according to Harrer, Czeike names April 22, 1702).
Already at the time of the start of construction an accident was recorded:
On the occasion of a solemn procession on October 29, 1702, in which the emperor also participated with his court, as a result of the overburden, the planks laid over the foundations collapsed and about 50 persons, mostly court cavaliers and page boys, plunged into the depths.
The completion of the church progressed very slowly. Even during construction, the wood of the dome was damaged, so this had to be replaced in 1722 by a dome cover, for which Emperor Charles VI as the supreme patron and member of the Brotherhood of the Holy Trinity, supplied the copper. For years, the facade was missing and the towers had no ending.
On May 17, 1733, the church was finally consecrated by the Cardinal Count Sigismund Kollonitsch.
Appearance
The outer image of St. Peter's is dominated by the 56-meter high, massive dome, which in its configuration reminds of the dome of St. Peter. It is a two-storey facade of stocky effect, whose slopingly placed towers flank the concave central part and which is surmounted by the dome of the central building. The building itself glorifies the reign of Emperor Leopold I, whose motto is emblazoned in the interior above the choir arch. The charming, pavilion-like portal porch made of gray marble was built according to a design by Andrea Altomonte only 1751-1753. Figurative decoration made of lead by Franz Kohl, a pupil and assistant of Georg Raphael Donner, decorates it. Right at the top are the statues Faith, Hope and Love, as well as angelic figures bearing tiaras and keys, the insignia of papal sovereignty. On the gable window at the front and the vases on the side reliefs: depictions from the life of Peter. The main portal shows rich carving and beautiful fittings; an inscription commemorates the imperial plague vow.
In the niches below the two slopingly placed towers that flank the front of the church are the following sandstone figures: St. Peter and St. Simon, St. John the Evangelist (according to Paul Harrer St. Paul) and Judas Thaddeus. At the back of the choir (outside wall of the church) are stone sculptures of St. Peter and St. Michael, executed by Lorenz Matitelli around 1730.
On the eastern side wall of the church, opposite the exit of the Goldschmied alley, a marble relief is embedded in the stone wall, depicting the legendary setting up of the cross at this place by Charlemagne. Created by Rudolf Weyr, it was unveiled in 1906.
Barockkirche
Als die Bruderschaft der heiligsten Dreifaltigkeit 1676 feierlich in die Peterskirche eingeführt wurde, erreichte sie bald einen hohen Mitgliederstand. Ein großer Teil der Mitglieder zählte zu den reichsten und angesehensten Bürgern von Wien. Auch der Adel war bis in die höchsten Spitzen vertreten. Die Bruderschaft verfügte daher über die entsprechenden Mittel und so fasste sie im Jahr 1700 den Entschluss, die alte Kirche niederzureißen und einen Neubau aufzuführen, dessen Form an die Peterskirche zu Rom erinnern sollte. Bereits ein Jahr zuvor, im Pestjahr 1679 gelobte Leopold I., anstelle der baufälligen Kirche einen der Heiligen Dreifaltigkeit gewidmeten Neubau zu errichten. Man ließ von Baumeister Jankel einen Kosten-Überschlag machen. Für den von ihm gezeichneten Bauriss erhielt er 50 Gulden.
Nach dem technischen Führer durch Wien (Ing. Martin Paul) werden die Erbauer in den Inschriften im Kuppelknauf angegeben: Francesco Martinelli, Franz Jänggl und Christian Oettl. Die Literaturangaben gehen jedoch hierüber weit auseinander. Nach dem Handbuch der deutschen Kunstdenkmäler von Georg Dehio wurde der Bau nach dem Plan von Gabriele Montani 1702 begonnen, von diesem bis 1703 weitergeführt, sodann, wahrscheinlich von Johann Lukas Hildebrandt nach verändertem Plan 1708 im Rohbau vollendet und am 25. Oktober 1708 geweiht. 1708-1715 folgte die Innenausstattung, 1713-1717 wurde der Kuppelraum in seiner gegenwärtigen malerischen und plastischen Ausgestaltung vollendet, jedoch erst 1730-1733 baute man den Hauptchor. 1733 weihte Kardinal Kollonitsch die Peterskirche. Das Grabmal des Wolfgang Lazius, der in der alten Peterskirche 1565 bestattet worden war, wurde in die neue Peterskirche übertragen. Nach wie vor umgab der Petersfreithof die Kirche; er wurde erst unter Joseph II. aufgelassen. 1844 restaurierte man die Fassade, wobei auch die vielen an die Kirche angebauten Verkaufsbuden verschwanden, die nach der Auflassung des Friedhofs entstanden waren.
Die Geschichte von St. Peter im Barock
Als man 1701 die alte Kirche abtrug, will man bei dieser Gelegenheit den Grundstein der ersten Kirche gefunden haben, der "eine alten Paritkel von Papst Leo III.“, dem Freunde und Zeitgenossen Karls des Großen, enthielt.
Ein altes Gedenkbuch aus der Pfarre bemerkt, dass der Partikel noch 1749 vorhanden war, schreibt aber nichts über die Art desselben. Die Auffinder des merkwürdigen Grundsteines behaupteten, dass er im Jahr 800 gelegt worden sein müsse und an dieser Überzeugung hielt man fest, sodass danach die Inschrift des Grundsteines für die neue Kirche verfasst wurde, welche lautet:
"Ecclesia quae IX ultra saecula steterat, fundata supra firmam Petram prinzipis Apostolorum Petri Coeli Clavigeri Sacris honoribus a Carolo I. Caesare Magno anno post virginis partum DCCC extructe novis ex fundamentis D.O.M- uni in Trinitate Deo et S. Petri honoriter augusta surrexit. Lapidem in titulum cen alter Jacob restauravit Leopoldus uterque Felix.“
Die deutsche Übersetzung ist etwa wie folgt:
"Diese Kirche, die über neun Jahrhunderte stand, gegründet zu heiligen Ehren auf dem festen Felsen des Apostelfürsten Paulus, des Schlüsselträgers des Himmels, von Karl dem Großen Kaiser im Jahr 800, nachdem die Jungfrau gebar, ist dem allmächtigen Gott, der einig ist in der Dreiheit und dem heiligen Petrus zu Ehren prachtvoll wiedererstanden. Als zweiter Jakob hat den Grundstein gelegt Leopold der ebenso Große als Glückliche."
Diese Grundsteinlegung geschah in feierlicher Weise durch Kaiser Leopold I. am 30. Juni 1702 (laut Harrer; Czeike benennt den 22. April 1702).
Schon zur Zeit des Baubeginnes war ein Unfall zu verzeichnen:
Anlässlich einer feierlichen Prozession am 29. Oktober 1702, an der auch der Kaiser mit seinem Hofstaat teilnahm, stürzte infolge der Überlastung die über die Fundamente gelegten Bretter ein und etwa 50 Personen, meistens Hofkavaliere und Pagen stürzten in die Tiefe.
Die Vollendung der Kirche ging sehr langsam voran. Noch während des Baues wurde das Holz der Kuppel schadhaft, sodass dieses 1722 durch eine Kuppeldeckung ersetzt werden musste, wozu Kaiser Karl VI. als oberster Schutzherr und Mitglied der Bruderschaft der heiligen Dreifaltigkeit das Kupfer lieferte. Jahrelang fehlte die Fassade und die Türme hatten keinen Abschluss.
Am 17. Mai 1733 konnte die Kirche endlich durch den Kardinal Graf Sigismund Kollonitsch geweiht werden.
Äußeres
Das äußere Bild das die Peterskirche darbietet, wird beherrschend bestimmt durch die 56 Meter hohe, gewaltige Kuppel, die in ihrer Konfiguration an die Kuppel von St. Peter erinnert. Es handelt sich um eine zweigeschossige Fassade von gedrungener Wirkung, deren schräggestellte Türme den konkav einschwingenden Mittelteil flankieren und der von der Kuppel des Zentralbaus überragt wird. Der Bau selbst verherrlicht die Regierung des Kaisers Leopold I., dessen Wahlspruch im Innen über dem Chorbogen prangt. Der reizvolle, pavillonartige Portalvorbau aus grauem Marmor wurde nach einem Entwurfe von Andrea Altomonte erst 1751 bis 1753 errichtet. Figürlicher Schmuck aus Blei von Franz Kohl, einem Schüler und Gehilfen von Georg Raphael Donner, ziert ihn. Zu Oberst die Statuen Glaube, Hoffnung und Liebe, sowie Engelfiguren, welche Tiara und Schlüssel, die Insignien der päpstlichen Souveränität, tragen. Am Giebelfenster an der Vorderseite und den Vasen an der Seite Reliefs: Darstellungen aus dem Leben Petri. Das Hauptportal zeigt reiches Schnitzwerk und schöne Beschläge; eine Inschrift erinnert an das kaiserliche Pestgelübde.
In den Nischen unterhalb der beiden schiefgestellten Türme, welche die Vorderseite der Kirche flankieren, stehen folgende Sandsteinfiguren: St. Petrus und St. Simon, Johannes Evangelist (laut Paul Harrer St. Paulus) und Judas Thaddäus. An der Rückseite des Chores (Außenwand der Kirche) befinden sich Steinplastiken vom heiligen Petrus und vom Heiligen Michael, die von Lorenz Matitelli um 1730 ausgeführt wurden.
An der östlichen Seitenwand des Gotteshauses, gegenüber dem Ausgang der Goldschmiedgasse ist in die Steinmauer ein Marmorrelief eingelassen, das die sagenhafte Kreuzerrichtung an dieser Stelle durch Karl den Großen vergegenwärtigt. Von Rudolf Weyr geschafften, wurde es 1906 enthüllt.
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1969 Dodge Charger. Modified with 15" mag-style wheels (replacing the 14" factory Mopar versions), originally issued on big-'n-brawny '69 and '70 Mercury Marauders. 235/70/R15 tires are a matched set of Goodyear Double-Eagle radials. In my estimation the last good looking, standard-production, performance rated "wide whites". Goodyear stopped selling these premium-quality tires over twenty years ago. Apparently the premium price did not go over too well. Too bad. Tread design, sidewall design, and durability were all excellent.
Image prepared initially for DOI, The Dictionary Of Image. CHARGER - n. Initially, a horse trained for use in battle, a war horse... in 1969, a chariot of desire. So, you see, proof the horse precedes the cart.
Designed to be poster-size. Legibility is best when viewed large.
Un héros dans le combat contra la peste, un héroe en la lucha contra la Peste Negra, un eroe in la lotta contro la morte nera.
Already in December of the year 1678 occurred in the then suburban "Leopoldstadt" the first cases of plague, but they were covered up and trivialized by the authorities. The disease spread rapidly in other suburbs, which were outside the imperial capital. Thus, the poorer classes belonged to its first victims. Although the number of deaths from month to month rose, all warnings and criticisms of pleague doctor, Paul de Sorbait, on the inadequate situation of the medical service and the hygiene remained unheard.
The dedicated physician had already published in January 1679 a "plague-order", which provided extensive measures to protect the population during an outbreak of plague. In this plague-order Paul de Sorbait described the former knowledge about the disease and described it: "the most part of those so caught by it, with bumps, glands, swelling marks or with splenic fever, brown and black spots and kale, pest lumps in addition to great interior heat and within a few days or hours fatally ends".
In July of the same year the "spark of pestilence" (Pestilenzfunken) jumped over the city walls: A terrible and great death began within the city of Vienna. A chronicler reported, "at last she (= plague) but took the audacity, penetrated into the city itself and caused a shocking defeat among the rich and aristocratic nobility in the palaces and stately buildings. There you saw whole carts full of noble and ignoble, rich and poor, young and old of both sexes, carried out by all alleys to the door."
The people in town were full horror and panic: The bodies lay for days on the road, because there was a lack of infirmary servants and gravediggers. Quick released prisoners then took over those services. Instead of single burials large pits were created outside of the city to accommodate the dead in mass graves. Those who could afford it, fled from the city. Emperor Leopold I and his family left Vienna on 17 August. He first went on a pilgrimage to Mariazell (Styria) and then fled to Prague. As there the plague also broke out, he retreated to Linz, where he remained until the final extinction of the plague in 1680.
The exact number of people who died in 1679 from the plague in Vienna probably never will be determined. The gigantic death rates of contemporary reports, oscillating between 70000 and 120000 dead, from the still preserved coroner's reports can not be proved. According to those records, the disease about 8,000 inhabitants would kill. But it is questionable whether in the prevailing confusion all cases of death were reported to the coroners and how many died on the run.
Plague in Vienna
Detail of the woodcut "Dance of Death"
Hans Holbein the Younger
(public domain)
The great dying - The plague or the "Black Death" in Europe
The plague is one of the severe acute bacterial infectious diseases that today already in case of suspicion are reportable. Only a little more than 100 years ago, at the occasion of the plague epidemics in Hong Kong and India set in the modern pest investigation: The Swiss tropical doctor Alexander Yersin discovered in 1894 the plague pathogen: The bacillus received after this researcher the name "Yersina pestis". Already at that time, the science recognized the role of certain rodents in the pathogenesis of plague epidemics and the participation of the rat flea or human flea as possibilities of transmission of plague to humans.
Since ancient times, the plague was one of the heaviest and most frequent epidemics. However, one designated for a long time also other epidemics such as smallpox or dysentery as pest because they equally were associated with high mortality. The term "pest" but meant in a figurative sense misfortune and ruin. The word therefore in the past has been avoided as far as possible, and the historians tried to express it with other words as "tiresome disease", "burning fever" or "contagion" (= contamination, infection).
