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Un héros dans le combat contra la peste, un héroe en la lucha contra la Peste Negra, un eroe in la lotta contro la morte nera.
Already in December of the year 1678 occurred in the then suburban "Leopoldstadt" the first cases of plague, but they were covered up and trivialized by the authorities. The disease spread rapidly in other suburbs, which were outside the imperial capital. Thus, the poorer classes belonged to its first victims. Although the number of deaths from month to month rose, all warnings and criticisms of pleague doctor, Paul de Sorbait, on the inadequate situation of the medical service and the hygiene remained unheard.
The dedicated physician had already published in January 1679 a "plague-order", which provided extensive measures to protect the population during an outbreak of plague. In this plague-order Paul de Sorbait described the former knowledge about the disease and described it: "the most part of those so caught by it, with bumps, glands, swelling marks or with splenic fever, brown and black spots and kale, pest lumps in addition to great interior heat and within a few days or hours fatally ends".
In July of the same year the "spark of pestilence" (Pestilenzfunken) jumped over the city walls: A terrible and great death began within the city of Vienna. A chronicler reported, "at last she (= plague) but took the audacity, penetrated into the city itself and caused a shocking defeat among the rich and aristocratic nobility in the palaces and stately buildings. There you saw whole carts full of noble and ignoble, rich and poor, young and old of both sexes, carried out by all alleys to the door."
The people in town were full horror and panic: The bodies lay for days on the road, because there was a lack of infirmary servants and gravediggers. Quick released prisoners then took over those services. Instead of single burials large pits were created outside of the city to accommodate the dead in mass graves. Those who could afford it, fled from the city. Emperor Leopold I and his family left Vienna on 17 August. He first went on a pilgrimage to Mariazell (Styria) and then fled to Prague. As there the plague also broke out, he retreated to Linz, where he remained until the final extinction of the plague in 1680.
The exact number of people who died in 1679 from the plague in Vienna probably never will be determined. The gigantic death rates of contemporary reports, oscillating between 70000 and 120000 dead, from the still preserved coroner's reports can not be proved. According to those records, the disease about 8,000 inhabitants would kill. But it is questionable whether in the prevailing confusion all cases of death were reported to the coroners and how many died on the run.
Plague in Vienna
Detail of the woodcut "Dance of Death"
Hans Holbein the Younger
(public domain)
The great dying - The plague or the "Black Death" in Europe
The plague is one of the severe acute bacterial infectious diseases that today already in case of suspicion are reportable. Only a little more than 100 years ago, at the occasion of the plague epidemics in Hong Kong and India set in the modern pest investigation: The Swiss tropical doctor Alexander Yersin discovered in 1894 the plague pathogen: The bacillus received after this researcher the name "Yersina pestis". Already at that time, the science recognized the role of certain rodents in the pathogenesis of plague epidemics and the participation of the rat flea or human flea as possibilities of transmission of plague to humans.
Since ancient times, the plague was one of the heaviest and most frequent epidemics. However, one designated for a long time also other epidemics such as smallpox or dysentery as pest because they equally were associated with high mortality. The term "pest" but meant in a figurative sense misfortune and ruin. The word therefore in the past has been avoided as far as possible, and the historians tried to express it with other words as "tiresome disease", "burning fever" or "contagion" (= contamination, infection).
In the years 1348 to 1352, Europe was overrun by the worst plague in history. The disease, which evolved to become a pneumonic plague, destroyed a third of the population at that time. According to the estimations, thus around 25 million people were fallen victim to the "Black Death". The pneumonic plague was not transmitted by flea bites - like the bubonic pest - but by highly infectious droplets containing bacilli with coughing and sneezing from person to person. In Vienna this plague epidemic reached its peak in 1349.
In the next 400 years followed at irregular intervals ever new plagues and spread fear, terror and death. Effective drugs were missing, and since the disease by the Catholic Church was interpreted as God's punishment, the population put itself under the protection of many plague saints, the Holy Trinity or the Virgin Mary. Eloquent testimonies of those efforts are still churches and chapels, pest altars, pest crosses and plague columns. The adoration of the Holy Trinity in the time of need of the 17th century especially by newly founded religious brotherhoods was disseminated - thus, also in Vienna in 1679 a Trinity Column was erected - the Plague Column at the Graben. As a monument to the last plague in Vienna in 1713 today reminds the Charles Church, which is, however, devoted to the plague saint Charles Borromeo.
As medical measures against a Pest disease recommended doctors sweating cures, bloodletting, chewing of juniper berries or Angelica roots, but also the administration of theriac, a popular drug of the Middle Ages. Frequently, garlic, laurel, rue, and a mixture of sulfur powder are listed in the prescriptions. The recipes, however, differ as to whether they are used for poor or rich Pest patients. One of the few effective medical attendances was the opening of the bumps (buboes) to drain the pus, which also the sufferers felt as a blessing. As a miracle drug was considered the applying of an impaled toad on the bumps, previously put in vinegar or wine bath. Such prepared toads were also attributed great healing power during the plague in 1679 in Vienna.
Quotes:
From Vienna "plague-order" of pest doctor Paul de Sorbait, 1679
"after the experience brings with it that cleanliness is a strange useful and necessary means, both to prevent the intrusion of infection, as well as the same to avert. Herentwegen (= hence) uncleanliness causes such evil and keeps it. So is our earnest command, that firstly no blood, viscera, heads and leggs of the killed cattle, nor herb leaves, crabs, snails, egg shells or other filth (= waste, manure) on those streets and squares (must be) poured out: ditto (Ingleichen) no dead dog, cats or poultry are thrown into the streets, but all of them carried out of the city".
From "Merck's Wienn" of preacher Abraham a Sancta Clara, 1680
"As a whole, there is not a lane or a road wich the raging death had not crossed. Throughout the month, in Vienna and around Vienna one saw nothing else but wearing the dead, conducting the dead, dragging the dead and burying the dead".
"From what the plague was caused but I know all of that/ that this poisonous arrow (= plague) mehristen Theil (= for the most part) from the hand of God is abgetruckt (= shot)/how its diverse testimony proves the divine Scripture (= Bible). From which apparently manifest and obvious/that the pestilence was a ruthe (= rod)/so the sublime hand of God wreaths I trust but leastwise the tree to show /from which God the rod braids. This tree is the sin".
* Song of dear Augustine
Oh du (you) lieber (dear) Augustin
S'money is gone, d'joy is gone,
Oh du lieber Augustin,
Everything is gone!
Oh, and even the rich Vienna
poor now as Augustine
Sighs with me in the same sense
Everything is gone!
Every day otherwise was a feast,
Now what? Plague, the plague!
Now only a huge nest of corpses,
That's the rest!
Oh du lieber Augustin,
Lie only down into the grave you,
Oh my dear Vienna
Everything is gone!
Text source: Rathauskorrespondenz
Plague in Vienna
Plague doctor - through these clothes the doctors during the plague epidemic of 1656 in Rome hoped to protect themselves from the pest contamination. They wore a wax jacket, a type of protective eyewear and gloves. In the beak there were "wolriechende Specerey (odoriferous specialties)".
(public domain)
www.wien-konkret.at/sehenswuerdigkeiten/pestsaeule/pest-i...
Nangklao (Thai: พระบาทสมเด็จพระนั่งเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว) or Rama III (31 March 1788 – 2 April 1851) was the third monarch of Siam under the House of Chakri, ruling from 21 July 1824 to 2 April 1851. He succeeded his father, Rama II, as the King of Siam. His succession was unusual according to the traditions because Nangklao was a son of a concubine rather than that of a queen. His accession was perceived by foreign observers as having usurped the prior claim of Prince Mongkut, who was a legitimate son of Rama II born to a queen, Srisuriyendra. Under the old concept of Thai monarchy, however, a proper king must emulate Maha Sammata in that he must be "elected by the people." Ironically, Prince Mongkut may have later contributed to this misconception, when he feared that his own accession might be perceived by foreign observers as a usurpation.
During Nangklao's reign, the military hegemony of Siam was established by putting down the Laotian Rebellion (1826–1828, in what would come to be called Isan), the Siamese–Vietnamese War (1831–34), and the Siamese-Vietnamese War fought in Cambodia (1841–45).
EARLY LIFE
King Nangklao was born as Prince Thap (Thai: ทับ) in 1788 to Prince Isarasundhorn and one of his royal wives Chao Chom Manda Riam, who came from a Muslim noble family from the south. Following Isarasundhorn's coronation (posthumously known as Phutthaloetla Naphalai, or Rama II) in 1809, Prince Kshatriyanuchit (Mom Men), the surviving son of Taksin, revolted as pretender to the throne. Prince Thap was assigned to suppress the rebellion, which he did. Praised by his father for his competence, Prince Thap was given the Sanskrit-derived title Chetsadabodin, raised to the bureaucratic rank of Kromma Muen, and served his father as Kromma Tha (minister of trade and foreign affairs.) As Kromma Tha, he developed proficiency in foreign trade, and developed an affection for Chinese goods and culture. Temples he later had constructed were characterized by Chinese influence. After a private audience in 1822, Crawfurd wrote of the Prince Krom-chiat that, "he seemed certainly to maintain the character assigned to him in public estimation, of being the most intelligent of all the princes and chiefs of the Siamese Court." The Portuguese Consul stated that the Prince had offered him a large sum of money, if he would translate from the French into the Portuguese language a history of the wars of Napoleon, for the purpose of being rendered into Siamese through the Christian interpreters.
SUCCESSION
As the prince administered trade affairs, his half-brother Prince Mongkut pursued the way of religion, becoming a monk in 1824. In that year, Phutthaloetla Naphalai died suddenly without having named a successor to vice king Maha Senanurak, who had died 16 July 1817. According to the traditions of royal succession, the vice king or uparaja was heir presumptive. If there were none, then an ad hoc senabodi consisting of senior officials present at the death of a king, would elect a successor.[5] Foreign observers accustomed to the concept of an heir apparent expected Prince Mongkut, as the a son of the queen, to ascend to the throne. However, the assembled Senabodi considered Prince Chetsadabodin a more competent choice as he had served the king in Kromma Tha for years. Support came strongly from high-ranking nobility, including Chao Phraya Abhay Pudhorn, the Samuha Nayok, and Dis Bunnag then Minister of Kromma Tha, and other Bunnag family members.
Chetsadabodin accepted the throne and was crowned in 1824. He raised his mother, Riam, to Princess Mother Sri Suralai. He appointed his uncle, Sakdiphonlasep, vice king on 21 July 1824 – who predeceased the king 1 May 1832, leading to yet another succession crisis. He did not name his reign, but was posthumously awarded the name Nangklao by Mongkut, who had in the interim remained in ecclesiastic status to avoid the intrigues of royal politics.
WESTERN CONTACTS
The reign of Nangklao (as he was posthumously known) saw the renewal of Western contacts. In 1822, British East India Company agent John Crawfurd's mission to Siam laid the groundwork for a British request for Siamese support in the First Anglo-Burmese War, which broke out in 1824. Nangklao provided fleets and elephants to rush through Burmese forests. He also sent Siamese armies to participate in the invasion of Burma since the British promised Siam the conquered lands. Phraya Chumporn ordered the forced migration of Mergui (a common practice in Southeast Asia regarding the newly-conquered lands), which had been conquered by the British. The British were frustrated at Phraya Chumporn's actions, and hostilities were heightened. Nangklao ordered the Siamese armies to leave to avoid further conflict.
In 1825, Henry Burney arrived to negotiate peace agreements. The Burney Treaty was the first treaty with the West in the Rattanakosin period. Its purpose was to established free trade in Siam and to greatly reduce taxation on foreign trading ships. That it accomplished the objectives is disputed.
In 1833, US President Andrew Jackson's "special agent" and envoy Edmund Roberts, referring often to Crawfurd's account,[6]:pp198ff concluded the Siamese–American Treaty of Amity and Commerce, signed at the Royal City of Sia-Yut'hia (Bangkok) on 20 March, the last of the fourth month of the year 1194 Chula Sakarat. This treaty, with later modifications, is still in force. Dan Beach Bradley, an American physician and prominent Western personality of the time, introduced printing and vaccination.
ANOUVONG INSURGENCY
The three Laotian kingdoms (Lan Xang in Vientiane, Luang Prabang, and Champasak) became Siamese tributary states after Chao Phraya Maha Kshatriyaseuk (King Rama I, Nangklao's grandfather) had conquered them in 1778. Anouvong, the son of the king of Vientiene, was taken to Bangkok as a captive. He spent nearly thirty years in Siam and joined the Siamese forces in wars with Burma. In 1805, Anouvong returned to Vientiane to be crowned as the king.
In 1824, Phutthaloetla Naphalai died and, in the following year, Siam was dragged into conflicts with the British Empire. Anouvong saw this as an opportunity to wield his power. In 1825, returning from the funeral of Phutthaloetla Naphalai in Bangkok, Anouvong assembled a large force and went on the offensive. After defeating Bangkok-vassal principalities along the way, Anouvong captured Korat, the main defensive stronghold of Siam in the northeast. He forced the city to be evacuated while marching to Saraburi, on approach to the capital, Bangkok. However, the Korat captives rebelled—said to have been at the instigation of Lady Mo, wife of a ruling noble of Korat—although this claim is countered by many historians who say Mo had no heroic role in the events at Tung Samrit, though a contemporary account did mention her action. As Bangkok gathered counterattacking troops, Anouvong withdrew to return to Vientiane.
Nangklao sent his uncle Maha Sakdi Polsep the Front Palace and Sing Singhaseni (at the time styled Phraya Ratchasuphawadi) to defeat the armies of Anouvong in Isan. Anouvong was defeated and fled to Vietnam. The Siamese captured Vientiane and ordered the evacuation of the city.
In 1827, Nangklao ordered the total destruction of Vientiane. Anouvong returned to Laos with Vietnamese forces. Ratchasuphawadi led the Siamese to fight and the engagements occurred at Nong Khai. Anouvong was defeated again and, after an attempt to flee, was captured. Vientiane was razed, extinguishing her 200 year reign, and ceased to be a kingdom. Anouvong was imprisoned in an iron cage in front of the Suthaisawan Hall and died in 1829.
VIETNAM AND CAMBODIA
In 1810, internal conflicts between Cambodian princes forced Ang Im and Ang Duong to flee to Bangkok. Otteyraja of Cambodia turned to Gia Long of Vietnam for support against the opposing princes. However, this was perceived by Siam as treacherous as the two countries had fought for centuries for control of Cambodia.
In 1833, the Lê Văn Khôi revolt against Minh Mạng broke out in Vietnam. Lê Văn Khôi, the rebel leader, sought Siamese aid. Nangklao intended to take this opportunity to install a pro-Siamese monarch on the Cambodian throne.
Phraya Ratchasuphawadi, who had been promoted to Chao Phraya Bodindecha, was ordered to capture Saigon. Dis Bunnag, the Minister of Kromma Tha, commanded a fleet to rendezvous with ground forces at Saigon. The two Cambodian princes, Ang Im and Ang Duong, also joined the expedition. Bodindecha took Udongk and the fleet took Bantey Mas. The fleet proceeded to Saigon but was repelled.
Bodindecha then took Phnom Penh and again invaded Vietnam by land in 1842. In 1845, the Vietnamese recaptured Phnom Penh, but Bodindecha was able to defend Udongk. In 1847, prompted by Emperor Thiệu Trị's treatment of Christian missionaries, French forces invaded Vietnam. A cessation of hostilities with Siam was negotiated. Ang Duong was installed as the Cambodian monarch under the equal patronage of both Siam and Vietnam, thus ending the war.
REVOLT OF KEDAH
In 1837, Krom Somdet Phra Sri Suralai, mother of Nangklao, died. All officials throughout the kingdom went to Bangkok to attend the funeral. At Syburi (Kedah of Malaysia now), without the presence of Siamese governors, a nephew of the Sultan of Kedah then staged a revolt. Nangklao then sent Tat Bunnag down south to subjugate the rebellion quickly in 1838. Tat then suggested an autonomous government for Kedah Sultanate. In 1839, Kedah was divided into four autonomous parts.
RELIGIOUS DEVOTION
Nangklao was famous for his Buddhist faith. He fed the poor each day after becoming prince, and released animals every monastery day. More than 50 temples were built and repaired in his reign, including the first Chinese style temple at Rajorasa, the highest stupa at Wat Arun, the Golden Mountain at Wat Sraket, the metal temple at Wat Ratchanadda, and Chetupol Temple or Wat Pho. Wat Pho is the site of the first university in Thailand.
DEATH AND LEGACY
Nangklao died on 2 April 1851 without having named a successor. He had 51 children including sons, but had raised none of his consorts to queen. The throne passed to his half-brother, Prince Mongkut.
Nangklao stated on his deathbed that "Our wars with Burma and Vietnam were over, only the threats of the Westerners was left to us. We should study their innovations for our own benefits but not to the degree of obsession or worship." This vision coincided with Western intervention in Siam in the reign of Mongkut. He was able to predict, but not live to see the neighboring kingdoms of Burma and Vietnam fall to European colonial rule.
During his reign, trade between Siam and China became lucrative. The king kept his profits in red purses beside his bed, subsequently this money was known as "red purse money". Nangklao stipulated that the red purse money that he had earned through his business acumen should be set aside as the state's emergency fund for the future "so that Siam would be able to buy the land back" if it fell into a squabble with a foreign power. In the reign of his nephew Chulalongkorn, Siam indeed had to pay reparations to France for the 1893 Paknam incident during the Franco–Siamese War), and funding in part came from Nangklao's red purse money.
IN MEMORIAM
Thai baht 15th Series banknotes issued to draw attention to deeds of Chakri Dynasty monarchs in agriculture, science, religion and finance, depicted King Rama III on the reverse of the 500 baht banknote issued 3 August 2001, with a partial quotation of his deathbed statement below a Chinese sailing ship.
A statue of Rama III was dedicated in the front of Wat Ratchanatdaram.
Phra Nang Klao Hospital is a hospital in Nonthaburi Province bearing his name
Phra Nang Klao Bridge is a bridge across the Chao Phraya River in Nonthaburi Province bearing his name, with the Phra Nang Klao Bridge MRT station.
Maha Chesadabodindranusorn Bridge is a bridge across the Chao Phraya River in Nonthaburi Province bearing his title.
WIKIPEDIA
The Big Unit from June 2015 when he was in my estimation around 800 lbs...Look at his rear legs, tree trunks as we say. I would think he went to den that year carrying close to 900 lbs or better...He is the largest wild black bear I have ever observed! He's standing above some bear scat he was scenting...
Congratulations to Langara Island Lodge guest Michael Kennedy, who caught and released this incredible 77-pound Chinook salmon, with an assist from guide Darrell 'Scurv' Ross.
