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To make up for all those dog pictures I've been posting. Tee shirt in a Waikiki store window. Original cartoon by Kliban.
Bagan; (formerly Pagan) is an ancient city located in the Mandalay Region of Burma (Myanmar). From the 9th to 13th centuries, the city was the capital of the Kingdom of Pagan, the first kingdom to unify the regions that would later constitute modern Myanmar. During the kingdom's height between the 11th and 13th centuries, over 10.000 Buddhist temples, pagodas and monasteries were constructed in the Bagan plains alone, of which the remains of over 2200 temples and pagodas still survive to the present day.
The Bagan Archaeological Zone is a main draw for the country's nascent tourism industry. It is seen by many as equal in attraction to Angkor Wat in Cambodia.
ETYMOLOGY
Bagan is the present-day standard Burmese pronunciation of the Burmese word Pugan, derived from Old Burmese Pyugam (meaning 'Pyu Village'). Its classical Pali name is Arimaddana-pura, lit. "the City that Tramples on Enemies". Its other names in Pali are in reference to its extreme dry zone climate: Tattadesa, "parched land", and Tampadipa, "bronzed country". The Burmese chronicles also report other classical names of Thiri Pyissaya and Tampawaddy.
HISTORY
7th to 13th CENTURIES
According to the Burmese chronicles, Bagan was founded in the second century CE, and fortified in 849 CE by King Pyinbya, 34th successor of the founder of early Bagan. Mainstream scholarship however holds that Bagan was founded in the mid-to-late 9th century by the Mranma (Burmans), who had recently entered the Irrawaddy valley from the Nanzhao Kingdom. It was among several competing Pyu city-states until the late 10th century when the Burman settlement grew in authority and grandeur.From 1044 to 1287, Bagan was the capital as well as the political, economic and cultural nerve center of the Pagan Empire. Over the course of 250 years, Bagan's rulers and their wealthy subjects constructed over 10000 religious monuments (approximately 1000 stupas, 10000 small temples and 3000 monasteries) in an area of 104 square kilometres in the Bagan plains. The prosperous city grew in size and grandeur, and became a cosmopolitan center for religious and secular studies, specializing in Pali scholarship in grammar and philosophical-psychological (abhidhamma) studies as well as works in a variety of languages on prosody, phonology, grammar, astrology, alchemy, medicine, and legal studies. The city attracted monks and students from as far as India, Ceylon as well as the Khmer Empire. The culture of Bagan was dominated by religion. The religion of Bagan was fluid, syncretic and by later standards, unorthodox. It was largely a continuation of religious trends in the Pyu era where Theravada Buddhism co-existed with Mahayana Buddhism, Tantric Buddhism, various Hindu (Saivite, and Vaishana) schools as well as native animist (nat) traditions. While the royal patronage of Theravada Buddhism since the mid-11th century had enabled the Buddhist school to gradually gain primacy, other traditions continued to thrive throughout the Pagan period to degrees later unseen.
The Pagan Empire collapsed in 1287 due to repeated Mongol invasions (1277–1301). Recent research shows that Mongol armies may not have reached Bagan itself, and that even if they did, the damage they inflicted was probably minimal. However, the damage had already been done. The city, once home to some 50.000 to 200.000 people, had been reduced to a small town, never to regain its preeminence. The city formally ceased to be the capital of Burma in December 1297 when the Myinsaing Kingdom became the new power in Upper Burma.
14th to 19th CENTURIES
Bagan survived into the 15th century as a human settlement, and as a pilgrimage destination throughout the imperial period. A smaller number of "new and impressive" religious monuments still went up to the mid-15th century but afterward, new temple constructions slowed to a trickle with fewer than 200 temples built between the 15th and 20th centuries. The old capital remained a pilgrimage destination but pilgrimage was focused only on "a score or so" most prominent temples out of the thousands such as the Ananda, the Shwezigon, the Sulamani, the Htilominlo, the Dhammayazika, and a few other temples along an ancient road. The rest - thousands of less famous, out-of-the-way temples - fell into disrepair, and most did not survive the test of time.
For the few dozen temples that were regularly patronized, the continued patronage meant regular upkeep as well as architectural additions donated by the devotees. Many temples were repainted with new frescoes on top of their original Pagan era ones, or fitted with new Buddha statutes. Then came a series of state-sponsored "systematic" renovations in the Konbaung period (1752–1885), which by and large were not true to the original designs - some finished with "a rude plastered surface, scratched without taste, art or result". The interiors of some temples were also whitewashed, such as the Thatbyinnyu and the Ananda. Many painted inscriptions and even murals were added in this period.