In the years 1348 to 1352, Europe was overrun by the worst plague in history. The disease, which evolved to become a pneumonic plague, destroyed a third of the population at that time. According to the estimations, thus around 25 million people were fallen victim to the "Black Death". The pneumonic plague was not transmitted by flea bites - like the bubonic pest - but by highly infectious droplets containing bacilli with coughing and sneezing from person to person. In Vienna this plague epidemic reached its peak in 1349.
In the next 400 years followed at irregular intervals ever new plagues and spread fear, terror and death. Effective drugs were missing, and since the disease by the Catholic Church was interpreted as God's punishment, the population put itself under the protection of many plague saints, the Holy Trinity or the Virgin Mary. Eloquent testimonies of those efforts are still churches and chapels, pest altars, pest crosses and plague columns. The adoration of the Holy Trinity in the time of need of the 17th century especially by newly founded religious brotherhoods was disseminated - thus, also in Vienna in 1679 a Trinity Column was erected - the Plague Column at the Graben. As a monument to the last plague in Vienna in 1713 today reminds the Charles Church, which is, however, devoted to the plague saint Charles Borromeo.
As medical measures against a Pest disease recommended doctors sweating cures, bloodletting, chewing of juniper berries or Angelica roots, but also the administration of theriac, a popular drug of the Middle Ages. Frequently, garlic, laurel, rue, and a mixture of sulfur powder are listed in the prescriptions. The recipes, however, differ as to whether they are used for poor or rich Pest patients. One of the few effective medical attendances was the opening of the bumps (buboes) to drain the pus, which also the sufferers felt as a blessing. As a miracle drug was considered the applying of an impaled toad on the bumps, previously put in vinegar or wine bath. Such prepared toads were also attributed great healing power during the plague in 1679 in Vienna.
Quotes:
From Vienna "plague-order" of pest doctor Paul de Sorbait, 1679
"after the experience brings with it that cleanliness is a strange useful and necessary means, both to prevent the intrusion of infection, as well as the same to avert. Herentwegen (= hence) uncleanliness causes such evil and keeps it. So is our earnest command, that firstly no blood, viscera, heads and leggs of the killed cattle, nor herb leaves, crabs, snails, egg shells or other filth (= waste, manure) on those streets and squares (must be) poured out: ditto (Ingleichen) no dead dog, cats or poultry are thrown into the streets, but all of them carried out of the city".
From "Merck's Wienn" of preacher Abraham a Sancta Clara, 1680
"As a whole, there is not a lane or a road wich the raging death had not crossed. Throughout the month, in Vienna and around Vienna one saw nothing else but wearing the dead, conducting the dead, dragging the dead and burying the dead".
"From what the plague was caused but I know all of that/ that this poisonous arrow (= plague) mehristen Theil (= for the most part) from the hand of God is abgetruckt (= shot)/how its diverse testimony proves the divine Scripture (= Bible). From which apparently manifest and obvious/that the pestilence was a ruthe (= rod)/so the sublime hand of God wreaths I trust but leastwise the tree to show /from which God the rod braids. This tree is the sin".
* Song of dear Augustine
Oh du (you) lieber (dear) Augustin
S'money is gone, d'joy is gone,
Oh du lieber Augustin,
Everything is gone!
Oh, and even the rich Vienna
poor now as Augustine
Sighs with me in the same sense
Everything is gone!
Every day otherwise was a feast,
Now what? Plague, the plague!
Now only a huge nest of corpses,
That's the rest!
Oh du lieber Augustin,
Lie only down into the grave you,
Oh my dear Vienna
Everything is gone!
Text source: Rathauskorrespondenz
Plague in Vienna
Plague doctor - through these clothes the doctors during the plague epidemic of 1656 in Rome hoped to protect themselves from the pest contamination. They wore a wax jacket, a type of protective eyewear and gloves. In the beak there were "wolriechende Specerey (odoriferous specialties)".
(public domain)
www.wien-konkret.at/sehenswuerdigkeiten/pestsaeule/pest-i...
Baroque church
In 1676, when the Brotherhood of the Most Holy Trinity was solemnly introduced to St. Peter's, it soon attained a high membership. A large part of the members were among the richest and most respected citizens of Vienna. The nobility was also represented to the highest tops. The Brotherhood therefore had the means to do so, and in 1700, it decided to demolish the old church and build a new building whose shape was to commemorate St. Peter's in Rome. One year earlier, in the plague year of 1679, Leopold I vowed to build a new building dedicated to the Holy Trinity in place of the dilapidated church. Builder Jankel was requested to make an estimation of the costs. He received 50 guilders for the building survey drawn by him.
According to the technical guide through Vienna (Ing. Martin Paul) the builders are indicated in the inscriptions in the dome knob: Francesco Martinelli, Franz Jänggl and Christian Oettl. However, the bibliographical references are widely differing. According to the manual of the German art monuments of Georg Dehio, the construction was started according to the plan of Gabriele Montani 1702, continued from this until 1703, then, probably completed by Johann Lukas Hildebrandt after modified plan 1708 in the shell and consecrated on October 25, 1708. 1708-1715 was followed by the interior fittings, 1713-1717 the dome space was completed in its current picturesque and sculptural design, but only 1730-1733 built the main choir. Cardinal Kollonitsch consecrated St. Peter's Church in 1733. The tomb of Wolfgang Lazius, who had been buried in the old Peterskirche in 1565, was transferred to the new St. Peter's church. The Petersfreithof (cemetery) still surrounded the church, it was only abandoned under Joseph II. In 1844, the façade was restored, and the many sales offices added to the church disappeared after the abolishemnt of the cemetery.
The history of St. Peter in Baroque period
When the old church was removed in 1701, it was decided to find the foundation stone of the first church, which contained "an old parable of Pope Leo III", the friend and contemporary of Charlemagne.
An old memorial book from the parish notes that the particle in 1749 still existed, but writes nothing about the nature of the same. The founders of the strange foundation stone claimed that it must have been laid in the year 800 and this conviction was maintained, so that afterwards the inscription of the cornerstone for the new church was written, which reads:
Petri prinzipis Apostolorum Petri Coeli Clavigeri Sacris honoribus a Carolo I. Caesare Magno anno post virginis partum DCCC extructe novis ex fundamentis DOM uni in Trinitate Deo et S. Petri honoriter augusta surrexit Lapidem in titulum cen age Jacob restauravit Leopoldus uterque Felix. "
The German translation is approximately as follows:
"This church, which stood over nine centuries, founded on holy honors on the solid rock of Apostle Prince Paul, the key bearer of heaven, by Charlemagne in the year 800, after the Virgin gave birth, has resurrected gloriously in honor of the almighty God who is united in Trinity and St. Peter, as second Jacob the cornerstone has laid Leopold the Great as well as the Happy. "
This laying of the cornerstone was solemnly performed by Emperor Leopold I on June 30, 1702 (according to Harrer, Czeike names April 22, 1702).
Already at the time of the start of construction an accident was recorded:
On the occasion of a solemn procession on October 29, 1702, in which the emperor also participated with his court, as a result of the overburden, the planks laid over the foundations collapsed and about 50 persons, mostly court cavaliers and page boys, plunged into the depths.
The completion of the church progressed very slowly. Even during construction, the wood of the dome was damaged, so this had to be replaced in 1722 by a dome cover, for which Emperor Charles VI as the supreme patron and member of the Brotherhood of the Holy Trinity, supplied the copper. For years, the facade was missing and the towers had no ending.
On May 17, 1733, the church was finally consecrated by the Cardinal Count Sigismund Kollonitsch.
Appearance
The outer image of St. Peter's is dominated by the 56-meter high, massive dome, which in its configuration reminds of the dome of St. Peter. It is a two-storey facade of stocky effect, whose slopingly placed towers flank the concave central part and which is surmounted by the dome of the central building. The building itself glorifies the reign of Emperor Leopold I, whose motto is emblazoned in the interior above the choir arch. The charming, pavilion-like portal porch made of gray marble was built according to a design by Andrea Altomonte only 1751-1753. Figurative decoration made of lead by Franz Kohl, a pupil and assistant of Georg Raphael Donner, decorates it. Right at the top are the statues Faith, Hope and Love, as well as angelic figures bearing tiaras and keys, the insignia of papal sovereignty. On the gable window at the front and the vases on the side reliefs: depictions from the life of Peter. The main portal shows rich carving and beautiful fittings; an inscription commemorates the imperial plague vow.
In the niches below the two slopingly placed towers that flank the front of the church are the following sandstone figures: St. Peter and St. Simon, St. John the Evangelist (according to Paul Harrer St. Paul) and Judas Thaddeus. At the back of the choir (outside wall of the church) are stone sculptures of St. Peter and St. Michael, executed by Lorenz Matitelli around 1730.
On the eastern side wall of the church, opposite the exit of the Goldschmied alley, a marble relief is embedded in the stone wall, depicting the legendary setting up of the cross at this place by Charlemagne. Created by Rudolf Weyr, it was unveiled in 1906.
Barockkirche
Als die Bruderschaft der heiligsten Dreifaltigkeit 1676 feierlich in die Peterskirche eingeführt wurde, erreichte sie bald einen hohen Mitgliederstand. Ein großer Teil der Mitglieder zählte zu den reichsten und angesehensten Bürgern von Wien. Auch der Adel war bis in die höchsten Spitzen vertreten. Die Bruderschaft verfügte daher über die entsprechenden Mittel und so fasste sie im Jahr 1700 den Entschluss, die alte Kirche niederzureißen und einen Neubau aufzuführen, dessen Form an die Peterskirche zu Rom erinnern sollte. Bereits ein Jahr zuvor, im Pestjahr 1679 gelobte Leopold I., anstelle der baufälligen Kirche einen der Heiligen Dreifaltigkeit gewidmeten Neubau zu errichten. Man ließ von Baumeister Jankel einen Kosten-Überschlag machen. Für den von ihm gezeichneten Bauriss erhielt er 50 Gulden.
Nach dem technischen Führer durch Wien (Ing. Martin Paul) werden die Erbauer in den Inschriften im Kuppelknauf angegeben: Francesco Martinelli, Franz Jänggl und Christian Oettl. Die Literaturangaben gehen jedoch hierüber weit auseinander. Nach dem Handbuch der deutschen Kunstdenkmäler von Georg Dehio wurde der Bau nach dem Plan von Gabriele Montani 1702 begonnen, von diesem bis 1703 weitergeführt, sodann, wahrscheinlich von Johann Lukas Hildebrandt nach verändertem Plan 1708 im Rohbau vollendet und am 25. Oktober 1708 geweiht. 1708-1715 folgte die Innenausstattung, 1713-1717 wurde der Kuppelraum in seiner gegenwärtigen malerischen und plastischen Ausgestaltung vollendet, jedoch erst 1730-1733 baute man den Hauptchor. 1733 weihte Kardinal Kollonitsch die Peterskirche. Das Grabmal des Wolfgang Lazius, der in der alten Peterskirche 1565 bestattet worden war, wurde in die neue Peterskirche übertragen. Nach wie vor umgab der Petersfreithof die Kirche; er wurde erst unter Joseph II. aufgelassen. 1844 restaurierte man die Fassade, wobei auch die vielen an die Kirche angebauten Verkaufsbuden verschwanden, die nach der Auflassung des Friedhofs entstanden waren.
Die Geschichte von St. Peter im Barock
Als man 1701 die alte Kirche abtrug, will man bei dieser Gelegenheit den Grundstein der ersten Kirche gefunden haben, der "eine alten Paritkel von Papst Leo III.“, dem Freunde und Zeitgenossen Karls des Großen, enthielt.
Ein altes Gedenkbuch aus der Pfarre bemerkt, dass der Partikel noch 1749 vorhanden war, schreibt aber nichts über die Art desselben. Die Auffinder des merkwürdigen Grundsteines behaupteten, dass er im Jahr 800 gelegt worden sein müsse und an dieser Überzeugung hielt man fest, sodass danach die Inschrift des Grundsteines für die neue Kirche verfasst wurde, welche lautet:
"Ecclesia quae IX ultra saecula steterat, fundata supra firmam Petram prinzipis Apostolorum Petri Coeli Clavigeri Sacris honoribus a Carolo I. Caesare Magno anno post virginis partum DCCC extructe novis ex fundamentis D.O.M- uni in Trinitate Deo et S. Petri honoriter augusta surrexit. Lapidem in titulum cen alter Jacob restauravit Leopoldus uterque Felix.“
Die deutsche Übersetzung ist etwa wie folgt:
"Diese Kirche, die über neun Jahrhunderte stand, gegründet zu heiligen Ehren auf dem festen Felsen des Apostelfürsten Paulus, des Schlüsselträgers des Himmels, von Karl dem Großen Kaiser im Jahr 800, nachdem die Jungfrau gebar, ist dem allmächtigen Gott, der einig ist in der Dreiheit und dem heiligen Petrus zu Ehren prachtvoll wiedererstanden. Als zweiter Jakob hat den Grundstein gelegt Leopold der ebenso Große als Glückliche."
Diese Grundsteinlegung geschah in feierlicher Weise durch Kaiser Leopold I. am 30. Juni 1702 (laut Harrer; Czeike benennt den 22. April 1702).
Schon zur Zeit des Baubeginnes war ein Unfall zu verzeichnen:
Anlässlich einer feierlichen Prozession am 29. Oktober 1702, an der auch der Kaiser mit seinem Hofstaat teilnahm, stürzte infolge der Überlastung die über die Fundamente gelegten Bretter ein und etwa 50 Personen, meistens Hofkavaliere und Pagen stürzten in die Tiefe.