This salmon is a new lodge record at Langara Island Lodge, and just 1 pound short of the overall record for salmon fishing at Langara Island: a 78-pound Chinook salmon caught way back in 1989 at Langara Fishing Lodge.
This fish was caught on the afternoon of July 24, 2013, in Friendly Cove (east of Bruin Bay on the Graham Island shoreline), just south of Langara Island, Haida Gwaii.
The salmon was quickly measured at 49" in length and 35.5" in girth, and then successfully released. Using the standard accepted formula of weight estimation for salmon, the weight of this fish is estimated to be 77.19 pounds!
Visit www.langara.com for more information, or follow us on Twitter: www.twitter.com/langarafishing
Photo courtesy of Langara guest Michael Kennedy.
Snow-covered hills and fields near Kirby-in-Cleveland, North Yorkshire. There was about 25cm of snow by our estimation. More on the way! SOOC
Michael Bublé: Sydney, Australia Loves You Like Crazy
I'd been waiting for this night for what must be almost a decade. Finally, my night...our Crazy Love night. Michael teased me this past Thursday at the presser conducted at the Overseas Passenger Terminal. I could tell then that his concerts in Australia were going to be very special, and tonight - the evening of Valentines Day, I can confirm that they are.
Even though Sydney's Acer Arena holds over 20,000, Michael's gift helps make the audience feel they are getting treated to an intimate experience. Well, he certainly set the scene and warmed me up beautifully for my intimate experience later into the night. On that vein however, I can tell you that his 'Crazy Love' CD does help set the mood.
By my estimation, the jazz sensation is certainly worth $149 plus. Like the greats, you have to experience a live concert to truly appreciate the musical genius.
The multi-talented performer is now close to two million album sales in Australia, with 25 million achieved on a global scale. Yes, us Aussies are raving fans. This tour was Michael's eighth trip to Australia, so the love affair is most definitely a two way street.
My personal favorite number is 'Haven't Met You Yet' which is already five times platinum in Australia.
His songs inspire love, warmth and affection, which was perfect timing for me, having rekindled my relationship with my special man.
Some of Michael's interpretations of other artists that really did it for me on this Valentines evening were Sway, Kissing A Fool, How Can You Mend A Broken Heart?, and Heartache Tonight.
The warmth and love vibrated via Michael was experienced by young and old, and I witnessed a young fan who must have only been about 10 years old present Michael with a gift early into the concert performances, and he magically incorporated this into the show, making all of us feel that we received the present too.
He shared his thoughts on love with "My songs have always been about love. Mine and everyone else's. But this time it was a little more extreme, and I dug deeper - way deeper."
I had read earlier in the week that Michael said "I just love getting in front of people. It's so important to be in touch with your audience. They've paid their money, I want them to be entertained. If they want to cry or laugh or dance or sing or yell, they can do whatever they want. My responsibility is just to take them away." Oh yes, you took me away.
Michael, from my heart thank you for helping add some 'Crazy Love' intimacy to my partners and own evening and life. I would also like to publicly thank Buble's publicity team, Dainty Consolidated Entertainment and Live Guide, for helping make me one of the blessed and fortunate few photographers in Sydney to capture your gift close up. My love now has more focus, and its thanks to you. Let the passion, talent and performer bring out the performance in you, and if your single, that's ok too.
Michael Bublé: Sydney, Australia Loves You Like Crazy
I'd been waiting for this night for what must be almost a decade. Finally, my night...our Crazy Love night. Michael teased me this past Thursday at the presser conducted at the Overseas Passenger Terminal. I could tell then that his concerts in Australia were going to be very special, and tonight - the evening of Valentines Day, I can confirm that they are.
Even though Sydney's Acer Arena holds over 20,000, Michael's gift helps make the audience feel they are getting treated to an intimate experience. Well, he certainly set the scene and warmed me up beautifully for my intimate experience later into the night. On that vein however, I can tell you that his 'Crazy Love' CD does help set the mood.
By my estimation, the jazz sensation is certainly worth $149 plus. Like the greats, you have to experience a live concert to truly appreciate the musical genius.
The multi-talented performer is now close to two million album sales in Australia, with 25 million achieved on a global scale. Yes, us Aussies are raving fans. This tour was Michael's eighth trip to Australia, so the love affair is most definitely a two way street.
My personal favorite number is 'Haven't Met You Yet' which is already five times platinum in Australia.
His songs inspire love, warmth and affection, which was perfect timing for me, having rekindled my relationship with my special man.
Some of Michael's interpretations of other artists that really did it for me on this Valentines evening were Sway, Kissing A Fool, How Can You Mend A Broken Heart?, and Heartache Tonight.
The warmth and love vibrated via Michael was experienced by young and old, and I witnessed a young fan who must have only been about 10 years old present Michael with a gift early into the concert performances, and he magically incorporated this into the show, making all of us feel that we received the present too.
He shared his thoughts on love with "My songs have always been about love. Mine and everyone else's. But this time it was a little more extreme, and I dug deeper - way deeper."
I had read earlier in the week that Michael said "I just love getting in front of people. It's so important to be in touch with your audience. They've paid their money, I want them to be entertained. If they want to cry or laugh or dance or sing or yell, they can do whatever they want. My responsibility is just to take them away." Oh yes, you took me away.
Michael, from my heart thank you for helping add some 'Crazy Love' intimacy to my partners and own evening and life. I would also like to publicly thank Buble's publicity team, Dainty Consolidated Entertainment and Live Guide, for helping make me one of the blessed and fortunate few photographers in Sydney to capture your gift close up. My love now has more focus, and its thanks to you. Let the passion, talent and performer bring out the performance in you, and if your single, that's ok too.
Baroque church
In 1676, when the Brotherhood of the Most Holy Trinity was solemnly introduced to St. Peter's, it soon attained a high membership. A large part of the members were among the richest and most respected citizens of Vienna. The nobility was also represented to the highest tops. The Brotherhood therefore had the means to do so, and in 1700, it decided to demolish the old church and build a new building whose shape was to commemorate St. Peter's in Rome. One year earlier, in the plague year of 1679, Leopold I vowed to build a new building dedicated to the Holy Trinity in place of the dilapidated church. Builder Jankel was requested to make an estimation of the costs. He received 50 guilders for the building survey drawn by him.
According to the technical guide through Vienna (Ing. Martin Paul) the builders are indicated in the inscriptions in the dome knob: Francesco Martinelli, Franz Jänggl and Christian Oettl. However, the bibliographical references are widely differing. According to the manual of the German art monuments of Georg Dehio, the construction was started according to the plan of Gabriele Montani 1702, continued from this until 1703, then, probably completed by Johann Lukas Hildebrandt after modified plan 1708 in the shell and consecrated on October 25, 1708. 1708-1715 was followed by the interior fittings, 1713-1717 the dome space was completed in its current picturesque and sculptural design, but only 1730-1733 built the main choir. Cardinal Kollonitsch consecrated St. Peter's Church in 1733. The tomb of Wolfgang Lazius, who had been buried in the old Peterskirche in 1565, was transferred to the new St. Peter's church. The Petersfreithof (cemetery) still surrounded the church, it was only abandoned under Joseph II. In 1844, the façade was restored, and the many sales offices added to the church disappeared after the abolishemnt of the cemetery.
The history of St. Peter in Baroque period
When the old church was removed in 1701, it was decided to find the foundation stone of the first church, which contained "an old parable of Pope Leo III", the friend and contemporary of Charlemagne.
An old memorial book from the parish notes that the particle in 1749 still existed, but writes nothing about the nature of the same. The founders of the strange foundation stone claimed that it must have been laid in the year 800 and this conviction was maintained, so that afterwards the inscription of the cornerstone for the new church was written, which reads:
Petri prinzipis Apostolorum Petri Coeli Clavigeri Sacris honoribus a Carolo I. Caesare Magno anno post virginis partum DCCC extructe novis ex fundamentis DOM uni in Trinitate Deo et S. Petri honoriter augusta surrexit Lapidem in titulum cen age Jacob restauravit Leopoldus uterque Felix. "
The German translation is approximately as follows:
"This church, which stood over nine centuries, founded on holy honors on the solid rock of Apostle Prince Paul, the key bearer of heaven, by Charlemagne in the year 800, after the Virgin gave birth, has resurrected gloriously in honor of the almighty God who is united in Trinity and St. Peter, as second Jacob the cornerstone has laid Leopold the Great as well as the Happy. "
This laying of the cornerstone was solemnly performed by Emperor Leopold I on June 30, 1702 (according to Harrer, Czeike names April 22, 1702).
Already at the time of the start of construction an accident was recorded:
On the occasion of a solemn procession on October 29, 1702, in which the emperor also participated with his court, as a result of the overburden, the planks laid over the foundations collapsed and about 50 persons, mostly court cavaliers and page boys, plunged into the depths.
The completion of the church progressed very slowly. Even during construction, the wood of the dome was damaged, so this had to be replaced in 1722 by a dome cover, for which Emperor Charles VI as the supreme patron and member of the Brotherhood of the Holy Trinity, supplied the copper. For years, the facade was missing and the towers had no ending.
On May 17, 1733, the church was finally consecrated by the Cardinal Count Sigismund Kollonitsch.
Appearance
The outer image of St. Peter's is dominated by the 56-meter high, massive dome, which in its configuration reminds of the dome of St. Peter. It is a two-storey facade of stocky effect, whose slopingly placed towers flank the concave central part and which is surmounted by the dome of the central building. The building itself glorifies the reign of Emperor Leopold I, whose motto is emblazoned in the interior above the choir arch. The charming, pavilion-like portal porch made of gray marble was built according to a design by Andrea Altomonte only 1751-1753. Figurative decoration made of lead by Franz Kohl, a pupil and assistant of Georg Raphael Donner, decorates it. Right at the top are the statues Faith, Hope and Love, as well as angelic figures bearing tiaras and keys, the insignia of papal sovereignty. On the gable window at the front and the vases on the side reliefs: depictions from the life of Peter. The main portal shows rich carving and beautiful fittings; an inscription commemorates the imperial plague vow.
In the niches below the two slopingly placed towers that flank the front of the church are the following sandstone figures: St. Peter and St. Simon, St. John the Evangelist (according to Paul Harrer St. Paul) and Judas Thaddeus. At the back of the choir (outside wall of the church) are stone sculptures of St. Peter and St. Michael, executed by Lorenz Matitelli around 1730.
On the eastern side wall of the church, opposite the exit of the Goldschmied alley, a marble relief is embedded in the stone wall, depicting the legendary setting up of the cross at this place by Charlemagne. Created by Rudolf Weyr, it was unveiled in 1906.
Barockkirche
Als die Bruderschaft der heiligsten Dreifaltigkeit 1676 feierlich in die Peterskirche eingeführt wurde, erreichte sie bald einen hohen Mitgliederstand. Ein großer Teil der Mitglieder zählte zu den reichsten und angesehensten Bürgern von Wien. Auch der Adel war bis in die höchsten Spitzen vertreten. Die Bruderschaft verfügte daher über die entsprechenden Mittel und so fasste sie im Jahr 1700 den Entschluss, die alte Kirche niederzureißen und einen Neubau aufzuführen, dessen Form an die Peterskirche zu Rom erinnern sollte. Bereits ein Jahr zuvor, im Pestjahr 1679 gelobte Leopold I., anstelle der baufälligen Kirche einen der Heiligen Dreifaltigkeit gewidmeten Neubau zu errichten. Man ließ von Baumeister Jankel einen Kosten-Überschlag machen. Für den von ihm gezeichneten Bauriss erhielt er 50 Gulden.
Nach dem technischen Führer durch Wien (Ing. Martin Paul) werden die Erbauer in den Inschriften im Kuppelknauf angegeben: Francesco Martinelli, Franz Jänggl und Christian Oettl. Die Literaturangaben gehen jedoch hierüber weit auseinander. Nach dem Handbuch der deutschen Kunstdenkmäler von Georg Dehio wurde der Bau nach dem Plan von Gabriele Montani 1702 begonnen, von diesem bis 1703 weitergeführt, sodann, wahrscheinlich von Johann Lukas Hildebrandt nach verändertem Plan 1708 im Rohbau vollendet und am 25. Oktober 1708 geweiht. 1708-1715 folgte die Innenausstattung, 1713-1717 wurde der Kuppelraum in seiner gegenwärtigen malerischen und plastischen Ausgestaltung vollendet, jedoch erst 1730-1733 baute man den Hauptchor. 1733 weihte Kardinal Kollonitsch die Peterskirche. Das Grabmal des Wolfgang Lazius, der in der alten Peterskirche 1565 bestattet worden war, wurde in die neue Peterskirche übertragen. Nach wie vor umgab der Petersfreithof die Kirche; er wurde erst unter Joseph II. aufgelassen. 1844 restaurierte man die Fassade, wobei auch die vielen an die Kirche angebauten Verkaufsbuden verschwanden, die nach der Auflassung des Friedhofs entstanden waren.
Die Geschichte von St. Peter im Barock
Als man 1701 die alte Kirche abtrug, will man bei dieser Gelegenheit den Grundstein der ersten Kirche gefunden haben, der "eine alten Paritkel von Papst Leo III.“, dem Freunde und Zeitgenossen Karls des Großen, enthielt.
Ein altes Gedenkbuch aus der Pfarre bemerkt, dass der Partikel noch 1749 vorhanden war, schreibt aber nichts über die Art desselben. Die Auffinder des merkwürdigen Grundsteines behaupteten, dass er im Jahr 800 gelegt worden sein müsse und an dieser Überzeugung hielt man fest, sodass danach die Inschrift des Grundsteines für die neue Kirche verfasst wurde, welche lautet:
"Ecclesia quae IX ultra saecula steterat, fundata supra firmam Petram prinzipis Apostolorum Petri Coeli Clavigeri Sacris honoribus a Carolo I. Caesare Magno anno post virginis partum DCCC extructe novis ex fundamentis D.O.M- uni in Trinitate Deo et S. Petri honoriter augusta surrexit. Lapidem in titulum cen alter Jacob restauravit Leopoldus uterque Felix.“
Die deutsche Übersetzung ist etwa wie folgt:
"Diese Kirche, die über neun Jahrhunderte stand, gegründet zu heiligen Ehren auf dem festen Felsen des Apostelfürsten Paulus, des Schlüsselträgers des Himmels, von Karl dem Großen Kaiser im Jahr 800, nachdem die Jungfrau gebar, ist dem allmächtigen Gott, der einig ist in der Dreiheit und dem heiligen Petrus zu Ehren prachtvoll wiedererstanden. Als zweiter Jakob hat den Grundstein gelegt Leopold der ebenso Große als Glückliche."
Diese Grundsteinlegung geschah in feierlicher Weise durch Kaiser Leopold I. am 30. Juni 1702 (laut Harrer; Czeike benennt den 22. April 1702).
Schon zur Zeit des Baubeginnes war ein Unfall zu verzeichnen:
Anlässlich einer feierlichen Prozession am 29. Oktober 1702, an der auch der Kaiser mit seinem Hofstaat teilnahm, stürzte infolge der Überlastung die über die Fundamente gelegten Bretter ein und etwa 50 Personen, meistens Hofkavaliere und Pagen stürzten in die Tiefe.
Die Vollendung der Kirche ging sehr langsam voran. Noch während des Baues wurde das Holz der Kuppel schadhaft, sodass dieses 1722 durch eine Kuppeldeckung ersetzt werden musste, wozu Kaiser Karl VI. als oberster Schutzherr und Mitglied der Bruderschaft der heiligen Dreifaltigkeit das Kupfer lieferte. Jahrelang fehlte die Fassade und die Türme hatten keinen Abschluss.
Am 17. Mai 1733 konnte die Kirche endlich durch den Kardinal Graf Sigismund Kollonitsch geweiht werden.
Äußeres
Das äußere Bild das die Peterskirche darbietet, wird beherrschend bestimmt durch die 56 Meter hohe, gewaltige Kuppel, die in ihrer Konfiguration an die Kuppel von St. Peter erinnert. Es handelt sich um eine zweigeschossige Fassade von gedrungener Wirkung, deren schräggestellte Türme den konkav einschwingenden Mittelteil flankieren und der von der Kuppel des Zentralbaus überragt wird. Der Bau selbst verherrlicht die Regierung des Kaisers Leopold I., dessen Wahlspruch im Innen über dem Chorbogen prangt. Der reizvolle, pavillonartige Portalvorbau aus grauem Marmor wurde nach einem Entwurfe von Andrea Altomonte erst 1751 bis 1753 errichtet. Figürlicher Schmuck aus Blei von Franz Kohl, einem Schüler und Gehilfen von Georg Raphael Donner, ziert ihn. Zu Oberst die Statuen Glaube, Hoffnung und Liebe, sowie Engelfiguren, welche Tiara und Schlüssel, die Insignien der päpstlichen Souveränität, tragen. Am Giebelfenster an der Vorderseite und den Vasen an der Seite Reliefs: Darstellungen aus dem Leben Petri. Das Hauptportal zeigt reiches Schnitzwerk und schöne Beschläge; eine Inschrift erinnert an das kaiserliche Pestgelübde.
In den Nischen unterhalb der beiden schiefgestellten Türme, welche die Vorderseite der Kirche flankieren, stehen folgende Sandsteinfiguren: St. Petrus und St. Simon, Johannes Evangelist (laut Paul Harrer St. Paulus) und Judas Thaddäus. An der Rückseite des Chores (Außenwand der Kirche) befinden sich Steinplastiken vom heiligen Petrus und vom Heiligen Michael, die von Lorenz Matitelli um 1730 ausgeführt wurden.
An der östlichen Seitenwand des Gotteshauses, gegenüber dem Ausgang der Goldschmiedgasse ist in die Steinmauer ein Marmorrelief eingelassen, das die sagenhafte Kreuzerrichtung an dieser Stelle durch Karl den Großen vergegenwärtigt. Von Rudolf Weyr geschafften, wurde es 1906 enthüllt.
Baroque church
In 1676, when the Brotherhood of the Most Holy Trinity was solemnly introduced to St. Peter's, it soon attained a high membership. A large part of the members were among the richest and most respected citizens of Vienna. The nobility was also represented to the highest tops. The Brotherhood therefore had the means to do so, and in 1700, it decided to demolish the old church and build a new building whose shape was to commemorate St. Peter's in Rome. One year earlier, in the plague year of 1679, Leopold I vowed to build a new building dedicated to the Holy Trinity in place of the dilapidated church. Builder Jankel was requested to make an estimation of the costs. He received 50 guilders for the building survey drawn by him.