20th CENTURY TO PRESENT
Bagan, located in an active earthquake zone, had suffered from many earthquakes over the ages, with over 400 recorded earthquakes between 1904 and 1975. The last major earthquake came on 8 July 1975, reaching 8 MM in Bagan and Myinkaba, and 7 MM in Nyaung-U. The quake damaged many temples, in many cases, such as the Bupaya, severely and irreparably. Today, 2229 temples and pagodas remain.
Many of these damaged pagodas underwent restorations in the 1990s by the military government, which sought to make Bagan an international tourist destination. However, the restoration efforts instead drew widespread condemnation from art historians and preservationists worldwide. Critics are aghast that the restorations paid little attention to original architectural styles, and used modern materials, and that the government has also established a golf course, a paved highway, and built a 61-meter watchtower. Although the government believed that the ancient capital's hundreds of (unrestored) temples and large corpus of stone inscriptions were more than sufficient to win the designation of UNESCO World Heritage Site, the city has not been so designated, allegedly mainly on account of the restorations.
Bagan today is a main tourist destination in the country's nascent tourism industry, which has long been the target of various boycott campaigns. The majority of over 300.000 international tourists to the country in 2011 are believed to have also visited Bagan. Several Burmese publications note that the city's small tourism infrastructure will have to expand rapidly even to meet a modest pickup in tourism in the following years.
There is a well-known saying of Myanmar people : "If you are a real Myanmar, you must have been to Bagan." Bagan is spirit of history of Myanmar.
GEOGRAPHY
The Bagan Archaeological Zone, defined as the 13 x 8 km area centered around Old Bagan, consisting of Nyaung U in the north and New Bagan in the south, lies in the vast expanse of plains in Upper Burma on the bend of the Irrawaddy river. It is located 290 kilometres southwest of Mandalay and 700 kilometres north of Yangon. Its coordinates are 21°10' North and 94°52' East.
ARCHITECTURE
Bagan stands out for not only the sheer number of religious edifices of Myanmar but also the magnificent architecture of the buildings, and their contribution to Burmese temple design. The artistry of the architecture of pagodas in Bagan prove the achievement of Myanmar craftsmen in handicrafts. The Bagan temple falls into one of two broad categories: the stupa-style solid temple and the gu-style hollow temple.
STUPAS
A stupa, also called a pagoda, is a massive structure, typically with a relic chamber inside. The Bagan stupas or pagodas evolved from earlier Pyu designs, which in turn were based on the stupa designs of the Andhra region, particularly Amaravati and Nagarjunakonda in present-day southeastern India, and to a smaller extent to Ceylon. The Bagan-era stupas in turn were the prototypes for later Burmese stupas in terms of symbolism, form and design, building techniques and even materials.
Originally, an Indian/Ceylonese stupa had a hemispheric body (Pali: anda, "the egg") on which a rectangular box surrounded by a stone balustrade (harmika) was set. Extending up from the top of the stupa was a shaft supporting several ceremonial umbrellas. The stupa is a representation of the Buddhist cosmos: its shape symbolizes Mount Meru while the umbrella mounted on the brickwork represents the world's axis. The brickwork pediment was often covered in stucco and decorated in relief. Pairs or series of ogres as guardian figures ('bilu') were a favourite theme in the Bagan period.
The original Indic design was gradually modified first by the Pyu, and then by Burmans at Bagan where the stupa gradually developed a longer, cylindrical form. The earliest Bagan stupas such as the Bupaya (c. 9th century) were the direct descendants of the Pyu style at Sri Ksetra. By the 11th century, the stupa had developed into a more bell-shaped form in which the parasols morphed into a series of increasingly smaller rings placed on one top of the other, rising to a point. On top the rings, the new design replaced the harmika with a lotus bud. The lotus bud design then evolved into the "banana bud", which forms the extended apex of most Burmese pagodas. Three or four rectangular terraces served as the base for a pagoda, often with a gallery of terra-cotta tiles depicting Buddhist jataka stories. The Shwezigon Pagoda and the Shwesandaw Pagoda are the earliest examples of this type. Examples of the trend toward a more bell-shaped design gradually gained primacy as seen in the Dhammayazika Pagoda (late 12th century) and the Mingalazedi Pagoda (late 13th century).