Die Vollendung der Kirche ging sehr langsam voran. Noch während des Baues wurde das Holz der Kuppel schadhaft, sodass dieses 1722 durch eine Kuppeldeckung ersetzt werden musste, wozu Kaiser Karl VI. als oberster Schutzherr und Mitglied der Bruderschaft der heiligen Dreifaltigkeit das Kupfer lieferte. Jahrelang fehlte die Fassade und die Türme hatten keinen Abschluss.
Am 17. Mai 1733 konnte die Kirche endlich durch den Kardinal Graf Sigismund Kollonitsch geweiht werden.
Äußeres
Das äußere Bild das die Peterskirche darbietet, wird beherrschend bestimmt durch die 56 Meter hohe, gewaltige Kuppel, die in ihrer Konfiguration an die Kuppel von St. Peter erinnert. Es handelt sich um eine zweigeschossige Fassade von gedrungener Wirkung, deren schräggestellte Türme den konkav einschwingenden Mittelteil flankieren und der von der Kuppel des Zentralbaus überragt wird. Der Bau selbst verherrlicht die Regierung des Kaisers Leopold I., dessen Wahlspruch im Innen über dem Chorbogen prangt. Der reizvolle, pavillonartige Portalvorbau aus grauem Marmor wurde nach einem Entwurfe von Andrea Altomonte erst 1751 bis 1753 errichtet. Figürlicher Schmuck aus Blei von Franz Kohl, einem Schüler und Gehilfen von Georg Raphael Donner, ziert ihn. Zu Oberst die Statuen Glaube, Hoffnung und Liebe, sowie Engelfiguren, welche Tiara und Schlüssel, die Insignien der päpstlichen Souveränität, tragen. Am Giebelfenster an der Vorderseite und den Vasen an der Seite Reliefs: Darstellungen aus dem Leben Petri. Das Hauptportal zeigt reiches Schnitzwerk und schöne Beschläge; eine Inschrift erinnert an das kaiserliche Pestgelübde.
In den Nischen unterhalb der beiden schiefgestellten Türme, welche die Vorderseite der Kirche flankieren, stehen folgende Sandsteinfiguren: St. Petrus und St. Simon, Johannes Evangelist (laut Paul Harrer St. Paulus) und Judas Thaddäus. An der Rückseite des Chores (Außenwand der Kirche) befinden sich Steinplastiken vom heiligen Petrus und vom Heiligen Michael, die von Lorenz Matitelli um 1730 ausgeführt wurden.
An der östlichen Seitenwand des Gotteshauses, gegenüber dem Ausgang der Goldschmiedgasse ist in die Steinmauer ein Marmorrelief eingelassen, das die sagenhafte Kreuzerrichtung an dieser Stelle durch Karl den Großen vergegenwärtigt. Von Rudolf Weyr geschafften, wurde es 1906 enthüllt.
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Largest specimen among over 100 found at many sites over two years in Croatia; 13 mm at normal extension, 15 mm at extreme extension. Dark tubercles with fine black apices.
Sublittoral 0.6 m. Split, Croatia. August 2012. © J. Prkić.
Full SPECIES DESCRIPTION BELOW
PDF available at www.researchgate.net/publication/366988260_Doris_ocellige...
Sets of OTHER SPECIES at: www.flickr.com/photos/56388191@N08/collections/
Doris ocelligera (Bergh, 1881)
Authors: Jakov Prkić (images & text) and Ian F. Smith (text).
Synonyms: Staurodoris ocelligera Bergh, 1881; Aldisa berghi Vayssière, 1901.
Current taxonomy: World Register of Marine Species www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=139620
GLOSSARY BELOW
Preface
This account is based on the original description of specimens from Trieste in Bergh (1881), Schmekel & Portmann (1982) and on detailed study by J.P. of over 100 specimens in Croatia at sites 130 to 300 km from Trieste.
Atlantic finds differ from those in the Mediterranean and have now been recognised as Doris berghi see the ‘Key Features’ section below.
Description
Mature adults are usually 6 mm to 12 mm long, with 15 mm maximum. Individual length varies with extension; a 13 mm specimen can become 15 mm at extreme extension fig. 01 flic.kr/p/2o8Nduc . Very rarely a specimen is found with an extreme maximum length of 20 mm when extended fig. 59 flic.kr/p/2o8NLE4 & fig. 60 flic.kr/p/2o8NLBd . Reports of 25 mm may be errors of estimation, identification or confusion. For example, the same image is shown as 25 mm at www.seaslugforum.net/find/doriocel and 15 mm at www.medslugs.de/E/Med/Doris_ocelligera/Doris_ocelligera_0... (accessed 16 December 2022).
The body varies from a depressed, very broad ellipse to a high, narrow, attenuated ellipse with almost parallel sides fig. 02 flic.kr/p/2o8TvVC . The mantle is usually a dull or dark shade of brown, green or ochre fig. 03 flic.kr/p/2o8TvUv but, occasionally, bright yellow, bright orange-yellow fig. 04 flic.kr/p/2o8SDTh , black-grey fig. 05 flic.kr/p/2o8TXVr or blue-grey fig. 06 flic.kr/p/2o8SDLy are locally common. Usually the notum is darkest at the centre, but occasionally there are darker dorsolateral bands fig. 07 flic.kr/p/2o8SDKb . The mantle often has fine black-brown specks fig. 08 flic.kr/p/2o8SDD4 .
The mantle is covered by well-spaced, spiculose tubercles, variable in number and size with shape ranging from low rounded fig. 09 flic.kr/p/2o8TvCo to conical with obtuse tip fig. 10 flic.kr/p/2o8TvyL , but always widest at base. Often, some tubercles are inflated; the proportion varies from none fig. 08 flic.kr/p/2o8SDD4 to almost all fig. 07 flic.kr/p/2o8SDKb . Those with many inflated tubercles (rare) could be confused with small D. verrucosa. The tubercles are usually darker than the mantle fig. 01 flic.kr/p/2o8Nduc and/or have a dark apical spot giving the mantle an ocellated appearance fig. 11 flic.kr/p/2o8TXDE . The number of tubercles with dark apices varies from very few fig. 12 flic.kr/p/2o8TXCx to almost all fig. 11 flic.kr/p/2o8TXDE . Tubercles lacking dark pigment may be concolorous with the mantle. Detritus often adheres to tubercles.
There are up to twenty short, irregularly arranged, spicules in large tubercles fig. 13 flic.kr/p/2o8NMUZ . Seen under magnification in good light, some spicules may protrude from the tubercles fig. 14 flic.kr/p/2o8SDxN ; protrusion varies with the condition of the specimen. A few tubercle-spicules may be much longer than others. Long spicules in the mantle radiate from the base of tubercles and meet others, often giving a quilted appearance to the mantle fig. 03 flic.kr/p/2o8TvUv . Spicules are usually visible in the translucent underside of the mantle fig. 15 flic.kr/p/2o8SDwA .
The rhinophores have translucent pure-white fig. 03 flic.kr/p/2o8TvUv to yellowish-white fig. 16 flic.kr/p/2o8NMSe lamellae which strongly contrast with the frequently dull or dark mantle. There are two large spatulate guard-tubercles on the rim of the rhinophore pit fig. 09 flic.kr/p/2o8TvCo . They have a smooth inner face, and curved outer face, often with projecting spicules fig. 14 flic.kr/p/2o8SDxN . The rim of the rhinophore-pit is often raised into collar connecting the guard-tubercles and, sometimes, merging with and obscuring them fig. 17 flic.kr/p/2o8SDug . The collar can sometimes extend into a tubular sheath fig. 18 flic.kr/p/2o8TvrG .
There are seven to ten lamellae on the distal two thirds of a fully extended rhinophore. The stem is smooth, transparent and colourless fig. 19 flic.kr/p/2o8TXvP , but very often appears tinted when the enclosing tubular sheath is translucent fig. 11 flic.kr/p/2o8TXDE & fig. 20 flic.kr/p/2o8NMMK . The stem is often retracted, leaving only the lamellae exposed fig. 21 flic.kr/p/2o8Tvph . When the entire rhinophore retracts, the guard-tubercles may close over it fig. 14 flic.kr/p/2o8SDxN .
The unipinnate gills fig. 10 flic.kr/p/2o8TvyL are usually tilted backwards fig. 09 flic.kr/p/2o8TvCo ; there are nine or ten on adults fig. 22 flic.kr/p/2o8SDqo and six to eight on smaller individuals. The posterior gills are usually smaller than the anterior ones. They are translucent with fine black-brown specks. Their colour varies with the density and extent of the specks, from much darker than the mantle fig. 09 flic.kr/p/2o8TvCo to, occasionally, concolorous fig. 12 flic.kr/p/2o8TXCx or lighter fig. 06 flic.kr/p/2o8SDLy . Sometimes, there is a dark line on the main rib of each plume which meets others at the central anus fig. 23 flic.kr/p/2o8NMKk . The branchial pocket is surrounded by a collar carrying about one spatulate guard-tubercle per plume fig. 24 flic.kr/p/2o8RhrU ; often about half of the tubercles are noticeably larger than the others. When the gills retract, the collar with tubercles may extend upwards to form a sheath around them. The guard-tubercles have a flat, smooth, inner face and slightly rounded, spiculose, outer face.
The head has a very variable oral-lobe on each side of the mouth fig. 25 flic.kr/p/2o8SDnH . The lobes have a cavity distally, but it is often difficult to discern. The mouth is usually concealed in a groove between the oral lobes but, when everted, it is a large, thick-rimmed circle.
When in motion, the foot protrudes beyond the posterior edge of the mantle, and many long internal spicules are visible fig. 26 flic.kr/p/2o8SDmL . The anterior margin is bilaminate with no vertical notch fig. 25 flic.kr/p/2o8SDnH . The translucent sole is yellow to orange-yellow with no pigment marks, and it reveals grey-green, brown or bright yellow viscera and contrasts with the underside of dark mantles fig. 27 flic.kr/p/2o8Tvjs . Occasionally, pale individuals have a yellowish-white sole with very distinct spicules fig. 26 flic.kr/p/2o8SDmL . The dorsal foot-surface is a similar colour to that of the sole but often also has darker speckles fig. 18 flic.kr/p/2o8TvrG .
Key identification features
All forms and similar species described below vary; difficult to determine variations and deviations may occur.
Doris ocelligera Mediterranean form.
A characteristic Mediterranean specimen is less than 16 mm long and has a dark opaque body with contrasting white rhinophores and dark gills. The tubercles are dark, broad-based domes or cones, frequently with a dark apical spot.
1) The rhinophores have translucent pure-white fig. 03 flic.kr/p/2o8TvUv to yellowish-white fig. 16 flic.kr/p/2o8NMSe lamellae which strongly contrast with the frequently dull or dark mantle.
2) Tubercles vary in number and size with shape ranging from low rounded fig. 09 flic.kr/p/2o8TvCo to conical with obtuse tip fig. 10 flic.kr/p/2o8TvyL , but always widest at base. They are often much darker than the mantle and/or have a dark apical spot fig. 11 flic.kr/p/2o8TXDE .
3) Spawn, canary-yellow, not undulated, ribbon in loose coil of less than three turns fig. 53 flic.kr/p/2o8RgDg , diameter usually under 10 mm.
4) Large range of mantle colours: usually a dull or dark shade of brown, green or yellow fig. 03 flic.kr/p/2o8TvUv , but occasionally bright yellow, bright orange-yellow fig. 04 flic.kr/p/2o8SDTh , black-grey fig. 05 flic.kr/p/2o8TXVr or blue-grey fig. 06 flic.kr/p/2o8SDLy . Not usually translucent. Mantle often has a quilted appearance.
5) Mature adults usually 6 mm to 12 mm long, usual maximum 15 mm, very rarely 20 mm at extreme extension,.
6) Seen under magnification in good light, some spicules can be seen protruding from tubercles fig. 14 flic.kr/p/2o8SDxN .
7) Tubercles sometimes dark. Dark apical spot on most specimens.
8) Two large spiculose, spatulate guard-tubercles on rim of rhinophore pit fig. 09 flic.kr/p/2o8TvCo .
9) Up to ten spiculose, spatulate guard-tubercles at base of gill fig. 24 flic.kr/p/2o8RhrU .
10) Up to ten unipinnate gills fig. 10 flic.kr/p/2o8TvyL , often much darker than mantle.
11) No linear oral tentacles, but very variable oral-lobe on each side of mouth fig. 25 flic.kr/p/2o8SDnH . Lobe has cavity distally, but often difficult to discern.
12) Precise range limits uncertain; it may extend into the Atlantic in Iberia or intergrade there with the Atlantic form.
Doris cf. ocelligera from north-west European Atlantic. EDIT 2024: Molecular sequencing has shown that this is Doris berghi, (Vayssière, 1901).
Features 1 to 4 in particular usually differ from Mediterranean D. ocelligera.
A characteristic Atlantic specimen of D. berghi is less than 16 mm long and has a pale translucent body with concolorous rhinophores and gills. The tubercles are roughly columnar or narrowed at the base and are concolorous with the mantle except for a frequent dark apical spot.
1) Rhinophores concolorous with pale mantle fig. 28 flic.kr/p/2o8Tvg6 & fig. 29 flic.kr/p/2o8Tvfp .