According to the technical guide through Vienna (Ing. Martin Paul) the builders are indicated in the inscriptions in the dome knob: Francesco Martinelli, Franz Jänggl and Christian Oettl. However, the bibliographical references are widely differing. According to the manual of the German art monuments of Georg Dehio, the construction was started according to the plan of Gabriele Montani 1702, continued from this until 1703, then, probably completed by Johann Lukas Hildebrandt after modified plan 1708 in the shell and consecrated on October 25, 1708. 1708-1715 was followed by the interior fittings, 1713-1717 the dome space was completed in its current picturesque and sculptural design, but only 1730-1733 built the main choir. Cardinal Kollonitsch consecrated St. Peter's Church in 1733. The tomb of Wolfgang Lazius, who had been buried in the old Peterskirche in 1565, was transferred to the new St. Peter's church. The Petersfreithof (cemetery) still surrounded the church, it was only abandoned under Joseph II. In 1844, the façade was restored, and the many sales offices added to the church disappeared after the abolishemnt of the cemetery.
The history of St. Peter in Baroque period
When the old church was removed in 1701, it was decided to find the foundation stone of the first church, which contained "an old parable of Pope Leo III", the friend and contemporary of Charlemagne.
An old memorial book from the parish notes that the particle in 1749 still existed, but writes nothing about the nature of the same. The founders of the strange foundation stone claimed that it must have been laid in the year 800 and this conviction was maintained, so that afterwards the inscription of the cornerstone for the new church was written, which reads:
Petri prinzipis Apostolorum Petri Coeli Clavigeri Sacris honoribus a Carolo I. Caesare Magno anno post virginis partum DCCC extructe novis ex fundamentis DOM uni in Trinitate Deo et S. Petri honoriter augusta surrexit Lapidem in titulum cen age Jacob restauravit Leopoldus uterque Felix. "
The German translation is approximately as follows:
"This church, which stood over nine centuries, founded on holy honors on the solid rock of Apostle Prince Paul, the key bearer of heaven, by Charlemagne in the year 800, after the Virgin gave birth, has resurrected gloriously in honor of the almighty God who is united in Trinity and St. Peter, as second Jacob the cornerstone has laid Leopold the Great as well as the Happy. "
This laying of the cornerstone was solemnly performed by Emperor Leopold I on June 30, 1702 (according to Harrer, Czeike names April 22, 1702).
Already at the time of the start of construction an accident was recorded:
On the occasion of a solemn procession on October 29, 1702, in which the emperor also participated with his court, as a result of the overburden, the planks laid over the foundations collapsed and about 50 persons, mostly court cavaliers and page boys, plunged into the depths.
The completion of the church progressed very slowly. Even during construction, the wood of the dome was damaged, so this had to be replaced in 1722 by a dome cover, for which Emperor Charles VI as the supreme patron and member of the Brotherhood of the Holy Trinity, supplied the copper. For years, the facade was missing and the towers had no ending.
On May 17, 1733, the church was finally consecrated by the Cardinal Count Sigismund Kollonitsch.
Appearance
The outer image of St. Peter's is dominated by the 56-meter high, massive dome, which in its configuration reminds of the dome of St. Peter. It is a two-storey facade of stocky effect, whose slopingly placed towers flank the concave central part and which is surmounted by the dome of the central building. The building itself glorifies the reign of Emperor Leopold I, whose motto is emblazoned in the interior above the choir arch. The charming, pavilion-like portal porch made of gray marble was built according to a design by Andrea Altomonte only 1751-1753. Figurative decoration made of lead by Franz Kohl, a pupil and assistant of Georg Raphael Donner, decorates it. Right at the top are the statues Faith, Hope and Love, as well as angelic figures bearing tiaras and keys, the insignia of papal sovereignty. On the gable window at the front and the vases on the side reliefs: depictions from the life of Peter. The main portal shows rich carving and beautiful fittings; an inscription commemorates the imperial plague vow.
In the niches below the two slopingly placed towers that flank the front of the church are the following sandstone figures: St. Peter and St. Simon, St. John the Evangelist (according to Paul Harrer St. Paul) and Judas Thaddeus. At the back of the choir (outside wall of the church) are stone sculptures of St. Peter and St. Michael, executed by Lorenz Matitelli around 1730.
On the eastern side wall of the church, opposite the exit of the Goldschmied alley, a marble relief is embedded in the stone wall, depicting the legendary setting up of the cross at this place by Charlemagne. Created by Rudolf Weyr, it was unveiled in 1906.
Barockkirche
Als die Bruderschaft der heiligsten Dreifaltigkeit 1676 feierlich in die Peterskirche eingeführt wurde, erreichte sie bald einen hohen Mitgliederstand. Ein großer Teil der Mitglieder zählte zu den reichsten und angesehensten Bürgern von Wien. Auch der Adel war bis in die höchsten Spitzen vertreten. Die Bruderschaft verfügte daher über die entsprechenden Mittel und so fasste sie im Jahr 1700 den Entschluss, die alte Kirche niederzureißen und einen Neubau aufzuführen, dessen Form an die Peterskirche zu Rom erinnern sollte. Bereits ein Jahr zuvor, im Pestjahr 1679 gelobte Leopold I., anstelle der baufälligen Kirche einen der Heiligen Dreifaltigkeit gewidmeten Neubau zu errichten. Man ließ von Baumeister Jankel einen Kosten-Überschlag machen. Für den von ihm gezeichneten Bauriss erhielt er 50 Gulden.
Nach dem technischen Führer durch Wien (Ing. Martin Paul) werden die Erbauer in den Inschriften im Kuppelknauf angegeben: Francesco Martinelli, Franz Jänggl und Christian Oettl. Die Literaturangaben gehen jedoch hierüber weit auseinander. Nach dem Handbuch der deutschen Kunstdenkmäler von Georg Dehio wurde der Bau nach dem Plan von Gabriele Montani 1702 begonnen, von diesem bis 1703 weitergeführt, sodann, wahrscheinlich von Johann Lukas Hildebrandt nach verändertem Plan 1708 im Rohbau vollendet und am 25. Oktober 1708 geweiht. 1708-1715 folgte die Innenausstattung, 1713-1717 wurde der Kuppelraum in seiner gegenwärtigen malerischen und plastischen Ausgestaltung vollendet, jedoch erst 1730-1733 baute man den Hauptchor. 1733 weihte Kardinal Kollonitsch die Peterskirche. Das Grabmal des Wolfgang Lazius, der in der alten Peterskirche 1565 bestattet worden war, wurde in die neue Peterskirche übertragen. Nach wie vor umgab der Petersfreithof die Kirche; er wurde erst unter Joseph II. aufgelassen. 1844 restaurierte man die Fassade, wobei auch die vielen an die Kirche angebauten Verkaufsbuden verschwanden, die nach der Auflassung des Friedhofs entstanden waren.
Die Geschichte von St. Peter im Barock
Als man 1701 die alte Kirche abtrug, will man bei dieser Gelegenheit den Grundstein der ersten Kirche gefunden haben, der "eine alten Paritkel von Papst Leo III.“, dem Freunde und Zeitgenossen Karls des Großen, enthielt.
Ein altes Gedenkbuch aus der Pfarre bemerkt, dass der Partikel noch 1749 vorhanden war, schreibt aber nichts über die Art desselben. Die Auffinder des merkwürdigen Grundsteines behaupteten, dass er im Jahr 800 gelegt worden sein müsse und an dieser Überzeugung hielt man fest, sodass danach die Inschrift des Grundsteines für die neue Kirche verfasst wurde, welche lautet:
"Ecclesia quae IX ultra saecula steterat, fundata supra firmam Petram prinzipis Apostolorum Petri Coeli Clavigeri Sacris honoribus a Carolo I. Caesare Magno anno post virginis partum DCCC extructe novis ex fundamentis D.O.M- uni in Trinitate Deo et S. Petri honoriter augusta surrexit. Lapidem in titulum cen alter Jacob restauravit Leopoldus uterque Felix.“
Die deutsche Übersetzung ist etwa wie folgt:
"Diese Kirche, die über neun Jahrhunderte stand, gegründet zu heiligen Ehren auf dem festen Felsen des Apostelfürsten Paulus, des Schlüsselträgers des Himmels, von Karl dem Großen Kaiser im Jahr 800, nachdem die Jungfrau gebar, ist dem allmächtigen Gott, der einig ist in der Dreiheit und dem heiligen Petrus zu Ehren prachtvoll wiedererstanden. Als zweiter Jakob hat den Grundstein gelegt Leopold der ebenso Große als Glückliche."
Diese Grundsteinlegung geschah in feierlicher Weise durch Kaiser Leopold I. am 30. Juni 1702 (laut Harrer; Czeike benennt den 22. April 1702).
Schon zur Zeit des Baubeginnes war ein Unfall zu verzeichnen:
Anlässlich einer feierlichen Prozession am 29. Oktober 1702, an der auch der Kaiser mit seinem Hofstaat teilnahm, stürzte infolge der Überlastung die über die Fundamente gelegten Bretter ein und etwa 50 Personen, meistens Hofkavaliere und Pagen stürzten in die Tiefe.
Die Vollendung der Kirche ging sehr langsam voran. Noch während des Baues wurde das Holz der Kuppel schadhaft, sodass dieses 1722 durch eine Kuppeldeckung ersetzt werden musste, wozu Kaiser Karl VI. als oberster Schutzherr und Mitglied der Bruderschaft der heiligen Dreifaltigkeit das Kupfer lieferte. Jahrelang fehlte die Fassade und die Türme hatten keinen Abschluss.
Am 17. Mai 1733 konnte die Kirche endlich durch den Kardinal Graf Sigismund Kollonitsch geweiht werden.
Äußeres
Das äußere Bild das die Peterskirche darbietet, wird beherrschend bestimmt durch die 56 Meter hohe, gewaltige Kuppel, die in ihrer Konfiguration an die Kuppel von St. Peter erinnert. Es handelt sich um eine zweigeschossige Fassade von gedrungener Wirkung, deren schräggestellte Türme den konkav einschwingenden Mittelteil flankieren und der von der Kuppel des Zentralbaus überragt wird. Der Bau selbst verherrlicht die Regierung des Kaisers Leopold I., dessen Wahlspruch im Innen über dem Chorbogen prangt. Der reizvolle, pavillonartige Portalvorbau aus grauem Marmor wurde nach einem Entwurfe von Andrea Altomonte erst 1751 bis 1753 errichtet. Figürlicher Schmuck aus Blei von Franz Kohl, einem Schüler und Gehilfen von Georg Raphael Donner, ziert ihn. Zu Oberst die Statuen Glaube, Hoffnung und Liebe, sowie Engelfiguren, welche Tiara und Schlüssel, die Insignien der päpstlichen Souveränität, tragen. Am Giebelfenster an der Vorderseite und den Vasen an der Seite Reliefs: Darstellungen aus dem Leben Petri. Das Hauptportal zeigt reiches Schnitzwerk und schöne Beschläge; eine Inschrift erinnert an das kaiserliche Pestgelübde.
In den Nischen unterhalb der beiden schiefgestellten Türme, welche die Vorderseite der Kirche flankieren, stehen folgende Sandsteinfiguren: St. Petrus und St. Simon, Johannes Evangelist (laut Paul Harrer St. Paulus) und Judas Thaddäus. An der Rückseite des Chores (Außenwand der Kirche) befinden sich Steinplastiken vom heiligen Petrus und vom Heiligen Michael, die von Lorenz Matitelli um 1730 ausgeführt wurden.
An der östlichen Seitenwand des Gotteshauses, gegenüber dem Ausgang der Goldschmiedgasse ist in die Steinmauer ein Marmorrelief eingelassen, das die sagenhafte Kreuzerrichtung an dieser Stelle durch Karl den Großen vergegenwärtigt. Von Rudolf Weyr geschafften, wurde es 1906 enthüllt.
The gray box is the imaginary container for the curve. If the long side is one, the short side is five-sixteenths. The slope is 1:1 at one corner, 0 at the midpoint and -1:1 on the other corner. This is an estimation of the sine curve, suggested by Daniel Kwan, and is easier to fold than most curves.
For years, the Mountain Rescue Service in Bosnia and Herzegovina had to worry about mine-suspected areas when they were out doing their jobs. And firefighters and municipal services sometimes could not do their jobs because of risks from mines and unexploded ordinances.
Not knowing whether people are safe is still a looming threat in Bosnia and Herzegovina, even 25 years after the war. The mines left behind across the country continue to create an uncertainty in the daily lives of locals.
The first estimation of the country’s mine problem was 8.2% of the total country’s territory. Thanks so successful de-mining operations, the current size of hazardous area is down to 1.96%.
Identifying where the danger lies is the first step. Thanks to a European Union initiative, Bosnia and Herzegovina Mine Action Centre, with the assistance of the BiH Armed Forces, Norwegian People’s Aid, UNDP and EUFOR, successfully defined 8,525 suspected micro-locations and created a mobile application that allows citizens to be aware of and avoid the locations of mine suspected areas throughout the country.
Read more: undpeurasia.exposure.co/app-that-detects-mine-suspected-a...
Photo: UNDP Bosnia and Herzegovina / Vedran Kurteš
This looks like a little boy and his sister, though the younger one might be a brother. it's always hard to tell with pre 1900's photos. There isn't ay information on the reverse of this photo but it was listed as being from the civil war era, though I think that estimation was probably made based on the clothing and the photo quality so it might be a little bit off.
Aves grandes, espalhafatosas, barulhentas, coloridas e, sobretudo, belas, que se destacam entre as demais.
"A arara-de-barriga-amarela ou arara-canindé (Ara ararauna) é uma arara que ocorre da América Central ao Brasil, à Bolívia e Paraguai. Tal espécie chega a medir até 90 cm de comprimento, com partes superiores azuis e inferiores amarelas, alto da cabeça verde, fileiras de penas faciais e garganta negras. Também é conhecida pelos nomes de arara-amarela, arara-azul-e-amarela, araraí, araraúna, arara canindé e arari. As araras canindé na natureza se alimentam frutos e castanhas. Essas aves estão sempre em grupo e são aves barulhentas mas pousam silenciosamente. A arara canindé enfrenta vários problemas em relação a extinção, estão sendo ameaçadas principalmente pelo contrabando e pelo comércio ilegal de aves, também é um animal muito procurado como bicho-de-estimação pois é muito dócil, quieto (dependendo das condições do cativeiro) e possuem certa capacidade de fala, além de ser um animal muito belo. Uma vez que formam casal, não mais se separam e botam em cerca de 3 ovos e chocam entre 27 e 29 dias. Ordem: Psittaciformes." Fonte: Wikipédia.
Large birds, loud, noisy, colorful and, above all, beautiful, standing out among the others.
"The parrot-yellow-bellied or canindé macaw (Ara ararauna) is a parrot that occurs in Central America to Brazil, Bolivia and Paraguay. This species comes to measuring up to 90 cm long, with blue uppers and lower yellow, green top of the head, rows of black feathers face and neck. It is also known by the names of yellow macaw, macaw, blue and yellow plow, ararauna, canindé parrot and macaw. Canindé macaws in the wild they eat fruits and nuts. These birds are always in groups and are noisy but birds perch silently. The parrot canindé faces several problems in relation to extinction, are being threatened primarily by smuggling and the illegal trade in birds, is also much sought after as an animal creature-of-estimation because it is very docile, quiet (depending on the conditions of captivity) and have some ability to speak, besides being a very beautiful animal. Since forming a couple, no longer separate and lay about 3 eggs and hatch between 27 and 29 days. Order: Psittaciformes. "Source: Wikipedia.
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©AVucha 2015
No injuries were reported after a fire partially destroyed a Spring Grove home Sunday afternoon. The Spring Grove Fire Protection District was dispatched to 6316 Johnsburg Rd. at around 2:24pm for the report of smoke and flames coming from the barn style residence. According to officials, the homeowner had possibly fallen asleep while heating up cooking oil in his tool room. The neighbor was able to gain access to the residence and alerted all 3 occupants of the fire. By the time fire crews arrived the fire had spread throughout the first floor and caused extensive smoke damage to the entire residence. Chief Richard Tobiasz said the fire was under control within an hour leaving initial damage estimations around $100,000. Due to the lack of hydrants in the area, more than a dozen fire departments from Lake and McHenry counties, including Wisconsin responded to the scene. All the occupants made it out safely prior to the fire departments arrival.
This photograph is being made available only for personal use printing by the subject(s) of the photograph. The photograph may not be manipulated in any way and may not be used in commercial material, advertisements, emails, products, promotions without the expressed consent of Alex Vucha.
Baroque church
In 1676, when the Brotherhood of the Most Holy Trinity was solemnly introduced to St. Peter's, it soon attained a high membership. A large part of the members were among the richest and most respected citizens of Vienna. The nobility was also represented to the highest tops. The Brotherhood therefore had the means to do so, and in 1700, it decided to demolish the old church and build a new building whose shape was to commemorate St. Peter's in Rome. One year earlier, in the plague year of 1679, Leopold I vowed to build a new building dedicated to the Holy Trinity in place of the dilapidated church. Builder Jankel was requested to make an estimation of the costs. He received 50 guilders for the building survey drawn by him.
According to the technical guide through Vienna (Ing. Martin Paul) the builders are indicated in the inscriptions in the dome knob: Francesco Martinelli, Franz Jänggl and Christian Oettl. However, the bibliographical references are widely differing. According to the manual of the German art monuments of Georg Dehio, the construction was started according to the plan of Gabriele Montani 1702, continued from this until 1703, then, probably completed by Johann Lukas Hildebrandt after modified plan 1708 in the shell and consecrated on October 25, 1708. 1708-1715 was followed by the interior fittings, 1713-1717 the dome space was completed in its current picturesque and sculptural design, but only 1730-1733 built the main choir. Cardinal Kollonitsch consecrated St. Peter's Church in 1733. The tomb of Wolfgang Lazius, who had been buried in the old Peterskirche in 1565, was transferred to the new St. Peter's church. The Petersfreithof (cemetery) still surrounded the church, it was only abandoned under Joseph II. In 1844, the façade was restored, and the many sales offices added to the church disappeared after the abolishemnt of the cemetery.
The history of St. Peter in Baroque period
When the old church was removed in 1701, it was decided to find the foundation stone of the first church, which contained "an old parable of Pope Leo III", the friend and contemporary of Charlemagne.