HOLLOW TEMPLES
In contrast to the stupas, the hollow gu-style temple is a structure used for meditation, devotional worship of the Buddha and other Buddhist rituals. The gu temples come in two basic styles: "one-face" design and "four-face" design - essentially one main entrance and four main entrances. Other styles such as five-face and hybrids also exist. The one-face style grew out of 2nd century Beikthano, and the four-face out of 7th century Sri Ksetra. The temples, whose main features were the pointed arches and the vaulted chamber, became larger and grander in the Bagan period.
INNOVATIONS
Although the Burmese temple designs evolved from Indic, Pyu (and possibly Mon) styles, the techniques of vaulting seem to have developed in Bagan itself. The earliest vaulted temples in Bagan date to the 11th century, while the vaulting did not become widespread in India until the late 12th century. The masonry of the buildings shows "an astonishing degree of perfection", where many of the immense structures survived the 1975 earthquake more or less intact. (Unfortunately, the vaulting techniques of the Bagan era were lost in the later periods. Only much smaller gu style temples were built after Bagan. In the 18th century, for example, King Bodawpaya attempted to build the Mingun Pagoda, in the form of spacious vaulted chambered temple but failed as craftsmen and masons of the later era had lost the knowledge of vaulting and keystone arching to reproduce the spacious interior space of the Bagan hollow temples.)
Another architectural innovation originated in Bagan is the Buddhist temple with a pentagonal floor plan. This design grew out of hybrid (between one-face and four-face designs) designs. The idea was to include the veneration of the Maitreya Buddha, the future and fifth Buddha of this era, in addition to the four who had already appeared. The Dhammayazika and the Ngamyethna Pagoda are examples of the pentagonal design.
ECONOMY
Bagan's economy is based mainly on tourism. Because of boycotts against the previous military government, the Bagan region's tourism infrastructure is still quite modest by international standards. The city has a few international standard hotels and many family-run guesthouses. Bagan is also the center of Burmese lacquerware industry, which to a large degree depends on tourist demand. Much of the lacquerware is destined for souvenir shops in Yangon, and to the world markets. Moreover, the lacquerware-making process itself has become a tourist draw.
WIKIPEDIA
One of seven installations during the event Lights in Alingsås 2016 – the theme of the year is Enlightenment. It is based on the 17 Global Goals for Sustainable Development agreed to by 193 world leaders. This installation is inspired by the goal "5 Gender equality".
Workshop head: Sabine De Schutter, Germany: "When I was a child, everything seemed equal. I thought I could do anything and everything. I´ve realized our world isn´t equal at all! I understand why they said not to play football or to go out after dark. My voice isn´t heard equally, I don´t have the same opportunities. I am a woman.
One day I wish to see equal chances and respect for all girls and women. That we feel safe whenever and wherever we go. I wish for a better world!"
Every year in september/october leading international lighting designers come to Alingsås to hold a week´s workshop with participants from all over the world. Together they light a number of buildings and locations around the town centre. Around 80 000 people come every year to see the designs during the month-long event.
www.lightsinalingsas.se/en (website about this year´s event in English and Swedish)
Throughout his life, Thaddeus Stevens was an innovator who had an unyielding commitment to freedom and equal opportunity for all. He is considered the father of the 13th, 14th and 15th amendments to the U.S. Constitution, which ended slavery, extended equal protection to all citizens, and granted all male citizens the right to vote. Historians have recognized him as one of the most powerful parliamentarians ever to serve in Congress, and as a man who had more influence on his time than many presidents had on theirs.
Stevens was an early advocate for the Emancipation Proclamation. Later, he served as chairman of the powerful Ways and Means Committee, and hence played a crucial role in Congressional funding for the Civil War. Following the war’s end, he was chief architect of Reconstruction.
Earlier in his career as a Pennsylvania legislator, Stevens had been key to salvaging legislation to provide for free public education in the Commonwealth – a model that other states quickly followed. His achievement is honored by a number of public schools that bear his name around the U.S. In addition, the Thaddeus Stevens College of Technology in Lancaster, established by a bequest from Stevens’ will, stands as a living memorial to the principles he championed – equality and opportunity for all.
A skilled orator, Stevens abhorred unequal treatment of anyone – African-Americans, Native Americans, Chinese immigrants, the disabled (he himself had a clubfoot), the poor and working classes, and children – and he lobbied ceaselessly to gain the rights he believed were theirs in a free society. He fervently believed that America should be a nation where individuals could rise to their potential unencumbered by race, class, or other constraints.