2) Tubercles distally irregular, almost columnar or with narrower base fig. 28 flic.kr/p/2o8Tvg6 & fig. 30 flic.kr/p/2o8SDh2 not a broad based dome .
3) Spawn a whitish or yellowish white, undulating ribbon in a coil of less than three complete turns fig. 31 flic.kr/p/2o8TXgL .
4) Small range fig. 57 flic.kr/p/2o8Rgxp of pale mantle colours between white fig. 28 flic.kr/p/2o8Tvg6 and yellowish fig. 29 flic.kr/p/2o8Tvfp ; often very translucent showing viscera fig. 32 flic.kr/p/2o8RhhR . But occasional exceptions fig. 33 flic.kr/p/2o8SDbk & fig. 34 flic.kr/p/2o8SD8u .
5) Maximum length uncertain, 7 mm to 15 mm on available images. Some divers’ estimates of 20 mm.
6) Detritus frequently catches on tubercles; may be because of projecting spicules fig. 28 flic.kr/p/2o8Tvg6 & fig. 34 flic.kr/p/2o8SD8u .
7) Tubercles concolorous with mantle and often have a dark apical spot fig. 29 flic.kr/p/2o8Tvfp & fig. 30 flic.kr/p/2o8SDh2 .
8) Guard-tubercles present at base of rhinophores fig. 30 flic.kr/p/2o8SDh2 & fig. 32 flic.kr/p/2o8RhhR but no extended sheath observed.
9) Spatulate guard-tubercles at base of gills fig. 30 flic.kr/p/2o8SDh2 .
10) Up to nine unipinnate gills, concolorous with mantle or paler fig. 28 flic.kr/p/2o8Tvg6 ; rare exceptions may have orange gills when mantle white fig. 34 flic.kr/p/2o8SD8u .
11) [No images of head available].
12) Precise range limits uncertain; it may extend into the Mediterranean or intergrade in Iberia with the Mediterranean form.
Similar species
Doris verrucosa Linnaeus, 1758.
The large size of adult D. verrucosa, to 70 mm, immediately distinguishes it from both forms of D. ocelligera with usual maximum length 15 mm. No specimens or web image of D.verrucosa under 20 mm length have been knowingly viewed, so it is uncertain if the features below apply to juveniles shorter than 15 mm.
1) Rhinophores concolorous with mantle fig. 35 flic.kr/p/2o8RhaX & fig. 39 flic.kr/p/2o8TWYG , or nearly so. Sometimes flecked with fine brown spots fig. 36 flic.kr/p/2o8NMpf . Stem swollen when not fully extended, but form a continuous cone with the distal lamellate section when fully extended fig. 42 flic.kr/p/2o8TWUJ .
2) Tubercles, vary from very small to very large and swollen with narrow bases fig. 37 flic.kr/p/2o8TX7T .
3) Spawn is a white or yellow undulated ribbon deposited in a spiral fig. 38 flic.kr/p/2o8NMod . Diameter usually over 20 mm.
4) Ground colour of mantle usually whitish, yellow fig. 39 flic.kr/p/2o8TWYG , orange-brown fig. 40 flic.kr/p/2o8SCUi , light violet, or greyish, sometimes with dark dorso-lateral bands fig. 41 flic.kr/p/2o8RgWR .
5) Adult length often 40 mm, up to 70mm.
6) Tubercles smooth without protruding spicules, but adhering detritus may give rough appearance fig. 42 flic.kr/p/2o8TWUJ .
7) Tubercles concolorous with mantle fig. 39 flic.kr/p/2o8TWYG & fig. 43 flic.kr/p/2o8NM8d or a slightly darker shade fig. 37 flic.kr/p/2o8TX7T , occasionally darkened apically fig. 40 flic.kr/p/2o8SCUi .
8) Two smooth large spatulate guard-tubercles on rim of rhinophore pit fig. 35 flic.kr/p/2o8RhaX .
9) Gills protected by spatulate guard-tubercles fig. 41 flic.kr/p/2o8RgWR & fig. 43 flic.kr/p/2o8NM8d .
10) Gills unipinnate and concolorous with fig. 39 flic.kr/p/2o8TWYG , or nearly so fig. 41 flic.kr/p/2o8RgWR or darker than the mantle.
11) Head has short, grooved oral tentacles (Thompson and Brown 1984).
12) Occurs in the Mediterranean and Atlantic coast north to Brittany. A few uncertain reports from south coast England.
Doris adrianae Urgorri & Señarís, 2021. fig. 44 flic.kr/p/2o9AcJy
The large size of adult D. adrianae , to 76 mm long, immediately distinguishes it from both forms of D. ocelligera with usual maximum length 15 mm. It is more likely to be confused with D. verrucosa.
1) Rhinophores concolorous with mantle.
2) Tubercles are low domes of various sizes but not greatly inflated fig. 44 flic.kr/p/2o9AcJy .
3) Spawn is a slightly greyish, hyaline white, undulating, 5 mm-wide ribbon with a brown upper edge. It is deposited as a spiral of two to two and a half turns.
4) Mantle yellow to orange-yellow.
5) Adult often 40 mm to 55 mm long and 30 mm to 40 mm wide.
6) Tubercles have nodose surface, resembling cauliflower fig. 45 flic.kr/p/2o9xCvr . Lattice of radiating spicules within tubercles may be visible, but do not protrude; animal feels very stiff.
7) Tubercles concolorous with mantle, no dark apical mark.
8) Rhinophores have tall sheaths with very small tubercles on their surface, but no spatulate guard-tubercles fig. 45 flic.kr/p/2o9xCvr .
9) Gills surrounded at their base by sheath with very small tubercles on its surface, but no spatulate guard-tubercles fig. 46 flic.kr/p/2o9yUTN .
10) Gills translucent whitish with opaque white and dark marks fig. 46 flic.kr/p/2o9yUTN . Tripinnate with wide ragged pinnae; arranged around tall, tubular anal papilla fig. 47 flic.kr/p/2o9Acpf .
11) Head has two lateral oral lobes.
12) First described in 2021 from Galicia, north-west Spain. Also from Portugal and on mud among detritus at 30 to 40 m depth in Bretagne, France fig 48 flic.kr/p/2o9zMGY . As only recently recognised it may be more widespread.
Habits and ecology
D. ocelligera is found under intertidal stones fig. 49 flic.kr/p/2o8TuKm and sublittorally, to about 25 m depth in the Mediterranean. The diet is uncertain and may vary geographically. In Croatia, it probably feeds on the early growth stages of various sponge species, including a membranous canary-yellow species sometimes found adhering to underside of rocks with D. ocelligera fig. 50 flic.kr/p/2o8RgRa .
In Cornwall, faeces of D. berghi contain sponge-spicules, possibly of a Halichondria species fig. 51 flic.kr/p/2o8NM1V .
Like other nudibranchs, both forms are simultaneous hermaphrodites.
D. ocelligera in Croatia, when 6 mm and longer, breed from June to October and in January fig. 52 flic.kr/p/2o8NLTk . Canary-yellow, not-undulated, ribbons of spawn are attached by the edge in a loose coil of up to about two and a half turns fig. 53 flic.kr/p/2o8RgDg , diameter 3 to 8 mm, rarely to 20 mm with three turns if laid by an unusually big individual. The ova may be arranged in the ribbon in distinct transverse lines of about 15 ova each, but may become disordered.
D. berghi in north-west Europe deposit whitish or yellowish white, undulating ribbons of spawn in a coil in July fig. 31 flic.kr/p/2o8TXgL and probably in other summer months.
Distribution and status
D. ocelligera sensu stricto lives in the Mediterranean including the Adriatic and the North African coast.
Specimens recorded in the Atlantic fig. 32 flic.kr/p/2o8RhhR , D. berghi, It was first recorded (as D. ocelligera) in Britain in 2003 in southern Cornwall fig. 54 flic.kr/p/2o8SCs6 and 2004 in Dorset (Rudman, 2009). Since then, it has been recorded over sixty times as far as Dorset and North Devon fig. 55 flic.kr/p/2o8TWy8 , and several have been found on the west of Ireland fig. 56 flic.kr/p/2o8TWxw and, in 2020, one in Skye, Scotland fig. 58 flic.kr/p/2oaFco8 NBN map species.nbnatlas.org/species/NHMSYS0021056225 (accessed 21 December 2022). It is locally common; over 30 being found at a time in Cornwall fig. 57 flic.kr/p/2o8Rgxp (D. Fenwick, pers. comm., 21 December 2022). Since 2020, several have been recorded from the Oosterschelde estuary in the Netherlands GBIF map www.gbif.org/species/5724728 .
Acknowledgements
The images in this account are by author Jakov Prkić and the following photographers whom we gratefully thank: Glenn Biscop, Sarah Bowen, Pierre Corbrion, Robert Durrant, David Fenwick, David Kipling, Katherine Knight, Leo Lanča, Paolo Mariottini, Alen Petani, Siôn Roberts, François Roche, Daniel Rodrigues, João Pedro Silva, Stefan Verheyen and Carla van Westing.
References and links
Bergh L.S.R. 1881. Malacologische Untersuchungen, in: Semper, C.G., 1887. Reisen im Archipel der Philippinen. pp 79-128. Wiesbaden, Germany.
As Staurodoris ocelligera pp. 95-98 www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/50267#page/133/mode/1up
& plate H fig.11-21 (internal anatomy) archive.org/details/malacologischeun04berg/page/n359/mode...
Fenwick, D. (accessed December 2022) Aphotomarine, images of marine molluscs. www.aphotomarine.com/
Koehler, E. Sea slugs of the Mediterranean Sea and elsewhere. www.medslugs.de/E/Med/select.htm
Prkić, J., Petani, A., Iglić, Đ. and Lanča, L. 2018. Opisthobranchs of the Adriatic Sea. Photographic atlas and list of Croatian Species. Croatia.
Renau, M. F., Salvador, X., & Moles, J. 2024. Molecular and morpho-anatomical assessment of the family Dorididae (Mollusca, Nudibranchia) in the Mediterranean and North-East Atlantic. European Journal of Taxonomy. 943(1): 59–79. doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2024.943.2585 or europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/view/2...
Rudman, W.B. 2006 Doris ocelligera (Bergh, 1881). [In] Sea Slug Forum. Australian Museum, Sydney. www.seaslugforum.net/factsheet/doriocel [Includes Mediterranean and Atlantic forms/species and confused maximum length; see description above].
Rudman, W.B. 2009 (Aug 21). Comment on first sighting of Doris ocelligera in the UK by David Kipling. [Message in] Sea Slug Forum. Australian Museum, Sydney. www.seaslugforum.net/find/22611
Schmekel, L. & Portmann, A. 1982. Opisthobranchia des Mittelmeeres. Berlin- Heidelberg. www.seaslugforum.net/find/22611
Urgorri, V., Señarís, M.P., Díaz-Agras, G., Candás, M. & Gómez-Rodríguez, C. 2021. Doris adrianae sp. nov. (Heterobranchia; Nudibranchia; Doridina) from the Galician coasts (NW Iberian Peninsula). Nova Acta Científica Compostelana (Bioloxía) 28: 1-33.
www.researchgate.net/publication/350290829_Doris_adrianae...
Glossary
cephalic = (adj.) of or on the head.
cf. = abbreviation of ‘confer’, Latin for ‘compare’, inserted into name when resemblance indicates a possible but uncertain identity.
dorid = a sea slug in the infraorder Doridoidei; usually with gills and rhinophores on the dorsum; often shaped like half a lemon or grape.
dorsolateral = at or near junction/merging of dorsal and lateral surfaces.
hermaphrodite, simultaneous = individual acts as both male and female at the same time with similar partner(s).
lamellae = (sing. lamella) small plates on rhinophores, or leaflets of gill.
mantle = (of sea slugs) sheet of tissue forming part or all of notum.
notum = dorsal body surface.
nudibranch = seaslugs in the order Nudibranchia with no shell when adult.
ocellated = having eye-like markings.
pinna = (pl. pinnae) primary element/leaflet of a pinnate gill, leaf, feather etc.
plankton = animals and plants that drift in pelagic zone (main body of water).
rhinophores (pl.) = chemo-receptor tentacles on top of head of nudibranch.
sensu lato = (abbreviation s.l.) in the wide sense, possibly an aggregate of more than one species.
sensu stricto = (abbreviation s.s.) in the strict sense, excluding species that have been aggregated or confused with it.
spicule (in dorid seaslugs) = small, slender, sharp-pointed feature mainly composed of calcite (CaCO3) and brucite (Mg(OH)2) .
tripinnate = (of gill plume) threefold branching; “boughs, branches, twigs” in one plane like a feather.
unipinnate = (of gill plume) branching singly; boughs but no subsequent branches or twigs, in one plane like a feather.
veliger = shelled larva of marine gastropod or bivalve mollusc which swims by beating cilia of a velum (bilobed flap).