An old memorial book from the parish notes that the particle in 1749 still existed, but writes nothing about the nature of the same. The founders of the strange foundation stone claimed that it must have been laid in the year 800 and this conviction was maintained, so that afterwards the inscription of the cornerstone for the new church was written, which reads:
Petri prinzipis Apostolorum Petri Coeli Clavigeri Sacris honoribus a Carolo I. Caesare Magno anno post virginis partum DCCC extructe novis ex fundamentis DOM uni in Trinitate Deo et S. Petri honoriter augusta surrexit Lapidem in titulum cen age Jacob restauravit Leopoldus uterque Felix. "
The German translation is approximately as follows:
"This church, which stood over nine centuries, founded on holy honors on the solid rock of Apostle Prince Paul, the key bearer of heaven, by Charlemagne in the year 800, after the Virgin gave birth, has resurrected gloriously in honor of the almighty God who is united in Trinity and St. Peter, as second Jacob the cornerstone has laid Leopold the Great as well as the Happy. "
This laying of the cornerstone was solemnly performed by Emperor Leopold I on June 30, 1702 (according to Harrer, Czeike names April 22, 1702).
Already at the time of the start of construction an accident was recorded:
On the occasion of a solemn procession on October 29, 1702, in which the emperor also participated with his court, as a result of the overburden, the planks laid over the foundations collapsed and about 50 persons, mostly court cavaliers and page boys, plunged into the depths.
The completion of the church progressed very slowly. Even during construction, the wood of the dome was damaged, so this had to be replaced in 1722 by a dome cover, for which Emperor Charles VI as the supreme patron and member of the Brotherhood of the Holy Trinity, supplied the copper. For years, the facade was missing and the towers had no ending.
On May 17, 1733, the church was finally consecrated by the Cardinal Count Sigismund Kollonitsch.
Appearance
The outer image of St. Peter's is dominated by the 56-meter high, massive dome, which in its configuration reminds of the dome of St. Peter. It is a two-storey facade of stocky effect, whose slopingly placed towers flank the concave central part and which is surmounted by the dome of the central building. The building itself glorifies the reign of Emperor Leopold I, whose motto is emblazoned in the interior above the choir arch. The charming, pavilion-like portal porch made of gray marble was built according to a design by Andrea Altomonte only 1751-1753. Figurative decoration made of lead by Franz Kohl, a pupil and assistant of Georg Raphael Donner, decorates it. Right at the top are the statues Faith, Hope and Love, as well as angelic figures bearing tiaras and keys, the insignia of papal sovereignty. On the gable window at the front and the vases on the side reliefs: depictions from the life of Peter. The main portal shows rich carving and beautiful fittings; an inscription commemorates the imperial plague vow.
In the niches below the two slopingly placed towers that flank the front of the church are the following sandstone figures: St. Peter and St. Simon, St. John the Evangelist (according to Paul Harrer St. Paul) and Judas Thaddeus. At the back of the choir (outside wall of the church) are stone sculptures of St. Peter and St. Michael, executed by Lorenz Matitelli around 1730.
On the eastern side wall of the church, opposite the exit of the Goldschmied alley, a marble relief is embedded in the stone wall, depicting the legendary setting up of the cross at this place by Charlemagne. Created by Rudolf Weyr, it was unveiled in 1906.
Barockkirche
Als die Bruderschaft der heiligsten Dreifaltigkeit 1676 feierlich in die Peterskirche eingeführt wurde, erreichte sie bald einen hohen Mitgliederstand. Ein großer Teil der Mitglieder zählte zu den reichsten und angesehensten Bürgern von Wien. Auch der Adel war bis in die höchsten Spitzen vertreten. Die Bruderschaft verfügte daher über die entsprechenden Mittel und so fasste sie im Jahr 1700 den Entschluss, die alte Kirche niederzureißen und einen Neubau aufzuführen, dessen Form an die Peterskirche zu Rom erinnern sollte. Bereits ein Jahr zuvor, im Pestjahr 1679 gelobte Leopold I., anstelle der baufälligen Kirche einen der Heiligen Dreifaltigkeit gewidmeten Neubau zu errichten. Man ließ von Baumeister Jankel einen Kosten-Überschlag machen. Für den von ihm gezeichneten Bauriss erhielt er 50 Gulden.
Nach dem technischen Führer durch Wien (Ing. Martin Paul) werden die Erbauer in den Inschriften im Kuppelknauf angegeben: Francesco Martinelli, Franz Jänggl und Christian Oettl. Die Literaturangaben gehen jedoch hierüber weit auseinander. Nach dem Handbuch der deutschen Kunstdenkmäler von Georg Dehio wurde der Bau nach dem Plan von Gabriele Montani 1702 begonnen, von diesem bis 1703 weitergeführt, sodann, wahrscheinlich von Johann Lukas Hildebrandt nach verändertem Plan 1708 im Rohbau vollendet und am 25. Oktober 1708 geweiht. 1708-1715 folgte die Innenausstattung, 1713-1717 wurde der Kuppelraum in seiner gegenwärtigen malerischen und plastischen Ausgestaltung vollendet, jedoch erst 1730-1733 baute man den Hauptchor. 1733 weihte Kardinal Kollonitsch die Peterskirche. Das Grabmal des Wolfgang Lazius, der in der alten Peterskirche 1565 bestattet worden war, wurde in die neue Peterskirche übertragen. Nach wie vor umgab der Petersfreithof die Kirche; er wurde erst unter Joseph II. aufgelassen. 1844 restaurierte man die Fassade, wobei auch die vielen an die Kirche angebauten Verkaufsbuden verschwanden, die nach der Auflassung des Friedhofs entstanden waren.
Die Geschichte von St. Peter im Barock
Als man 1701 die alte Kirche abtrug, will man bei dieser Gelegenheit den Grundstein der ersten Kirche gefunden haben, der "eine alten Paritkel von Papst Leo III.“, dem Freunde und Zeitgenossen Karls des Großen, enthielt.
Ein altes Gedenkbuch aus der Pfarre bemerkt, dass der Partikel noch 1749 vorhanden war, schreibt aber nichts über die Art desselben. Die Auffinder des merkwürdigen Grundsteines behaupteten, dass er im Jahr 800 gelegt worden sein müsse und an dieser Überzeugung hielt man fest, sodass danach die Inschrift des Grundsteines für die neue Kirche verfasst wurde, welche lautet:
"Ecclesia quae IX ultra saecula steterat, fundata supra firmam Petram prinzipis Apostolorum Petri Coeli Clavigeri Sacris honoribus a Carolo I. Caesare Magno anno post virginis partum DCCC extructe novis ex fundamentis D.O.M- uni in Trinitate Deo et S. Petri honoriter augusta surrexit. Lapidem in titulum cen alter Jacob restauravit Leopoldus uterque Felix.“
Die deutsche Übersetzung ist etwa wie folgt:
"Diese Kirche, die über neun Jahrhunderte stand, gegründet zu heiligen Ehren auf dem festen Felsen des Apostelfürsten Paulus, des Schlüsselträgers des Himmels, von Karl dem Großen Kaiser im Jahr 800, nachdem die Jungfrau gebar, ist dem allmächtigen Gott, der einig ist in der Dreiheit und dem heiligen Petrus zu Ehren prachtvoll wiedererstanden. Als zweiter Jakob hat den Grundstein gelegt Leopold der ebenso Große als Glückliche."
Diese Grundsteinlegung geschah in feierlicher Weise durch Kaiser Leopold I. am 30. Juni 1702 (laut Harrer; Czeike benennt den 22. April 1702).
Schon zur Zeit des Baubeginnes war ein Unfall zu verzeichnen:
Anlässlich einer feierlichen Prozession am 29. Oktober 1702, an der auch der Kaiser mit seinem Hofstaat teilnahm, stürzte infolge der Überlastung die über die Fundamente gelegten Bretter ein und etwa 50 Personen, meistens Hofkavaliere und Pagen stürzten in die Tiefe.
Die Vollendung der Kirche ging sehr langsam voran. Noch während des Baues wurde das Holz der Kuppel schadhaft, sodass dieses 1722 durch eine Kuppeldeckung ersetzt werden musste, wozu Kaiser Karl VI. als oberster Schutzherr und Mitglied der Bruderschaft der heiligen Dreifaltigkeit das Kupfer lieferte. Jahrelang fehlte die Fassade und die Türme hatten keinen Abschluss.
Am 17. Mai 1733 konnte die Kirche endlich durch den Kardinal Graf Sigismund Kollonitsch geweiht werden.
Äußeres
Das äußere Bild das die Peterskirche darbietet, wird beherrschend bestimmt durch die 56 Meter hohe, gewaltige Kuppel, die in ihrer Konfiguration an die Kuppel von St. Peter erinnert. Es handelt sich um eine zweigeschossige Fassade von gedrungener Wirkung, deren schräggestellte Türme den konkav einschwingenden Mittelteil flankieren und der von der Kuppel des Zentralbaus überragt wird. Der Bau selbst verherrlicht die Regierung des Kaisers Leopold I., dessen Wahlspruch im Innen über dem Chorbogen prangt. Der reizvolle, pavillonartige Portalvorbau aus grauem Marmor wurde nach einem Entwurfe von Andrea Altomonte erst 1751 bis 1753 errichtet. Figürlicher Schmuck aus Blei von Franz Kohl, einem Schüler und Gehilfen von Georg Raphael Donner, ziert ihn. Zu Oberst die Statuen Glaube, Hoffnung und Liebe, sowie Engelfiguren, welche Tiara und Schlüssel, die Insignien der päpstlichen Souveränität, tragen. Am Giebelfenster an der Vorderseite und den Vasen an der Seite Reliefs: Darstellungen aus dem Leben Petri. Das Hauptportal zeigt reiches Schnitzwerk und schöne Beschläge; eine Inschrift erinnert an das kaiserliche Pestgelübde.
In den Nischen unterhalb der beiden schiefgestellten Türme, welche die Vorderseite der Kirche flankieren, stehen folgende Sandsteinfiguren: St. Petrus und St. Simon, Johannes Evangelist (laut Paul Harrer St. Paulus) und Judas Thaddäus. An der Rückseite des Chores (Außenwand der Kirche) befinden sich Steinplastiken vom heiligen Petrus und vom Heiligen Michael, die von Lorenz Matitelli um 1730 ausgeführt wurden.
An der östlichen Seitenwand des Gotteshauses, gegenüber dem Ausgang der Goldschmiedgasse ist in die Steinmauer ein Marmorrelief eingelassen, das die sagenhafte Kreuzerrichtung an dieser Stelle durch Karl den Großen vergegenwärtigt. Von Rudolf Weyr geschafften, wurde es 1906 enthüllt.
Nangklao (Thai: พระบาทสมเด็จพระนั่งเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว) or Rama III (31 March 1788 – 2 April 1851) was the third monarch of Siam under the House of Chakri, ruling from 21 July 1824 to 2 April 1851. He succeeded his father, Rama II, as the King of Siam. His succession was unusual according to the traditions because Nangklao was a son of a concubine rather than that of a queen. His accession was perceived by foreign observers as having usurped the prior claim of Prince Mongkut, who was a legitimate son of Rama II born to a queen, Srisuriyendra. Under the old concept of Thai monarchy, however, a proper king must emulate Maha Sammata in that he must be "elected by the people." Ironically, Prince Mongkut may have later contributed to this misconception, when he feared that his own accession might be perceived by foreign observers as a usurpation.
During Nangklao's reign, the military hegemony of Siam was established by putting down the Laotian Rebellion (1826–1828, in what would come to be called Isan), the Siamese–Vietnamese War (1831–34), and the Siamese-Vietnamese War fought in Cambodia (1841–45).
EARLY LIFE
King Nangklao was born as Prince Thap (Thai: ทับ) in 1788 to Prince Isarasundhorn and one of his royal wives Chao Chom Manda Riam, who came from a Muslim noble family from the south. Following Isarasundhorn's coronation (posthumously known as Phutthaloetla Naphalai, or Rama II) in 1809, Prince Kshatriyanuchit (Mom Men), the surviving son of Taksin, revolted as pretender to the throne. Prince Thap was assigned to suppress the rebellion, which he did. Praised by his father for his competence, Prince Thap was given the Sanskrit-derived title Chetsadabodin, raised to the bureaucratic rank of Kromma Muen, and served his father as Kromma Tha (minister of trade and foreign affairs.) As Kromma Tha, he developed proficiency in foreign trade, and developed an affection for Chinese goods and culture. Temples he later had constructed were characterized by Chinese influence. After a private audience in 1822, Crawfurd wrote of the Prince Krom-chiat that, "he seemed certainly to maintain the character assigned to him in public estimation, of being the most intelligent of all the princes and chiefs of the Siamese Court." The Portuguese Consul stated that the Prince had offered him a large sum of money, if he would translate from the French into the Portuguese language a history of the wars of Napoleon, for the purpose of being rendered into Siamese through the Christian interpreters.
SUCCESSION
As the prince administered trade affairs, his half-brother Prince Mongkut pursued the way of religion, becoming a monk in 1824. In that year, Phutthaloetla Naphalai died suddenly without having named a successor to vice king Maha Senanurak, who had died 16 July 1817. According to the traditions of royal succession, the vice king or uparaja was heir presumptive. If there were none, then an ad hoc senabodi consisting of senior officials present at the death of a king, would elect a successor.[5] Foreign observers accustomed to the concept of an heir apparent expected Prince Mongkut, as the a son of the queen, to ascend to the throne. However, the assembled Senabodi considered Prince Chetsadabodin a more competent choice as he had served the king in Kromma Tha for years. Support came strongly from high-ranking nobility, including Chao Phraya Abhay Pudhorn, the Samuha Nayok, and Dis Bunnag then Minister of Kromma Tha, and other Bunnag family members.
Chetsadabodin accepted the throne and was crowned in 1824. He raised his mother, Riam, to Princess Mother Sri Suralai. He appointed his uncle, Sakdiphonlasep, vice king on 21 July 1824 – who predeceased the king 1 May 1832, leading to yet another succession crisis. He did not name his reign, but was posthumously awarded the name Nangklao by Mongkut, who had in the interim remained in ecclesiastic status to avoid the intrigues of royal politics.
WESTERN CONTACTS
The reign of Nangklao (as he was posthumously known) saw the renewal of Western contacts. In 1822, British East India Company agent John Crawfurd's mission to Siam laid the groundwork for a British request for Siamese support in the First Anglo-Burmese War, which broke out in 1824. Nangklao provided fleets and elephants to rush through Burmese forests. He also sent Siamese armies to participate in the invasion of Burma since the British promised Siam the conquered lands. Phraya Chumporn ordered the forced migration of Mergui (a common practice in Southeast Asia regarding the newly-conquered lands), which had been conquered by the British. The British were frustrated at Phraya Chumporn's actions, and hostilities were heightened. Nangklao ordered the Siamese armies to leave to avoid further conflict.
In 1825, Henry Burney arrived to negotiate peace agreements. The Burney Treaty was the first treaty with the West in the Rattanakosin period. Its purpose was to established free trade in Siam and to greatly reduce taxation on foreign trading ships. That it accomplished the objectives is disputed.
In 1833, US President Andrew Jackson's "special agent" and envoy Edmund Roberts, referring often to Crawfurd's account,[6]:pp198ff concluded the Siamese–American Treaty of Amity and Commerce, signed at the Royal City of Sia-Yut'hia (Bangkok) on 20 March, the last of the fourth month of the year 1194 Chula Sakarat. This treaty, with later modifications, is still in force. Dan Beach Bradley, an American physician and prominent Western personality of the time, introduced printing and vaccination.
ANOUVONG INSURGENCY
The three Laotian kingdoms (Lan Xang in Vientiane, Luang Prabang, and Champasak) became Siamese tributary states after Chao Phraya Maha Kshatriyaseuk (King Rama I, Nangklao's grandfather) had conquered them in 1778. Anouvong, the son of the king of Vientiene, was taken to Bangkok as a captive. He spent nearly thirty years in Siam and joined the Siamese forces in wars with Burma. In 1805, Anouvong returned to Vientiane to be crowned as the king.
In 1824, Phutthaloetla Naphalai died and, in the following year, Siam was dragged into conflicts with the British Empire. Anouvong saw this as an opportunity to wield his power. In 1825, returning from the funeral of Phutthaloetla Naphalai in Bangkok, Anouvong assembled a large force and went on the offensive. After defeating Bangkok-vassal principalities along the way, Anouvong captured Korat, the main defensive stronghold of Siam in the northeast. He forced the city to be evacuated while marching to Saraburi, on approach to the capital, Bangkok. However, the Korat captives rebelled—said to have been at the instigation of Lady Mo, wife of a ruling noble of Korat—although this claim is countered by many historians who say Mo had no heroic role in the events at Tung Samrit, though a contemporary account did mention her action. As Bangkok gathered counterattacking troops, Anouvong withdrew to return to Vientiane.
Nangklao sent his uncle Maha Sakdi Polsep the Front Palace and Sing Singhaseni (at the time styled Phraya Ratchasuphawadi) to defeat the armies of Anouvong in Isan. Anouvong was defeated and fled to Vietnam. The Siamese captured Vientiane and ordered the evacuation of the city.
In 1827, Nangklao ordered the total destruction of Vientiane. Anouvong returned to Laos with Vietnamese forces. Ratchasuphawadi led the Siamese to fight and the engagements occurred at Nong Khai. Anouvong was defeated again and, after an attempt to flee, was captured. Vientiane was razed, extinguishing her 200 year reign, and ceased to be a kingdom. Anouvong was imprisoned in an iron cage in front of the Suthaisawan Hall and died in 1829.
VIETNAM AND CAMBODIA
In 1810, internal conflicts between Cambodian princes forced Ang Im and Ang Duong to flee to Bangkok. Otteyraja of Cambodia turned to Gia Long of Vietnam for support against the opposing princes. However, this was perceived by Siam as treacherous as the two countries had fought for centuries for control of Cambodia.
In 1833, the Lê Văn Khôi revolt against Minh Mạng broke out in Vietnam. Lê Văn Khôi, the rebel leader, sought Siamese aid. Nangklao intended to take this opportunity to install a pro-Siamese monarch on the Cambodian throne.
Phraya Ratchasuphawadi, who had been promoted to Chao Phraya Bodindecha, was ordered to capture Saigon. Dis Bunnag, the Minister of Kromma Tha, commanded a fleet to rendezvous with ground forces at Saigon. The two Cambodian princes, Ang Im and Ang Duong, also joined the expedition. Bodindecha took Udongk and the fleet took Bantey Mas. The fleet proceeded to Saigon but was repelled.
Bodindecha then took Phnom Penh and again invaded Vietnam by land in 1842. In 1845, the Vietnamese recaptured Phnom Penh, but Bodindecha was able to defend Udongk. In 1847, prompted by Emperor Thiệu Trị's treatment of Christian missionaries, French forces invaded Vietnam. A cessation of hostilities with Siam was negotiated. Ang Duong was installed as the Cambodian monarch under the equal patronage of both Siam and Vietnam, thus ending the war.