While his views made him unpopular with some, he was revered by others. When he died in 1868, he was only the second national figure (Abraham Lincoln was the first) to lie in state in the U.S. Capitol Rotunda. His funeral drew U.S. government officials and foreign ambassadors along with common people and former slaves. Some 20,000 mourners turned out in Lancaster for his memorial service, and his constituents elected him posthumously to another term in Congress. He was buried in an interracial cemetery in Lancaster. The inscription he ordered for his tombstone bears witness to his lifelong quest for freedom and equality:
I repose in this quiet and secluded spot,
Not from any natural preference for solitude
But, finding other Cemeteries limited as to Race By Charter Rules,
I have chosen this that I might illustrate In my death
The Principles which I advocated
Through a long life:
EQUALITY OF MAN BEFORE HIS CREATOR
source: www.stevensandsmith.org/index.php/info/thaddeus_stevens/
Have I a son who will be strong enough to know when he is weak, and brave enough to face himself when he is afraid? One who will be proud and unbending in honest defeat, and humble and gentle in victory?
Thats not for me to judge. Its for me to be there when he needs but I must also have the integrity to challenge when I feel it right - that, quite simply is the catch 22..
To learn about the US Army in Korea, visit: imcom.korea.army.mil
For photographs from the US Army in Korea, visit: www.flickr.com/imcomkorea
Interested in working for the US Army as a Civilian Employee? Check out our overseas employment video at www.youtube.com/imcomkorearegion
These images are cleared for release and are considered in the public domain. Request credit be given the US Army and individual photographer.
PHOTO CAPTION: Lt. Cmdr. Julie Woodruff reviews paperwork in the casualty receiving area aboard the hospital ship USNS COMFORT (T-AH-20) during Operation Desert Storm.
Equal in dust, we all must lie
Gravestone of Reverend Samuel Kendall, the first minister of New Salem, who died in 1792.
There were a number of remarkable gravestones like this one in the cemetery. I'm sure the face was intended to appear solemn but the chin line looks like a big smile. The smile along with the shock of hair makes the head look like a Dr. Seuss character. Note how the vines on either side of the stone top out with a heart.
The "Post Office" on Floreana.
Floreana (Post Office Bay)
Located approximately 4 to 5 hours west of Española and equal distance south of Santa Cruz, this island has long been a favorite site of visitors including pirates, whalers and early settlers. One of the oldest islands Floreana illustrates the aging process of a volcanic island. Unlike the younger western islands, Floreana's volcano has been long extinct and is in the advanced stages of erosion. The erosion process gave the island the nutrients and soils need to sustain plant life. The combination of this rich soil and a good water supply have given the highlands of Floreana a diversified landscaping of native and introduced flora. Floreana is best known for its colorful history of buccaneers, whalers, convicts, and colonists. In 1793 British whalers established the Post Office Barrel to send letters to and from England. This tradition has continued over the years, and even today visitors may drop off and pick up letters, without stamps, to be carried to far destinations. Punta Cormorant offers two highly contrasting beaches. The landing beach is of volcanic origin and is composed of olivine crystals, giving it a greenish tinge. At the end of the short trail is a carbonate beach of extremely fine white sand. Formed by the erosion of coral skeletons, it is a nesting site for green sea turtles. In the 1930's Floreana was the setting for intrigue and mystery. A German dentist and his mistress, a young family (the Wittmer family who still live on the island) and a self-styled baroness with three men came to settle in the island. Shortly after the baroness and her lovers arrived chaos began. The baroness and her entourage terrorized the other inhabitants while planning to build a luxury hotel. Eventually the baroness, two of her lovers and the dentist all turned up missing or dead. There has been much investigation searching for what really happened on Floreana, but there have never been any hard answers. John Treherne wrote of these people in "The Galapagos Affair". Post Office Bay is one of the few visitor sites, that is visited for its human history. Whaling Captain James Colnett established the wooden post barrel in the early 1793. At the time whaling was a big industry, ships were typically gone for 2 years at a time. The Galapagos Islands were a frequent stop for these ships. Outbound ships would drop off letters after rounding the cape and the ships returning home would mail them. Over the years thousands of ships have stopped to send and receive mail at Post Office Bay. Many have posted a sign of driftwood or other materials memorializing their visit. This is the only area in the Galapagos were graffiti is still acceptable. Arriving at Post Office Bay you will land on a brown sand beach, passing the sea lions lying in the sun. At the post barrel the guide will pull a hand full of letters for the group. Continuing the tradition, the letters are brought home with the traveler and then mailed to the addressee. Visitors also have the opportunity to send letters of their own.There is also the remains of a Norwegian Fishing Village a commercial fishing operation established in 1926 and abandoned a couple of years later. The group of Norwegians arrived with dreams of riches started a fishing and can operation on $900 each. The tough Galapagos life and a few misfortunes had them abandon their dreams.