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Go to the Book with image in the Internet Archive
Title: United States Naval Medical Bulletin Vol. 14, Nos. 1-4, 1920
Creator: U.S. Navy. Bureau of Medicine and Surgery
Publisher:
Sponsor:
Contributor:
Date: 1920
Language: eng
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Table of Contents</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 1</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREFACE V</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS VI</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">ANTHROPOMETRIC STUDY AT ANNAPOLIS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant L. B. Solhaug, Medical Corps, U. S. N 1</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medical and Hygienic Aspects of Submarine Service.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander E. W. Brown, Medical Corps, U. S. N 8</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report on Facial and Jaw Injuries.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander L. W. Johnson, Medical Corps, U. S. N 17 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Military Orthopedic Hospitals in the British Isles.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant R. Hammond. Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F. 65</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HISTORICAL :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medicine in Rome 103</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">EDITORIAL :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The New Year — Standards of Duty 127</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">IN MEMORIAM :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Edward Grahame Parker.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain C. E. Riggs, Medical Corps, U. S. N 135</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SUGGESTED DEVICES:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Changes in Scuttle Butts Aboard Ship.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander J. A. B. Sinclair, Medical Corps,</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">U. S. N. R. F 137</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">An Emergency Evacuation Device 145</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Bronchopulmonary Spirochetosis in an American.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant G. W. Lewis, Medical Corps, U. S. N 149 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Encephalitis Lethargica.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant A. F. Kuhlman, Medical Corps, U. S. N 151</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Defense of the Open-Air Treatment of Pneumonia.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant D. Ferguson, jr., Medical Corps, U. S. N 153</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTES AND COMMENTS :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Carbon tetrachloride poisoning. —Civil service positions. — Serum treatment
in yellow fever. —" Deer-fly disease." — Request for specimens.—
Medical personnel of the French Navy.—Centenary celebrations. —Situs inversus.
—Italian view of prohibition. — Effects of prohibition In Chicago. — Treatment
of sterility. — Pilocarpine in influenza. —A death from anesthesia.- — Free
hospital service in Oklahoma City. —Birth rate of Manila. —Expansion of the
Faculty of Medicine, Paris. —Statistics on blindness. —French eight-hour law. —
Corporation philanthropy 155</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">REPORTS :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Receiving Ship Barracks, New York.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander W. G. Farwell and Lieutenant R. M. Krepps, Medical Corps,
U. S. N 163</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Grounding of the U. S. S. Northern Pacific.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant J. C. Ruddock, Medical Corps, U. S. N 185</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Impressions of a Reservist.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander L. R. G. Crandon, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F <span> </span>188</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 2</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> PREFACE v</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS vi</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Types of Neurological and Psychiatric Cases.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander E. C Taylor, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 191</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Yellow Fever.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander T. Wilson, Medical Corps, U. S. N 200</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Asepsis of Abdominal Incisions.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander F. H. Bowman, Medical Corps, U. S. N 208</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Calcium Chloride Intravenously for Hemoptysis.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. H. Fickel, Medical Corps, U. S. N<span> </span><span> </span>210</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hospital Records 213</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HISTORICAL:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Arabians and the First Revival of Learning 225</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SUGGESTED DEVICES:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hospital Garbage Disposal.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain A. Farenholt, Medical Corps, U. S. N 237</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Flat-Foot Ladder 240</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chondrodysplasia with Exostoses.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant R. W. Hutchinson, Medical Corps, U. S. N 243</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case of Vascular Syphilis.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant A. E. Kuhlmann, Medical Corps, U. S. N., and Lieutenant
Commander C. C. Ammerman, Medical Corps, U.S.N.R. F 245</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Two Cases of Encephalitis Lethargica.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander R. I. Longabaugh, Medical Corps, U. S. N 249</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case of Foreign Body in the Head.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander L. M. Schimdt, Medical Corps, U. S. N. 254</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Late Treatment of War Osteomyelitis.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant E. I. Salisbury, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 255</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Two Cases of Gas Gangrene.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander L. M. Schmidt, Medical Corps. U. S. N 257</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Gastric Ulcer with Perforation.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant G. G. Holladay, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 259</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Internal Ophthalmoplegia.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander E. E. Woodland, Medical Corps, U.S.N<span> </span><span> </span>260</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Open Treatment of a Fractured Metacarpal Bone.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant R. W. Auerbach, Medical Corps, U. S. N 263</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Supernumerary Phalanx.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant R. S. Reeves, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 265</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Cask of Ruptured Kidney.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander K. It. Richardson, Medical Corps, U. S. N</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Mustard Gas and the Cardiovascular System.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Ry Lieutenant Commander W. H. Michael, Medical Corps, U. S. N</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case of Ulcer of the Sigmoid Flexure.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant H. R. Coleman, Medical Corps, U. S. N</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case of Malposition.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant A. C. Toll inner, Dental Corps, U. S. N</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PROGRESS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General Medicine — Blood pressure and posture —Intramuscular Injections
of quinine in malaria — Vincent's disease Surgery — Appendicitis amongst
sailors— Transplanting of bone— Rectal ether anesthesia</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and Sanitation — Destruction of lice by steam</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, Ear. Nose, and Throat — Ocular phenomena in the psychoneuroses of
warfare —Ocular complications due to typhoid inoculations</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTES AND COMMENTS:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Syphilis and the war—Bone surgery —National Research Council— Laboratories
in Poland— National Anaesthesia Research Society — Vanderbilt Medical School —
Municipal education in Detroit — Female medical matriculates— Degrees conferred
by Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh — Speech defects — Typhoid fever in
New York — Venereal diseases in California- — Omissions in the Annual Report of
the Surgeon General, 1919</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">REPORTS :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">U. S. Navy Ambulance Boat No. 1.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Chief Pharmacist's Mate D. V. De Witt, U. S. N</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Physical Development in the Navy.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant B. G. Baker, Medical Corps, U. S. N</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Venereal Prophylaxis at Great Lakes, III.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenants D. It. Blender and L. A. Burrows, Medical Corps, U. S.
N. R. F</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report of 505 Tonsillectomies.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant W. P. Vail, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">BOOK NOTICES</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 3</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREFACE v</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS vi</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">History of the U. S. Naval Hospital, Chelsea, Mass.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain N. J. Blackwood, Medical Corps, U. S. N 311</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">INSTRUCTION FOR THE HOSPITAL CORPS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. M. Kerr, Medical Corps, U. S. N. 338</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Study of Two Cases of Diabetes Mellitus.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant L. F. Craver, Medical Corps, TJ. S. N 345</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Flat Foot in the Navy.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant C. F. Painter, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 359</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Static Defects of the Lower Extremities.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant A. A. Marsteller, Medical Corps, U. S. N 365</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Treatment of Malaria.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. H. Michael, Medical Corps, U. S. N 367</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Navy Recruiting.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant W. H. Cechla, Medical Corps, U. S. N 371</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HISTORICAL:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">American Founders of Gynecology 373</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">EDITORIAL :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">"Bring Forth Your Dead "—Is Educational Prophylaxis Effective
381</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">William Martin —John Wolton Ross —Oliver Dwight Norton, Jr<span> </span>389</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Interdental Ligation for Jaw Fractures.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant W. F. Murdy, Dental Corps, U. S. N 391</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Temporary Stopping.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander H. E. Harvey, Dental Corps, U. S. N<span> </span>394</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">ASCARIASIS AND APPENDICITIS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander E. G. Hakansson, Medical Corps, U. S. N 394</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Malarial Crescents.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. H. Michael, Medical Corps, U. S. N_ 395</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Poisoning by Jelly Fish.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander A. H. Allen, Medical Corps, U. S. N 396</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Traumatic Rupture of Kidney.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander F. H. Bowman, Medical Corps, U. S. N 397</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case of Erythema Multiforme.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant M. F. Czubak, Medical Corps, U. S. N 399</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PROGRESS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General Medicine. — Static back trouble—Benzyl benzoate —Relation of
anaphylaxis to asthma and eczema —High enema —Treatment of typhus —Thilerium
hominis 401</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Mental and Nervous Diseases. —Insanity as a defense in crime —The nervousness
of the Jew— The Babinski reflex —Problems of delinquency —Encephalomyelitis in
Australia 408</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery. — Radium — Surgery of peripheral nerves — Referred symptoms in
diseases of gall-bladder and appendix—Intracranial pressure —Protection of the
skin in surgical operations—Anesthesia</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">from drugs administered by the mouth —A new skin-suture material —
Roentgen-ray problems , 414</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and Sanitation. — Birth control—Typhoid fever in vaccinated
troops —Detection of typhoid carriers —Streptococci in market milk
—Tuberculosis in San Francisco —An experiment in sanitary education —Oral
hygiene —Differential diagnosis between trachoma and follicular conjunctivitis
—Left - handedness —The Negritos of the Philippine Islands —Tropical Australia
425</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTES AND COMMENTS :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">American Society for the Control of Cancer — Pay of Italian medical officers
— The passing of the book worm— The neurotic girl —Control of druggists in
Michigan — English statistics on alcoholism —Prevention of simple goiter— Value
of quarantine against influenza in Australia —W. P. C. Barton, first chief of
the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery—Information on blood-pressure estimation
—Automobile accidents —Egyptian Medical School — Educational movement In U. S.
Army 443</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">REPORTS :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Health Conditions in Santo Domingo.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander G. F. Cottle, Medical Corps, U. S. N 453</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">History of U. S. S. Pocahontas During the War,</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander M. Boland, Medical Corps, U. S. N 460</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">With the American Peace Commission.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander A. D. McLean, Medical Corps, U. S. N 500</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Testing Water for Storage Batteries.<span>
</span>502</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report from Naval Medical School Laboratory 505</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">BOOK NOTICES 505</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 4</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREFACE V</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS VI</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SURGICAL <span> </span>ACTIVITIES AT THE NAVAL
HOSPITAL, NEW YORK.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Interesting bone cases 512</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Fractubes of the anterior tuberosity of the tibia and Osgood-Schlatter's
disease 516</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Carrel-Dakin technique for empyema 527 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Physical therapy 535</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Occupational therapy 536</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">War wounds of the joints.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Dr. L. Delrez, Faculty of Medicine Liege 537</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case or joint treatment by Willems's method 545</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chronic intestinal stasis 545</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Carrel-Dakin technique in treatment of carbuncle 549</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of sarcoma of the foot 550</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of Jacksonian epilepsy with spastic contracture 551</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case Of Osteoma Of The Humerus 552</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case Of Bone Infection Resembling Sarcoma 552</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Wound closures after Carrel-Dakin treatment 553</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Ether in peritonitis 557</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HISTORICAL:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The founders ok naval hygiene. Lind, Trotter, and Blane 563</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">EDITORIAL:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hospital standards —As seen from within 629</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SUGGESTED DEVICES :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Vision test apparatus.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander H. W. Glltner, Medical Corps, U. S.N. R. F 637</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Treatment of cement floors.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain A. Farenholt, Medical Corps, U. S. N 638</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Ophthalmitis in secondary syphilis.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. H. Whitmore, Medical Corps, U. S. N 639</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">TWO CASES OF OPTIC ATROPHY.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander C. B. Camerer, and Lieutenant G. L. McClintock,
Medical Corps, U. S. N 641</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Arsphenamine in malaria.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. H. Michael, Medical Corps, U. S. N 643</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Ureteral calculus. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander W. J. Zalesky and Lieutenant Commander P. F. Prioleau,
Medical Corps, U. S. N 644</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PROGRESS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine. — Treatment of respiratory catarrhs.—Tests of thyroid
hypersensitiveness. —A diet sheet for nephritics.— Delayed arsenical poisoning
647</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery. —Open treatment of fractures. — Treatment of crushed extremities.
—Nerve injuries of the war 653</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and sanitation. —Disinfection of tubercular sputum. — Syphilis
in railroad employees 659</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tropical diseases. —Ulcerating granuloma 663</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, ear, .nose, and throat. — Frontal sinus drainage. —Anesthetics in throat
surgery. —Correction of nasal deformities</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTES AND COMMENTS :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">American Library Association.— Mental defects in the United States. —
"Tea-taster's " cough. — Scientific basis of carelessness. — "The
case against the prophylactic packet." —Treatment of leprosy. — Medical
training in London. —A new Army and Navy Club. — The Navy Mutual Aid
Association. — Medical school of the University of Virginia. —A new medical
quarterly. —Solar therapy. — Novarsenobenzol subcutaneously. —Economic loss
from rats. —The flight of mosquitoes. —A medical centenarian. — A French hospital
ship. — Potassium-mercuric-iodide.— Dermatitis in industrial work. —</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Radium.— A twelfth century epitaph 663</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">REPORTS :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Arsenical preparations used intravenously.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain E. S. Bogert, Medical Corps, U. S. N 679</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Venereal disease in the Dominican Republic.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant J. W. Vann and Lieutenant B. Groesbeck, Medical Corps, U.
S. N 681</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">American legation guard, Managua, Nicaragua.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander F. F. Murdock, Medical Corps, U. S. N_ 684</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Sanitary conditions in Vladivostok.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant A S. Judy, Medical Corps, U. S. N 689</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hospital records.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Commander H. W. Smith, Medical Corps, U. S. N 698</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HOSPITAL RECORDS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander E. U. Reed, Medical Corps, U. S. N 706</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A DEATH FROM ETHER DUE TO STATUS LYMPHATICUS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain A. W. Dunbar, Medical Corps, U. S. N 714</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medical prophylaxis against venereal diseases.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant P. W. Dreifus, Medical Corps, U. S. N 715</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">BOOK NOTICES 718</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">INDEX 721</p>
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Pari Nagar was established as a port way back in the 6th century BCE (by another estimation, 400 years later), on an arm of the Rann of Cutch coming right up into the desert. On this inland sea did Pari Nagar become a thriving port whose ships sailed to distant marts. Its Jain merchants, assiduous and honourable in matters of commerce and trade, made good money and the city flourished.