REVOLT OF KEDAH
In 1837, Krom Somdet Phra Sri Suralai, mother of Nangklao, died. All officials throughout the kingdom went to Bangkok to attend the funeral. At Syburi (Kedah of Malaysia now), without the presence of Siamese governors, a nephew of the Sultan of Kedah then staged a revolt. Nangklao then sent Tat Bunnag down south to subjugate the rebellion quickly in 1838. Tat then suggested an autonomous government for Kedah Sultanate. In 1839, Kedah was divided into four autonomous parts.
RELIGIOUS DEVOTION
Nangklao was famous for his Buddhist faith. He fed the poor each day after becoming prince, and released animals every monastery day. More than 50 temples were built and repaired in his reign, including the first Chinese style temple at Rajorasa, the highest stupa at Wat Arun, the Golden Mountain at Wat Sraket, the metal temple at Wat Ratchanadda, and Chetupol Temple or Wat Pho. Wat Pho is the site of the first university in Thailand.
DEATH AND LEGACY
Nangklao died on 2 April 1851 without having named a successor. He had 51 children including sons, but had raised none of his consorts to queen. The throne passed to his half-brother, Prince Mongkut.
Nangklao stated on his deathbed that "Our wars with Burma and Vietnam were over, only the threats of the Westerners was left to us. We should study their innovations for our own benefits but not to the degree of obsession or worship." This vision coincided with Western intervention in Siam in the reign of Mongkut. He was able to predict, but not live to see the neighboring kingdoms of Burma and Vietnam fall to European colonial rule.
During his reign, trade between Siam and China became lucrative. The king kept his profits in red purses beside his bed, subsequently this money was known as "red purse money". Nangklao stipulated that the red purse money that he had earned through his business acumen should be set aside as the state's emergency fund for the future "so that Siam would be able to buy the land back" if it fell into a squabble with a foreign power. In the reign of his nephew Chulalongkorn, Siam indeed had to pay reparations to France for the 1893 Paknam incident during the Franco–Siamese War), and funding in part came from Nangklao's red purse money.
IN MEMORIAM
Thai baht 15th Series banknotes issued to draw attention to deeds of Chakri Dynasty monarchs in agriculture, science, religion and finance, depicted King Rama III on the reverse of the 500 baht banknote issued 3 August 2001, with a partial quotation of his deathbed statement below a Chinese sailing ship.
A statue of Rama III was dedicated in the front of Wat Ratchanatdaram.
Phra Nang Klao Hospital is a hospital in Nonthaburi Province bearing his name
Phra Nang Klao Bridge is a bridge across the Chao Phraya River in Nonthaburi Province bearing his name, with the Phra Nang Klao Bridge MRT station.
Maha Chesadabodindranusorn Bridge is a bridge across the Chao Phraya River in Nonthaburi Province bearing his title.
WIKIPEDIA
Michael Bublé: Sydney, Australia Loves You Like Crazy
I'd been waiting for this night for what must be almost a decade. Finally, my night...our Crazy Love night. Michael teased me this past Thursday at the presser conducted at the Overseas Passenger Terminal. I could tell then that his concerts in Australia were going to be very special, and tonight - the evening of Valentines Day, I can confirm that they are.
Even though Sydney's Acer Arena holds over 20,000, Michael's gift helps make the audience feel they are getting treated to an intimate experience. Well, he certainly set the scene and warmed me up beautifully for my intimate experience later into the night. On that vein however, I can tell you that his 'Crazy Love' CD does help set the mood.
By my estimation, the jazz sensation is certainly worth $149 plus. Like the greats, you have to experience a live concert to truly appreciate the musical genius.
The multi-talented performer is now close to two million album sales in Australia, with 25 million achieved on a global scale. Yes, us Aussies are raving fans. This tour was Michael's eighth trip to Australia, so the love affair is most definitely a two way street.
My personal favorite number is 'Haven't Met You Yet' which is already five times platinum in Australia.
His songs inspire love, warmth and affection, which was perfect timing for me, having rekindled my relationship with my special man.
Some of Michael's interpretations of other artists that really did it for me on this Valentines evening were Sway, Kissing A Fool, How Can You Mend A Broken Heart?, and Heartache Tonight.
The warmth and love vibrated via Michael was experienced by young and old, and I witnessed a young fan who must have only been about 10 years old present Michael with a gift early into the concert performances, and he magically incorporated this into the show, making all of us feel that we received the present too.
He shared his thoughts on love with "My songs have always been about love. Mine and everyone else's. But this time it was a little more extreme, and I dug deeper - way deeper."
I had read earlier in the week that Michael said "I just love getting in front of people. It's so important to be in touch with your audience. They've paid their money, I want them to be entertained. If they want to cry or laugh or dance or sing or yell, they can do whatever they want. My responsibility is just to take them away." Oh yes, you took me away.
Michael, from my heart thank you for helping add some 'Crazy Love' intimacy to my partners and own evening and life. I would also like to publicly thank Buble's publicity team, Dainty Consolidated Entertainment and Live Guide, for helping make me one of the blessed and fortunate few photographers in Sydney to capture your gift close up. My love now has more focus, and its thanks to you. Let the passion, talent and performer bring out the performance in you, and if your single, that's ok too.
Nangklao (Thai: พระบาทสมเด็จพระนั่งเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว) or Rama III (31 March 1788 – 2 April 1851) was the third monarch of Siam under the House of Chakri, ruling from 21 July 1824 to 2 April 1851. He succeeded his father, Rama II, as the King of Siam. His succession was unusual according to the traditions because Nangklao was a son of a concubine rather than that of a queen. His accession was perceived by foreign observers as having usurped the prior claim of Prince Mongkut, who was a legitimate son of Rama II born to a queen, Srisuriyendra. Under the old concept of Thai monarchy, however, a proper king must emulate Maha Sammata in that he must be "elected by the people." Ironically, Prince Mongkut may have later contributed to this misconception, when he feared that his own accession might be perceived by foreign observers as a usurpation.
During Nangklao's reign, the military hegemony of Siam was established by putting down the Laotian Rebellion (1826–1828, in what would come to be called Isan), the Siamese–Vietnamese War (1831–34), and the Siamese-Vietnamese War fought in Cambodia (1841–45).
EARLY LIFE
King Nangklao was born as Prince Thap (Thai: ทับ) in 1788 to Prince Isarasundhorn and one of his royal wives Chao Chom Manda Riam, who came from a Muslim noble family from the south. Following Isarasundhorn's coronation (posthumously known as Phutthaloetla Naphalai, or Rama II) in 1809, Prince Kshatriyanuchit (Mom Men), the surviving son of Taksin, revolted as pretender to the throne. Prince Thap was assigned to suppress the rebellion, which he did. Praised by his father for his competence, Prince Thap was given the Sanskrit-derived title Chetsadabodin, raised to the bureaucratic rank of Kromma Muen, and served his father as Kromma Tha (minister of trade and foreign affairs.) As Kromma Tha, he developed proficiency in foreign trade, and developed an affection for Chinese goods and culture. Temples he later had constructed were characterized by Chinese influence. After a private audience in 1822, Crawfurd wrote of the Prince Krom-chiat that, "he seemed certainly to maintain the character assigned to him in public estimation, of being the most intelligent of all the princes and chiefs of the Siamese Court." The Portuguese Consul stated that the Prince had offered him a large sum of money, if he would translate from the French into the Portuguese language a history of the wars of Napoleon, for the purpose of being rendered into Siamese through the Christian interpreters.
SUCCESSION
As the prince administered trade affairs, his half-brother Prince Mongkut pursued the way of religion, becoming a monk in 1824. In that year, Phutthaloetla Naphalai died suddenly without having named a successor to vice king Maha Senanurak, who had died 16 July 1817. According to the traditions of royal succession, the vice king or uparaja was heir presumptive. If there were none, then an ad hoc senabodi consisting of senior officials present at the death of a king, would elect a successor.[5] Foreign observers accustomed to the concept of an heir apparent expected Prince Mongkut, as the a son of the queen, to ascend to the throne. However, the assembled Senabodi considered Prince Chetsadabodin a more competent choice as he had served the king in Kromma Tha for years. Support came strongly from high-ranking nobility, including Chao Phraya Abhay Pudhorn, the Samuha Nayok, and Dis Bunnag then Minister of Kromma Tha, and other Bunnag family members.
Chetsadabodin accepted the throne and was crowned in 1824. He raised his mother, Riam, to Princess Mother Sri Suralai. He appointed his uncle, Sakdiphonlasep, vice king on 21 July 1824 – who predeceased the king 1 May 1832, leading to yet another succession crisis. He did not name his reign, but was posthumously awarded the name Nangklao by Mongkut, who had in the interim remained in ecclesiastic status to avoid the intrigues of royal politics.
WESTERN CONTACTS
The reign of Nangklao (as he was posthumously known) saw the renewal of Western contacts. In 1822, British East India Company agent John Crawfurd's mission to Siam laid the groundwork for a British request for Siamese support in the First Anglo-Burmese War, which broke out in 1824. Nangklao provided fleets and elephants to rush through Burmese forests. He also sent Siamese armies to participate in the invasion of Burma since the British promised Siam the conquered lands. Phraya Chumporn ordered the forced migration of Mergui (a common practice in Southeast Asia regarding the newly-conquered lands), which had been conquered by the British. The British were frustrated at Phraya Chumporn's actions, and hostilities were heightened. Nangklao ordered the Siamese armies to leave to avoid further conflict.
In 1825, Henry Burney arrived to negotiate peace agreements. The Burney Treaty was the first treaty with the West in the Rattanakosin period. Its purpose was to established free trade in Siam and to greatly reduce taxation on foreign trading ships. That it accomplished the objectives is disputed.
In 1833, US President Andrew Jackson's "special agent" and envoy Edmund Roberts, referring often to Crawfurd's account,[6]:pp198ff concluded the Siamese–American Treaty of Amity and Commerce, signed at the Royal City of Sia-Yut'hia (Bangkok) on 20 March, the last of the fourth month of the year 1194 Chula Sakarat. This treaty, with later modifications, is still in force. Dan Beach Bradley, an American physician and prominent Western personality of the time, introduced printing and vaccination.
ANOUVONG INSURGENCY
The three Laotian kingdoms (Lan Xang in Vientiane, Luang Prabang, and Champasak) became Siamese tributary states after Chao Phraya Maha Kshatriyaseuk (King Rama I, Nangklao's grandfather) had conquered them in 1778. Anouvong, the son of the king of Vientiene, was taken to Bangkok as a captive. He spent nearly thirty years in Siam and joined the Siamese forces in wars with Burma. In 1805, Anouvong returned to Vientiane to be crowned as the king.
In 1824, Phutthaloetla Naphalai died and, in the following year, Siam was dragged into conflicts with the British Empire. Anouvong saw this as an opportunity to wield his power. In 1825, returning from the funeral of Phutthaloetla Naphalai in Bangkok, Anouvong assembled a large force and went on the offensive. After defeating Bangkok-vassal principalities along the way, Anouvong captured Korat, the main defensive stronghold of Siam in the northeast. He forced the city to be evacuated while marching to Saraburi, on approach to the capital, Bangkok. However, the Korat captives rebelled—said to have been at the instigation of Lady Mo, wife of a ruling noble of Korat—although this claim is countered by many historians who say Mo had no heroic role in the events at Tung Samrit, though a contemporary account did mention her action. As Bangkok gathered counterattacking troops, Anouvong withdrew to return to Vientiane.
Nangklao sent his uncle Maha Sakdi Polsep the Front Palace and Sing Singhaseni (at the time styled Phraya Ratchasuphawadi) to defeat the armies of Anouvong in Isan. Anouvong was defeated and fled to Vietnam. The Siamese captured Vientiane and ordered the evacuation of the city.
In 1827, Nangklao ordered the total destruction of Vientiane. Anouvong returned to Laos with Vietnamese forces. Ratchasuphawadi led the Siamese to fight and the engagements occurred at Nong Khai. Anouvong was defeated again and, after an attempt to flee, was captured. Vientiane was razed, extinguishing her 200 year reign, and ceased to be a kingdom. Anouvong was imprisoned in an iron cage in front of the Suthaisawan Hall and died in 1829.
VIETNAM AND CAMBODIA
In 1810, internal conflicts between Cambodian princes forced Ang Im and Ang Duong to flee to Bangkok. Otteyraja of Cambodia turned to Gia Long of Vietnam for support against the opposing princes. However, this was perceived by Siam as treacherous as the two countries had fought for centuries for control of Cambodia.
In 1833, the Lê Văn Khôi revolt against Minh Mạng broke out in Vietnam. Lê Văn Khôi, the rebel leader, sought Siamese aid. Nangklao intended to take this opportunity to install a pro-Siamese monarch on the Cambodian throne.
Phraya Ratchasuphawadi, who had been promoted to Chao Phraya Bodindecha, was ordered to capture Saigon. Dis Bunnag, the Minister of Kromma Tha, commanded a fleet to rendezvous with ground forces at Saigon. The two Cambodian princes, Ang Im and Ang Duong, also joined the expedition. Bodindecha took Udongk and the fleet took Bantey Mas. The fleet proceeded to Saigon but was repelled.
Bodindecha then took Phnom Penh and again invaded Vietnam by land in 1842. In 1845, the Vietnamese recaptured Phnom Penh, but Bodindecha was able to defend Udongk. In 1847, prompted by Emperor Thiệu Trị's treatment of Christian missionaries, French forces invaded Vietnam. A cessation of hostilities with Siam was negotiated. Ang Duong was installed as the Cambodian monarch under the equal patronage of both Siam and Vietnam, thus ending the war.
REVOLT OF KEDAH
In 1837, Krom Somdet Phra Sri Suralai, mother of Nangklao, died. All officials throughout the kingdom went to Bangkok to attend the funeral. At Syburi (Kedah of Malaysia now), without the presence of Siamese governors, a nephew of the Sultan of Kedah then staged a revolt. Nangklao then sent Tat Bunnag down south to subjugate the rebellion quickly in 1838. Tat then suggested an autonomous government for Kedah Sultanate. In 1839, Kedah was divided into four autonomous parts.
RELIGIOUS DEVOTION
Nangklao was famous for his Buddhist faith. He fed the poor each day after becoming prince, and released animals every monastery day. More than 50 temples were built and repaired in his reign, including the first Chinese style temple at Rajorasa, the highest stupa at Wat Arun, the Golden Mountain at Wat Sraket, the metal temple at Wat Ratchanadda, and Chetupol Temple or Wat Pho. Wat Pho is the site of the first university in Thailand.
DEATH AND LEGACY
Nangklao died on 2 April 1851 without having named a successor. He had 51 children including sons, but had raised none of his consorts to queen. The throne passed to his half-brother, Prince Mongkut.
Nangklao stated on his deathbed that "Our wars with Burma and Vietnam were over, only the threats of the Westerners was left to us. We should study their innovations for our own benefits but not to the degree of obsession or worship." This vision coincided with Western intervention in Siam in the reign of Mongkut. He was able to predict, but not live to see the neighboring kingdoms of Burma and Vietnam fall to European colonial rule.
During his reign, trade between Siam and China became lucrative. The king kept his profits in red purses beside his bed, subsequently this money was known as "red purse money". Nangklao stipulated that the red purse money that he had earned through his business acumen should be set aside as the state's emergency fund for the future "so that Siam would be able to buy the land back" if it fell into a squabble with a foreign power. In the reign of his nephew Chulalongkorn, Siam indeed had to pay reparations to France for the 1893 Paknam incident during the Franco–Siamese War), and funding in part came from Nangklao's red purse money.
IN MEMORIAM
Thai baht 15th Series banknotes issued to draw attention to deeds of Chakri Dynasty monarchs in agriculture, science, religion and finance, depicted King Rama III on the reverse of the 500 baht banknote issued 3 August 2001, with a partial quotation of his deathbed statement below a Chinese sailing ship.
A statue of Rama III was dedicated in the front of Wat Ratchanatdaram.
Phra Nang Klao Hospital is a hospital in Nonthaburi Province bearing his name
Phra Nang Klao Bridge is a bridge across the Chao Phraya River in Nonthaburi Province bearing his name, with the Phra Nang Klao Bridge MRT station.
Maha Chesadabodindranusorn Bridge is a bridge across the Chao Phraya River in Nonthaburi Province bearing his title.
WIKIPEDIA
This is a fairly regular rant from me. I love seeing a girl in corsets, and don't get me wrong, a teeny weeny waist is a delight to behold, but not as important as the shape it imparts to her body. One estimation of the ideal waist size is (boobs + hips) / 4. A girl with bodacious curves and a 22" waist is more attractive to me than a stick insect with a 16" waist.
This girl has the sort of curves I would love to get lost in for eternity!
My estimations on the relative lack of ozone were apparently way off.
Sunburns are not only painful, but also embarrassing… First off, when someone looks at you and you're all red, they think "that person probably thinks they're too cool for sunblock". Secondly, after your skin starts to die, you are condemned to what is basically the equivalent of full-body dandruff.
Despite all this (and I'm not trying to justify anything) there is some sick satisfaction that comes after peeling off a huge piece of skin. It's much akin to the satisfaction gained by cleaning your ears or a having a really successful nose-blowing session.
Baroque church
In 1676, when the Brotherhood of the Most Holy Trinity was solemnly introduced to St. Peter's, it soon attained a high membership. A large part of the members were among the richest and most respected citizens of Vienna. The nobility was also represented to the highest tops. The Brotherhood therefore had the means to do so, and in 1700, it decided to demolish the old church and build a new building whose shape was to commemorate St. Peter's in Rome. One year earlier, in the plague year of 1679, Leopold I vowed to build a new building dedicated to the Holy Trinity in place of the dilapidated church. Builder Jankel was requested to make an estimation of the costs. He received 50 guilders for the building survey drawn by him.
According to the technical guide through Vienna (Ing. Martin Paul) the builders are indicated in the inscriptions in the dome knob: Francesco Martinelli, Franz Jänggl and Christian Oettl. However, the bibliographical references are widely differing. According to the manual of the German art monuments of Georg Dehio, the construction was started according to the plan of Gabriele Montani 1702, continued from this until 1703, then, probably completed by Johann Lukas Hildebrandt after modified plan 1708 in the shell and consecrated on October 25, 1708. 1708-1715 was followed by the interior fittings, 1713-1717 the dome space was completed in its current picturesque and sculptural design, but only 1730-1733 built the main choir. Cardinal Kollonitsch consecrated St. Peter's Church in 1733. The tomb of Wolfgang Lazius, who had been buried in the old Peterskirche in 1565, was transferred to the new St. Peter's church. The Petersfreithof (cemetery) still surrounded the church, it was only abandoned under Joseph II. In 1844, the façade was restored, and the many sales offices added to the church disappeared after the abolishemnt of the cemetery.