Galapagos Islands
The Galápagos Islands (official name: Archipiélago de Colón; other Spanish names: Islas de Colón or Islas Galápagos) are an archipelago of volcanic islands distributed around the equator in the Pacific Ocean, some 900 km west of Ecuador. It is a UNESCO World Heritage site: wildlife is its most notable feature. Because of the only very recent arrival of man the majority of the wildlife has no fear of humans and will allow visitors to walk right up them, often having to step over Iguanas or Sea Lions.The Galápagos islands and its surrounding waters are part of a province, a national park, and a biological marine reserve. The principal language on the islands is Spanish. The islands have a population of around 40,000, which is a 40-fold expansion in 50 years. The islands are geologically young and famed for their vast number of endemic species, which were studied by Charles Darwin during the voyage of the Beagle. His observations and collections contributed to the inception of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection.
equal pay day 2016 Auftaktveranstaltung zum Kampagnenstart mit Bundesministerin Manuela Schwesig (BMFSFJ) in Berlin
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Wie jedes Jahr habe ich an der Demonstration anlässlich des Equal Pay Days teilgenommen. Frauen verdienen im Durchschnitt 22 Prozent weniger als Männer bei gleicher und gleichwertiger Arbeit. Das muss sich ändern!
Lesen Sie weiter unter: www.mechthild-rawert.de/inhalt/2015-03-23/equal_pay_day_2...
Our package included prints from the ANSI web site so we could make sure that both sides of this dialogue are heard from. For emphasis, the ANSI submission was printed on a pale pink high-quality bond paper.
Calling for Marriage Equality at The White House in Washington, D.C. USA
The official logo of the HRC, adopted in 1995, consists of a yellow equals sign imposed onto a blue background. The logo was created in 1995 by design firm Stone Yamashita, who attracted then-Executive Director Elizabeth Birch to its bold design. A temporary, ongoing logo of the HRC trademark equal sign is a red revision of the official logo. The Campaign changed the profile picture on its Facebook page around 1 PM EDT on Monday, March 25, 2013 to the current red logo. The change is a social media effort by the campaign to show support for marriage equality in light of hearings in the Supreme Court (United States v. Windsor and Hollingsworth v. Perry) on the constitutionality of same-sex marriage. According to HRC spokesman Charlie Joughin, the red "is a symbol for love, and that’s what marriage is all about."
Inaugural Address by President Barack Obama, January 21, 2013
"Our journey is not complete until our gay brothers and sisters are treated like anyone else under the law –- (applause) -- for if we are truly created equal, then surely the love we commit to one another must be equal as well."
www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2013/01/21/inaugural-...
Barack Obama 44th President of the United States of America 2013
www.whitehouse.gov/administration/president-obama
The White House
1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW
Washington, DC 20500
202-456-1414
Photo
Washington, D.C. U.S.A.
03/30/2013
A rally and press conference was held on Tuesday afternoon April 10th at the Daley Center in downtown Chicago to call attention to the fact that the state of Illinois is one of fourteen states yet to pass the Equal Rights Amendment.
The Equal Rights Amendment states that: "Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any state on account of sex". The E.R.A, would provide legal protection for women in various ways including gender-based violence, equal pay, and pregnancy discrimination.
70% of America's poor are women. This also affects the children who depend on them.
Women make up roughly half the workforce and constitute two-thirds of minimum wage workers.
Women earn 79 and 44% of what men make adjusted for their race. The latter figure applies more to blacks and Hispanics.
Women are twice as likely to retire in poverty as men.
Passing the E.R.A. would ensure that employers could not give women less pay for doing the same work as a man.
For more information see: www.equalmeansequal.org.
On a walk around Christchurch December 13, 2013 New Zealand'
All bout our earthquakes: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Christchurch_earthquake
For Charlotte Photography Meetup Groups "Coffee & Strobes #17" we took a field trip to the Levine Museum Of The New South for an after hours Strobe session.
Strobist Info:
SB-28 full power in 28" Wescott Apollo Softbox camera left. Triggered via PWII.