In the winter of 1222, glorious Pari Nagar met the beginning of its end. The cowardly Jalaluddin, erstwhile king of Khwarazm, fleeing before a general of Changez Khan’s army, turned up outside the gates of this city. Defeated, humiliated and pursued like a hunted beast, Jalaluddin in his frustration had already vented his spleen on the cities of Multan, Uch and Bhakkar. Looting and sacking, he had left behind smouldering ruins of those once great cities. He did likewise at Pari Nagar.
Author: Salman Rashid
First roll of film in my new Fujica Half over exposed by at least one stop. Result of bad weather and poor estimation of available light on my part.
©AVucha 2015
No injuries were reported after a fire partially destroyed a Spring Grove home Sunday afternoon. The Spring Grove Fire Protection District was dispatched to 6316 Johnsburg Rd. at around 2:24pm for the report of smoke and flames coming from the barn style residence. According to officials, the homeowner had possibly fallen asleep while heating up cooking oil in his tool room. The neighbor was able to gain access to the residence and alerted all 3 occupants of the fire. By the time fire crews arrived the fire had spread throughout the first floor and caused extensive smoke damage to the entire residence. Chief Richard Tobiasz said the fire was under control within an hour leaving initial damage estimations around $100,000. Due to the lack of hydrants in the area, more than a dozen fire departments from Lake and McHenry counties, including Wisconsin responded to the scene. All the occupants made it out safely prior to the fire departments arrival.
This photograph is being made available only for personal use printing by the subject(s) of the photograph. The photograph may not be manipulated in any way and may not be used in commercial material, advertisements, emails, products, promotions without the expressed consent of Alex Vucha.
©AVucha 2015
No injuries were reported after a fire partially destroyed a Spring Grove home Sunday afternoon. The Spring Grove Fire Protection District was dispatched to 6316 Johnsburg Rd. at around 2:24pm for the report of smoke and flames coming from the barn style residence. According to officials, the homeowner had possibly fallen asleep while heating up cooking oil in his tool room. The neighbor was able to gain access to the residence and alerted all 3 occupants of the fire. By the time fire crews arrived the fire had spread throughout the first floor and caused extensive smoke damage to the entire residence. Chief Richard Tobiasz said the fire was under control within an hour leaving initial damage estimations around $100,000. Due to the lack of hydrants in the area, more than a dozen fire departments from Lake and McHenry counties, including Wisconsin responded to the scene. All the occupants made it out safely prior to the fire departments arrival.
This photograph is being made available only for personal use printing by the subject(s) of the photograph. The photograph may not be manipulated in any way and may not be used in commercial material, advertisements, emails, products, promotions without the expressed consent of Alex Vucha.
JOINT BASE ELMENDORF-RICHARDSON, Alaska -- Parachute infantrymen Pvt. Walker Perkins, assigned to B Company 3rd Battalion (Airborne) 509th Infantry Regiment, a native of Leeds, Maine, left, and Spc. Joshua Miller, assigned to D Company 3rd Battalion (Airborne) 509th Infantry Regiment, a native of Homer City, Penn., check their maps during the day land navigation portion of Expert Infantryman Badge qualification on Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson, Monday, April 22, 2013. The Expert Infantryman Badge was approved by the Secretary of War on October 7, 1943, and is currently awarded to U.S. Army personnel who hold infantry or special forces military occupational specialties. (U.S. Air Force photo/Justin Connaher)
MARINE CORPS BASE CAMP LEJEUNE, N.C. - Sgt. James E. Glendening, an assistant team leader with 2nd Reconnaissance Battalion, 2nd Marine Division, practice observation techniques during the Pre-sniper course, here, March 17. During the course, Marines learned the arts of stalking, observation, and distance estimation.
I wasn't expecting to come across a Kroger store in the midst of a trip west from Wisconsin; but this sight in Bloomington, Illinois proved me wrong. I must have grazed the far corner of their trade area on the first afternoon.
Note the arched barrel roof and protruding ridges along the side of the building. Both are indicators that the store is surprisingly old in age: Mid to late 1950s, by my estimation.
The Stranglers - youtu.be/wB3XGrWZQlM
Yesterday my toilet waste pipe leaked. I spent the day flitting to DIY stores to get materials to patch it - it seemed to hold steady. This morning, the main drain and grid outside was blocked and the toilet wouldn't empty. Cue more trips to Homebase and B&Q. Rang Dyna-Rod - waited four hours and the bloke said that it was 90% likely to be the main drain which Severn Trent would fix for nothing. I rang Severn Trent and the chap answering the phone said that someone would be out in four hours. Four hours later - nothing. I contacted them on Twitter and they rang me to say that the four hour estimation was false information and that they couldn't get anyone out until tomorrow....
JOINT BASE ELMENDORF-RICHARDSON, Alaska -- Parachute infantrymen assigned to U.S. Army Alaska's 4th Brigade Combat Team (Airborne) 25th Infantry Division begin testing as candidates for the Expert Infantryman Badge on Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson, Monday, April 22, 2013. The Expert Infantryman Badge was approved by the Secretary of War on October 7, 1943, and is currently awarded to U.S. Army personnel who hold infantry or special forces military occupational specialties. (U.S. Air Force photo/Justin Connaher)
The Big Unit from June 2015 when he was in my estimation around 800 lbs...Look at his rear legs, tree trunks as we say. I would think he went to den that year carrying close to 900 lbs or better...He is the largest wild black bear I have ever observed! He's standing above some bear scat he was scenting...
Congratulations to Langara Island Lodge guest Michael Kennedy, who caught and released this incredible 77-pound Chinook salmon, with an assist from guide Darrell 'Scurv' Ross.
This salmon is a new lodge record at Langara Island Lodge, and just 1 pound short of the overall record for salmon fishing at Langara Island: a 78-pound Chinook salmon caught way back in 1989 at Langara Fishing Lodge.
This fish was caught on the afternoon of July 24, 2013, in Friendly Cove (east of Bruin Bay on the Graham Island shoreline), just south of Langara Island, Haida Gwaii.
The salmon was quickly measured at 49" in length and 35.5" in girth, and then successfully released. Using the standard accepted formula of weight estimation for salmon, the weight of this fish is estimated to be 77.19 pounds!
Visit www.langara.com for more information, or follow us on Twitter: www.twitter.com/langarafishing
Photo courtesy of Langara guest Michael Kennedy.
Michael Bublé: Sydney, Australia Loves You Like Crazy
I'd been waiting for this night for what must be almost a decade. Finally, my night...our Crazy Love night. Michael teased me this past Thursday at the presser conducted at the Overseas Passenger Terminal. I could tell then that his concerts in Australia were going to be very special, and tonight - the evening of Valentines Day, I can confirm that they are.
Even though Sydney's Acer Arena holds over 20,000, Michael's gift helps make the audience feel they are getting treated to an intimate experience. Well, he certainly set the scene and warmed me up beautifully for my intimate experience later into the night. On that vein however, I can tell you that his 'Crazy Love' CD does help set the mood.
By my estimation, the jazz sensation is certainly worth $149 plus. Like the greats, you have to experience a live concert to truly appreciate the musical genius.
The multi-talented performer is now close to two million album sales in Australia, with 25 million achieved on a global scale. Yes, us Aussies are raving fans. This tour was Michael's eighth trip to Australia, so the love affair is most definitely a two way street.
My personal favorite number is 'Haven't Met You Yet' which is already five times platinum in Australia.
His songs inspire love, warmth and affection, which was perfect timing for me, having rekindled my relationship with my special man.
Some of Michael's interpretations of other artists that really did it for me on this Valentines evening were Sway, Kissing A Fool, How Can You Mend A Broken Heart?, and Heartache Tonight.
The warmth and love vibrated via Michael was experienced by young and old, and I witnessed a young fan who must have only been about 10 years old present Michael with a gift early into the concert performances, and he magically incorporated this into the show, making all of us feel that we received the present too.
He shared his thoughts on love with "My songs have always been about love. Mine and everyone else's. But this time it was a little more extreme, and I dug deeper - way deeper."
I had read earlier in the week that Michael said "I just love getting in front of people. It's so important to be in touch with your audience. They've paid their money, I want them to be entertained. If they want to cry or laugh or dance or sing or yell, they can do whatever they want. My responsibility is just to take them away." Oh yes, you took me away.
Michael, from my heart thank you for helping add some 'Crazy Love' intimacy to my partners and own evening and life. I would also like to publicly thank Buble's publicity team, Dainty Consolidated Entertainment and Live Guide, for helping make me one of the blessed and fortunate few photographers in Sydney to capture your gift close up. My love now has more focus, and its thanks to you. Let the passion, talent and performer bring out the performance in you, and if your single, that's ok too.
Michael Bublé: Sydney, Australia Loves You Like Crazy
I'd been waiting for this night for what must be almost a decade. Finally, my night...our Crazy Love night. Michael teased me this past Thursday at the presser conducted at the Overseas Passenger Terminal. I could tell then that his concerts in Australia were going to be very special, and tonight - the evening of Valentines Day, I can confirm that they are.
Even though Sydney's Acer Arena holds over 20,000, Michael's gift helps make the audience feel they are getting treated to an intimate experience. Well, he certainly set the scene and warmed me up beautifully for my intimate experience later into the night. On that vein however, I can tell you that his 'Crazy Love' CD does help set the mood.
By my estimation, the jazz sensation is certainly worth $149 plus. Like the greats, you have to experience a live concert to truly appreciate the musical genius.
The multi-talented performer is now close to two million album sales in Australia, with 25 million achieved on a global scale. Yes, us Aussies are raving fans. This tour was Michael's eighth trip to Australia, so the love affair is most definitely a two way street.
My personal favorite number is 'Haven't Met You Yet' which is already five times platinum in Australia.
His songs inspire love, warmth and affection, which was perfect timing for me, having rekindled my relationship with my special man.
Some of Michael's interpretations of other artists that really did it for me on this Valentines evening were Sway, Kissing A Fool, How Can You Mend A Broken Heart?, and Heartache Tonight.
The warmth and love vibrated via Michael was experienced by young and old, and I witnessed a young fan who must have only been about 10 years old present Michael with a gift early into the concert performances, and he magically incorporated this into the show, making all of us feel that we received the present too.
He shared his thoughts on love with "My songs have always been about love. Mine and everyone else's. But this time it was a little more extreme, and I dug deeper - way deeper."
I had read earlier in the week that Michael said "I just love getting in front of people. It's so important to be in touch with your audience. They've paid their money, I want them to be entertained. If they want to cry or laugh or dance or sing or yell, they can do whatever they want. My responsibility is just to take them away." Oh yes, you took me away.
Michael, from my heart thank you for helping add some 'Crazy Love' intimacy to my partners and own evening and life. I would also like to publicly thank Buble's publicity team, Dainty Consolidated Entertainment and Live Guide, for helping make me one of the blessed and fortunate few photographers in Sydney to capture your gift close up. My love now has more focus, and its thanks to you. Let the passion, talent and performer bring out the performance in you, and if your single, that's ok too.
Baroque church
In 1676, when the Brotherhood of the Most Holy Trinity was solemnly introduced to St. Peter's, it soon attained a high membership. A large part of the members were among the richest and most respected citizens of Vienna. The nobility was also represented to the highest tops. The Brotherhood therefore had the means to do so, and in 1700, it decided to demolish the old church and build a new building whose shape was to commemorate St. Peter's in Rome. One year earlier, in the plague year of 1679, Leopold I vowed to build a new building dedicated to the Holy Trinity in place of the dilapidated church. Builder Jankel was requested to make an estimation of the costs. He received 50 guilders for the building survey drawn by him.
According to the technical guide through Vienna (Ing. Martin Paul) the builders are indicated in the inscriptions in the dome knob: Francesco Martinelli, Franz Jänggl and Christian Oettl. However, the bibliographical references are widely differing. According to the manual of the German art monuments of Georg Dehio, the construction was started according to the plan of Gabriele Montani 1702, continued from this until 1703, then, probably completed by Johann Lukas Hildebrandt after modified plan 1708 in the shell and consecrated on October 25, 1708. 1708-1715 was followed by the interior fittings, 1713-1717 the dome space was completed in its current picturesque and sculptural design, but only 1730-1733 built the main choir. Cardinal Kollonitsch consecrated St. Peter's Church in 1733. The tomb of Wolfgang Lazius, who had been buried in the old Peterskirche in 1565, was transferred to the new St. Peter's church. The Petersfreithof (cemetery) still surrounded the church, it was only abandoned under Joseph II. In 1844, the façade was restored, and the many sales offices added to the church disappeared after the abolishemnt of the cemetery.
The history of St. Peter in Baroque period
When the old church was removed in 1701, it was decided to find the foundation stone of the first church, which contained "an old parable of Pope Leo III", the friend and contemporary of Charlemagne.
An old memorial book from the parish notes that the particle in 1749 still existed, but writes nothing about the nature of the same. The founders of the strange foundation stone claimed that it must have been laid in the year 800 and this conviction was maintained, so that afterwards the inscription of the cornerstone for the new church was written, which reads:
Petri prinzipis Apostolorum Petri Coeli Clavigeri Sacris honoribus a Carolo I. Caesare Magno anno post virginis partum DCCC extructe novis ex fundamentis DOM uni in Trinitate Deo et S. Petri honoriter augusta surrexit Lapidem in titulum cen age Jacob restauravit Leopoldus uterque Felix. "
The German translation is approximately as follows:
"This church, which stood over nine centuries, founded on holy honors on the solid rock of Apostle Prince Paul, the key bearer of heaven, by Charlemagne in the year 800, after the Virgin gave birth, has resurrected gloriously in honor of the almighty God who is united in Trinity and St. Peter, as second Jacob the cornerstone has laid Leopold the Great as well as the Happy. "
This laying of the cornerstone was solemnly performed by Emperor Leopold I on June 30, 1702 (according to Harrer, Czeike names April 22, 1702).