The history of St. Peter in Baroque period
When the old church was removed in 1701, it was decided to find the foundation stone of the first church, which contained "an old parable of Pope Leo III", the friend and contemporary of Charlemagne.
An old memorial book from the parish notes that the particle in 1749 still existed, but writes nothing about the nature of the same. The founders of the strange foundation stone claimed that it must have been laid in the year 800 and this conviction was maintained, so that afterwards the inscription of the cornerstone for the new church was written, which reads:
Petri prinzipis Apostolorum Petri Coeli Clavigeri Sacris honoribus a Carolo I. Caesare Magno anno post virginis partum DCCC extructe novis ex fundamentis DOM uni in Trinitate Deo et S. Petri honoriter augusta surrexit Lapidem in titulum cen age Jacob restauravit Leopoldus uterque Felix. "
The German translation is approximately as follows:
"This church, which stood over nine centuries, founded on holy honors on the solid rock of Apostle Prince Paul, the key bearer of heaven, by Charlemagne in the year 800, after the Virgin gave birth, has resurrected gloriously in honor of the almighty God who is united in Trinity and St. Peter, as second Jacob the cornerstone has laid Leopold the Great as well as the Happy. "
This laying of the cornerstone was solemnly performed by Emperor Leopold I on June 30, 1702 (according to Harrer, Czeike names April 22, 1702).
Already at the time of the start of construction an accident was recorded:
On the occasion of a solemn procession on October 29, 1702, in which the emperor also participated with his court, as a result of the overburden, the planks laid over the foundations collapsed and about 50 persons, mostly court cavaliers and page boys, plunged into the depths.
The completion of the church progressed very slowly. Even during construction, the wood of the dome was damaged, so this had to be replaced in 1722 by a dome cover, for which Emperor Charles VI as the supreme patron and member of the Brotherhood of the Holy Trinity, supplied the copper. For years, the facade was missing and the towers had no ending.
On May 17, 1733, the church was finally consecrated by the Cardinal Count Sigismund Kollonitsch.
Appearance
The outer image of St. Peter's is dominated by the 56-meter high, massive dome, which in its configuration reminds of the dome of St. Peter. It is a two-storey facade of stocky effect, whose slopingly placed towers flank the concave central part and which is surmounted by the dome of the central building. The building itself glorifies the reign of Emperor Leopold I, whose motto is emblazoned in the interior above the choir arch. The charming, pavilion-like portal porch made of gray marble was built according to a design by Andrea Altomonte only 1751-1753. Figurative decoration made of lead by Franz Kohl, a pupil and assistant of Georg Raphael Donner, decorates it. Right at the top are the statues Faith, Hope and Love, as well as angelic figures bearing tiaras and keys, the insignia of papal sovereignty. On the gable window at the front and the vases on the side reliefs: depictions from the life of Peter. The main portal shows rich carving and beautiful fittings; an inscription commemorates the imperial plague vow.
In the niches below the two slopingly placed towers that flank the front of the church are the following sandstone figures: St. Peter and St. Simon, St. John the Evangelist (according to Paul Harrer St. Paul) and Judas Thaddeus. At the back of the choir (outside wall of the church) are stone sculptures of St. Peter and St. Michael, executed by Lorenz Matitelli around 1730.
On the eastern side wall of the church, opposite the exit of the Goldschmied alley, a marble relief is embedded in the stone wall, depicting the legendary setting up of the cross at this place by Charlemagne. Created by Rudolf Weyr, it was unveiled in 1906.
Barockkirche
Als die Bruderschaft der heiligsten Dreifaltigkeit 1676 feierlich in die Peterskirche eingeführt wurde, erreichte sie bald einen hohen Mitgliederstand. Ein großer Teil der Mitglieder zählte zu den reichsten und angesehensten Bürgern von Wien. Auch der Adel war bis in die höchsten Spitzen vertreten. Die Bruderschaft verfügte daher über die entsprechenden Mittel und so fasste sie im Jahr 1700 den Entschluss, die alte Kirche niederzureißen und einen Neubau aufzuführen, dessen Form an die Peterskirche zu Rom erinnern sollte. Bereits ein Jahr zuvor, im Pestjahr 1679 gelobte Leopold I., anstelle der baufälligen Kirche einen der Heiligen Dreifaltigkeit gewidmeten Neubau zu errichten. Man ließ von Baumeister Jankel einen Kosten-Überschlag machen. Für den von ihm gezeichneten Bauriss erhielt er 50 Gulden.
Nach dem technischen Führer durch Wien (Ing. Martin Paul) werden die Erbauer in den Inschriften im Kuppelknauf angegeben: Francesco Martinelli, Franz Jänggl und Christian Oettl. Die Literaturangaben gehen jedoch hierüber weit auseinander. Nach dem Handbuch der deutschen Kunstdenkmäler von Georg Dehio wurde der Bau nach dem Plan von Gabriele Montani 1702 begonnen, von diesem bis 1703 weitergeführt, sodann, wahrscheinlich von Johann Lukas Hildebrandt nach verändertem Plan 1708 im Rohbau vollendet und am 25. Oktober 1708 geweiht. 1708-1715 folgte die Innenausstattung, 1713-1717 wurde der Kuppelraum in seiner gegenwärtigen malerischen und plastischen Ausgestaltung vollendet, jedoch erst 1730-1733 baute man den Hauptchor. 1733 weihte Kardinal Kollonitsch die Peterskirche. Das Grabmal des Wolfgang Lazius, der in der alten Peterskirche 1565 bestattet worden war, wurde in die neue Peterskirche übertragen. Nach wie vor umgab der Petersfreithof die Kirche; er wurde erst unter Joseph II. aufgelassen. 1844 restaurierte man die Fassade, wobei auch die vielen an die Kirche angebauten Verkaufsbuden verschwanden, die nach der Auflassung des Friedhofs entstanden waren.
Die Geschichte von St. Peter im Barock
Als man 1701 die alte Kirche abtrug, will man bei dieser Gelegenheit den Grundstein der ersten Kirche gefunden haben, der "eine alten Paritkel von Papst Leo III.“, dem Freunde und Zeitgenossen Karls des Großen, enthielt.
Ein altes Gedenkbuch aus der Pfarre bemerkt, dass der Partikel noch 1749 vorhanden war, schreibt aber nichts über die Art desselben. Die Auffinder des merkwürdigen Grundsteines behaupteten, dass er im Jahr 800 gelegt worden sein müsse und an dieser Überzeugung hielt man fest, sodass danach die Inschrift des Grundsteines für die neue Kirche verfasst wurde, welche lautet:
"Ecclesia quae IX ultra saecula steterat, fundata supra firmam Petram prinzipis Apostolorum Petri Coeli Clavigeri Sacris honoribus a Carolo I. Caesare Magno anno post virginis partum DCCC extructe novis ex fundamentis D.O.M- uni in Trinitate Deo et S. Petri honoriter augusta surrexit. Lapidem in titulum cen alter Jacob restauravit Leopoldus uterque Felix.“
Die deutsche Übersetzung ist etwa wie folgt:
"Diese Kirche, die über neun Jahrhunderte stand, gegründet zu heiligen Ehren auf dem festen Felsen des Apostelfürsten Paulus, des Schlüsselträgers des Himmels, von Karl dem Großen Kaiser im Jahr 800, nachdem die Jungfrau gebar, ist dem allmächtigen Gott, der einig ist in der Dreiheit und dem heiligen Petrus zu Ehren prachtvoll wiedererstanden. Als zweiter Jakob hat den Grundstein gelegt Leopold der ebenso Große als Glückliche."
Diese Grundsteinlegung geschah in feierlicher Weise durch Kaiser Leopold I. am 30. Juni 1702 (laut Harrer; Czeike benennt den 22. April 1702).
Schon zur Zeit des Baubeginnes war ein Unfall zu verzeichnen:
Anlässlich einer feierlichen Prozession am 29. Oktober 1702, an der auch der Kaiser mit seinem Hofstaat teilnahm, stürzte infolge der Überlastung die über die Fundamente gelegten Bretter ein und etwa 50 Personen, meistens Hofkavaliere und Pagen stürzten in die Tiefe.
Die Vollendung der Kirche ging sehr langsam voran. Noch während des Baues wurde das Holz der Kuppel schadhaft, sodass dieses 1722 durch eine Kuppeldeckung ersetzt werden musste, wozu Kaiser Karl VI. als oberster Schutzherr und Mitglied der Bruderschaft der heiligen Dreifaltigkeit das Kupfer lieferte. Jahrelang fehlte die Fassade und die Türme hatten keinen Abschluss.
Am 17. Mai 1733 konnte die Kirche endlich durch den Kardinal Graf Sigismund Kollonitsch geweiht werden.
Äußeres
Das äußere Bild das die Peterskirche darbietet, wird beherrschend bestimmt durch die 56 Meter hohe, gewaltige Kuppel, die in ihrer Konfiguration an die Kuppel von St. Peter erinnert. Es handelt sich um eine zweigeschossige Fassade von gedrungener Wirkung, deren schräggestellte Türme den konkav einschwingenden Mittelteil flankieren und der von der Kuppel des Zentralbaus überragt wird. Der Bau selbst verherrlicht die Regierung des Kaisers Leopold I., dessen Wahlspruch im Innen über dem Chorbogen prangt. Der reizvolle, pavillonartige Portalvorbau aus grauem Marmor wurde nach einem Entwurfe von Andrea Altomonte erst 1751 bis 1753 errichtet. Figürlicher Schmuck aus Blei von Franz Kohl, einem Schüler und Gehilfen von Georg Raphael Donner, ziert ihn. Zu Oberst die Statuen Glaube, Hoffnung und Liebe, sowie Engelfiguren, welche Tiara und Schlüssel, die Insignien der päpstlichen Souveränität, tragen. Am Giebelfenster an der Vorderseite und den Vasen an der Seite Reliefs: Darstellungen aus dem Leben Petri. Das Hauptportal zeigt reiches Schnitzwerk und schöne Beschläge; eine Inschrift erinnert an das kaiserliche Pestgelübde.
In den Nischen unterhalb der beiden schiefgestellten Türme, welche die Vorderseite der Kirche flankieren, stehen folgende Sandsteinfiguren: St. Petrus und St. Simon, Johannes Evangelist (laut Paul Harrer St. Paulus) und Judas Thaddäus. An der Rückseite des Chores (Außenwand der Kirche) befinden sich Steinplastiken vom heiligen Petrus und vom Heiligen Michael, die von Lorenz Matitelli um 1730 ausgeführt wurden.
An der östlichen Seitenwand des Gotteshauses, gegenüber dem Ausgang der Goldschmiedgasse ist in die Steinmauer ein Marmorrelief eingelassen, das die sagenhafte Kreuzerrichtung an dieser Stelle durch Karl den Großen vergegenwärtigt. Von Rudolf Weyr geschafften, wurde es 1906 enthüllt.
JOINT BASE ELMENDORF-RICHARDSON, Alaska -- Parachute infantryman Spc. Jerome King, assigned to B Company 3rd Battalion (Airborne) 509th Infantry Regiment, a native of Dallas, Texas, checks his map on the day land navigation course during Expert Infantryman Badge qualification on Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson, Monday, April 22, 2013. The Expert Infantryman Badge was approved by the Secretary of War on October 7, 1943, and is currently awarded to U.S. Army personnel who hold infantry or special forces military occupational specialties. (U.S. Air Force photo/Justin Connaher)
Child labour is one of the biggest ethical problems of many developing countries. It is understandable that in economical chrisis the whole family has to take part in earning money for living and it is good for children to learn realities and responsibilities of life quite early, but education and joys of childhood are still a priority.
Not that long ago children were working force in Finland as well; when agriculture was the most common form of living. It isn`t that all child labour is bad, but then the quantity and quality of work are essential. Small child can`t work as long days as an adult, and they must be allowed to go to school.
I think this child worker isn`t suffering too much for the conditions. He is selling things in a bazaar after all, instead of working in a factory, rice fields, carrying heavy objects or taking care of animals days in and days out as a shepherd.
Estimations tell that of people over 15 years old, literate - people able to read - are 43.1% of the population (53.9% male and 31.8% female). Campaigns that advertise in busses and public buildings tell on behalf of changing this; ads tell: "let children go to school."
Baroque church
In 1676, when the Brotherhood of the Most Holy Trinity was solemnly introduced to St. Peter's, it soon attained a high membership. A large part of the members were among the richest and most respected citizens of Vienna. The nobility was also represented to the highest tops. The Brotherhood therefore had the means to do so, and in 1700, it decided to demolish the old church and build a new building whose shape was to commemorate St. Peter's in Rome. One year earlier, in the plague year of 1679, Leopold I vowed to build a new building dedicated to the Holy Trinity in place of the dilapidated church. Builder Jankel was requested to make an estimation of the costs. He received 50 guilders for the building survey drawn by him.
According to the technical guide through Vienna (Ing. Martin Paul) the builders are indicated in the inscriptions in the dome knob: Francesco Martinelli, Franz Jänggl and Christian Oettl. However, the bibliographical references are widely differing. According to the manual of the German art monuments of Georg Dehio, the construction was started according to the plan of Gabriele Montani 1702, continued from this until 1703, then, probably completed by Johann Lukas Hildebrandt after modified plan 1708 in the shell and consecrated on October 25, 1708. 1708-1715 was followed by the interior fittings, 1713-1717 the dome space was completed in its current picturesque and sculptural design, but only 1730-1733 built the main choir. Cardinal Kollonitsch consecrated St. Peter's Church in 1733. The tomb of Wolfgang Lazius, who had been buried in the old Peterskirche in 1565, was transferred to the new St. Peter's church. The Petersfreithof (cemetery) still surrounded the church, it was only abandoned under Joseph II. In 1844, the façade was restored, and the many sales offices added to the church disappeared after the abolishemnt of the cemetery.
The history of St. Peter in Baroque period
When the old church was removed in 1701, it was decided to find the foundation stone of the first church, which contained "an old parable of Pope Leo III", the friend and contemporary of Charlemagne.
An old memorial book from the parish notes that the particle in 1749 still existed, but writes nothing about the nature of the same. The founders of the strange foundation stone claimed that it must have been laid in the year 800 and this conviction was maintained, so that afterwards the inscription of the cornerstone for the new church was written, which reads:
Petri prinzipis Apostolorum Petri Coeli Clavigeri Sacris honoribus a Carolo I. Caesare Magno anno post virginis partum DCCC extructe novis ex fundamentis DOM uni in Trinitate Deo et S. Petri honoriter augusta surrexit Lapidem in titulum cen age Jacob restauravit Leopoldus uterque Felix. "
The German translation is approximately as follows:
"This church, which stood over nine centuries, founded on holy honors on the solid rock of Apostle Prince Paul, the key bearer of heaven, by Charlemagne in the year 800, after the Virgin gave birth, has resurrected gloriously in honor of the almighty God who is united in Trinity and St. Peter, as second Jacob the cornerstone has laid Leopold the Great as well as the Happy. "
This laying of the cornerstone was solemnly performed by Emperor Leopold I on June 30, 1702 (according to Harrer, Czeike names April 22, 1702).
Already at the time of the start of construction an accident was recorded:
On the occasion of a solemn procession on October 29, 1702, in which the emperor also participated with his court, as a result of the overburden, the planks laid over the foundations collapsed and about 50 persons, mostly court cavaliers and page boys, plunged into the depths.
The completion of the church progressed very slowly. Even during construction, the wood of the dome was damaged, so this had to be replaced in 1722 by a dome cover, for which Emperor Charles VI as the supreme patron and member of the Brotherhood of the Holy Trinity, supplied the copper. For years, the facade was missing and the towers had no ending.
On May 17, 1733, the church was finally consecrated by the Cardinal Count Sigismund Kollonitsch.
Appearance
The outer image of St. Peter's is dominated by the 56-meter high, massive dome, which in its configuration reminds of the dome of St. Peter. It is a two-storey facade of stocky effect, whose slopingly placed towers flank the concave central part and which is surmounted by the dome of the central building. The building itself glorifies the reign of Emperor Leopold I, whose motto is emblazoned in the interior above the choir arch. The charming, pavilion-like portal porch made of gray marble was built according to a design by Andrea Altomonte only 1751-1753. Figurative decoration made of lead by Franz Kohl, a pupil and assistant of Georg Raphael Donner, decorates it. Right at the top are the statues Faith, Hope and Love, as well as angelic figures bearing tiaras and keys, the insignia of papal sovereignty. On the gable window at the front and the vases on the side reliefs: depictions from the life of Peter. The main portal shows rich carving and beautiful fittings; an inscription commemorates the imperial plague vow.
In the niches below the two slopingly placed towers that flank the front of the church are the following sandstone figures: St. Peter and St. Simon, St. John the Evangelist (according to Paul Harrer St. Paul) and Judas Thaddeus. At the back of the choir (outside wall of the church) are stone sculptures of St. Peter and St. Michael, executed by Lorenz Matitelli around 1730.
On the eastern side wall of the church, opposite the exit of the Goldschmied alley, a marble relief is embedded in the stone wall, depicting the legendary setting up of the cross at this place by Charlemagne. Created by Rudolf Weyr, it was unveiled in 1906.
Barockkirche
Als die Bruderschaft der heiligsten Dreifaltigkeit 1676 feierlich in die Peterskirche eingeführt wurde, erreichte sie bald einen hohen Mitgliederstand. Ein großer Teil der Mitglieder zählte zu den reichsten und angesehensten Bürgern von Wien. Auch der Adel war bis in die höchsten Spitzen vertreten. Die Bruderschaft verfügte daher über die entsprechenden Mittel und so fasste sie im Jahr 1700 den Entschluss, die alte Kirche niederzureißen und einen Neubau aufzuführen, dessen Form an die Peterskirche zu Rom erinnern sollte. Bereits ein Jahr zuvor, im Pestjahr 1679 gelobte Leopold I., anstelle der baufälligen Kirche einen der Heiligen Dreifaltigkeit gewidmeten Neubau zu errichten. Man ließ von Baumeister Jankel einen Kosten-Überschlag machen. Für den von ihm gezeichneten Bauriss erhielt er 50 Gulden.