Already at the time of the start of construction an accident was recorded:
On the occasion of a solemn procession on October 29, 1702, in which the emperor also participated with his court, as a result of the overburden, the planks laid over the foundations collapsed and about 50 persons, mostly court cavaliers and page boys, plunged into the depths.
The completion of the church progressed very slowly. Even during construction, the wood of the dome was damaged, so this had to be replaced in 1722 by a dome cover, for which Emperor Charles VI as the supreme patron and member of the Brotherhood of the Holy Trinity, supplied the copper. For years, the facade was missing and the towers had no ending.
On May 17, 1733, the church was finally consecrated by the Cardinal Count Sigismund Kollonitsch.
Appearance
The outer image of St. Peter's is dominated by the 56-meter high, massive dome, which in its configuration reminds of the dome of St. Peter. It is a two-storey facade of stocky effect, whose slopingly placed towers flank the concave central part and which is surmounted by the dome of the central building. The building itself glorifies the reign of Emperor Leopold I, whose motto is emblazoned in the interior above the choir arch. The charming, pavilion-like portal porch made of gray marble was built according to a design by Andrea Altomonte only 1751-1753. Figurative decoration made of lead by Franz Kohl, a pupil and assistant of Georg Raphael Donner, decorates it. Right at the top are the statues Faith, Hope and Love, as well as angelic figures bearing tiaras and keys, the insignia of papal sovereignty. On the gable window at the front and the vases on the side reliefs: depictions from the life of Peter. The main portal shows rich carving and beautiful fittings; an inscription commemorates the imperial plague vow.
In the niches below the two slopingly placed towers that flank the front of the church are the following sandstone figures: St. Peter and St. Simon, St. John the Evangelist (according to Paul Harrer St. Paul) and Judas Thaddeus. At the back of the choir (outside wall of the church) are stone sculptures of St. Peter and St. Michael, executed by Lorenz Matitelli around 1730.
On the eastern side wall of the church, opposite the exit of the Goldschmied alley, a marble relief is embedded in the stone wall, depicting the legendary setting up of the cross at this place by Charlemagne. Created by Rudolf Weyr, it was unveiled in 1906.
Barockkirche
Als die Bruderschaft der heiligsten Dreifaltigkeit 1676 feierlich in die Peterskirche eingeführt wurde, erreichte sie bald einen hohen Mitgliederstand. Ein großer Teil der Mitglieder zählte zu den reichsten und angesehensten Bürgern von Wien. Auch der Adel war bis in die höchsten Spitzen vertreten. Die Bruderschaft verfügte daher über die entsprechenden Mittel und so fasste sie im Jahr 1700 den Entschluss, die alte Kirche niederzureißen und einen Neubau aufzuführen, dessen Form an die Peterskirche zu Rom erinnern sollte. Bereits ein Jahr zuvor, im Pestjahr 1679 gelobte Leopold I., anstelle der baufälligen Kirche einen der Heiligen Dreifaltigkeit gewidmeten Neubau zu errichten. Man ließ von Baumeister Jankel einen Kosten-Überschlag machen. Für den von ihm gezeichneten Bauriss erhielt er 50 Gulden.
Nach dem technischen Führer durch Wien (Ing. Martin Paul) werden die Erbauer in den Inschriften im Kuppelknauf angegeben: Francesco Martinelli, Franz Jänggl und Christian Oettl. Die Literaturangaben gehen jedoch hierüber weit auseinander. Nach dem Handbuch der deutschen Kunstdenkmäler von Georg Dehio wurde der Bau nach dem Plan von Gabriele Montani 1702 begonnen, von diesem bis 1703 weitergeführt, sodann, wahrscheinlich von Johann Lukas Hildebrandt nach verändertem Plan 1708 im Rohbau vollendet und am 25. Oktober 1708 geweiht. 1708-1715 folgte die Innenausstattung, 1713-1717 wurde der Kuppelraum in seiner gegenwärtigen malerischen und plastischen Ausgestaltung vollendet, jedoch erst 1730-1733 baute man den Hauptchor. 1733 weihte Kardinal Kollonitsch die Peterskirche. Das Grabmal des Wolfgang Lazius, der in der alten Peterskirche 1565 bestattet worden war, wurde in die neue Peterskirche übertragen. Nach wie vor umgab der Petersfreithof die Kirche; er wurde erst unter Joseph II. aufgelassen. 1844 restaurierte man die Fassade, wobei auch die vielen an die Kirche angebauten Verkaufsbuden verschwanden, die nach der Auflassung des Friedhofs entstanden waren.
Die Geschichte von St. Peter im Barock
Als man 1701 die alte Kirche abtrug, will man bei dieser Gelegenheit den Grundstein der ersten Kirche gefunden haben, der "eine alten Paritkel von Papst Leo III.“, dem Freunde und Zeitgenossen Karls des Großen, enthielt.
Ein altes Gedenkbuch aus der Pfarre bemerkt, dass der Partikel noch 1749 vorhanden war, schreibt aber nichts über die Art desselben. Die Auffinder des merkwürdigen Grundsteines behaupteten, dass er im Jahr 800 gelegt worden sein müsse und an dieser Überzeugung hielt man fest, sodass danach die Inschrift des Grundsteines für die neue Kirche verfasst wurde, welche lautet:
"Ecclesia quae IX ultra saecula steterat, fundata supra firmam Petram prinzipis Apostolorum Petri Coeli Clavigeri Sacris honoribus a Carolo I. Caesare Magno anno post virginis partum DCCC extructe novis ex fundamentis D.O.M- uni in Trinitate Deo et S. Petri honoriter augusta surrexit. Lapidem in titulum cen alter Jacob restauravit Leopoldus uterque Felix.“
Die deutsche Übersetzung ist etwa wie folgt:
"Diese Kirche, die über neun Jahrhunderte stand, gegründet zu heiligen Ehren auf dem festen Felsen des Apostelfürsten Paulus, des Schlüsselträgers des Himmels, von Karl dem Großen Kaiser im Jahr 800, nachdem die Jungfrau gebar, ist dem allmächtigen Gott, der einig ist in der Dreiheit und dem heiligen Petrus zu Ehren prachtvoll wiedererstanden. Als zweiter Jakob hat den Grundstein gelegt Leopold der ebenso Große als Glückliche."
Diese Grundsteinlegung geschah in feierlicher Weise durch Kaiser Leopold I. am 30. Juni 1702 (laut Harrer; Czeike benennt den 22. April 1702).
Schon zur Zeit des Baubeginnes war ein Unfall zu verzeichnen:
Anlässlich einer feierlichen Prozession am 29. Oktober 1702, an der auch der Kaiser mit seinem Hofstaat teilnahm, stürzte infolge der Überlastung die über die Fundamente gelegten Bretter ein und etwa 50 Personen, meistens Hofkavaliere und Pagen stürzten in die Tiefe.
Die Vollendung der Kirche ging sehr langsam voran. Noch während des Baues wurde das Holz der Kuppel schadhaft, sodass dieses 1722 durch eine Kuppeldeckung ersetzt werden musste, wozu Kaiser Karl VI. als oberster Schutzherr und Mitglied der Bruderschaft der heiligen Dreifaltigkeit das Kupfer lieferte. Jahrelang fehlte die Fassade und die Türme hatten keinen Abschluss.
Am 17. Mai 1733 konnte die Kirche endlich durch den Kardinal Graf Sigismund Kollonitsch geweiht werden.
Äußeres
Das äußere Bild das die Peterskirche darbietet, wird beherrschend bestimmt durch die 56 Meter hohe, gewaltige Kuppel, die in ihrer Konfiguration an die Kuppel von St. Peter erinnert. Es handelt sich um eine zweigeschossige Fassade von gedrungener Wirkung, deren schräggestellte Türme den konkav einschwingenden Mittelteil flankieren und der von der Kuppel des Zentralbaus überragt wird. Der Bau selbst verherrlicht die Regierung des Kaisers Leopold I., dessen Wahlspruch im Innen über dem Chorbogen prangt. Der reizvolle, pavillonartige Portalvorbau aus grauem Marmor wurde nach einem Entwurfe von Andrea Altomonte erst 1751 bis 1753 errichtet. Figürlicher Schmuck aus Blei von Franz Kohl, einem Schüler und Gehilfen von Georg Raphael Donner, ziert ihn. Zu Oberst die Statuen Glaube, Hoffnung und Liebe, sowie Engelfiguren, welche Tiara und Schlüssel, die Insignien der päpstlichen Souveränität, tragen. Am Giebelfenster an der Vorderseite und den Vasen an der Seite Reliefs: Darstellungen aus dem Leben Petri. Das Hauptportal zeigt reiches Schnitzwerk und schöne Beschläge; eine Inschrift erinnert an das kaiserliche Pestgelübde.
In den Nischen unterhalb der beiden schiefgestellten Türme, welche die Vorderseite der Kirche flankieren, stehen folgende Sandsteinfiguren: St. Petrus und St. Simon, Johannes Evangelist (laut Paul Harrer St. Paulus) und Judas Thaddäus. An der Rückseite des Chores (Außenwand der Kirche) befinden sich Steinplastiken vom heiligen Petrus und vom Heiligen Michael, die von Lorenz Matitelli um 1730 ausgeführt wurden.
An der östlichen Seitenwand des Gotteshauses, gegenüber dem Ausgang der Goldschmiedgasse ist in die Steinmauer ein Marmorrelief eingelassen, das die sagenhafte Kreuzerrichtung an dieser Stelle durch Karl den Großen vergegenwärtigt. Von Rudolf Weyr geschafften, wurde es 1906 enthüllt.
Baroque church
In 1676, when the Brotherhood of the Most Holy Trinity was solemnly introduced to St. Peter's, it soon attained a high membership. A large part of the members were among the richest and most respected citizens of Vienna. The nobility was also represented to the highest tops. The Brotherhood therefore had the means to do so, and in 1700, it decided to demolish the old church and build a new building whose shape was to commemorate St. Peter's in Rome. One year earlier, in the plague year of 1679, Leopold I vowed to build a new building dedicated to the Holy Trinity in place of the dilapidated church. Builder Jankel was requested to make an estimation of the costs. He received 50 guilders for the building survey drawn by him.
According to the technical guide through Vienna (Ing. Martin Paul) the builders are indicated in the inscriptions in the dome knob: Francesco Martinelli, Franz Jänggl and Christian Oettl. However, the bibliographical references are widely differing. According to the manual of the German art monuments of Georg Dehio, the construction was started according to the plan of Gabriele Montani 1702, continued from this until 1703, then, probably completed by Johann Lukas Hildebrandt after modified plan 1708 in the shell and consecrated on October 25, 1708. 1708-1715 was followed by the interior fittings, 1713-1717 the dome space was completed in its current picturesque and sculptural design, but only 1730-1733 built the main choir. Cardinal Kollonitsch consecrated St. Peter's Church in 1733. The tomb of Wolfgang Lazius, who had been buried in the old Peterskirche in 1565, was transferred to the new St. Peter's church. The Petersfreithof (cemetery) still surrounded the church, it was only abandoned under Joseph II. In 1844, the façade was restored, and the many sales offices added to the church disappeared after the abolishemnt of the cemetery.
The history of St. Peter in Baroque period
When the old church was removed in 1701, it was decided to find the foundation stone of the first church, which contained "an old parable of Pope Leo III", the friend and contemporary of Charlemagne.
An old memorial book from the parish notes that the particle in 1749 still existed, but writes nothing about the nature of the same. The founders of the strange foundation stone claimed that it must have been laid in the year 800 and this conviction was maintained, so that afterwards the inscription of the cornerstone for the new church was written, which reads:
Petri prinzipis Apostolorum Petri Coeli Clavigeri Sacris honoribus a Carolo I. Caesare Magno anno post virginis partum DCCC extructe novis ex fundamentis DOM uni in Trinitate Deo et S. Petri honoriter augusta surrexit Lapidem in titulum cen age Jacob restauravit Leopoldus uterque Felix. "
The German translation is approximately as follows:
"This church, which stood over nine centuries, founded on holy honors on the solid rock of Apostle Prince Paul, the key bearer of heaven, by Charlemagne in the year 800, after the Virgin gave birth, has resurrected gloriously in honor of the almighty God who is united in Trinity and St. Peter, as second Jacob the cornerstone has laid Leopold the Great as well as the Happy. "
This laying of the cornerstone was solemnly performed by Emperor Leopold I on June 30, 1702 (according to Harrer, Czeike names April 22, 1702).
Already at the time of the start of construction an accident was recorded:
On the occasion of a solemn procession on October 29, 1702, in which the emperor also participated with his court, as a result of the overburden, the planks laid over the foundations collapsed and about 50 persons, mostly court cavaliers and page boys, plunged into the depths.
The completion of the church progressed very slowly. Even during construction, the wood of the dome was damaged, so this had to be replaced in 1722 by a dome cover, for which Emperor Charles VI as the supreme patron and member of the Brotherhood of the Holy Trinity, supplied the copper. For years, the facade was missing and the towers had no ending.