Nach dem technischen Führer durch Wien (Ing. Martin Paul) werden die Erbauer in den Inschriften im Kuppelknauf angegeben: Francesco Martinelli, Franz Jänggl und Christian Oettl. Die Literaturangaben gehen jedoch hierüber weit auseinander. Nach dem Handbuch der deutschen Kunstdenkmäler von Georg Dehio wurde der Bau nach dem Plan von Gabriele Montani 1702 begonnen, von diesem bis 1703 weitergeführt, sodann, wahrscheinlich von Johann Lukas Hildebrandt nach verändertem Plan 1708 im Rohbau vollendet und am 25. Oktober 1708 geweiht. 1708-1715 folgte die Innenausstattung, 1713-1717 wurde der Kuppelraum in seiner gegenwärtigen malerischen und plastischen Ausgestaltung vollendet, jedoch erst 1730-1733 baute man den Hauptchor. 1733 weihte Kardinal Kollonitsch die Peterskirche. Das Grabmal des Wolfgang Lazius, der in der alten Peterskirche 1565 bestattet worden war, wurde in die neue Peterskirche übertragen. Nach wie vor umgab der Petersfreithof die Kirche; er wurde erst unter Joseph II. aufgelassen. 1844 restaurierte man die Fassade, wobei auch die vielen an die Kirche angebauten Verkaufsbuden verschwanden, die nach der Auflassung des Friedhofs entstanden waren.
Die Geschichte von St. Peter im Barock
Als man 1701 die alte Kirche abtrug, will man bei dieser Gelegenheit den Grundstein der ersten Kirche gefunden haben, der "eine alten Paritkel von Papst Leo III.“, dem Freunde und Zeitgenossen Karls des Großen, enthielt.
Ein altes Gedenkbuch aus der Pfarre bemerkt, dass der Partikel noch 1749 vorhanden war, schreibt aber nichts über die Art desselben. Die Auffinder des merkwürdigen Grundsteines behaupteten, dass er im Jahr 800 gelegt worden sein müsse und an dieser Überzeugung hielt man fest, sodass danach die Inschrift des Grundsteines für die neue Kirche verfasst wurde, welche lautet:
"Ecclesia quae IX ultra saecula steterat, fundata supra firmam Petram prinzipis Apostolorum Petri Coeli Clavigeri Sacris honoribus a Carolo I. Caesare Magno anno post virginis partum DCCC extructe novis ex fundamentis D.O.M- uni in Trinitate Deo et S. Petri honoriter augusta surrexit. Lapidem in titulum cen alter Jacob restauravit Leopoldus uterque Felix.“
Die deutsche Übersetzung ist etwa wie folgt:
"Diese Kirche, die über neun Jahrhunderte stand, gegründet zu heiligen Ehren auf dem festen Felsen des Apostelfürsten Paulus, des Schlüsselträgers des Himmels, von Karl dem Großen Kaiser im Jahr 800, nachdem die Jungfrau gebar, ist dem allmächtigen Gott, der einig ist in der Dreiheit und dem heiligen Petrus zu Ehren prachtvoll wiedererstanden. Als zweiter Jakob hat den Grundstein gelegt Leopold der ebenso Große als Glückliche."
Diese Grundsteinlegung geschah in feierlicher Weise durch Kaiser Leopold I. am 30. Juni 1702 (laut Harrer; Czeike benennt den 22. April 1702).
Schon zur Zeit des Baubeginnes war ein Unfall zu verzeichnen:
Anlässlich einer feierlichen Prozession am 29. Oktober 1702, an der auch der Kaiser mit seinem Hofstaat teilnahm, stürzte infolge der Überlastung die über die Fundamente gelegten Bretter ein und etwa 50 Personen, meistens Hofkavaliere und Pagen stürzten in die Tiefe.
Die Vollendung der Kirche ging sehr langsam voran. Noch während des Baues wurde das Holz der Kuppel schadhaft, sodass dieses 1722 durch eine Kuppeldeckung ersetzt werden musste, wozu Kaiser Karl VI. als oberster Schutzherr und Mitglied der Bruderschaft der heiligen Dreifaltigkeit das Kupfer lieferte. Jahrelang fehlte die Fassade und die Türme hatten keinen Abschluss.
Am 17. Mai 1733 konnte die Kirche endlich durch den Kardinal Graf Sigismund Kollonitsch geweiht werden.
Äußeres
Das äußere Bild das die Peterskirche darbietet, wird beherrschend bestimmt durch die 56 Meter hohe, gewaltige Kuppel, die in ihrer Konfiguration an die Kuppel von St. Peter erinnert. Es handelt sich um eine zweigeschossige Fassade von gedrungener Wirkung, deren schräggestellte Türme den konkav einschwingenden Mittelteil flankieren und der von der Kuppel des Zentralbaus überragt wird. Der Bau selbst verherrlicht die Regierung des Kaisers Leopold I., dessen Wahlspruch im Innen über dem Chorbogen prangt. Der reizvolle, pavillonartige Portalvorbau aus grauem Marmor wurde nach einem Entwurfe von Andrea Altomonte erst 1751 bis 1753 errichtet. Figürlicher Schmuck aus Blei von Franz Kohl, einem Schüler und Gehilfen von Georg Raphael Donner, ziert ihn. Zu Oberst die Statuen Glaube, Hoffnung und Liebe, sowie Engelfiguren, welche Tiara und Schlüssel, die Insignien der päpstlichen Souveränität, tragen. Am Giebelfenster an der Vorderseite und den Vasen an der Seite Reliefs: Darstellungen aus dem Leben Petri. Das Hauptportal zeigt reiches Schnitzwerk und schöne Beschläge; eine Inschrift erinnert an das kaiserliche Pestgelübde.
In den Nischen unterhalb der beiden schiefgestellten Türme, welche die Vorderseite der Kirche flankieren, stehen folgende Sandsteinfiguren: St. Petrus und St. Simon, Johannes Evangelist (laut Paul Harrer St. Paulus) und Judas Thaddäus. An der Rückseite des Chores (Außenwand der Kirche) befinden sich Steinplastiken vom heiligen Petrus und vom Heiligen Michael, die von Lorenz Matitelli um 1730 ausgeführt wurden.
An der östlichen Seitenwand des Gotteshauses, gegenüber dem Ausgang der Goldschmiedgasse ist in die Steinmauer ein Marmorrelief eingelassen, das die sagenhafte Kreuzerrichtung an dieser Stelle durch Karl den Großen vergegenwärtigt. Von Rudolf Weyr geschafften, wurde es 1906 enthüllt.
JOINT BASE ELMENDORF-RICHARDSON, Alaska -- Parachute infantryman Cpl. Chris Galan, a native of San Antonio, Texas, assigned to D Company 3rd Battalion (Airborne) 509th Infantry Regiment, checks his map at a navigation point during the day land navigation portion of Expert Infantryman Badge qualification on Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson, Monday, April 22, 2013. The Expert Infantryman Badge was approved by the Secretary of War on October 7, 1943, and is currently awarded to U.S. Army personnel who hold infantry or special forces military occupational specialties. (U.S. Air Force photo/Justin Connaher)
JOINT BASE ELMENDORF-RICHARDSON, Alaska -- Parachute infantryman Pfc. Nolan Armstong, assigned to A Company 3rd Battalion (Airborne) 509th Infantry Regiment, a native of Olympia, Wash., draws a map, compass and protractor before beginning the day land navigation course during Expert Infantryman Badge qualification on Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson, Monday, April 22, 2013. The Expert Infantryman Badge was approved by the Secretary of War on October 7, 1943, and is currently awarded to U.S. Army personnel who hold infantry or special forces military occupational specialties. (U.S. Air Force photo/Justin Connaher)
Time-consistency of risk measures with GARCH volatilities and their estimation. Klüppelberg, Zhang arxiv.org/abs/1504.04774 #q-fin
Poke salat (Phytolacca americana) a traditional Southern early Spring green, is considered an invasive weed, and its leaves may be eaten - though they must be first be par-boiled before further cooking.
It should also be noted there are significant variations upon the name, all of which are "correct," and properly refer to the same plant. The word "salat," for example, is German for "salad," and it may sometimes be called Polk salad, though it is also colloquially known to botanists as "poke weed."
There is significant misconception about this plant, most of which should be relegated as false urban legend.
It is true that it contains compounds -such as an alkaloid (phytolaccine), a resin (phytolaccatoxin), and a saponin (phytolaccigenin)- which are considered poisonous/toxic.
However, the tomato plant also contains poisonous compounds because it is a first degree relative in the deadly Nightshade (Solanaceae) family of plants which includes:
• Tomatoes
• Eggplant
• Potatoes
• Goji Berries
• Tobacco
• Peppers (bell peppers, chili peppers, paprika, tamales, tomatillos, pimentos, cayenne, etc)
The leaves of the poke plant are safe to eat, provided they are first "par boiled" (a quick/brief boiling) before being boiled a second time. Then, they're often sautéed in bacon drippings, and combined with onions -either fresh, or sautéed- or with scrambled eggs.
In flavor, poke salat is very mild, and though some may say it somewhat like spinach, I think spinach has a more earthy, mineral-like flavor, whereas poke salat is, by comparison -quite frankly- bland. The texture, however, is similar to spinach. And in my estimation, that's about where the similarity ends.
The berries, stalks and root -as far as I know- should not be eaten. Interestingly, the seeds & their purple-colored pods apparently have no effect upon birds, which regularly consume them, and disperse the seeds in their excreta.
Ornamentally, poke weed can serve as a hedge, add color to an area and in the fall provides a source of food for the many birds who enjoy the berries. It can be an important source of food for the mourning dove, and the berries are enjoyed by a variety of other birds including the robin, bluejay, cardinal, yellow-breasted chat, cedar waxwing, and the golden-fronted woodpecker.
The popular 1969 song "Polk Salad Annie" written and originally performed by Tony Joe White, and produced by Billy Swan at Muscle Shoals Sound Recording Studios in Muscle Shoals, Alabama, was about an impoverished young girl who ate poke salat.
Numerous other artists also performed the song, notable among them Elvis Presley, Jo El Sonnier (both native Southerners), and Tom Jones.
Of particular note, the small town of Arab, Alabama in Marshall County (in the NorthEastern mountainous part of the state), annually hosts the Poke Salat Festival, which in 2015 will be the 31st celebration, the weekend of Friday & Saturday, May 15 & 16th.
POLK SALAD ANNIE (Legal Title)
BMI Work # 1186937
Songwriter/Composer
WHITE, TONY JOE
Current Affiliation - BMI
CAE/IPI # - 32833598
Publishers
COMBINE MUSIC CORP
CAE/IPI # - 6586385
8 MUSIC SQ W
NASHVILLE, TN 37203-3204
INFO@SONYATV.COM
JOINT BASE ELMENDORF-RICHARDSON, Alaska -- Parachute infantrymen assigned to U.S. Army Alaska's 4th Brigade Combat Team (Airborne) 25th Infantry Division begin testing as candidates for the Expert Infantryman Badge on Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson, Monday, April 22, 2013. The Expert Infantryman Badge was approved by the Secretary of War on October 7, 1943, and is currently awarded to U.S. Army personnel who hold infantry or special forces military occupational specialties. (U.S. Air Force photo/Justin Connaher)
This is a fairly regular rant from me. I love seeing a girl in corsets, and don't get me wrong, a teeny weeny waist is a delight to behold, but not as important as the shape it imparts to her body. One estimation of the ideal waist size is (boobs + hips) / 4. A girl with bodacious curves and a 22" waist is more attractive to me than a stick insect with a 16" waist.
Black-faced Spoonbill (Platalea minor), Watzuwei Nature Reserve, Taiwan
The Black-faced Spoonbill (Platalea minor) has the most restricted distribution of all spoonbills, and it is the only one regarded as endangered.
The Black-Faced Spoonbill population as of 2012 census was recorded at 2,693 birds, with an estimation of 1,600 mature birds.
Source: Wikipedia
Already in December of the year 1678 occurred in the then suburban "Leopoldstadt" the first cases of plague, but they were covered up and trivialized by the authorities. The disease spread rapidly in other suburbs, which were outside the imperial capital. Thus, the poorer classes belonged to its first victims. Although the number of deaths from month to month rose, all warnings and criticisms of pleague doctor, Paul de Sorbait, on the inadequate situation of the medical service and the hygiene remained unheard.
The dedicated physician had already published in January 1679 a "plague-order", which provided extensive measures to protect the population during an outbreak of plague. In this plague-order Paul de Sorbait described the former knowledge about the disease and described it: "the most part of those so caught by it, with bumps, glands, swelling marks or with splenic fever, brown and black spots and kale, pest lumps in addition to great interior heat and within a few days or hours fatally ends".
In July of the same year the "spark of pestilence" (Pestilenzfunken) jumped over the city walls: A terrible and great death began within the city of Vienna. A chronicler reported, "at last she (= plague) but took the audacity, penetrated into the city itself and caused a shocking defeat among the rich and aristocratic nobility in the palaces and stately buildings. There you saw whole carts full of noble and ignoble, rich and poor, young and old of both sexes, carried out by all alleys to the door."
The people in town were full horror and panic: The bodies lay for days on the road, because there was a lack of infirmary servants and gravediggers. Quick released prisoners then took over those services. Instead of single burials large pits were created outside of the city to accommodate the dead in mass graves. Those who could afford it, fled from the city. Emperor Leopold I and his family left Vienna on 17 August. He first went on a pilgrimage to Mariazell (Styria) and then fled to Prague. As there the plague also broke out, he retreated to Linz, where he remained until the final extinction of the plague in 1680.
The exact number of people who died in 1679 from the plague in Vienna probably never will be determined. The gigantic death rates of contemporary reports, oscillating between 70000 and 120000 dead, from the still preserved coroner's reports can not be proved. According to those records, the disease about 8,000 inhabitants would kill. But it is questionable whether in the prevailing confusion all cases of death were reported to the coroners and how many died on the run.
Plague in Vienna
Detail of the woodcut "Dance of Death"
Hans Holbein the Younger
(public domain)
The great dying - The plague or the "Black Death" in Europe
The plague is one of the severe acute bacterial infectious diseases that today already in case of suspicion are reportable. Only a little more than 100 years ago, at the occasion of the plague epidemics in Hong Kong and India set in the modern pest investigation: The Swiss tropical doctor Alexander Yersin discovered in 1894 the plague pathogen: The bacillus received after this researcher the name "Yersina pestis". Already at that time, the science recognized the role of certain rodents in the pathogenesis of plague epidemics and the participation of the rat flea or human flea as possibilities of transmission of plague to humans.
Since ancient times, the plague was one of the heaviest and most frequent epidemics. However, one designated for a long time also other epidemics such as smallpox or dysentery as pest because they equally were associated with high mortality. The term "pest" but meant in a figurative sense misfortune and ruin. The word therefore in the past has been avoided as far as possible, and the historians tried to express it with other words as "tiresome disease", "burning fever" or "contagion" (= contamination, infection).
In the years 1348 to 1352, Europe was overrun by the worst plague in history. The disease, which evolved to become a pneumonic plague, destroyed a third of the population at that time. According to the estimations, thus around 25 million people were fallen victim to the "Black Death". The pneumonic plague was not transmitted by flea bites - like the bubonic pest - but by highly infectious droplets containing bacilli with coughing and sneezing from person to person. In Vienna this plague epidemic reached its peak in 1349.
In the next 400 years followed at irregular intervals ever new plagues and spread fear, terror and death. Effective drugs were missing, and since the disease by the Catholic Church was interpreted as God's punishment, the population put itself under the protection of many plague saints, the Holy Trinity or the Virgin Mary. Eloquent testimonies of those efforts are still churches and chapels, pest altars, pest crosses and plague columns. The adoration of the Holy Trinity in the time of need of the 17th century especially by newly founded religious brotherhoods was disseminated - thus, also in Vienna in 1679 a Trinity Column was erected - the Plague Column at the Graben. As a monument to the last plague in Vienna in 1713 today reminds the Charles Church, which is, however, devoted to the plague saint Charles Borromeo.
As medical measures against a Pest disease recommended doctors sweating cures, bloodletting, chewing of juniper berries or Angelica roots, but also the administration of theriac, a popular drug of the Middle Ages. Frequently, garlic, laurel, rue, and a mixture of sulfur powder are listed in the prescriptions. The recipes, however, differ as to whether they are used for poor or rich Pest patients. One of the few effective medical attendances was the opening of the bumps (buboes) to drain the pus, which also the sufferers felt as a blessing. As a miracle drug was considered the applying of an impaled toad on the bumps, previously put in vinegar or wine bath. Such prepared toads were also attributed great healing power during the plague in 1679 in Vienna.
Quotes:
From Vienna "plague-order" of pest doctor Paul de Sorbait, 1679
"after the experience brings with it that cleanliness is a strange useful and necessary means, both to prevent the intrusion of infection, as well as the same to avert. Herentwegen (= hence) uncleanliness causes such evil and keeps it. So is our earnest command, that firstly no blood, viscera, heads and leggs of the killed cattle, nor herb leaves, crabs, snails, egg shells or other filth (= waste, manure) on those streets and squares (must be) poured out: ditto (Ingleichen) no dead dog, cats or poultry are thrown into the streets, but all of them carried out of the city".
From "Merck's Wienn" of preacher Abraham a Sancta Clara, 1680
"As a whole, there is not a lane or a road wich the raging death had not crossed. Throughout the month, in Vienna and around Vienna one saw nothing else but wearing the dead, conducting the dead, dragging the dead and burying the dead".
"From what the plague was caused but I know all of that/ that this poisonous arrow (= plague) mehristen Theil (= for the most part) from the hand of God is abgetruckt (= shot)/how its diverse testimony proves the divine Scripture (= Bible). From which apparently manifest and obvious/that the pestilence was a ruthe (= rod)/so the sublime hand of God wreaths I trust but leastwise the tree to show /from which God the rod braids. This tree is the sin".
* Song of dear Augustine
Oh du (you) lieber (dear) Augustin
S'money is gone, d'joy is gone,
Oh du lieber Augustin,
Everything is gone!
Oh, and even the rich Vienna
poor now as Augustine
Sighs with me in the same sense
Everything is gone!
Every day otherwise was a feast,
Now what? Plague, the plague!
Now only a huge nest of corpses,
That's the rest!
Oh du lieber Augustin,
Lie only down into the grave you,
Oh my dear Vienna
Everything is gone!
Text source: Rathauskorrespondenz
Plague in Vienna
Plague doctor - through these clothes the doctors during the plague epidemic of 1656 in Rome hoped to protect themselves from the pest contamination. They wore a wax jacket, a type of protective eyewear and gloves. In the beak there were "wolriechende Specerey (odoriferous specialties)".
(public domain)
www.wien-konkret.at/sehenswuerdigkeiten/pestsaeule/pest-i...
This image is excerpted from a U.S. GAO report:
www.gao.gov/products/GAO-17-640
INTERNATIONAL FOOD ASSISTANCE: Agencies Should Ensure Timely Documentation of Required Market Analyses and Assess Local Markets for Program Effects
HobbitCon 3, 04.04.2015 Maritim Hotel Bonn, Mark Hadlow, „Dori" at "The Hobbit", Pic (C) Jens Fechter
Taken over a distance of about 40 Meters (estimation) from the Gallery.
Picture (C) Jens Fechter. Please don't use without permission!
Today was the opening day for the Adobe MAX developer conference in Las Vegas, NV. The first General Session (of two) got off to a wild start with a presentation by The Blue Man Group. I first saw Blue Man Group in Boston, MA as an evening event for a sales meeting. It was a phenomenal experience, and I've since taken Marna (when they were at The Luxor in Las Vegas).
Much of the opening was a numbers game. Acrobat 8, Flash Lite on 100 million devices, Flex downloads hit 100 thousand, Flash technology turned ten (10) years old, and more. The Flash Player 9 was put at 40% adoption in three (3) months - the fastest adoption rate to date. Estimations were also made that there are approximately 200 million PDF documents on the web today.
The remainder of the general session presentations were geared towards HTML, Flash and PDF workflows.
After a rough start with a dead mouse, Greg Rewis got started in Fireworks 9 by showing pages, and then Photoshop cut-and-paste into Dreamweaver. Greg also showed Spry integration for Dreamweaver.
Mike Downey got into Photoshop palette docking and import into Flash. Steve Galinski animated a puppet in After Effects, got Flash Video cue-points and performed batch output to include device profiles. Mike and Steve also debuted Adobe Soundbooth; what will eventually be an easier entry point for audio editing.
On the RIA workflow side of things Sho Kuamoto revealed Flex Builder 2 for Mac beta. I've had fun giving the beta out from USB drives prior to the announcement (thanks to the Flex team). Next up Ben Forta with no time left blew the doors off the ColdFusion application wizard for Flex 2 and a sneak of CFIMAGE coming to Scorpio (code name for ColdFusion 8). Ben also showed PDF workflow with field recognition, PDF/Flex sync and more.
Ed Rowe start the drive home for the session by breaking out some Apollo applications. He walked through installation, local file IO, web services integration and a cool audio visualizer built in ActionScript 3. Then Ed switched over to a Mac to show how Apollo applications will be cross-platform. Debuting HTML renderering (with WebKit) inside an Apollo application, Ed showed Google Maps running inline with Flex application overlays. There was even seamless drag and drop between the two.
Making sure that the audience got the picture, Adobe's Chief Software Architect, Kevin Lynch showed a MySpace-developed chat client, and even placed a live web auction using an eBay-developed Apollo auction manager. Kevin showed a word processor written in Flex, deployed on Apollo from Virtual Ubiquity (code-named Nimbus), which is something I've known about for a while, but not been able to talk about. There was even an Internet TV desktop application code-named Philo that included custom branding and full-screen video.
Before getting into a new Jaguar (who's dashboard console is powered by Flash) and driving away, Kevin dropped what is probably the most significant news of the show so far. Adobe has set up a $100 million venture capital fund for applications developed with Adobe technologies, and with a specific emphasis on Apollo. This amazing contribution to RIA is going to drive some amazing innovation.
Sale Retromobile 2016 by Artcurial Motorcars
5 Février 2016
Estimation € 1.200.000 - 1.500.000
Sold for € 1.072.800
Chassis Number: 1120110
Engine Number: 1120110
Salon Retromobile 2016
Paris Expo - Porte de Versailles
Paris - France
Februari 2016
A Chinese themed McDonald's restaurant on the Avenue de Choisy in Paris. The Avenue de Choisy is a street or road in the 13th arrondissement of Paris. With the Avenue d'Ivry, this is one of the main axes of the Asian district of the borough which explains the signs in Chinese above the entrance.
McDonald's Paris Choisy
9-11 av de Choisy
75013 PARIS
Tél: +33-(0)1.53.79.26.87
Featuring: (instore restaurant)
Store#: 0866
Date of opening: Late 1990's (estimation)
MS53 Timanttisormus, valkokulta, timantit. Diamond ring, white gold. www.taigakoru.fi
Taigakoru valmistaa tilaustyönä persoonallisia kihla- ja vihkisormuksia. Toteutamme haastavatkin sormustoiveenne ja voimme suunnitella vihkisormukset myös oman ideanne mukaiseksi. Erikoisuutenamme ovat kultahippusormukset, joihin käytämme aitoja, Lapin kultamailta kaivettuja kultahippuja. Suunnittelun alkuvaihessa toimitamme sormuksien hinta-arvion sekä luonnoksen, jonka avulla voitte tehdä päätöksen tilauksesta. Ottakaa yhteyttä sähköpostiimme, niin suunnitellaan teille unelmienne sormukset. s-posti : info ( at ) taigakoru.fi
Unique wedding ring designs from Rovaniemi, Finland. Please, provide your wishes to us and we design customized wedding rings, just for you. Delivery to all over the world. We will send you a price estimation and sketch of the ring, before you make decision regarding a final order. Ask for extra information via e-mail: info ( at ) taigakoru.fi
Verkkokauppa : www.taigakoru.fi
Online shop : www.taigakoru.fi
Facebook : www.facebook.com/taigakoru
Travel - Pics on the Move. Alphen aan den Rijn - Hengelo vv., 19-07-2011
Check ook eens ook mijn YouTube Channel: www.youtube.com/user/dutchpartypics en mijn eigen showgallery: www.dutchphotogallery.net/ (online soon, estimation: End 2011).
Foto's nabestellen:
Foto's in high res nabestellen? Leuk voor gebruik voor allerlei creatieve doeleinden. Denk aan een speciaal kado voor een speciaal iemand (bijvoorbeeld je geliefde), zoals het afdrukken van jouw/jullie foto op Canvas, Mokken, Muismat etc. Wat je je maar kunt voorstellen! Maar ook een kwalitatieve afdruk op een printer thuis of bij een fotozaak kan natuurlijk met je nabestelling. Voor maar 2,50 Euro stuur ik je de high res. foto(s) toe. Geef het betreffende fotonummer(s) door, of stuur mij de link van de betreffende foto(s) op Dancegids.nl, wanneer die hier op Flickr er niet tussen staat. Stuur deze info (fotonummer(s) en/of link) naar: dutchpartypics@yahoo.com/k.punt@telfort.nl. Alvast hartelijk dank! Hope 2 Cya @ the dancefloor next party!
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Baroque church
In 1676, when the Brotherhood of the Most Holy Trinity was solemnly introduced to St. Peter's, it soon attained a high membership. A large part of the members were among the richest and most respected citizens of Vienna. The nobility was also represented to the highest tops. The Brotherhood therefore had the means to do so, and in 1700, it decided to demolish the old church and build a new building whose shape was to commemorate St. Peter's in Rome. One year earlier, in the plague year of 1679, Leopold I vowed to build a new building dedicated to the Holy Trinity in place of the dilapidated church. Builder Jankel was requested to make an estimation of the costs. He received 50 guilders for the building survey drawn by him.
According to the technical guide through Vienna (Ing. Martin Paul) the builders are indicated in the inscriptions in the dome knob: Francesco Martinelli, Franz Jänggl and Christian Oettl. However, the bibliographical references are widely differing. According to the manual of the German art monuments of Georg Dehio, the construction was started according to the plan of Gabriele Montani 1702, continued from this until 1703, then, probably completed by Johann Lukas Hildebrandt after modified plan 1708 in the shell and consecrated on October 25, 1708. 1708-1715 was followed by the interior fittings, 1713-1717 the dome space was completed in its current picturesque and sculptural design, but only 1730-1733 built the main choir. Cardinal Kollonitsch consecrated St. Peter's Church in 1733. The tomb of Wolfgang Lazius, who had been buried in the old Peterskirche in 1565, was transferred to the new St. Peter's church. The Petersfreithof (cemetery) still surrounded the church, it was only abandoned under Joseph II. In 1844, the façade was restored, and the many sales offices added to the church disappeared after the abolishemnt of the cemetery.
The history of St. Peter in Baroque period
When the old church was removed in 1701, it was decided to find the foundation stone of the first church, which contained "an old parable of Pope Leo III", the friend and contemporary of Charlemagne.
An old memorial book from the parish notes that the particle in 1749 still existed, but writes nothing about the nature of the same. The founders of the strange foundation stone claimed that it must have been laid in the year 800 and this conviction was maintained, so that afterwards the inscription of the cornerstone for the new church was written, which reads:
Petri prinzipis Apostolorum Petri Coeli Clavigeri Sacris honoribus a Carolo I. Caesare Magno anno post virginis partum DCCC extructe novis ex fundamentis DOM uni in Trinitate Deo et S. Petri honoriter augusta surrexit Lapidem in titulum cen age Jacob restauravit Leopoldus uterque Felix. "
The German translation is approximately as follows:
"This church, which stood over nine centuries, founded on holy honors on the solid rock of Apostle Prince Paul, the key bearer of heaven, by Charlemagne in the year 800, after the Virgin gave birth, has resurrected gloriously in honor of the almighty God who is united in Trinity and St. Peter, as second Jacob the cornerstone has laid Leopold the Great as well as the Happy. "
This laying of the cornerstone was solemnly performed by Emperor Leopold I on June 30, 1702 (according to Harrer, Czeike names April 22, 1702).
Already at the time of the start of construction an accident was recorded:
On the occasion of a solemn procession on October 29, 1702, in which the emperor also participated with his court, as a result of the overburden, the planks laid over the foundations collapsed and about 50 persons, mostly court cavaliers and page boys, plunged into the depths.
The completion of the church progressed very slowly. Even during construction, the wood of the dome was damaged, so this had to be replaced in 1722 by a dome cover, for which Emperor Charles VI as the supreme patron and member of the Brotherhood of the Holy Trinity, supplied the copper. For years, the facade was missing and the towers had no ending.
On May 17, 1733, the church was finally consecrated by the Cardinal Count Sigismund Kollonitsch.
Appearance
The outer image of St. Peter's is dominated by the 56-meter high, massive dome, which in its configuration reminds of the dome of St. Peter. It is a two-storey facade of stocky effect, whose slopingly placed towers flank the concave central part and which is surmounted by the dome of the central building. The building itself glorifies the reign of Emperor Leopold I, whose motto is emblazoned in the interior above the choir arch. The charming, pavilion-like portal porch made of gray marble was built according to a design by Andrea Altomonte only 1751-1753. Figurative decoration made of lead by Franz Kohl, a pupil and assistant of Georg Raphael Donner, decorates it. Right at the top are the statues Faith, Hope and Love, as well as angelic figures bearing tiaras and keys, the insignia of papal sovereignty. On the gable window at the front and the vases on the side reliefs: depictions from the life of Peter. The main portal shows rich carving and beautiful fittings; an inscription commemorates the imperial plague vow.
In the niches below the two slopingly placed towers that flank the front of the church are the following sandstone figures: St. Peter and St. Simon, St. John the Evangelist (according to Paul Harrer St. Paul) and Judas Thaddeus. At the back of the choir (outside wall of the church) are stone sculptures of St. Peter and St. Michael, executed by Lorenz Matitelli around 1730.
On the eastern side wall of the church, opposite the exit of the Goldschmied alley, a marble relief is embedded in the stone wall, depicting the legendary setting up of the cross at this place by Charlemagne. Created by Rudolf Weyr, it was unveiled in 1906.
Barockkirche
Als die Bruderschaft der heiligsten Dreifaltigkeit 1676 feierlich in die Peterskirche eingeführt wurde, erreichte sie bald einen hohen Mitgliederstand. Ein großer Teil der Mitglieder zählte zu den reichsten und angesehensten Bürgern von Wien. Auch der Adel war bis in die höchsten Spitzen vertreten. Die Bruderschaft verfügte daher über die entsprechenden Mittel und so fasste sie im Jahr 1700 den Entschluss, die alte Kirche niederzureißen und einen Neubau aufzuführen, dessen Form an die Peterskirche zu Rom erinnern sollte. Bereits ein Jahr zuvor, im Pestjahr 1679 gelobte Leopold I., anstelle der baufälligen Kirche einen der Heiligen Dreifaltigkeit gewidmeten Neubau zu errichten. Man ließ von Baumeister Jankel einen Kosten-Überschlag machen. Für den von ihm gezeichneten Bauriss erhielt er 50 Gulden.
Nach dem technischen Führer durch Wien (Ing. Martin Paul) werden die Erbauer in den Inschriften im Kuppelknauf angegeben: Francesco Martinelli, Franz Jänggl und Christian Oettl. Die Literaturangaben gehen jedoch hierüber weit auseinander. Nach dem Handbuch der deutschen Kunstdenkmäler von Georg Dehio wurde der Bau nach dem Plan von Gabriele Montani 1702 begonnen, von diesem bis 1703 weitergeführt, sodann, wahrscheinlich von Johann Lukas Hildebrandt nach verändertem Plan 1708 im Rohbau vollendet und am 25. Oktober 1708 geweiht. 1708-1715 folgte die Innenausstattung, 1713-1717 wurde der Kuppelraum in seiner gegenwärtigen malerischen und plastischen Ausgestaltung vollendet, jedoch erst 1730-1733 baute man den Hauptchor. 1733 weihte Kardinal Kollonitsch die Peterskirche. Das Grabmal des Wolfgang Lazius, der in der alten Peterskirche 1565 bestattet worden war, wurde in die neue Peterskirche übertragen. Nach wie vor umgab der Petersfreithof die Kirche; er wurde erst unter Joseph II. aufgelassen. 1844 restaurierte man die Fassade, wobei auch die vielen an die Kirche angebauten Verkaufsbuden verschwanden, die nach der Auflassung des Friedhofs entstanden waren.
Die Geschichte von St. Peter im Barock
Als man 1701 die alte Kirche abtrug, will man bei dieser Gelegenheit den Grundstein der ersten Kirche gefunden haben, der "eine alten Paritkel von Papst Leo III.“, dem Freunde und Zeitgenossen Karls des Großen, enthielt.
Ein altes Gedenkbuch aus der Pfarre bemerkt, dass der Partikel noch 1749 vorhanden war, schreibt aber nichts über die Art desselben. Die Auffinder des merkwürdigen Grundsteines behaupteten, dass er im Jahr 800 gelegt worden sein müsse und an dieser Überzeugung hielt man fest, sodass danach die Inschrift des Grundsteines für die neue Kirche verfasst wurde, welche lautet:
"Ecclesia quae IX ultra saecula steterat, fundata supra firmam Petram prinzipis Apostolorum Petri Coeli Clavigeri Sacris honoribus a Carolo I. Caesare Magno anno post virginis partum DCCC extructe novis ex fundamentis D.O.M- uni in Trinitate Deo et S. Petri honoriter augusta surrexit. Lapidem in titulum cen alter Jacob restauravit Leopoldus uterque Felix.“
Die deutsche Übersetzung ist etwa wie folgt:
"Diese Kirche, die über neun Jahrhunderte stand, gegründet zu heiligen Ehren auf dem festen Felsen des Apostelfürsten Paulus, des Schlüsselträgers des Himmels, von Karl dem Großen Kaiser im Jahr 800, nachdem die Jungfrau gebar, ist dem allmächtigen Gott, der einig ist in der Dreiheit und dem heiligen Petrus zu Ehren prachtvoll wiedererstanden. Als zweiter Jakob hat den Grundstein gelegt Leopold der ebenso Große als Glückliche."
Diese Grundsteinlegung geschah in feierlicher Weise durch Kaiser Leopold I. am 30. Juni 1702 (laut Harrer; Czeike benennt den 22. April 1702).
Schon zur Zeit des Baubeginnes war ein Unfall zu verzeichnen:
Anlässlich einer feierlichen Prozession am 29. Oktober 1702, an der auch der Kaiser mit seinem Hofstaat teilnahm, stürzte infolge der Überlastung die über die Fundamente gelegten Bretter ein und etwa 50 Personen, meistens Hofkavaliere und Pagen stürzten in die Tiefe.
Die Vollendung der Kirche ging sehr langsam voran. Noch während des Baues wurde das Holz der Kuppel schadhaft, sodass dieses 1722 durch eine Kuppeldeckung ersetzt werden musste, wozu Kaiser Karl VI. als oberster Schutzherr und Mitglied der Bruderschaft der heiligen Dreifaltigkeit das Kupfer lieferte. Jahrelang fehlte die Fassade und die Türme hatten keinen Abschluss.
Am 17. Mai 1733 konnte die Kirche endlich durch den Kardinal Graf Sigismund Kollonitsch geweiht werden.
Äußeres
Das äußere Bild das die Peterskirche darbietet, wird beherrschend bestimmt durch die 56 Meter hohe, gewaltige Kuppel, die in ihrer Konfiguration an die Kuppel von St. Peter erinnert. Es handelt sich um eine zweigeschossige Fassade von gedrungener Wirkung, deren schräggestellte Türme den konkav einschwingenden Mittelteil flankieren und der von der Kuppel des Zentralbaus überragt wird. Der Bau selbst verherrlicht die Regierung des Kaisers Leopold I., dessen Wahlspruch im Innen über dem Chorbogen prangt. Der reizvolle, pavillonartige Portalvorbau aus grauem Marmor wurde nach einem Entwurfe von Andrea Altomonte erst 1751 bis 1753 errichtet. Figürlicher Schmuck aus Blei von Franz Kohl, einem Schüler und Gehilfen von Georg Raphael Donner, ziert ihn. Zu Oberst die Statuen Glaube, Hoffnung und Liebe, sowie Engelfiguren, welche Tiara und Schlüssel, die Insignien der päpstlichen Souveränität, tragen. Am Giebelfenster an der Vorderseite und den Vasen an der Seite Reliefs: Darstellungen aus dem Leben Petri. Das Hauptportal zeigt reiches Schnitzwerk und schöne Beschläge; eine Inschrift erinnert an das kaiserliche Pestgelübde.
In den Nischen unterhalb der beiden schiefgestellten Türme, welche die Vorderseite der Kirche flankieren, stehen folgende Sandsteinfiguren: St. Petrus und St. Simon, Johannes Evangelist (laut Paul Harrer St. Paulus) und Judas Thaddäus. An der Rückseite des Chores (Außenwand der Kirche) befinden sich Steinplastiken vom heiligen Petrus und vom Heiligen Michael, die von Lorenz Matitelli um 1730 ausgeführt wurden.
An der östlichen Seitenwand des Gotteshauses, gegenüber dem Ausgang der Goldschmiedgasse ist in die Steinmauer ein Marmorrelief eingelassen, das die sagenhafte Kreuzerrichtung an dieser Stelle durch Karl den Großen vergegenwärtigt. Von Rudolf Weyr geschafften, wurde es 1906 enthüllt.
A bit of sarcasm, perhaps, but at the rate the Crazy Horse Memorial is progressing, that might be a realistic estimation of its completion date.
The white model gives an idea of the scope of the finished carving, while the head in the background is what has actually been (nearly) completed to date. Construction began in 1948, and Korczak Ziolkowski, the original sculptor, died in 1982. His family continues his work, with support via donations and park admissions/purchases only.
The project's timeline tells the history in text and photos.
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