On May 17, 1733, the church was finally consecrated by the Cardinal Count Sigismund Kollonitsch.
Appearance
The outer image of St. Peter's is dominated by the 56-meter high, massive dome, which in its configuration reminds of the dome of St. Peter. It is a two-storey facade of stocky effect, whose slopingly placed towers flank the concave central part and which is surmounted by the dome of the central building. The building itself glorifies the reign of Emperor Leopold I, whose motto is emblazoned in the interior above the choir arch. The charming, pavilion-like portal porch made of gray marble was built according to a design by Andrea Altomonte only 1751-1753. Figurative decoration made of lead by Franz Kohl, a pupil and assistant of Georg Raphael Donner, decorates it. Right at the top are the statues Faith, Hope and Love, as well as angelic figures bearing tiaras and keys, the insignia of papal sovereignty. On the gable window at the front and the vases on the side reliefs: depictions from the life of Peter. The main portal shows rich carving and beautiful fittings; an inscription commemorates the imperial plague vow.
In the niches below the two slopingly placed towers that flank the front of the church are the following sandstone figures: St. Peter and St. Simon, St. John the Evangelist (according to Paul Harrer St. Paul) and Judas Thaddeus. At the back of the choir (outside wall of the church) are stone sculptures of St. Peter and St. Michael, executed by Lorenz Matitelli around 1730.
On the eastern side wall of the church, opposite the exit of the Goldschmied alley, a marble relief is embedded in the stone wall, depicting the legendary setting up of the cross at this place by Charlemagne. Created by Rudolf Weyr, it was unveiled in 1906.
Barockkirche
Als die Bruderschaft der heiligsten Dreifaltigkeit 1676 feierlich in die Peterskirche eingeführt wurde, erreichte sie bald einen hohen Mitgliederstand. Ein großer Teil der Mitglieder zählte zu den reichsten und angesehensten Bürgern von Wien. Auch der Adel war bis in die höchsten Spitzen vertreten. Die Bruderschaft verfügte daher über die entsprechenden Mittel und so fasste sie im Jahr 1700 den Entschluss, die alte Kirche niederzureißen und einen Neubau aufzuführen, dessen Form an die Peterskirche zu Rom erinnern sollte. Bereits ein Jahr zuvor, im Pestjahr 1679 gelobte Leopold I., anstelle der baufälligen Kirche einen der Heiligen Dreifaltigkeit gewidmeten Neubau zu errichten. Man ließ von Baumeister Jankel einen Kosten-Überschlag machen. Für den von ihm gezeichneten Bauriss erhielt er 50 Gulden.
Nach dem technischen Führer durch Wien (Ing. Martin Paul) werden die Erbauer in den Inschriften im Kuppelknauf angegeben: Francesco Martinelli, Franz Jänggl und Christian Oettl. Die Literaturangaben gehen jedoch hierüber weit auseinander. Nach dem Handbuch der deutschen Kunstdenkmäler von Georg Dehio wurde der Bau nach dem Plan von Gabriele Montani 1702 begonnen, von diesem bis 1703 weitergeführt, sodann, wahrscheinlich von Johann Lukas Hildebrandt nach verändertem Plan 1708 im Rohbau vollendet und am 25. Oktober 1708 geweiht. 1708-1715 folgte die Innenausstattung, 1713-1717 wurde der Kuppelraum in seiner gegenwärtigen malerischen und plastischen Ausgestaltung vollendet, jedoch erst 1730-1733 baute man den Hauptchor. 1733 weihte Kardinal Kollonitsch die Peterskirche. Das Grabmal des Wolfgang Lazius, der in der alten Peterskirche 1565 bestattet worden war, wurde in die neue Peterskirche übertragen. Nach wie vor umgab der Petersfreithof die Kirche; er wurde erst unter Joseph II. aufgelassen. 1844 restaurierte man die Fassade, wobei auch die vielen an die Kirche angebauten Verkaufsbuden verschwanden, die nach der Auflassung des Friedhofs entstanden waren.
Die Geschichte von St. Peter im Barock
Als man 1701 die alte Kirche abtrug, will man bei dieser Gelegenheit den Grundstein der ersten Kirche gefunden haben, der "eine alten Paritkel von Papst Leo III.“, dem Freunde und Zeitgenossen Karls des Großen, enthielt.
Ein altes Gedenkbuch aus der Pfarre bemerkt, dass der Partikel noch 1749 vorhanden war, schreibt aber nichts über die Art desselben. Die Auffinder des merkwürdigen Grundsteines behaupteten, dass er im Jahr 800 gelegt worden sein müsse und an dieser Überzeugung hielt man fest, sodass danach die Inschrift des Grundsteines für die neue Kirche verfasst wurde, welche lautet:
"Ecclesia quae IX ultra saecula steterat, fundata supra firmam Petram prinzipis Apostolorum Petri Coeli Clavigeri Sacris honoribus a Carolo I. Caesare Magno anno post virginis partum DCCC extructe novis ex fundamentis D.O.M- uni in Trinitate Deo et S. Petri honoriter augusta surrexit. Lapidem in titulum cen alter Jacob restauravit Leopoldus uterque Felix.“
Die deutsche Übersetzung ist etwa wie folgt:
"Diese Kirche, die über neun Jahrhunderte stand, gegründet zu heiligen Ehren auf dem festen Felsen des Apostelfürsten Paulus, des Schlüsselträgers des Himmels, von Karl dem Großen Kaiser im Jahr 800, nachdem die Jungfrau gebar, ist dem allmächtigen Gott, der einig ist in der Dreiheit und dem heiligen Petrus zu Ehren prachtvoll wiedererstanden. Als zweiter Jakob hat den Grundstein gelegt Leopold der ebenso Große als Glückliche."
Diese Grundsteinlegung geschah in feierlicher Weise durch Kaiser Leopold I. am 30. Juni 1702 (laut Harrer; Czeike benennt den 22. April 1702).
Schon zur Zeit des Baubeginnes war ein Unfall zu verzeichnen:
Anlässlich einer feierlichen Prozession am 29. Oktober 1702, an der auch der Kaiser mit seinem Hofstaat teilnahm, stürzte infolge der Überlastung die über die Fundamente gelegten Bretter ein und etwa 50 Personen, meistens Hofkavaliere und Pagen stürzten in die Tiefe.
Die Vollendung der Kirche ging sehr langsam voran. Noch während des Baues wurde das Holz der Kuppel schadhaft, sodass dieses 1722 durch eine Kuppeldeckung ersetzt werden musste, wozu Kaiser Karl VI. als oberster Schutzherr und Mitglied der Bruderschaft der heiligen Dreifaltigkeit das Kupfer lieferte. Jahrelang fehlte die Fassade und die Türme hatten keinen Abschluss.
Am 17. Mai 1733 konnte die Kirche endlich durch den Kardinal Graf Sigismund Kollonitsch geweiht werden.
Äußeres
Das äußere Bild das die Peterskirche darbietet, wird beherrschend bestimmt durch die 56 Meter hohe, gewaltige Kuppel, die in ihrer Konfiguration an die Kuppel von St. Peter erinnert. Es handelt sich um eine zweigeschossige Fassade von gedrungener Wirkung, deren schräggestellte Türme den konkav einschwingenden Mittelteil flankieren und der von der Kuppel des Zentralbaus überragt wird. Der Bau selbst verherrlicht die Regierung des Kaisers Leopold I., dessen Wahlspruch im Innen über dem Chorbogen prangt. Der reizvolle, pavillonartige Portalvorbau aus grauem Marmor wurde nach einem Entwurfe von Andrea Altomonte erst 1751 bis 1753 errichtet. Figürlicher Schmuck aus Blei von Franz Kohl, einem Schüler und Gehilfen von Georg Raphael Donner, ziert ihn. Zu Oberst die Statuen Glaube, Hoffnung und Liebe, sowie Engelfiguren, welche Tiara und Schlüssel, die Insignien der päpstlichen Souveränität, tragen. Am Giebelfenster an der Vorderseite und den Vasen an der Seite Reliefs: Darstellungen aus dem Leben Petri. Das Hauptportal zeigt reiches Schnitzwerk und schöne Beschläge; eine Inschrift erinnert an das kaiserliche Pestgelübde.
In den Nischen unterhalb der beiden schiefgestellten Türme, welche die Vorderseite der Kirche flankieren, stehen folgende Sandsteinfiguren: St. Petrus und St. Simon, Johannes Evangelist (laut Paul Harrer St. Paulus) und Judas Thaddäus. An der Rückseite des Chores (Außenwand der Kirche) befinden sich Steinplastiken vom heiligen Petrus und vom Heiligen Michael, die von Lorenz Matitelli um 1730 ausgeführt wurden.
An der östlichen Seitenwand des Gotteshauses, gegenüber dem Ausgang der Goldschmiedgasse ist in die Steinmauer ein Marmorrelief eingelassen, das die sagenhafte Kreuzerrichtung an dieser Stelle durch Karl den Großen vergegenwärtigt. Von Rudolf Weyr geschafften, wurde es 1906 enthüllt.
The gray box is the imaginary container for the curve. If the long side is one, the short side is five-sixteenths. The slope is 1:1 at one corner, 0 at the midpoint and -1:1 on the other corner. This is an estimation of the sine curve, suggested by Daniel Kwan, and is easier to fold than most curves.
For years, the Mountain Rescue Service in Bosnia and Herzegovina had to worry about mine-suspected areas when they were out doing their jobs. And firefighters and municipal services sometimes could not do their jobs because of risks from mines and unexploded ordinances.
Not knowing whether people are safe is still a looming threat in Bosnia and Herzegovina, even 25 years after the war. The mines left behind across the country continue to create an uncertainty in the daily lives of locals.
The first estimation of the country’s mine problem was 8.2% of the total country’s territory. Thanks so successful de-mining operations, the current size of hazardous area is down to 1.96%.
Identifying where the danger lies is the first step. Thanks to a European Union initiative, Bosnia and Herzegovina Mine Action Centre, with the assistance of the BiH Armed Forces, Norwegian People’s Aid, UNDP and EUFOR, successfully defined 8,525 suspected micro-locations and created a mobile application that allows citizens to be aware of and avoid the locations of mine suspected areas throughout the country.
Read more: undpeurasia.exposure.co/app-that-detects-mine-suspected-a...
Photo: UNDP Bosnia and Herzegovina / Vedran Kurteš
This looks like a little boy and his sister, though the younger one might be a brother. it's always hard to tell with pre 1900's photos. There isn't ay information on the reverse of this photo but it was listed as being from the civil war era, though I think that estimation was probably made based on the clothing and the photo quality so it might be a little bit off.
The 11 modules are all folded from the same Green/Yellow duo coloured papers. Having odd number of points, it is difficult to have a proper colour combination which is symmetrical. Only one fold for the angle is changed to accommodate 11 modules. I am happy that the estimation for the angle quite accurate. This variation #8 features a "Ray" motif in the centre of the star. The back of the assembled model is different from the front but common for all the variations. 7.5cm square Duo-coloured papers are used for folding the modules.
Aves grandes, espalhafatosas, barulhentas, coloridas e, sobretudo, belas, que se destacam entre as demais.
"A arara-de-barriga-amarela ou arara-canindé (Ara ararauna) é uma arara que ocorre da América Central ao Brasil, à Bolívia e Paraguai. Tal espécie chega a medir até 90 cm de comprimento, com partes superiores azuis e inferiores amarelas, alto da cabeça verde, fileiras de penas faciais e garganta negras. Também é conhecida pelos nomes de arara-amarela, arara-azul-e-amarela, araraí, araraúna, arara canindé e arari. As araras canindé na natureza se alimentam frutos e castanhas. Essas aves estão sempre em grupo e são aves barulhentas mas pousam silenciosamente. A arara canindé enfrenta vários problemas em relação a extinção, estão sendo ameaçadas principalmente pelo contrabando e pelo comércio ilegal de aves, também é um animal muito procurado como bicho-de-estimação pois é muito dócil, quieto (dependendo das condições do cativeiro) e possuem certa capacidade de fala, além de ser um animal muito belo. Uma vez que formam casal, não mais se separam e botam em cerca de 3 ovos e chocam entre 27 e 29 dias. Ordem: Psittaciformes." Fonte: Wikipédia.
Large birds, loud, noisy, colorful and, above all, beautiful, standing out among the others.
"The parrot-yellow-bellied or canindé macaw (Ara ararauna) is a parrot that occurs in Central America to Brazil, Bolivia and Paraguay. This species comes to measuring up to 90 cm long, with blue uppers and lower yellow, green top of the head, rows of black feathers face and neck. It is also known by the names of yellow macaw, macaw, blue and yellow plow, ararauna, canindé parrot and macaw. Canindé macaws in the wild they eat fruits and nuts. These birds are always in groups and are noisy but birds perch silently. The parrot canindé faces several problems in relation to extinction, are being threatened primarily by smuggling and the illegal trade in birds, is also much sought after as an animal creature-of-estimation because it is very docile, quiet (depending on the conditions of captivity) and have some ability to speak, besides being a very beautiful animal. Since forming a couple, no longer separate and lay about 3 eggs and hatch between 27 and 29 days. Order: Psittaciformes. "Source: Wikipedia.
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Built in OO by Pete Armstrong from an early issue DJH kit. Finished in pre-grouping livery and is a static display model with no motor.
Livery is a best estimation from the very, very few photographs that exist of G&SWR locomotives prior to 1923. Most of the quality shots that do exist are of the Blatics Tanks working out of Glasgow.